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Quality Management of 3D Cultural Heritage Replicas
with CIDOC-CRM Nicola Amico, Paola Ronzino, Achille Felicetti, Franco Niccolucci
• 3D models are increasingly used in Cultural Heritage, thanks to the diffusion of technologies like laser scanning and photogrammetry that make 3D model widely available methodology.
• Nowadays it is being adopted for mass acquisition of artifacts and monuments, and 3D datasets are stored in an increasing number of openly accessible digital libraries.
3D Digital Heritage
e.g.: Europeana started to populate with 3D models of European art and to create tools for the creation of collections of digital replicas of cultural objects.
How can we verify the quality of a 3D model and its reliability?
• Documentation is crucial to assess trustworthiness and suitability for purpose and thus enable re-use.
CIDOC-CRM can help to this purpose?
• This research proposes to use CIDOC-CRM and its extension CRMdig to document the planning and execution of 3D models of cultural artifacts in order to manage the quality of the replicas
Project Aim
Aim Definition
Location Survey
Repository Creation
Technology Definition
Field Operation
3D Data Registration
3D Data Post-Processing
Laser Scanner Project Workflow
Aim Definition
• Aim Definition: define the purpose of the digitization
• modeling for cultural documentation
• production of virtual models for dissemination
• creation of 3D models for virtual restoration
• 3D printed replicas for dissemination (e.g. museum exibitions) and for research purposes
• The definition of the aim is strictly connected to the Technology Definition
Aim Definition
Location Survey
Repository Creation
Technology Definition
Field Operation
3D Data Registration
3D Data Post-
Processing
Aim Definition
Aim_DefinitionE65_Creation
P94_has_createdAim_DescriptionE31_Document
Digitization_Purpose_DefinitionE7_Activity
P70i_is_documented_in
Laser_Scanning_ProjectD28_Digital-Documentation_Project
P9_consists_of
P17i_motivated
UserE39_Actor
P11i_partecipated_in
Purpose_TypeE55_Type
P2_has_type
Technology_DefinitionE7_Activity
P15i_influenced
Location Survey • Location Survey concerns the inspection of
• Environmental conditions
• Lighting, temperature, presence of dust (indoor and outdoor) …
• Object feature and size related to the surrounding scene
• Location of monument or museum object (e.g. space available for scanning)
• This stage will support
• In defining best time to collect the data
• In identifying the presence of high reflective surfaces, obstructions and obstacles that may voids artifacts
Aim Definition
Location Survey
Repository Creation
Technology Definition
Field Operation
3D Data Registration
3D Data Post-
Processing
Location Survey
Technology_DefinitionE7_Activity
P15i_influenced
Object_InspectionE65_Creation
Location_SurveyE7_Activity
P9_consists_of
Laser_Scanning_ProjectD28_Digital-Documentation_Project
P9_consists_of
Condition_AssessmentE13_Attribute_Assignment
P9_consists_of
Site_Inspection_Documentation_Creation
E65_Creation
P9_consists_of
Object_Inspection_DocumentationE31_Document
P94_has_createdDocumentation_Type
E55_TypeP2_has_type
Assessment_TypeE55_TypeP2_has_type
ConditionE3_Condition_State
P141_assigned
Site_LocationE53_Place
P7_took_place_at
Environmental_ReportE62_String
P3_has_note
Site_Inspection DocumentationE31_Document
P94_has_createdDocumentation_Type
E55_TypeP2_has_type
SceneE19_Physical_Object
P54_has_current_permanent_location
P44_has_conditon
Condition_TypeE55_Type
P2_has_type
P70_is_documented_in
SceneE19_Physical_Object
P46_is_composed_of
Repository Creation
• Repository design and creation: design the repository according to the project needs
• The project may use an existing repository, if the work concerns models added to a previously existing one
• Define correct file formats in order to save space and to guarantee interoperability
Aim Definition
Location Survey
Repository Creation
Technology Definition
Field Operation
3D Data Registration
3D Data Post-
Processing
Repository_CreationE65_Creation
RepositoryD13_Digital_Information_Carrier
Laser_Scanning_ProjectD28_Digital_Documentation_Project
P9_consists_of
Digital_ModelD15_Repository_Object
P2_has_type
L19_stores
P94_has_created
Object_TypeFormat_TypePurpose_TypeE55_Type
P2_has_type
Repository TypeE55_Type
Repository Creation
Technology Definition
• The Technology Definition step concerns
• Device features according to the location survey outcomes
• Environment
• Object material
• Object shape
• Object size
Aim Definition
Location Survey
Repository Creation
Technology Definition
Field Operation
3D Data Registration
3D Data Post-
Processing
Location_SurveyE7_Activity
P15i_influenced
Digital_Camera_DefinitionE7_Activity
Technology_DefinitionE7_Activity
P9_consists_of
Laser_Scanning_ProjectD28_Digital-Documentation_Project
P9_consists_of
Other_Device_DefinitionE7_Activity
P9_consists_of
3D_Scanner_DefinitionE7_Activity
P9_consists_of
Data_Capture_DesigningE65_Creation
P20_had_specific_purpose
Scanning_Process_DefinitionE7_Activity
P9_consists_of
Digitization_PlanE29_Design_or_Procedure
P94_has_created
Technology Definition
Field Operations
• The Field Operation step defines
• Device features according to the location survey outcomes and to the object/scene to be scanned (FOV, level of detail)
• Number of scan position (orientation angle)
• Number and position of targets
• Total station and GPS
• Internal/external camera
• Set-up of lighting system (e.g. caves, museums)
Aim Definition
Location Survey
Repository Creation
Technology Definition
Field Operation
3D Data Registration
3D Data Post-
Processing
Scanner Settings
3D_Scanner_SettingsD1_Digital_Object
3D_Data_CaptureD7_Digital_Machine_Event
L13_used_parameters3D_Scanner_DefinitionE7_Activity
P20_had_specific_purpose
3D_ScannerD8_Digital_DeviceL12_happened_on_device
3D_Scanner_TypeE55_Type
P2_has_type
3D_Scanner_Settings_ValuesE54_Dimension
P43_has_dimension
3D_Scanner_Setting_TypeE55_Type
3D_Scanner_Setting_UnitE58_Measurement_Unit
3D_Scanner_Setting_ValueE60_Number
P2_has_type
P91_has_unit
P90_has_value
RGB Capture
Camera_SettingsD1_Digital_Object
RGB_CaptureD7_Digital_Machine_Event
L13_used_parameters
Digital_Camera_DefinitionE7_Activity
P20_had_specific_purpose
Digital_CameraD8_Digital_DeviceL12_happened_on_device
Camera_TypeE55_Type
LensesE22_Man-Made_Object
P2_has_type
P46_is_composed_of
Camera_TypeE55_Type
P2_has_type
Camera_Settings_ValuesE54_Dimension
P43_has_dimension
Camera_Setting_TypeE55_Type
Camera_Setting_UnitE58_Measurement_Unit
Camera_Setting_ValueE60_Number
P2_has_type
P91_has_unit
P90_has_value
Field Operations
Total Station
Marker
Laser Scanner
Field Operations
Mark_DefinitionE7_Activity
Field_OperationE7_Activity
P9_consists_of
Laser_scanning_ProjectD28_Digital_Documentation_Process
P9_consists_of
Mark_GeoreferencingE16_Measurement
L12_happened_on_device
Mark_CoordinatesE47_Spatial_Coordinates
P39_measured
Scanning_ProcedureE29_Design_or_Procedure
P17_was_motivated_by
3D_ScannerD8_Digital_Device
Scanning_ExecutionD2_Digitization_Process
P2_has_type
P33i_was_used_by
Mark_PositioningE9_Move
P9_consists_of
Scanner_FOVE55_Type
P17_was_motivated_by
MarkE19_Physical_Object
P25_moved TypeE55_Type
P2_has_type
Mark_PositionE55_Type
P25_moved
P87i_identifies
3D Data Registration
• The 3D Data Registration consists of merging multiple scans with each other in correct, relative 3D geometry within a single coordinate system. It includes:
• Scanner position
• Ground Control Points (GCPs) or identifiable features
• Pre-registration cleaning: remove noisy data, which could affect the final result.
Aim Definition
Location Survey
Repository Creation
Technology Definition
Field Operation
3D Data Registration
3D Data Post-Processing
3D Data Registration
Pre-Registration_Model_CleaningD3_Formal_Derivation
Complete_RegistrationD7_Digital_Machine_Event
P9_consists_of
Laser_Scanning_ProjectD28_Digital_Documentation_Process
P9_consists_of
RegistrationD10_Software_Execution
P9_consists_of
Registration_TypeE55_Type
ModelD15_Repository_Object
P2_has_type
L13_used_parameters
Registration_ParametersD1_Digital_Object
L11_had_output
Cleaning_Parameters_ValuesE54_Dimension
L13_used_parameters
Cleaning_Setting_TypeE55_Type
Cleaning_Setting_UnitE58_Measurement_Unit
Cleaning_Setting_ValueE60_Number
P2_has_type
P91_has_unit
P90_has_value
L22_created_derivative
L21_used_as_derivation_source
L10_had_input
Model_Cleaning_ParametersD1_Digital_Object
P43_has_dimension
Registration_Parameters_Values
E54_Dimension
Registration_Parameter_Type
E55_Type
Registration_Parameter_Unit
E58_Measurement_Unit
Registration_Parameter_Value
E60_Number
P2_has_type
P91_has_unit
P90_has_value
P43_has_dimension
D15_Repository_Object
Pre-Registration Model Cleaning
D3_Formal Derivation
Model Cleaning Parameters
D1_Digital_Object
• Cleaning vertices and faces on the boundary
Cleaning Parameters Values
E54_Dimension
Cleaning Setting Type
E55_Type
• boundary
Cleaning Setting Unit
E58_Measurement Unit
• faces or vertices
Cleaning Setting Value
E60_Number
• 2
Pre-Registration Cleaning
L3_used_parameters P43_has_dimension
P2_has_type
P91_has_unit
P90_has_value
L21_used_as_ Derivation_source
L22_created_derivative
3D Dataset Post-Processing
• The Post-Processing step includes
• Polygonal mesh generation
• Cleaning processes
• Resampling and decimation
Aim Definition
Location Survey
Repository Creation
Technology Definition
Field Operation
3D Data Registration
3D Data Post-
Processing
3D Dataset Post-Processing
Post-processing_TypeE55_Type
3D_Data_Post-processingD3_Formal_Derivation
P2_has_type
Laser_Scanning_ProjectD28_Digital_Documentation_Process
P9_consists_of
Post-processing_SoftwareD1_Digital_Object
L22_created_derivative
L13_used_parameters
PP_Software_Parameter_ValuesE54_Dimension
PP_Software_Parameter_TypeE55_Type
PP_Software_Parameter_UnitE58_Measurement_Unit
PP_Software_Parameter_ValueE60_Number
P2_has_type
P91_has_unit
P90_has_value
ModelD15_Repository_Object
L23_used_software_or_firmware
P43_has_dimensionPP_Software_Parameters
D1_Digital_ObjectL21_used_as_derivation_source
Conclusions and Future Works
• This research illustrates how CRM may support Quality Management of 3D Cultural Heritage documentation
• It is being extended to other methodologies like photogrammetry/SfM,
videogrammetry
• It may need refinements and revisions dictated by practice
• Implementation will need tools to simplify the input
• The procedure is being tested within a 3D digital library project
ARIADNE is a project funded by the European Commission under the Community’s Seventh Framework Programme, contract no. FP7-INFRASTRUCTURES-2012-1-313193. The views and opinions expressed in this presentation are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect
the views of the European Commission.
Thank you for your attention