Qualitative Research Methods -- Hayden

8/17/2019 Qualitative Research Methods -- Hayden

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Qualitative ResearchQualitative ResearchMethodsMethods

Mary H. Hayden, PhDMary H. Hayden, PhD

NCAR Summer WAS*SNCAR Summer WAS*S

!oulder, C"!oulder, C"#uly $%, &''(#uly $%, &''(


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Presentation "utlinePresentation "utline

Distin)uishin) ualitative and uantitativeDistin)uishin) ualitative and uantitative

a++roachesa++roaches

Qualitative methods Qualitative methods

-y+es o ualitative methods-y+es o ualitative methods

Advanta)es vs. Disadvanta)es Advanta)es vs. Disadvanta)es

Real World /0am+lesReal World /0am+les

Survey Questionnaire CritiueSurvey Questionnaire Critiue


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Qualitative and Quantitative A++roachesQualitative and Quantitative A++roaches

Qualitative Quantitative

12sually3 Non4+ro5a5ility 5asedsam+le

-y+ically a +ro5a5ility45asedsam+le

Non4)enerali6a5le 7enerali6a5le

Ans8ers Why9 Ho89 Ans8ers Ho8 many9 When9Where9

:ormative, earlier +hases -ests hy+otheses, latter +hases

Data are ;rich< and time4

consumin) to analy6e

Data are more eicient, 5ut may

miss conte0tual detail

Desi)n may emer)e as studyunolds

Desi)n decided in advance

Researcher S the instrument =arious tools, instrumentsem+loyed


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Qualitative ;vs.< Quantitative9Qualitative ;vs.< Quantitative9

Research uestion )uides the choiceResearch uestion )uides the choice

Choice o methods is situationalChoice o methods is situational

Com+lementaryCom+lementary

Research more com+lete 8ith 5othResearch more com+lete 8ith 5oth

/ach reuires resources and time/ach reuires resources and time Can 5e amended or ra+id analysisCan 5e amended or ra+id analysis


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-y+es o Qualitative Methods-y+es o Qualitative Methods


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ntervie8sntervie8s

normalnormal researcher is reuired to recollect researcher is reuired to recollectdiscussiondiscussion

2nstructured2nstructured e.). ethno)ra+hic intervie8in) e.). ethno)ra+hic intervie8in)

researcher allo8s intervie8 to +roceed atresearcher allo8s intervie8 to +roceed atres+ondent>s +ace and su5?ects to vary 5yres+ondent>s +ace and su5?ects to vary 5yintervie8ee 1to an e0tent3intervie8ee 1to an e0tent3

Semi4structuredSemi4structured researcher uses an intervie8 researcher uses an intervie8

)uide)uide StructuredStructured researcher uses identical stimuli and researcher uses identical stimuli and

adheres to intervie8 scheduleadheres to intervie8 schedule


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Structured ntervie8sStructured ntervie8s


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QuestionnairesQuestionnaires

-hree methods@-hree methods@

$.$. :ace4to4ace intervie8s:ace4to4ace intervie8s

&.&. Sel4administered uestionnairesSel4administered uestionnaires

.. -ele+hone intervie8s-ele+hone intervie8s


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:ace4to4:ace ntervie8s 1and:ace4to4:ace ntervie8s 1and

interce+t intervie8s3interce+t intervie8s3

Advanta)es@ Advanta)es@

Can 5e used 8ith res+ondents 8ho 8ouldn>t 5eCan 5e used 8ith res+ondents 8ho 8ouldn>t 5ea5le to +rovide inormation in another ormat a5le to +rovide inormation in another ormat

5edridden, illiterate, etc.5edridden, illiterate, etc. Researcher can elicit more in4de+th res+onse orResearcher can elicit more in4de+th res+onse or

ill in inormation i +artici+ant doesn>t understandill in inormation i +artici+ant doesn>t understandthe uestionthe uestion

Dierent data collection techniues o+en4endedDierent data collection techniues o+en4endeduestions, visual aids, etc.uestions, visual aids, etc.

Certainty a5out 8ho ans8ered the uestionsCertainty a5out 8ho ans8ered the uestions


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:ace4to4:ace ntervie8s, cont.:ace4to4:ace ntervie8s, cont.

Disadvanta)es@Disadvanta)es@

ntrusive and reactiventrusive and reactive

Cost time and moneyCost time and money

Diicult to locate res+ondents or call5acBsDiicult to locate res+ondents or call5acBs


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Sel Administered QuestionnairesSel Administered Questionnaires


Post "ice locates +artici+antsPost "ice locates +artici+ants

/very5ody )ets the same uestions/very5ody )ets the same uestions Researcher can asB more com+le0 uestionsResearcher can asB more com+le0 uestions

No res+onse eect 18illin) to divul)e moreNo res+onse eect 18illin) to divul)e moreino 8o ace4to4ace contact less liBely to tryino 8o ace4to4ace contact less liBely to try

to im+ress intervie8er to im+ress intervie8er Can 5e com+uter45asedCan 5e com+uter45ased


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Sel Administered Questionnaires,Sel Administered Questionnaires,

cont.cont.


No control over +artici+ant inter+retationNo control over +artici+ant inter+retation

Eo8 res+onse ratesEo8 res+onse rates

2ncertainty a5out 8ho actually illed out the2ncertainty a5out 8ho actually illed out the

uestionnaireuestionnaire

2seless 8ith non4literate, illiterate +o+ulations2seless 8ith non4literate, illiterate +o+ulations1same +ro5lem 8ith /n)lish lan)ua)e1same +ro5lem 8ith /n)lish lan)ua)e

sam+lin)3 or hard4to4reach +o+ulationssam+lin)3 or hard4to4reach +o+ulations


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-ele+hone ntervie8s-ele+hone ntervie8s


Com5o o ace4to4ace +ersonal uality 8ithCom5o o ace4to4ace +ersonal uality 8ith

im+ersonal sel4administered uestionnairesim+ersonal sel4administered uestionnaires ne0+ensive and convenient 1may5e3ne0+ensive and convenient 1may5e3

Sae or intervie8ersSae or intervie8ers


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-ele+hone ntervie8s, cont.-ele+hone ntervie8s, cont.


Chan)in) demo)ra+hics more cell +hones9Chan)in) demo)ra+hics more cell +hones9

May miss certain +o+ulation se)mentsMay miss certain +o+ulation se)ments

Survey must 5e short or +eo+le 8ill han) u+Survey must 5e short or +eo+le 8ill han) u+

;;No Call Eists< +resentin) increasin) challen)eNo Call Eists< +resentin) increasin) challen)e


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Semi4structured ntervie8sSemi4structured ntervie8s


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:ocus 7rou+s:ocus 7rou+s

Recruited to discuss +articular to+icRecruited to discuss +articular to+ic

"ne ocus )rou+ is "N/ unit o analysis"ne ocus )rou+ is "N/ unit o analysis

Com+lement surveys oten the $st ste+Com+lement surveys oten the $st ste+in ta++in) critical uestions to 5e used in ain ta++in) critical uestions to 5e used in a

surveysurvey

dentiy 8hy +eo+le eel certain 8ay anddentiy 8hy +eo+le eel certain 8ay andelucidate ste+s in their decision4maBin)elucidate ste+s in their decision4maBin)

+rocess+rocess


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:ocus 7rou+ Methods:ocus 7rou+ Methods

deal si6e@ F $& +eo+le and adeal si6e@ F $& +eo+le and a

moderatornote taBer moderatornote taBer

Series o )rou+s is necessary or validitySeries o )rou+s is necessary or validity

Homo)eneity and anonymity in selection oHomo)eneity and anonymity in selection o

)rou+s)rou+s

+eo+le may o+en u+ 8ith others 8ho are+eo+le may o+en u+ 8ith others 8ho are+erceived to thinB alon) similar lines+erceived to thinB alon) similar lines AND AND

8hom they may never see a)ain8hom they may never see a)ain


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:ocus 7rou+ Methods, cont.:ocus 7rou+ Methods, cont.

"ten se)ment accordin) to e0+ected"ten se)ment accordin) to e0+ectedmeanin)ul dierences 1e.). disease status,meanin)ul dierences 1e.). disease status,)enderG3)enderG3

Runnin) a ocus )rou+ ine line 5et8eenRunnin) a ocus )rou+ ine line 5et8eenleadin) too much and not )ettin) +eo+le toleadin) too much and not )ettin) +eo+le tocontri5utecontri5ute

m+ortant to Bee+ discussion on to+ic 8om+ortant to Bee+ discussion on to+ic 8oshuttin) +eo+le do8nshuttin) +eo+le do8n

No ri)ht or 8ron) ans8ersNo ri)ht or 8ron) ans8ers


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Analysis Analysis -a+es are usually transcri5ed ver5atim-a+es are usually transcri5ed ver5atim

-e0t is sorted into emer)ent themes 5y at-e0t is sorted into emer)ent themes 5y atleast & researchers to ensure validityleast & researchers to ensure validityeither throu)h +ile4sort method oreither throu)h +ile4sort method orcom+uteri6ed version such as CDC>scom+uteri6ed version such as CDC>s

/asy-e0t 1ree3/asy-e0t 1ree3 -hemes are com+ared 8ith ield notes-hemes are com+ared 8ith ield notes

taBen 5y second researcher taBen 5y second researcher


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-hematic codin) actors@-hematic codin) actors@

$. :reuency num5er o times somethin) is$. :reuency num5er o times somethin) is

mentionedmentioned&. S+eciicity details&. S+eciicity details

. /motion enthusiasm, +assion, etc. in. /motion enthusiasm, +assion, etc. in

res+onsesres+onses%. /0tensiveness ho8 many dierent%. /0tensiveness ho8 many dierent

+eo+le said somethin) similar +eo+le said somethin) similar


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:ocus 7rou+s vs. Surveys:ocus 7rou+s vs. Surveys

Surveys oer uantitative measurementsSurveys oer uantitative measurements

5ased on a re+resentative sam+le5ased on a re+resentative sam+le

:ocus )rou+s oer content insi)ht the:ocus )rou+s oer content insi)ht the 8hy8hy

o 8hat +eo+le thinBo 8hat +eo+le thinB


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WN= in Colorado Selected resultsWN= in Colorado Selected results

** N" "N/ thou)ht they 8ere elderly, so messa)eN" "N/ thou)ht they 8ere elderly, so messa)eneeded to 5e chan)ed to relect ;real< risBneeded to 5e chan)ed to relect ;real< risB

C" residents didn>t +erceive mosuitoes to 5e aC" residents didn>t +erceive mosuitoes to 5e a+ro5lem in the ;hi)h +lains and the risB o neuroinvasive disease increased

Residents +erceived that media over+layed the issueResidents +erceived that media over+layed the issue


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!order Research!order Research WN= ocus )rou+ research in m+erial =alleyWN= ocus )rou+ research in m+erial =alley

alon) MLCA 5order in &''%alon) MLCA 5order in &''%

WN= ocus )rou+ research in -i?uanaSanWN= ocus )rou+ research in -i?uanaSanDie)o in &''Die)o in &''

WN= interce+t intervie8s in -ucson, A andWN= interce+t intervie8s in -ucson, A andNo)ales, Sonora in &''FNo)ales, Sonora in &''F

-raditional surveys 8ould 5e es+ecially diicult-raditional surveys 8ould 5e es+ecially diicultdue to international a)reements, lacB odue to international a)reements, lacB o+hones, lacB o sam+lin) rame8orB, ina5ility to+hones, lacB o sam+lin) rame8orB, ina5ility toconte0tuali6e res+onses 8ith nei)h5orhoodsconte0tuali6e res+onses 8ith nei)h5orhoods


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MethodsMethods

-o+ics Covered-o+ics Covered Ino8led)e a5out WN=Ino8led)e a5out WN=

Sources o inormationSources o inormation

/icacy o e0istin) educational materials/icacy o e0istin) educational materials Actions to avoidBill mosuitoes+revent 5ites Actions to avoidBill mosuitoes+revent 5ites

Re+ellent, chemicals, household controlRe+ellent, chemicals, household control

/0istence o health committees or health/0istence o health committees or healthinormation in local areainormation in local area


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ResultsResults

Household control o 5reedin) sites 4 MostHousehold control o 5reedin) sites 4 Most

+eo+le amiliar 8ith ;control o standin)+eo+le amiliar 8ith ;control o standin)8ater


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ResultsOnormationResultsOnormation

SourcesSources

Media most reuently cited as source 5yMedia most reuently cited as source 5ythose 8ho Bne8 o WN=those 8ho Bne8 o WN=

S+anish s+eaBers in 2S may not 5eS+anish s+eaBers in 2S may not 5eaccessin) local ne8saccessin) local ne8s Many re+ort +rimarily 8atchin) satellite channelsMany re+ort +rimarily 8atchin) satellite channels

rom Me0icorom Me0ico m+erial County 1or e0am+le3 challen)ed 5ym+erial County 1or e0am+le3 challen)ed 5y

lacB o local stationslacB o local stations


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ResultsOS+ecial Po+ulationsResultsOS+ecial Po+ulations

Needs and risBs amon) a)ricultural 8orBersNeeds and risBs amon) a)ricultural 8orBers

12S3 could 5e si)niicant durin) an12S3 could 5e si)niicant durin) an

out5reaB, es+ecially amon) undocumentedout5reaB, es+ecially amon) undocumented

8orBers i unliBely to seeB medical care8orBers i unliBely to seeB medical care

Need a++roaches or non4/n)lish and non4Need a++roaches or non4/n)lish and non4

S+anish s+eaBersS+anish s+eaBers

Mi)rant la5orers unliBely to have access toMi)rant la5orers unliBely to have access to

television, mail, etc.television, mail, etc.


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FotonovelasFotonovelas

:ocus )rou+s and intervie8s 8ere a)ain:ocus )rou+s and intervie8s 8ere a)ain

em+loyed in &'' and &''F in mi)rantem+loyed in &'' and &''F in mi)rant

8orBer cam+s8orBer cam+s

Assess eicacy o e0istin) educational Assess eicacy o e0istin) educational

materialsmaterials

Develo+ attractive, +ictorial45ased materialDevelo+ attractive, +ictorial45ased material

or arm 8orBers and others, ocused onor arm 8orBers and others, ocused on

re+ellent usere+ellent use


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Sam+le Survey QuestionnaireSam+le Survey QuestionnaireCritiueCritiue

While surveys are a stron) and +o+ularWhile surveys are a stron) and +o+ularmethod, the ollo8in) are some e0am+les omethod, the ollo8in) are some e0am+les o

uestions 8here a closed res+onse mayuestions 8here a closed res+onse may+resent si)niicant limitations+resent si)niicant limitations


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Iatrina Questionnaire CritiueIatrina Questionnaire Critiue

Tell me all the places you saw or heardTell me all the places you saw or heardinformation about the hurricane before Katrina.information about the hurricane before Katrina.

/nvironmental cues 1looB outside3/nvironmental cues 1looB outside3

:amily or riends:amily or riends

-he Weather Channel-he Weather Channel

nternetnternet

Eocal radio stationsEocal radio stations

Eocal television stationsEocal television stations

N"AA Weather RadioN"AA Weather Radio

Cell PhoneCell Phone

"ther 1+lease descri5e3"ther 1+lease descri5e3


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Iatrina Critiue, cont.Iatrina Critiue, cont.

Did you feel like the urgency of theDid you feel like the urgency of thesituation was conveyed strongly enoughsituation was conveyed strongly enoughto help you understand the severity ofto help you understand the severity ofthe situation?the situation?

J/S N"J/S N"


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Before Katrina, how much personal riskBefore Katrina, how much personal risk

did you think there would be for you fordid you think there would be for you formaor flooding, loss, displacement, andmaor flooding, loss, displacement, and

disease?disease?

7reat risB Some risB Eittle risB No risB7reat risB Some risB Eittle risB No risB


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Before Katrina, how serious did you thinkBefore Katrina, how serious did you think

the hurricane and its conse!uencesthe hurricane and its conse!uenceswould be?would be?

=ery serious Moderately serious=ery serious Moderately serious A little serious Not serious at all A little serious Not serious at all


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"hen you left your home before Katrina,"hen you left your home before Katrina,where did you go? #$hoose %ne&where did you go? #$hoose %ne&

:amilyriend house in my city:amilyriend house in my city

:amily:riend house in other city:amily:riend house in other city

Hotel in my cityHotel in my city

Hotel in other cityHotel in other city

/vacuation center in my city/vacuation center in my city

/vacuation center in other city/vacuation center in other city

"ther "ther


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Before Katrina how confident were you inBefore Katrina how confident were you in

your ability to take the necessary actionsyour ability to take the necessary actions

to protect you and your family during ato protect you and your family during a

disaster?disaster?

=ery conidant Moderately conidant=ery conidant Moderately conidant

A little conidant Not conidant A little conidant Not conidant


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Do you think that you will stay in this areaDo you think that you will stay in this area#shelter community&?#shelter community&?

J/S N"J/S N"


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'hould this shelter need to close would'hould this shelter need to close would

you be willing to move another shelter?you be willing to move another shelter?

J/S N"J/S N"


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Den)ue Questionnaire CritiueDen)ue Questionnaire Critiue

Do you travel back and forth between theDo you travel back and forth between the

(' and )e*ico?(' and )e*ico?

J/S N"J/S N"

+f so, number of days per year?+f so, number of days per year?


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Den)ue Critiue, cont.Den)ue Critiue, cont.

Do you have piped water - hoursday?Do you have piped water - hoursday?

J/S N"J/S N"

+f no, do you store water in an open container?+f no, do you store water in an open container?

J/S N"J/S N"


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Den)ue Critiue, cont.Den)ue Critiue, cont.

Do you have screens on all windowsDo you have screens on all windowsand doors?and doors?

J/S N"J/S N"


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SummarySummary

Qualitative data )atherin) is a rich andQualitative data )atherin) is a rich and

im+ortant tool in some settin)sim+ortant tool in some settin)s

=ariety o methods availa5le=ariety o methods availa5le May overcome limitation o closed surveyMay overcome limitation o closed survey

uestions and assist in develo+ment ouestions and assist in develo+ment o

5etter instruments5etter instruments


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ReerencesReerences

!ernard, HR. 1&''&3!ernard, HR. 1&''&3 Research Methods inResearch Methods in

Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative

Approaches. Approaches. Walnut CreeB@ AltaMira PressWalnut CreeB@ AltaMira PressIrue)er, RA and Casey, MA. 1&'''3.Irue)er, RA and Casey, MA. 1&'''3. FocusFocus

Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research.Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research.

-housand "aBs@ Sa)e Pu5lications-housand "aBs@ Sa)e Pu5lications

Puchta, C. and Potter, #. 1&''%3Puchta, C. and Potter, #. 1&''%3 Focus GroupFocus Group

Practice.Practice. Eondon@ Sa)e Pu5licationsEondon@ Sa)e Pu5lications


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AcBno8led)ments AcBno8led)ments

/mily ielinsBi47utierre6, CDC/mily ielinsBi47utierre6, CDC

Maureen :onseca4:ord, !DSMaureen :onseca4:ord, !DS Ste+hen Waterman, !DSSte+hen Waterman, !DS

/lisa5eth 7lecBler, /yeCite/lisa5eth 7lecBler, /yeCite

2S4Me0ico !order Health Commission2S4Me0ico !order Health Commission

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Qualitative Research Methods -- Hayden