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Name __________________________________________ Date ___________ Class _______ Period _____
Quaestio: ________________________________________________________________________________________
Rise of Nationalism Directions: Examine the documents below and answer the questions that follow.
1. Which of the listed features do you think plays the largest role in shaping a national identity? Explain.
2. Which feature do you think contributed most to Italian Nationalism? Explain.
3. What types of nationalist movements can evolve in lands with culturally distinct groups?
4. What must be present for state building to take place?
5. Examine the two symbols of Nationalism on the screen. What does each of them bring to mind for you personally? How can nationalism be both a positive and negative force?
How did the lyrics of an opera help unite all Italians? During the 1800s most Italians were unhappy being part of the Austrian Empire. They were beginning to yearn to have their own nation, an Italian nation. Someone had to put these yearnings into words, however, and that someone was Giuseppe Verdi, an Italian composer. In the lyrics to some of his operas, Verdi called for the Italian people to unite. Italians especially identified with his opera, Nabucco. It featured singers praising their home-‐ land with the lyrics, “Go, settle on the cliffs and hills, where the sweet breezes bring the warm, soft fragrances of your native land. . . Oh my father-‐ land so beautiful and lost!” These words reminded Italians of the beauty of their own land and the fact that it was under Austria’s control. Verdi’s music became a kind of national anthem for Italians seeking unification, inspiring them and urging them to act. The popularity of his music not only made Verdi an international star, but also helped spread the message of Italian nationalism.
6. How did the music of Giuseppe Verdi inspire nationalism among Italians?
Unification of Italy A Divided Italy
• Since the fall of the _____________ Empire, and throughout the Middle Ages, Italy was culturally and politically _____________
• The _____________ was a continuous influential force in Italy, at times ruling over much of central Italy
• During the Renaissance, _____________________ criticized Italian for allowing other countries take power in their land, wanting Italians to come together for their mutual defense
• France, Spain, and Austria had all, at different points, invaded and conquered different parts of Italy, often fighting over it
• __________________ dominance of Mediterranean trade weakened Italy economically
Impact of Napoleon • French conquest under ________________ created a unified Italy with unified equal laws, laying the
foundation for a _____________ to come • After the restorations of the Congress of ______________, most of northern Italy was ruled by
_______________, southern Italy was ruled by Spanish ________________, Tuscany was independent, and Piedmont was heavily influenced by _____________
Rise of Nationalism • Nationalist leader Giuseppe _____________ created the Young Italy movement, calling for a
Nationalist, _________________, Democratic, egalitarian, bottom up unification of Italy guided not by the elites but by the people through ______________________ action
• 1848-‐49: Revolts against Austria were unsuccessful but showed the growing power of _________________
• Some Italians thought the _____________ would be perfect to unite Italy, but when he failed to take a stand against Catholic Austria, Piedmont-‐Sardinia stepped up to fight them
The Mastermind • 1852: Count Camillo _____________ became __________________________ of Piedmont-‐Sardinia
under King Victor Emmanuel • Inspired by British industrial growth, he wanted to unite Italy economically using
__________________ • More _______________ than Mazzini, he agreed that foreign powers should be expelled, but
believed that unification had to be guided by elites • More of a Piedmontese patriot than an Italian nationalist, he wanted a united Italy ruled by
__________________________ • Cavour worked closely with nationalist groups in different parts of Italy to develop connections and
extend his influence, able to get _______________ and ___________________ working together
The Setup • 1855: Piedmont-‐Sardinia developed good relations with Britain and France by joining them to fight
Russia in the ______________ War • 1858: Cavour secretly met with Louis-‐Napoleon Bonaparte, aka _______________ of France
Napoleon III, during which France promised to _____________ Piedmont-‐Sardinia if it were attacked by Austria, and then they planned to _____________ that very attack
• In exchange, Cavour agreed to cede two territories, Savoy and Nice, to _____________, and to arrange a marriage between Napoleon III’s cousin and the daughter of King ____________________________
• _________: Piedmont provoked, Austria declared war on Piedmont, and France came to its aid • Though winning, Napoleon III wanted to make peace with Austria to restore ________________,
but when more and more Italian Nationalists began ________________ for unification (thanks to Cavour’s hard work), Napoleon realized quitting the war with Austria would only lead to ___________ stability, and was forced to continue the fight
• In the end, Lombardy was transferred from Austria to Piedmont, and the Central Italian states voted by ____________________ to join with Piedmont as well
Red Shirts in the South • Nationalist and ally of Mazzini, Giuseppe ___________________, set out with 1000 Red-‐Shirted
volunteers to take over Southern Italy and create an Italian _______________ • _____________ supported him with ships and weapons, but when Garibaldi successfully took Sicily
and Naples and marched on to take _____________, Cavour feared he would set up his own republic, and that a takeover of Rome would provoke intervention from Catholic France and Austria
• Instead, Cavour sent troops to the _____________ States and blocked Garibaldi from taking Rome • Despite his desire for a Republic, to avoid a ________________, Garibaldi agreed to join Southern
Italy to the ______________ of Piedmont-‐Sardinia
New Italian Nation • 1866: Italian support for Prussia in Austro-‐Prussian War won them _____________ from Austria • 1870: French weakness during Franco-‐Prussian War allowed Italian conquest of _____________ • Modernized North imposed it’s __________________, laws, and _____________on the whole
peninsula • Poor __________ south suffered from overpopulation and lack of education, land reform, and
infrastructure • Angry Pope forbade __________________ from participating in the new government • Without competent leaders after Cavour, Italy became a weak and unstable state until 20th century
Resurgence of Italy Infographic: Unifying Italy Examine the map and text on page in the textbook.
7. During what time period was the greatest share territory unified in Italy?
8. Which territories did the Italians lose to France during their process of unification?
9. Which territory did Italy gain from Austria in 1866?
10. What route did Garibaldi’s expedition take?
11. It is often said that Giuseppe Mazzini was the ”heart” of Italian unification, that Count Camillo Cavour was the “brains,” and that Giuseppe Garibaldi was the “sword.” Do you think these names make sense? Why or why not?
“Nationalism has become general; it grows daily; and it has already grown strong enough to keep all parts of Italy united despite the differences that distinguish them.” —Count Camillo Cavour
12. Based on the quote and your familiarity with Cavour, do you think he was a true nationalist like Mazzini and Garibaldi, or was he merely a political opportunist?
“Right Leg in the Boot at Last” In this 1860 British cartoon, the king of Piedmont Sardinia is receiving control of lands taken by the nationalist Garibaldi. The act was one of the final steps in unification of Italy.
1. What symbol does the cartoonist use for the soon-‐to-‐be nation of Italy?
2. How is Garibaldi portrayed in the cartoon? How does this portrayal reflect his role in the unification process?
3. What does the title of this cartoon say about the cartoonist’s view of Italian unification