QualitatiQualitative ve

ResearchResearch

More focused in early development of OT More focused in early development of OT prof. – concerned with QOL (hidup prof. – concerned with QOL (hidup berkualiti, matlatmat OT)berkualiti, matlatmat OT)

Systematic, subjective and promote Systematic, subjective and promote understanding of human experience e.g. understanding of human experience e.g. pain, caring, powerless and comfort.pain, caring, powerless and comfort.

Human emotions are difficult to quantify Human emotions are difficult to quantify (assigning a numerical value), thus (assigning a numerical value), thus quantitative is more effective method of quantitative is more effective method of investigation.investigation.

Quantitative focused on understanding the Quantitative focused on understanding the whole (consistence with OT philosophy).whole (consistence with OT philosophy).

Types of qualitative Types of qualitative researchresearch

Phenomenological research.Phenomenological research. Grounded theory.Grounded theory. Ethnographic research.Ethnographic research. Historical research.Historical research. Philosophical research.Philosophical research. Critical social theory.Critical social theory. Feminist researchFeminist research

Phenomenological Phenomenological research.research.

The focus is to understand the The focus is to understand the response of the whole human being, response of the whole human being, not just specific parts of behavior.not just specific parts of behavior.

Descriptive approach developed from Descriptive approach developed from phenomenological philosophy.phenomenological philosophy.

E.g. Describe a person’s experience of E.g. Describe a person’s experience of pain as it is lived by the person, the pain as it is lived by the person, the effect of cancer in one’s live , how the effect of cancer in one’s live , how the parents cope with the disable children.parents cope with the disable children.

Grounded theory.•Useful in discovering what problems exist in a social scene.•And the process person use to handle them•Emphasis on observation and in dept interview.•Involving formulating, hypothesis testing, re development of theory•The theory developed is ‘grounded’

Ethnographic research.Ethnographic research.

Discipline of anthropology to investigate Discipline of anthropology to investigate culture through in-depth study of the culture through in-depth study of the member of the culturemember of the culture

Tell the story of people’s daily live and Tell the story of people’s daily live and describe the culture that they are a part describe the culture that they are a part of.of.

Systematic collection, description and Systematic collection, description and analysis of data to developed a theory of analysis of data to developed a theory of culture behavior.culture behavior.

The researcher lives or become part of The researcher lives or become part of the culture settingthe culture setting

Historical research.Historical research.

Narrative description or analysis of Narrative description or analysis of event that occurred in the remote event that occurred in the remote or recent past.or recent past.

Data from records, artifacts or Data from records, artifacts or verbal reports.verbal reports.

Philosophical Philosophical research.research.

Critical social Critical social theory.theory.

Feminist researchFeminist research

Method to obtain dataMethod to obtain data

In-depth interview – In-depth interview – structured or un structured structured or un structured

Observation – overt or covert Observation – overt or covert focus group, focus group,

Face to faceFace to face Online focus groupsOnline focus groups

audiotape etcaudiotape etc..

State the time taken for the above method. If State the time taken for the above method. If you have taken interview as the method of you have taken interview as the method of data collection, please state the interviewing data collection, please state the interviewing technique you will use. E.g. method technique you will use. E.g. method suggested by books – indicate positioning, suggested by books – indicate positioning, location of your interview.location of your interview.

Ensure that you tell the reader your questions Ensure that you tell the reader your questions – areas, key point, method of questioning e.g. – areas, key point, method of questioning e.g. – open ended, structured, un structured etc.– open ended, structured, un structured etc.

Describe to the reader whether you explain Describe to the reader whether you explain the purpose of the study, confidentiality the purpose of the study, confidentiality issues etc.issues etc.

Method to analyzed interview Method to analyzed interview transcript (Burnard, 1991)transcript (Burnard, 1991)

Type all spoken words by informants Type all spoken words by informants and read through the dataand read through the data

Immerse with the data content by Immerse with the data content by reading the transcript throughout and reading the transcript throughout and looking at world from informants’ looking at world from informants’ perspective.perspective.

Read through again – look and identify Read through again – look and identify for heading or the categories.for heading or the categories.

Develop open codingDevelop open coding Regroup open coding and put in the Regroup open coding and put in the

final categoryfinal category

Write the final categories alongside Write the final categories alongside with the open coding.with the open coding.

Invite a friend to generate categoriesInvite a friend to generate categories Show the final categories to the Show the final categories to the

informer to confirm.informer to confirm. Leave the ‘dross’Leave the ‘dross’ Integrate the final categories to the Integrate the final categories to the

research, thus theory can be research, thus theory can be generated.generated.

Method to analyzed Method to analyzed interview transcript interview transcript

(Burnard, 1991)(Burnard, 1991)

Tolong le komputer ..jangan buat hal .. nak taip interview ni ..please

1. Type all spoken words by informants and read through the data

2. Immerse with the data content 2. Immerse with the data content by readingthe transcript by readingthe transcript

throughout and looking at world throughout and looking at world from informants’ perspective.from informants’ perspective.

Apa di cakap ni …. Macamana nak lihat apa yang dia cakap ni …. Bla ..bla ..bla …

3. Read through again – 3. Read through again – look and identify for look and identify for

heading or the categories heading or the categories

Mana heading ni .. matching ke dengan kategori ini …

4. Develop open coding4. Develop open coding5. Regroup open coding 5. Regroup open coding

and put in the final and put in the final categorycategory

Ketogeri nasi lemak, adalah ….

6. Write the final 6. Write the final categories alongside with categories alongside with

the open coding.the open coding.Open coding A, open coding B …., group ini

campur dengan ini …. So the final category adalah

…….

7. Invite a friend to 7. Invite a friend to generate categoriesgenerate categories

Aku rasa makudnya lain le .. . (kena belanje makan le …lepas ini ..!!

Yang ini sama ke maksudnya … apa maksudnya ….

8. Show the final 8. Show the final categories to the informer categories to the informer

to confirm.to confirm.Betul ke ini

maksud you … nak ambil alih

bumi ….

Kuk ..krok ..tuk ..tuk .. bla ..bla . Stupid .. IQ 0 ..betul le

9. Leave the ‘dross’9. Leave the ‘dross’10. Integrate the final 10. Integrate the final

categories to the research, categories to the research, thus theory can be thus theory can be

generated generated

My theory is … bla ..bla

Method to establish Method to establish validity of the findings.validity of the findings.

Invite a friend to generate general Invite a friend to generate general categoriescategories without seeing your categories. without seeing your categories.

Discuss and adjust accordingly. These also Discuss and adjust accordingly. These also can safe guard from bias.can safe guard from bias.

Giving the interview transcrib and the Giving the interview transcrib and the final categories back to the informerfinal categories back to the informer. . The informer agrees and confirm that the The informer agrees and confirm that the transcript transcript

State if there is any variable that may State if there is any variable that may influence your findings – e.g. Patients may influence your findings – e.g. Patients may embarrass to tell you the story, too many embarrass to tell you the story, too many interruption during interview, no privacy interruption during interview, no privacy etc.etc.

COLAIZZICOLAIZZI

1. 1. Read the text in order to understand it.Read the text in order to understand it. 2. Extract significant statements about the 2. Extract significant statements about the

phenomenon being studied.phenomenon being studied. 3. Formulate meanings for each significant 3. Formulate meanings for each significant

statement.statement. 4. Arrange the formulated meanings into clusters 4. Arrange the formulated meanings into clusters

of themes.of themes. 5. Integrate all the ideas into an exhaustive 5. Integrate all the ideas into an exhaustive

description of the phenomenon.description of the phenomenon. 6. Reduce the exhaustive description to an 6. Reduce the exhaustive description to an

unequivocal/unambiguous statement of the unequivocal/unambiguous statement of the fundamental structure of the phenomenon.fundamental structure of the phenomenon.

7. Re-interview the informants to validate the 7. Re-interview the informants to validate the findings.findings.

GIORGIGIORGI1. Read the text to gain a sense of the 1. Read the text to gain a sense of the

whole.whole.

2. Divide the text into meaning units.2. Divide the text into meaning units.

3. Transform the subject's language 3. Transform the subject's language into disciplinary (i.e. psychology, into disciplinary (i.e. psychology, occupational therapy, etc.) language.occupational therapy, etc.) language.

4. Synthesize the structure of the 4. Synthesize the structure of the experience to described its essence.experience to described its essence.

Summary pointsSummary points Qualitative research produces large Qualitative research produces large

amounts of textual data in the form of amounts of textual data in the form of transcripts and observational transcripts and observational fieldnotesfieldnotes

The systematic and rigorous The systematic and rigorous preparation and analysis of these data preparation and analysis of these data is time consuming and labour intensiveis time consuming and labour intensive

Data analysis often takes place Data analysis often takes place alongside data collection to allow alongside data collection to allow questions to be refined and new questions to be refined and new avenues of inquiry to developavenues of inquiry to develop

Textual data are typically explored Textual data are typically explored inductively using content analysis to inductively using content analysis to generate categories and explanations; generate categories and explanations; software packages can help with analysis software packages can help with analysis but should not be viewed as short cuts to but should not be viewed as short cuts to rigorous and systematic analysisrigorous and systematic analysis

High quality analysis of qualitative data High quality analysis of qualitative data depends on the skill, vision, and integrity depends on the skill, vision, and integrity of the researcher; it should not be left to of the researcher; it should not be left to the novicethe novice