ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetiivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetiivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetiivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetihumanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetihumanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetihumanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

qarTuli literaturis institutiqarTuli literaturis institutiqarTuli literaturis institutiqarTuli literaturis instituti

qeTevan goderZiSviliqeTevan goderZiSviliqeTevan goderZiSviliqeTevan goderZiSvili

polemika warmarTobasTan Zvel qarTul polemika warmarTobasTan Zvel qarTul polemika warmarTobasTan Zvel qarTul polemika warmarTobasTan Zvel qarTul hhhhagiografiul agiografiul agiografiul agiografiul

literaturaSiliteraturaSiliteraturaSiliteraturaSi

filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i ad i s e r t a c i ad i s e r t a c i ad i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori elguja xinTibiZe

TbilisiTbilisiTbilisiTbilisi

2012012012011111

2

sarCevisarCevisarCevisarCevi

SesavaliSesavaliSesavaliSesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4_6

Tavi I.

warmarTuli da mazdeuri warmodgenebis Serwyma winaqristianuli warmarTuli da mazdeuri warmodgenebis Serwyma winaqristianuli warmarTuli da mazdeuri warmodgenebis Serwyma winaqristianuli warmarTuli da mazdeuri warmodgenebis Serwyma winaqristianuli

qarTlis RvTaebriv panTeonSi da qristianobis polemika qarTlis RvTaebriv panTeonSi da qristianobis polemika qarTlis RvTaebriv panTeonSi da qristianobis polemika qarTlis RvTaebriv panTeonSi da qristianobis polemika

kerpTayvankerpTayvankerpTayvankerpTayvanismcemlobasTanismcemlobasTanismcemlobasTanismcemlobasTan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7777____111107070707

qveTavebi: qveTavebi: qveTavebi: qveTavebi:

1. mazdeizmis arsi da warmarToba: (mazdeizmis kvali saqarTveloSi). .

7_25

2. Zveli qarTlis warmarTul RvTaebaTa panTeoni . . . . . . . . . . . 26_47

3. qristianobis polemika warmarTobasTan: warmarTobis Zleva

saswaulebiT (,,ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48_57

4. qarTlis moqcevis legenda da wminda nino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58_76

A

5. qristianobis polemika warmarTobasTan: qristianobis zeimi warmarTul

garemoSi (,,kolael yrmaTa wameba~ da ,,sibrZne balahvarisi~) . . . . .

77_107

Tavi II.OO

filosofiur_Teologiuri polemika warmarTul da mazdeur filosofiur_Teologiuri polemika warmarTul da mazdeur filosofiur_Teologiuri polemika warmarTul da mazdeur filosofiur_Teologiuri polemika warmarTul da mazdeur

warmodgenebTan warmodgenebTan warmodgenebTan warmodgenebTan Zvel qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi da aristides Zvel qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi da aristides Zvel qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi da aristides Zvel qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi da aristides

,,,,,,,,apologiaapologiaapologiaapologia~~~~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111108080808____111158585858

qveTavebiqveTavebiqveTavebiqveTavebi:

1. Zveli qarTuli polemikuri mwerloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108_121

3

2. ,,evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122_134

3. ,,abibos nekreselis martviloba~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135_143

4. ,,raJden pirvelmowamis martviloba~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

5. aristides ,,apologia~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145_158

Tavi III. Tavi III. Tavi III. Tavi III.

warmarTobiswarmarTobiswarmarTobiswarmarTobis kritikis Setana qarTulis gziT bizantiur mwerlobaSikritikis Setana qarTulis gziT bizantiur mwerlobaSikritikis Setana qarTulis gziT bizantiur mwerlobaSikritikis Setana qarTulis gziT bizantiur mwerlobaSi . . .. . .. . .. . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . 111159595959____222211116666

qveTavebi:qveTavebi:qveTavebi:qveTavebi:

1. qarTuli ,,balavarianidan~ berZnul ,,varlaam da ioasafamde~ . . . .

159_199

2. aristides ,,apologia~ da ioane damaskelis dogmatika berZnul

,,varlaam da ioasafSi~ da efTvime mTawmindeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200_216

daskvnadaskvnadaskvnadaskvna 222211117777____222222222222

gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222222223333_2_2_2_222228888 danarTi I. aristides ,,apologia~, somxuri fragmenti . . . . . 229_231 danarTi II. aristides ,,apologia~, berZnuli da siriuli redaqciebi . . 232-262

4

SesavaliSesavaliSesavaliSesavali

Cveni sadisertacio naSromi qarTul hagiografiul mwerlobaSi

warmarTobasTan polemikis Seswavlas isaxavs miznad.

sazogadod, warmarTuli religiuri panTeoni Zveli qarTuli

mwerlobisaTvis ucnobi ar iyo. TviT Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis

klasikur xanaSi, ukve efrem mciris mier qarTul mwerlobaSi Semotanili

,,elinTa zRaprobanis~ mixedviT Cans, rom qarTuli ganaTlebuli

sazogadoeba icnobda Zvel berZnul warmarTul panTeons.

Cveni intersi upiratesad im realur istoriul mdgomareobas

iTvaliswinebs, romelic qarTul samyaroSi arsebobda da romlis mimarT

qristianuli religiuri idealis dapirispireba sakuTriv saqarTveloSi

moxda. amitomac Semoifargla Cveni interesi sakuTriv qarTuli

hagiografiuli ZeglebiT, rac aisaxa naSromis saxelwodebaSic:

“polemika warmarTobasTan Zvel qarTul hagiografiul literaturaSi”.

miuxedavad Cveni sakvlevi problemis amgvarad dakonkretebisa, mainc

gamoikveTa oriode garemoeba, ramac Cveni sakvlevi sagnis da kvlevis

farglebis erTgvari gafarToeba gamoiwvia, rac amTaviTve saWiroebs

ganmartebas.

uZvelesi qarTuli werilobiTi da materialuri kulturis sxva

wyaroebis mixedviT sagulisxmoa, rom saqarTveloSi qristianoba Semodis

istoriulad arsebuli religiuri warmodgenebis fonze. es warmodgenebi

araa erTgvarovani. esaa qarTuli warmarToba, kerpTayvanisamcemloba, Tu

zeciur mnaTobTa Tayvaniscema, romelic Tavis mxriv gadajaWvulia

cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan, mazdeizmTan. savaraudebelia, rom

saxelmwifo karis oficialuri religia saqarTveloSi qristianobis

Semosvlis periodSi mazdeizmi iyo. amaze metyvelebs warmarTuli

RmerTebis panTeonis arseboba ,,ninos cxovrebaSi~. aq moxseniebuli

RmerTebi sparsul zoroastrul RvTaebebTan amyarebs kavSirs da maTi

Tayvaniscema qarTul sinamdvileSi ufro adreuli droidanac

dasturdeba.

qristianoba saqarTveloSi erTdroulad daupirispirda orive saxis

religiur warmodgenebs: qarTul warmarTobas da sparsul mazdeanobas.

5

amitomac, polemikis elementebi orive religiis mimarT erTad da

erTnairad iCenda Tavs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTul hagiografiul mwerlobaSi mravlad

SemogvrCa mazdeizmTan polemikis elementebi. Zvel qarTul

martvilobebSi: ,,evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~, ,,abibos nekreselis

martviloba~, ,,raJden pirvelmowamis martviloba~ garkveviTaa

gamoxatuli polemika mazdeanobis winaaRmdeg: mtkiceba kerZod imis, rom

cecxli ar aris RmerTi. magram am polemikaSi principuli Teologiuri

argumenti moxmobilia berZnuli Teologiidan, romelic mimarTuli iyo

berZnuli warmarTuli panTeonis winaaRmdeg.

amdenad, qarTul hagiografiaSi mazdeur RvTaebasTan polemika

zogadad warmarTobis polemikis farglebSia Semotanili, ra Tqma unda

am ori religiuri warmodgenis yovelgvari gamijvnis gareSe.

aman ganapiroba is garemoeba, rom Cvens naSromSi es polemika

gaerTianebulia erTi saTauris qveS _ polemika warmarTobasTan da

bunebrivia, rom cneba warmarTobis amgvarad gaazreba pirobiTia.

qarTul hagiografiul TxzulebebSi warmarTobasTan polemikis

sakiTxze dakvirvebam kidev erT mniSvnelovan problemamde migviyvana,

ramac Cveni interesis sferoSi adrindeli bizantiuri mwerlobis iseTi

polemikuri Txzuleba Semoitana, romelic sakuTriv qarTuli

literaturis Zegli ar aris. esaa aristides ,,apologia~. saqme isaa, rom

II saukunis berZeni mwerlis aristides `apologia~, berZnul warmarTul

panTeonTan qristianuli religiis poziciidan polemikis yvelaze

mniSvnelovani klasikuri Zeglia. misi Semotana Cveni kvlevis sferoSi

imiT aRmoCnda ganpirobebuli, rom adrindeli qarTuli hagiografiuli

Zeglebi warmarTobasTan polemikaSi im Teoriul debulebebs emyarebian,

rac qristianobaSi aristides `apologiiTaa~ Semotanili. es garemoeba

imTaviTve ganapirobebda Cvens mier am Txzulebis komentirebis sakvlev

problematikaSi CarTvis aucileblobas. amave dros aRmoCnda, rom Tavad

aristides `apologia~ bizantinologiis is Zalze mniSvnelovani Zeglia,

romlis bizantiur mwerlobaSi aRmoCenis Sesaxeb Zalze didi samecniero

kvlevebia Sesrulebuli. rogorc irkveva, es bizantiur mwerlobaSi VI

saukunidan dakargulad miCneuli Txzuleba berZnul mwerlobas

6

daubruna qarTvelma mweralma efTvime aTonelma, Tavis berZnul enaze

dawerili hagiografiuli TxzulebiT `wm. varlaamisa da wm. ioasafis

sulismargebeli moTxrobiT~.

ase rom, aristides `apologia~ qarTveli mwerlis mier daweril

hagiografiul TxzulebaSi aRmoCnda CarTuli da TavisTavad es

Txzuleba, anu `wm. varlaamisa da wm. ioasafis sulismargebeli

moTxroba~, TviT qarTuli hagiografiuli Txzulebis e.w. `balavarianis~

safuZvelzea Seqmnili. aman kidev ufro metad aucilebeli gaxada

aristides `apologiis~ problemis SedarebiT dawvrilebiTi kvleva da

qarTul samecniero literaturaSi TviT am Txzulebis teqstologiuri

problematikis safuZvlianad Semotana.

Tavis mxriv am sakiTxma Cveni interesis sfero kidev ufro gaafarTova.

aucilebeli gaxda im problemis komentirebac, rom berZnuli

`wm.varlaamisa da wm.ioasafis sulismargebeli moTxroba~ marTlac

efTvime aTonelis Seqmnilia da marTlac qarTuli hagiografiuli

teqstebis berZnul mwerlobaSi gadatanis safuZvelzea dawerili. aman ki

isev hagiografiul literaturaSi warmarTobasTan polemikis Cvens

sakvlev TemasTan dagvabruna: ratom dasWirda X_XI saukuneebis mijnaze

bizantiur mwerlobas warmarTobis polemikis problemasTan dabruneba,

ratom dainteresda efTvime aToneli am polemikis sakiTxiT da sxva . . .

ase rom, Cvenma sadisertacio naSromma qarTul hagiografiul

literaturaSi warmarTobasTan polemikis sferoSi sakiTxTa aseTi rigi

Semoitana: warmarTobis asaxva da masTan dapirispireba uZveles qarTul

hagiografiul literaturaSi (`ninos cxovreba~, `cxra yrma kolaelTa

wameba~, `balavariani~), warmarTobisa da mazdeanobis ganqiqeba qarTul

hagiografiaSi (`abibos nekreselis martviloba~, `evstaTi mcxeTelis

martviloba~, `raJden pirvelmowamis martviloba~), warmarTobasTan

polemikis gadatana qarTuli hagiografiidan bizantiur mwerlobaSi

(efTvime aToneli da berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafi~), warmarTobasTan

polemikis klasikuri Zegli _ aristides `apologia~ qristianuli

aRmosavleTis literaturul wyaroebSi.

7

Tavi I.Tavi I.Tavi I.Tavi I.

warmarTuli da mazdeuri warmodgenebis Serwyma winaqristianuli warmarTuli da mazdeuri warmodgenebis Serwyma winaqristianuli warmarTuli da mazdeuri warmodgenebis Serwyma winaqristianuli warmarTuli da mazdeuri warmodgenebis Serwyma winaqristianuli

qarTlis qarTlis qarTlis qarTlis RvTaebrivRvTaebrivRvTaebrivRvTaebriv panTeonSi da qristianobis polemika panTeonSi da qristianobis polemika panTeonSi da qristianobis polemika panTeonSi da qristianobis polemika

kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan

mazdeizmis arsi da mazdeizmis arsi da mazdeizmis arsi da mazdeizmis arsi da warmarTobwarmarTobwarmarTobwarmarTobaaaa: (: (: (: (mazdeizmimazdeizmimazdeizmimazdeizmis kvalis kvalis kvalis kvali saqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSi))))

uZvelesi qarTuli werilobiTi da materialuri kulturis Zeglebis

mixedviT naTelia, rom saqarTveloSi qristianoba Semodis istoriulad

ukve arsebuli religiuri warmodgenebis bazaze. es warmodgenebi

sxvadasxvagvaria: qarTuli warmarToba, (kerpTayvanisamcemloba, an

zeciur mnaTobTa Tayvaniscema), romelic Tavismxriv gadajaWvulia

cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan, igive mazdeizmTan. es ukanaskneli,

saqarTveloSi qristianobis Semosvlis dros, saxelmwifo karis

oficialuri religia gaxldaT. amaze naTlad metyvelebs warmarTuli

RmerTebis panTeonis arseboba `ninos cxovrebaSi~. es warmarTuli

RvTaebebi sparsul zoroastrul RvTaebebs Seesatyviseba, romelTa

Tayvaniscema qarTul sinamdvileSi ufro adreuli droidanac

dasturdeba.

sxvadasxva wyaroebze dayrdnobiT vgebulobT, rom qristianoba

saqarTveloSi erTad daupirispirda orive saxis religiur warmosaxvebs:

qarTul( ZirZvel) warmarTobas da sparsul mazdeanobas, romelTa

nazavsac qmnida maSindeli qarTlis warmarTuli RmerTebis panTeoni.

swored am motiviT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom uZvelesi droidan,

dapirispireba da kritika qristianobisa orive warmarTuli religiis

mimarT erTdroulad da erTi mimarTulebiT iCenda Tavs.

qarTvelTa warmarTobis Sesaxeb cnobebi Semonaxulia erTis mxriv

im ucxo erebis istoriul_literaturulsa da geografiul

TxzulebebSi, romlebsac Cvens qveyanasTan hqondaT Sexeba da meores

mxriv, qarTul, saistorio da hagiografiul nawarmoebebSi, aseve saxalxo

TqmulebebSi, zne-CveulebebSi da rwmenaSi.

8

qarTvelebis uZvelesi rwmeniT, mTeli buneba gansulierebuli da

ganpirovnebuli iyo. rac gamoixateboda imaSi, rom bunebis Zalebsa da

movlenebs SeeZloT Tavis nebaze keTilic eqnaT adamianebisTvis da avic.

swored amitom miaCndaT saWirod adamianebs maTi Tayvaniscema, maTTvis

msxverplisa da ZRvenis mirTmeva da locvis Sewirva, raTa RmerTebs

maTken kargi TvaliT gadmoexedaT (30,2). mematiane leonti mrovelTan

vkiTxulobT: `da mas Jamsa daiviwyes RmerTi, dambadebeli maTi, da iqmnes

msaxur mzisa da mTvarisa da varskvlavTa xuTTa, da mtkice da ufrosi

saficar maTi iyo saflavi qarTlosisi~ (19,5). am sityvebidan naTlad Cans,

rom uxilavi RmerTis mnaTobTa TayvaniscemiT Canacvleba saqarTveloSi

uZvelesi droidan dasturdeba.

warmarTul RvTaebaTagan saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebuli adgili

mTvaris RvTaebas ekava, rogorc mamakac RvTaebas. Cveulebriv, msoflios

iseTi civilizebuli erebi, rogorebic: egviptelebi, ebraleebi, berZnebi,

romaelebi, arabebi da finikielebi iyvnen, mTvares dedakac RvTaebad

miiCnevdnen. mTvaris kulti, rogorc mamakaci RvTaebis, mxolod

asurelebs, qanaanelT da qarTvelebs hqondaT. Tavdapirvelad, mTvaris

Tayvaniscmis dros, adamianTa msxverplad Sewirva Cvens qveyanaSi

miRebuli yofila. mogvianebiT ki adamianTa msxverplSewirva pirutyviT

Seicvala. am faqts leonti mroveli mefe revis miawers. miiCneven, rom

megruli sityva `TuTaSxia~, mTvaris tols, kac RmerTs unda niSnavdes. es

sityva literaturul ZeglSic gvxvdeba ukve XX saukuneSi. istoriuli

Zeglebidan cxadia, rom sadac qarTvelebs ucxovriaT, mTvaris

Tayvaniscema yvelgan arsebobda. amis gamo, mTvaris, rogorc meufis da

RvTaebis Tayvaniscema, SesaZloa yvela qarTveli tomis uZveles rwmenad

CaiTvalos. aRsaniSnavia agreTve fuZis mfarveli RvTaeba `nerCi pateni~,

rac fuZis batons niSnavs. sityva nerCi sulxan _ saba orbelians `qveda

kerZo~-d aqvs ganmartebuli. afxazebs hyoliaT fuZis `angelozi~, ojaxis

mfarveli RvTaeba, romelsac `aJahara~, anu `aSaharas~ uwodeben. (roca

afxazi patarZals saxlSi Seiyvans, saxlis ufrosi axal Semosul

wevrebs `aJaharas~ avedrebs).

droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTvelebi mnaTobTa zeciuri RvTaebebidan

`miwaze daeSvnen~. warmarTul Cveulebebsa da tradiciebs axali

9

`asparezi~ mieca maSindel sinamdvileSi da gaCndnen sxva mravali

`RmerTebi~, rogorc nadirTa da monadireebis RvTaebani: anatori,

oCopintre da boCi. amavdroulad Camoyalibda `xeTa msaxurebis~

tradicia. `xeTa msaxurebis~ Sesaxeb istoriuli naSTebi, saqarTvelos

TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi, dRemdea SemorCenili. magaliTad, xevsurebsa da

fSavelebs swamT, rom arsebobs gansakuTrebuli `muxis angelozi~.

saqarTveloSi arsebobda iseTi Cveulebebic, rogoricaa magaliTad

svaneTSi SemorCenili… `muryvamobis~ wesi, aseve `adrekilai~ da `melai-

tulefai~, `kvirai~ da sxva mravali.

Tu gadavxedavT saqarTvelos istoriis I_IV saukuneebs da

SevimecnebT qarTvelTa kulturul, zneobriv-fsiqologiur, sulier Tu

fizikur samyaros, advili misaxvedria rom maSin, rodesac saqarTveloSi

arsebobda iseTi warmarTuli wes-Cveulebebi da tradiciebi rogoricaa:

muryvamoba, adrekilai, meliatulefai, xeTa msaxureba da mcenareebis

RvTaeba kopala, mnaTobTa Tayvaniscema, tarosis RvTaeba vobi,

monadireTa RvTaebani: anatori, oCopintre da mravali sxva, rogori

religiuri Sexedulebis xalxi iqneboda. amis gaTvaliswinebiT,

gasaocaria mociqulTa gambedaoba, SemdgomSi, aseT warmarTul garemoSi

qristianobis qadagebis da warmarTobasTan dapirispirebis gamo (30,1-4).

Cveni interesis sagani ki amjerad, warmarTuli religia, mazdeanoba

gaxlavT. religia, romelmac moicva uamravi qveyana da maT rwmenaze didi

gavlena iqonia, maT Soris winaqristianul saqarTvelozec. Cvens

qveyanaSi es religia qarTul ZirZvel warmarTobas (mnaTobTa

Tayvaniscemas, kerpTayvanismcemlobas) Seerwya, qarTulad gadasxvaferda

da qarTlis saxelmwifo religiac ki gaxda. imdenad Zlieri iyo

mazdeanuri rwmena da warmarTuli tradiciebi qarTlSi, rom

qristianobas saukuneebi dasWirda mis dasaZlevad.

mazdeanobis, igive zoroastrizmis, damfuZneblad iTvleba zaratuStra,

berZn. zoroastri, spars. zarduSi an zerduSti. zoroastris moZRvreba

iyo iranis Zveli mosaxleobis religia. Tavdapirvelad, midielebis da

baxtrielebis, Semdgom ukve aqemeniduri da sasaniduri sparseTis.

winaswarmetyveli zoroastris Sesaxeb biografiuli monacemebi cotaa.

aRmosavluri legendebi mogviTxroben, rom zoroastri cxovrobda

10

baxtriaSi _ mefe viStaspis (igive guStnaspis) mefobis dros. erTi

gadmocemis Tanaxmad, is cxovrobda qserqses mefobamde 600 wlis win.

meore wyaroze dayrdnobiT, troas omamde 5000 wlis winaT. SedarebiT

ufro damajerebelia davuSvaT, rom is cxovrobda araugvianes 1000 wlisa

qserqses dabadebamde (50,56). axalgazrdobaSive is gancalkevebula maRal

mTaze, sadac misTvis ormuzds uswavlebia axali moZRvreba. zaratuStras

mier Cadenili saswaulebis gavleniT, pirvelad mefe viStaspi eziara mis

moZRvrebas. mogvianebiTi periodis `avestas~ nawilebi, zaratuStras

warmogvidgenen `demonebTan~ mebrZol raindad, romelic maT winaaRmdeg

moqmedebda ara mxolod wminda sityvebiT da saswaulebiT (mag: mas

kvebavs ori araCveulebrivi Txa, cecxli iqceva vardisfer buCqad),

aramed materialuri iaraRiTac (arimanis Tavdasxma didi lodebiT da

a.S). berZeni mwerlebi masze saubroben rogorc brZenze, romelic

warmoSobiT iyo magi. mas miewereba uamravi winaswarmetyveluri wignebis

Seqmna (50, 57).

zoroastrizmis, igive mazdeizmis, wminda nawerebia `avesta~ da `zenda

avesta~ (avesta Zv.spars._wminda ena, zenda_komentari), aseve gviani drois

fexlevuri komentarebi. `avesta~ Sedgeba Zvel iranul enaze

Sesrulebuli uamravi fragmentuli da Sereuli teqstisagan. (es ena

msgavsia veduri sanskritisa). teqstebi gaxlavT uZvelesi koleqciisa.

misi zogierTi nawili daikarga sasanidebis imperiis dacemis Semdgom,

islamis Semosvlisas, daaxoebiT 651 wels. `avestas~ garkveuli teqstebi

zepiradac gavrcelda da saukuneebs gadaecemoda. `avesta~ Sedgeba oTxi

mTavari nawilisagan. esenia: `iasna~, liturgikuli naSromi, romelic

moicavs `gaTebs~ (simRerebs); es `avestas~ uZveles nawilad miiCneva.

SesaZloa, Tavad zoroastris dawerili iyos. aq zoroastri gvauwyebs

ahura mazdas uzenaesobis Sesaxeb. `iasnas~ damatebiTi wyaroa `visferdi~,

romelic `iasnas~ amxsneli nawilia. iaStebi, himnebi rwmenaze, romelic

Seicavs mcire (xurda) `avestas~. aseve `videvdati~, xSirad mas

“vendidatad” moixsenieben, romelic aRwers boroti sulebis sxvadasxva

formebs da gviCvenebs gzebs, Tu rogor unda gaveqceT maT. sxva mokle

teqstebis da salocavi koleqciebis mxardamxar, gvxvdeba zoroastrizmis

sxva wyaroebic. esenia: aqemeniduri nawerebi, herodotes, strabonisa da

11

plutarqes Canawerebi da komentarebi `avestaze~, romelic Seqmnili unda

iyos Cv. w. aR. VI saukuneSi fexlevurad, sparsul dialeqtze, romelic

sasanidebis epoqaSi religiur enad ixmareboda (58,3).

mazdeanuri swavlebebis mixedviT mTeli buneba iyofa or samefod: erT

mxares sinaTle da sikeTea, meore mxares sibnele da boroteba. sikeTe

adis zeciur SemoqmedTan ahura mazdasTan (ormuzdTan), romelic mudmivi

sinaTlis samefoSi imyofeba da garSemo hyavs eqvsi Tanmxlebi RvTaeba

(ameSa spenta). mas upirispirdeba boroti suli angra mainu (arimani),

romelic cxovrobs sibneleSi, romelmac Seqmna mkacri zamTari,

autaneli sicxe, qurdoba, mavne da uwminduri qvewarmavlebi: gvelebi,

morielebi, xvlikebi da a.S. is SeZvra miwis ormoSi da jojoxeTs misca

dasabami. is damnaSavea yvela borotebaSi, is aris sawyisi sicruisa (58,4).

mazdeanuri wminda nawerebis Tanaxmad, `ameSa spentasTan~ axlos dgas

sraoSa, erTgulebis suli, romelic qveyanas icavs ubedurebisagan. ahura

mazdas samefoSi arseboben aseve sulebi, (iazatebi,yazatebi), romlebic

warmoadgenen Zvel xalxTa religiis RmerTebs, romlebsac adgili ergoT

zaratustras qadagebebSic. maT Soris mniSvnelovania miera, romelic

kosmiur naTels ganasaxierebs da mzisgan damoukidebelia. ahura mazdas

gunds ekuTvnian aseve fravaSebi, eseni arian naTeli gonebis, simarTlis

sulebi. `zenda avestas~ mixedviT, borot sulebs ewodebaT devebi. mag:

aeSma devi gaxlavT risxvis da Zaladobis demoni, romelic keTili

geniis, `sraoSas~, mowinaaRmdegea. am xangrZlivi brZolis daniSnuleba

zogadad aris is, rom adamianebma gaakeTon swori arCevani sikeTesa da

borotebas Soris. es brZola moicavs mTeli msoflios istorias da

gagrZeldeba 12000 weli (50,58). zoroastruli (mazdeanuri) esqatologiiT,

pirveli 3000 wlis ganmavlobaSi ahura mazdam Seqmna sufTa arsebebi: ca,

miwa da mcenareebi; Semdegi 3000 wlis ganmavlobaSi pirvelyofili

adamianebi da cxovelebi. maSin gamoCnda swored angra mainu, mokla

pirveli adamianebi da cxovelebi da amiT, saTave misca xangrZlivi

brZolis periods, romelic dasrulda zoroastris dabadebasTan erTad.

zoroastris dabadebidan daiwyo axali periodi, romelic grZeldeba 3000

wlis ganmavlobaSi, sadac Cven vcxovrobT. am periodis dasasrulisaTvis,

qalisgan daibadeba mxsneli `soSianti~ da 3 winaswarmetyveli, romlebic

12

ameSa spentebTan erTad daamarcxeben borot devebs, borotebisagan

ixsnian mTel samyaros da aRadgenen mkvdrebs. gardacvlilebs miezRvebaT

maTi cxovrebis stilis mixedviT mas Semdeg, rac maTi sicocxlis dros

Cadenili saqmeebi Sefasdeba e.w. `Cinvadis xidTTan~. zogierTi maTgani

kvlav daisjeba, zogi ki gadarCeba. amis Semdgom qveynad dausruleblad

imefebs sikeTe. keTili adamianebi am axal samyaroSi icxovreben uWmelad,

SimSilisa da wyurvelis gareSe, uiaraRod. yvela erT enaze ilaparakebs.

iarsebebs erTi eri sazRvrebis gareSe. yvela icxovrebs ahura mazdas

sadideblad (50,58).

mazdeizmi aRiarebs ahura mazdas saRvTo bunebas da mis avtoritets.

ahura mazda aris dasawyisic da dasasrulic. Semqmneli yvelaferi imisa,

rac xilvadia da rac uxilavia. mazdeizmi religiis istoriaSi Zalze

mniSvnelovani religiaa, radgan maSi Serwymulia dasavleTis da

aRmosavleTis religiuri tradiciebi da Taviseburebebi. mas, rogorc

uZveles religias, Zalze didi gavlena mouxdenia kacobriobaze, rogorc

arcerT sxva rwmenas. am religiis sibrZnis mTavari aspeqti aris

adamianis moraluri da fizikuri siwminde. cxovrebaSi da yoveldRiur

qmedebaSi adamiani unda iyos sufTa, raTa eziaros ahura mazdas RvTiur

sibrZnes. is, vinc uwminduria da Cadis raime danaSauls, amiT daxmarebas

uwevs angra mainus borot zraxvebs. ahura mazdas arseboba esaa sinaTle,

simarTle da wesrigi, romelic upirispirdeba qaoss, siyalbes da

uwesrigobas. es konfliqti moicavs mTel kacobriobas. `avesta~ mudmivad

RaRadebs adamianis: azris, sityvis da saqmis siwmindis Sesaxeb. boroti

suli warmoadgens samyaros umaRles borotebas, romelsac mTeli

ZalebiT sWirdeba SebrZoleba. sulieri sisufTave ki, udidesi madlia,

romelzec damokidebulia materialuri bunebis da adamianuri

sazogadoebis ayvaveba (58,5).

mazdeizmis religiis arsi gamoixateba: RvTismsaxurebaSi,

msxverplSewirvebSi, ganwmendebSi da sxva. pirvel adgilze dgas

cecxlis msaxureba, misi Tayvaniscema, rogorc sinaTlis

warmomadgenlisa dedamiwaze, rogorc stiqia sisufTavisa da yvelafris

ganwmendisa. cecxli miiCneva RvTaebriv, wminda arsebad. mazdeanebi

miiCnevdnen, rom ahura mazda manamde iqneboda maT gverdiT, sanam

13

ritualuri cecxlis ali iqneboda gaRmerTebuli da Tayvancemuli maT

saxlebSi da samlocveloebSi. sawyis etapze, cecxli iyo TanasworTa

momxre da maTi simbolo. misi kulti TandaTan izrdeboda, metic,

Tanamedrove sparselebSi es kulti dResac arsebobs. RvTismsaxureba

sruldeboda specialur samlocveloebSi, sadac sul enTo cecxli.

mazdeanebi salocavebs saxuravis gareSe akeTebdnen specialur

adgilebSi, romlebic mxolod magebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. TavianTi

sunTqviT rom ar evnoT wminda cecxlisTvis, magebi pirsafars ikeTebdnen.

TiTo WeSmarit mazdeans aucileblad unda hqonoda saxlSi danTebuli

cecxli. cecxlis mimarT didi pativiscema da misi religiur ritualebSi

gamoyeneba qmnis warmodgenas, rom zoroastrizmis mimdevrebi

cecxlTayvanismcemlebi iyvnen. cecxlis mofrTxileba, rogorc

siwmindisa, aucilebeli piroba gaxldaT zoroastrizmis mimdevarTaTvis

(50,59). cecxlTan erTad mazdeanTaTvis gansakuTrebuli Tayvaniscemis

obieqtebia sxva stiqiebic: haeri, wyali, miwa. zoroastruli kosmogoniiT,

wyali da cecxli arian ritualuri siwmindis agentebi da pativsacemi

elementebi. maTTan asocirebuli ganwmendis ceremoniebi miiCneva

ritualuri RonisZiebebis sawyisad. miiCneva, rom cecxli sawyiss

wylebidan iRebs. wyalic da cecxlic miiCneva cxovrebis Semadgenel

nawilebad da orive elementi warmodgenilia `cecxlis taZris~ wminda

nawilebad. zoroastrebi yovelTvis loculoben cecxlis raime formiT

arsebobaze, sinaTleze, sinaTlis sxvadasxva formebze. cecxli miCneulia

mediumad, romlis meSveobiT miiRweva sulieri siRrme da sibrZne; wyali

ki, sibrZnis wyarod moiazreba (58,5). mazdeanTa rwmeniT, mazdeanis

gardacvalebis Semdeg, mis gvamSi Sedis qali demoni, `nasuSi~. gvami

xdeba uwminduri da afuWebs yvelas, rac mas exeba, an mis axlos dgas.

amitom, mazdeanebs, saxlidan gaaqvT yvela sufTa sagani: cecxli da a.S.

mkvdari sxeuli ar SeiZleba daiwvas, es cecxlis Seuracxyofaa. misi arc

wyalSi Cagdebaa miRebuli, radgan wyalic wminda stiqiad miaCniaT da

arc gvamis miwaSi daflva. maTi erTaderTi gamosavali iyo mkvdris atana

maRal mTaze da iq datoveba mxecTa da frinvelTa sajijgnad.

(sagulisxmoa, rom Tanamedrove `sparsebs~ aqvT amisTvis specialuri

Senobebi). roca xorci moSordeba Zvlebs, maSin is aRaraa bunebisaTvis

14

uwminduri (50,59). religiuri niSnebidan maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo

msxverplSewirva. msxverpls asxamdnen xaomas RvTiur wvens da mRerodnen

locvebs da himnebs “zenda avestadan”. religiur pirs, romelic

aRavlenda msxverplSewirvis process, marcxena xelSi eWira finikis xis

nayofi, broweuli. msxverplSewirva ZiriTadad xdeboda mcenareTa

samefodan. msxverplad swiravdnen: purs, xorbals, yvavils, xaomas nayofs

da mis totebs, romelic nakurTx mcenared iyo miCneuli. Sesawir

cxovelebs cecxlze ar wvavdnen, radgan es faqti am stiqiis udidesi

wabilwva iqneboda (58,5).

saxelmwifo religiad mazdeizmi iqca sasanidebis dros. am dros

ayvavda zoroastruli literatura saSualo iranul enaze, fexlevze.

sasanidebis dinastiis dacemasTan erTad, VII s_is Sua wlebSi, iranis

erovnuli religia islami gaxda da zoroastrizmic TandaTan gauCinarda.

(dResdReisobiT zoroastrizmis mimdevrebi arseboben indoeTSi, maT

`sparsebi~ hqviaT. sagulisxmoa, rom dRemde, cecxlis kulti da salocavi

rituali, kvlav rCeba am religiis RvTaebriv simboloebad). xangrZlivi

periodis ganmavlobaSi iqmneboda mravali seqta, romelic cdilobda

moegvarebina ahura mazdas dapirispireba arimanTan. mag. cnobilia

zurvanistebis seqta. (zurvani igivea, rac ahura mazda. misi antipodia

angra mainu). maTi swavlebis mixedviT, dro iTvleba yvelafris mTavar

mizezad. arimani da ahura mazda arian gauTavebeli drois Svilebi. es

seqta sparseTSi wamyvani gaxda mefe ezdegerdis dros. zoroastrizmis

religiis gavlenaa agreTve miTras kultic, romelic dominanti iyo

mTels wina aziaSi, romaul samyaroSi da winaqristianul kavkasiaSic.

iranuli warmoSobis: mzis, sinaTlisa da samarTlianobis RvTaeba

miTra, Zalze popularuli iyo romis imperiis samxedro fenaSi II-III ss-Si.

miTra iyo idealuri RvTaeba maTTvis: RvTaeba megobari da Tan meomari.

gvianromaul periodSi, miTraizmi imperiis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes

religiadac ki iTvleboda, gansakuTrebiT imperiis provinciebSi.

zogierT bareliefze miTras gamoxataven lotosis yvavilze mdgomares,

radgan lotosis qimTa raodenoba Seesatyviseba `ameSa spentas~.

trapezuntis saqalaqo monetebze yvavia Camomjdari, romelic

apolon/miTras simboloa. gvelic mcireaziuli miTras Tanamdevia (10,8-31).

15

miTra_mxedris gamosaxuleba mocemulia trapezuntis (II-III ss.) saqalaqo

monetebze cxenosani Wabuki meomris saxiT, romelsac cxenis floqvebTan

gamosaxuli aqvs gveli. iranul-qarTuli urTierTobis mkvlevari,

mecnieri, T. dundua, miTras msgavsebas xedavs wm.giorgis

ikonografiasTan. mravali evropeli mecnieris azriT, miTras kulti, e.w.

`Trakieli mxedris~ saxiT, qristianobis xanaSi gavrcelebuli wm.giorgis

ikonografiis prototipi gaxda (10,78). zoroastrizmma mniSvnelovani

roli Seasrula mediur, aqemenidur da parTiul epoqebSi. mas xSirad

konfliqti hqonda qristianobasTan, aseve maniqeizmTan. Tumca,

`saxarebidan~ cnobilia, rom is sami brZeni kaci, romlebic nazareTSi

Cavidnen axalSobili iesosTvis ZRvenis misatanad, swored zoroastreli

magebi iyvnen parTiis imperiidan (58,4).

zoroastrizmi istoriul matianeSi pirvelad Cndeba herodotesTan

Zv.w.aR. 440 wels. herodotes Tanaxmad, swored aqemenidTa periodSi

moixveWa zoroastrizmma saxeli iranSi. `avestas~ didi nawilic, swored

am periodSi unda Seqmniliyo. didi raodenobis zoroastruli

literatura ganadgurda aleqsandres jarebis mier, roca maT daipyres

persepolisi da daangries qserqses sasaxle da samefo biblioTeka.

sagulisxmoa, rom zoroastrizmma berZnul da romaul filosofiaze

didi gavlena iqonia. laTineli avtori pliniusi, zoroastrizmis

literaturas afasebs, rogorc `yvelaze cnobils da yvelaze saWiros~.

platonma eudoqsesgan Seiswavla zoroastrizmi da daesesxa kidec mas

Tavis moZRvrebaSi. platonis Tanamedrove heraklide pontikusma Seqmna

teqsti saxelwodebiT “zoroastri”, romelic efuZneboda zoroastrizmis

filosofias. herodotes mixedviT, zoroastrizmi, zurvanizmis formiT,

CrdiloeT CineTSic yofila gavrcelebuli. zoroastrizmi sparselTa

kulturuli memkvidreobis nawilia. cnobili sparseli mwerali,

firdousi, swored `avestadan~ iRebs figurebs da maTze agebs

moTxrobebs Tavis `SahnameSi~. pirveli mimoxilviTi xasiaTis naSromi

zoroastrizmze dasavlur mecnierebaSi ekuTvnis Tomas brauns. is

“Religio Medici”-Si mokled exeba zoroastrs. pirvelad termini

zoroastrizmi 1874 wels dafiqsirda oqsfordis inglisur leqsikonSi.

zoroastrizmis religiis saxelwodeba esaa mazdaiasna, anu, avestas

16

enaze, ahura mazdas Tayvaniscema. termini mazdeizmi tipiuri XIX saukunis

konstruqciaa (50, 59).

sasanidebis imperiis suverenitetis dros, sasanidebs kavkasiis

regionSic hqondaT mazdeizmis damkvidrebis mcdeloba da xSir

SemTxvevaSi, es gamosdiodaT kidec. zoroastrizmi, igive mazdeizmi,

Tavisi saxesxvaobebiT, wina qristianuli kavkasiis regionis erT-erTi

mTavari religia gaxldaT. amas mowmobs somxeTisa da saqarTvelos

istoriuli wyaroebi da arqeologiuri masala. im faqtis

TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, rom saqarTveloSi, mefe farnavazidan

moyolebuli, qristianobis Semosvlamde oficialuri religia mazdeizmi

gaxldaT, romelic Serwymuli iyo qarTul ZirZvel warmarTobasTan da

romlis kvalsac ukve SemdgomSi, qristianoba fizikurad anadgurebda,

Cven saqarTveloSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis or magaliTs

warmovadgenT.

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, yvarlis raionSi, mdebareobs nekresis

naqalaqari. nekresis qalaqad daarseba ukavSirdeba mefe farnajoms Zv.w. II

saukuneSi. naqalaqari cnobilia mravali adreqristianuli

arqiteqturuli ZegliT, maT Soris IV saukunis eklesiiT. (nekresi

popularuli gaxda hagiografiuli literaturis adreuli ZegliT

`abibos nekreselis wamebis~ Sesaxeb, romelSic aRwerilia abibos

nekreselis, nekresis episkoposis, brZola cecxlTayvanismcemlobis

winaaRmdeg qristianobis dasamkvidreblad da misi mowameobrivi

aRsasruli).

nekresis naqalaqarze, 1984 wlidan, arqeologiur samuSaoebs

awarmoebda saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumi, arqeolog, l.WilaSvilis

xelmZRvanelobiT. gaTxrilia II_IVss. cecxlis taZari, antikuri xanis

qalaqis zRudis nawili; IV_VI ss. nagebobis naSTebi (sasaxle, marani), VI

saukunis eklesia da sxv. aRmoCenaTa Soris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

imsaxurebs IV_VI ss. daTariRebuli arqiteqturuli nagebobis kedlebSi

meoradi gamoyenebiT Catanebuli qvis filebi qarTuli uZvelesi

warwerebiT, romelTa asaki ganisazRvreba ax.w. I_II saukuneebiT.

paleografiuli niSnebiTac isini uZvelesi warwerebis rigSi eqcevian.

sul dadasturebuli Svidi warweridan I_II saukuneebs miekuTvneba 5

17

warwera. 1999 w. dadasturebuli iqna kidev erTi warweriani fila. is

aRmoCnda naqalaqaris teritoriis centrSi, im adgilis maxloblad,

sadac iTxreboda IV saukunis monumenturi eklesia. qvis zeda nawilis

dazianebis gamo, dakargulia warweris dasawyisi. es warwera erTis

mxriv aRniSnavs dakrZalulis vinaobas; meores mxriv Txovnas, Tu

mowodebas: nuravin Seexeba mas, nuravin arevs. warwera asomTavrulia.

rogorc irkveva, saqme exeba warwerian saflavis qvas, romelic stelis

saxiT SesaZloa yofiliyo saflavze aRmarTuli. xolo warweris

dazianebul adgilas ki, savaraudod, micvalebulis saxeli unda

yofiliyo. nekresis sxva warwerebisagan gansxvavebiT, aRniSnuli warwera

ori siaxliT xasiaTdeba. is xanmeturia da masSi gvxvdeba Zveli qarTuli

wyaroebisaTvis ucnobi socialuri termini azati, romelic niSnavda

Tavisufals da savaraudod, parTul xanaSi unda Semosuliyo. (mezobeli

qveynebis _ iranisa da somxeTis magaliTebiT, azatebi mZimed SeWurvili

cxenosani meomrebi iyvnen. SesaZloa, rom masTan iyos dakavSirebuli

qarTuli socialuri termini _ aznauri, maRali socialuri fenis

warmomadgenlis saxeli, romelic dadasturebuli gvaqvs pirvelive

qarTul literaturul ZeglSi `SuSanikis wameba~). warweris mixedviT,

azatis institutis arseboba saqarTveloSi SeiZleba ax.welTaRricxvis

pirveli saukuneebidan vivaraudoT, radgan adreul qarTul ZeglebSi is

ar gvxvdeba.

aRniSnuli warwera, nekresSi aRmoCenil sxva ramodenime warwerasTan

erTad, dReisaTvis cnobil qarTul warwerebs Soris yvelaze uadresia

da is SesaZloa ax.w I_II saukuneebiT daTariRdes. warweris daTariRebaSi

mecnierebs daxmarebas uwevs arqiteqturuli nagebobis qveS arsebuli

kulturuli fenis arqeologiuri masala. garda amisa, nekresis warwerebi

xasiaTdeba yvela paleografiuli gamorCeuli niSniT, romliTac

TariRdeba qarTuli warwerebis yvela adreulad miCneuli warwera

(palestina, bolnisi, urbnisi). nekresis warweraze ar gvxvdeba teqstis

dasawyisis da dasasrulis standartuli, dakanonebuli formebi:

`qriste~, vedreba _ `ufalo~, `RmerTo~, `iyavn~, `amen~ da sxva., rac

damaxasiaTebeliaQqristianuli xanis warwerebisaTvis. warweris aRmomCeni,

arqeologi, l.WilaSvili, am faqtebze dayrdnobiT akeTebs daskvnebs: 1.

18

zemoT ganxiluli warwera, nekresis sxva xuT warwerasTan erTad

winaqristianuli Semoqmedebis nayofia. arqeologiurad isini TariRdeba

ax.w I-II saukuneebiT. yvela ganekuTvneba cecxlTayvanismcemelTa saflavis

qvebs. amgvar daTariRebas eTanxmeba warweraSi dadasturebuli

socialuri termini `azati~ da teqstis xanmeturi xasiaTi. 2. warweriani

qva dazianebulia _ motexili aqvs Tavic da boloc. asevea dazianebuli

sxva warweriani qvebic, rac SemTxveviTobiT ar aris ganpirobebuli. isini

ganzrax, winaswar mofiqrebuladaa dazianebuli, rac qristianobis

gavrcelebisas cecxlTayvanismcemlebTan dapirispirebis dros unda

yofiliyo ganxorcielebuli. am magaliTidan naTlad Cans, saqarTveloSi,

warmarToba_cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan qristianobis fizikuri

dapirispirebis suraTi. istoriuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, IV s. dasawyisSi,

mTeli sisastikiT daangries da gaZarcves mazdeanTa taZari _ metad

STambeWdavi, monumenturi da arqiteqturuli Zegli. rogorc Cans, es iyo

saerTo RonisZieba mazdeanTa winaaRmdeg, rodesac gaunadgurebiaT maTi

taZar-salocavebi an gadaukeTebiaT qristianul eklesiebad; saflavis

qvebi daumtvreviaT da dauyriaT, mogvianebiT ki samSeneblo masalad

gamouyenebiaT. 3. nekresis warwerebis aRmoCenis Semdgom, l.WilaSvili

Tvlis, rom dRes gavrcelebuli mosazrebis sapirispirod, qarTuli

asomTavrulis ganviTareba ar SeiZleba daukavSirdes qristianobis

Semosvla_damkvidrebas. es gacilebiT adrea momxdari sxva socialuri

garemosa da religiuri mrwamsis pirobebSi. 4. l.WilaSvili varaudobs,

rom qarTuli anbanis SemoRebac ki SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos

mazdeanuri religiis teqstebis_locvebis, himnebis saTargmnelad da

qarTvel mazdeanTa sakuTar erovnul enaze aRniSnuli teqstebiT

uzrunvelsayofad, religiuri ritualis srulyofilad warmarTvis

mizniT. 5. aqedan gamomdinare, arqeologis azriT, saqarTveloSi

qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg, msgavsi RonisZiebis ganxorcielebas _

religiuri wignebis qarTul enaze Targmnis saqmes, eklesiis mesveurebi

da qristiani mrevli momzadebuli Sexvda, radgan maT ukve hqondaT

erovnuli anbanic da mwignobrobac. 6. l. WilaSvili miiCnevs, rom zemoT

aRniSnulis Semdeg, leonti mroveli cnobas farnavaz mefis mier

(Zv.w.IIIs.) mwignobrobis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb (`da aman Seqmna mwignobroba

19

qarTuli~) ndobiT unda movekidoT. farnavazis dros iwyeba cecxlis

kultis gansakuTrebuli gavrceleba, manve daafuZna ahura mazdas

(armazis) kulti da TviT ki RmerTis rangSi mogvevlina. l. WilaSvili

miiCnevs, rom `mwignobroba~ pirvel rigSi unda gavigoT, rogorc

religiuri Sinaarsis sjulis kanonTa `wignis~ Seqmna; `wignis xalxi~ ki

garkveuli sjulis mimdevari. maSasadame, mwignobrobis SemoRebaSi

WilaSvilis azriT, pirvel rigSi, saeklesio wignebis Targmna

igulisxmeba, konkretul SemTxvevaSi ki `avestas~ wignebis

gadmoqarTuleba (32,20-24). Tumca, vfiqrobT, es sakamaTo sakiTxi unda

iyos.

miTras kultis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebis faqtze metyvelebs,

arqeolog, l. WilaSvilis kidev erTi arqeologiuri aRmoCena nekresidan.

qvevris piris natexi, zed SemorCenili qarTuli warweris fragmentiT,

aRmoCnda 1987 w. nekresis naqalaqaris `nagebebis~ ubanze. gaTxrebis

adgili, sadac warweriani qvebi da qvevris piri aRmoCnda, marans

warmoadgenda. marnis teritoriaze gaTxra mimdinareobda 1986-87 wlebSi

da didi xarvezis Semdeg 1996 wels kvlav ganaxlda. bolo gaTxrebisas,

aRmoCnda qvevris piris kidev erTi natexi, romelic miesadaga adre napovn

warwerian fragments da ufro meti, Tumca arasruli, informacia mogvca

warweris Sesaxeb. warwera ase ikiTxeba: `m-b ese Wuri me. . . …davrge.~

(Zvel qarTul, originalur Tu naTargmn, werilobiT wyaroebSi, Wuri,

Rvinis WurWlis mniSvnelobiT, maincdamainc ar gvxvdeba. `SuSanikis

wamebaSi~, `bibliis~ TargmanebSi, `abibos nekreselis wamebaSi~, leonti

mrovelis TxzulebaSi CarTul `ninos cxovrebis~ teqstSi da `saxarebis~

qarTul TargmanSi, is `WurWeli~ da `WurWeria~. nekresis warweraSi

naxsenebi `Wuri~, rogorc saRvine WurWeli, albaT uZvelesia am saxis

terminTa Soris, romlidanc unda wamosuliyo `WurWeli~ da `WurWeri~.

warweriani qvevris piri dadasturebulia aseve urbnisis naqalaqaris

gaTxrebisas, VI s. marnis fenaSi, romelzec sami qarTuli asoa

gamosaxuli `qWe~. savaraudod ase ikiTxeba: `qristes Wuri ese~. rac

Seexeba `Wuris dargvas~, es forma araa Tanamedrove qarTulisaTvis

misaRebi. amboben: qvevri Cavdgi da a.S. rogorc Cans, dargva adrindeli

metyvelebis normebs Seesabameba). arqeologebis mier Catarebuli

20

samuSaoebisas, naTeli gaxda, Tu ra sisastikiT iqna es marani

ganadgurebuli. qvevrebi saguldagulod iyo Calewili. am namtvrevebSi

napovni iqna warweris meore natexi. miuxedavad warweris

fragmentulobisa, misi mniSvneloba Zalze didia. masSi Cadebulia didi

informacia qarTuli damwerlobis ganviTarebis erTi uZvelesi etapis

gamosayofad da winaqristianuli religiuri mrwamsis dasadgenad.

yovelive es ukavSirdeba warweris dasawyisSi ori daqaragmebuli asos

gaxsnas da gaSifvras.

istoriulad cnobilia, rom qristianobis uadresi periodidanve yvela

warwera iwyeboda qristes saxelis pirveli asoTi da mTavrdeboda

sityviT `amin~, `iyavn~, `iyos~. es iyo miRebuli trafareti, aucilebeli

forma. aseve aucilebeli iyo teqstis dawyeba vedrebiT _ `ufalo~,

`RmerTo~, `ieso qriste~. l.WilaSvilis azriT, vinaidan gansaxilveli

warwera qristianuli periodis maxasiaTeblebiT ar gamoirCeva, misi axsna

saqarTveloSi qristianobis damkvidrebamde arsebul religiur sivrceSia

saZebari (33,32). l. WilaSvilis varaudiT, Tu gadavavlebT Tvals

mazdeanuri religiis aRmsareblobisas dafuZnebul kriteriumebs, vnaxavT,

rom msgavsad qristianuli cxovrebiT dakanonebuli wesebisa, iqac

sakmaod didi Stampia religiur_ideologiuri kanonikisa. warwerebis

Seqmnisas Camoyalibebuli yofila garkveuli wesi, romlis dacvac

savaldebulod iTvleboda. aseTi wesi ki, rogorc Cans, jer kidev

aqemeniduri iranis mefeebis dros yofila dadgenili. istoriuli

wyaroebis Tanaxmad, pirveli aqemenidi mefeebi tolerantobas iCendnen

sxva religiebis mimarT. suraTi mkveTrad icvleba qserqses (486-465) dros.

persepolisis warweris pirvelive striqonidanve Cans imperatuli forma:

`baga vazraka ahuramazda~_ ahura mazda uzenaesi RmerTiao. swored ase

iwyeba mazdeanuri formula, romelic dakanonebul saxes iRebs sasanidi

mmarTvelebis dros. arqeologis azriT, sainteresoa naxSi_rustamis

reliefis, ardaSir I_is (227-240) warwerac. aq weria: `es aris

gamosaxuleba mazdas Tayvanismcemeli uflisa ardaSirisa, mefeT-mefisa,

warmoSobili RmerTebisagan, mefe papakis vaJisa~. aseve sayuradReboa,

naxSi rajabis reliefze gamosaxuli, Sapur I-is (240-272) warwera: `es

aris gamosaxuleba mazdas Tayvanismcemeli Sapurisa, iranis da arairanis

21

mefeTa-mefisa, warmoSobili RmerTebisagan, vaJi mazdas Tayvanismcemeli,

ufali ardaSirisa, iranis da arairanis mefeTa-mefisa~. imave Sinaarsisaa

nerses warwera Sapuris reliefze: `es aris gamosaxuleba mazdas

Tayvanismcemeli ufal nersesi, iranis da arairanis mefeTa-mefisa,

warmoSobili RmerTebisagan, vaJi ahura mazdas Tayvanismcemeli Sapurisa~.

sagulisxmoa, nerses paikulis warwera: `me mazdas Tayvanismcemeli ufali

nerse…. vaJi mazdas Tayvanismcemeli Sapurisa. . .…~ analogiuri

formulebia mocemuli sasanidi mefeebis saxeliT moWril monetebzec.

l. WilaSvilis azriT, daskvna erTaderTi SeiZleba gamovitanoT: msgavsad

qristianobis xanis warwerebisa, mazdeanur periodSic Camoyalibebulia

mimarTvis formula, romlis warwerebSi aRniSvnac savaldebulo yofila

(ix.33,29-37).

davubrundeT nekresis qarTul warweras. l. WilaSvils miaCnia, rom

qaragmis qveS moTavsebuli ori aso (m-b) ori sityvis Semokleba unda

iyos. imis gaviTvaliswinebiT, rom winaqristianuli xanis nekresSi

cecxlTayvanismcemlobis kultis aRmsarebloba iyo, warweris adresatad

SeiZleba vivaraudoT miTra, ahuramazdas popularuli iazati (uaxloesi

damxmare), romlis kulti aseve gavleniani Cans saqarTveloSi da kerZod,

nekresSi. qaragmis pirveli aso (m) unda aRniSnavdes miTras, aseve mzes.

(miTrasa da mzis RvTaebis igiveoba kargadaa cnobili). rac Seexeba meore

nawils (b), is unda aRniSnavdes Zvel sparsul baga-s (RmerTi), mimarTvis

formaSi `ufalo~. maSasadame daqaragmebuli m-b, l. WilaSvilis azriT,

unda wavikiTxoT: `miTra baga~, qarTulad: `mzeo ufalo~. warwera ase

unda gaiSifros: `miTra baga (mzeo ufalo) ese Wuri me (saxeli) davrge.~

arqeologis azriT, warweris dakargul nawilSi naCvenebi unda yofiliyo

Wuris dargvis mizani. mecnieris azriT, saqme unda gvqondes

sadResaswaulo ritualTan dakavSirebiT miZRvniTi xasiaTis teqstTan.

l. WilaSvilis varaudiT, SesaZloa, qvevrSi zedaSis Rvinosac inaxavdnen.

aRniSnulTan kavSirSi, l. WilaSvilis azriT, sainteresoa gavixsenoT

mevenaxeobis mfarvel RvTaebad xalxur rwmenaSi SemorCenili aguna,

romlis kultic dasavleT saqarTveloSia SemorCenili, gansakuTrebiT ki

guriaSi. aguna, qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT, yurZnis

RvTaebis pativsacemi saaxalwlo ritualia, romlis erTi nawili maranSi

22

mimdinareobs. Rvino tradiciulad wminda sasmeli iyo da mis gareSe

dabadeba, naTloba, qorwili Tu dakrZalva ar Catardeboda. amdenad,

Rvinisa da yurZnis dResaswauli, gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo Zveli

droidan moyolebuli. am ritualis dros, qvevrTan miaqvT moxarSuli

Roris Tavi, romelsac urtyamen da saTanado teqsts eubnebian. Roris

CarTva ritualSi, romelic sruldeboda Soba_axali wlis periodSi,

mecniers aucileblad agulisxmebinebs miTras kults, romlis dabadebis

dRes _ 25 dekembers iwyeboda Rorebis dakvla da Sewirva, rac dRemdea

SemorCenili nekresobis dResaswaulze. es dRe amavdroulad yurZnis

dResaswaulia, radgan agunas meore saxelia angora, rac sparsulad

yurZens niSnavs da meore mxriv ki miTrasTan Cans dakavSirebuli.

l. WilaSvils miaCnia, rom Tu zemoT mocemuli varaudi misaRebia,

saqme unda gvqondes winaqristianuli xanis religiuri formulis

aRdgenasTan da TviT warweris mikuTvneba winaqristianuli xanisadmi

sakamaTo SesaZloa arc iyos (ix. 33, 29-37). mzis da Sesabamisad miTras

kultis ase win wamoweva nekresSi kanonzomieria, radgan nekresis

midamoebi uZvelesi droidanve gamoirCeva kultebis siWarbiT. am

teritoriaze dadasturebulia: ciuri mnaTobebisadmi miZRvnili

samlocvelo, aseve miTreumi, romelic qristianul eklesiad aris

gadakeTebuli da masStaburi arqiteqturuli Zegli – `cecxlis taZari~.

aseTi Zeglebis arsebobiT aSkarad Cans Zveli qarTuli qalaqis

mosaxleobis warmarTuli rwmenis moWarbeba, rac mizezi unda gamxdariyo

rwmenis gamo mZafri dapirispirebisa. amis SesaniSnavi dasturi, `abibos

nekreselis wameba~ gaxlavT. Sesabamisad, l. WilaSvilis mosazrebiT,

materialuri faseulobis Rirebuleba gaaCnia nekresis teritoriaze

aRmoCenil warwerebsac, maT Soris ki zemoT warmodgenil qvevris pirze

fragmentulad SemorCenil warweras, romelic religiuri dapirispirebis

uSualo matianea (33,36). sagulisxmoa, rom qvevris pirze amotvifruli

qarTuli asoebi urbnisSicaa aRmoCenili da is ganekuTvneba qristianobis

damkvidrebis adreul periods. am warwerebSi, l. WilaSvilis varaudiT,

,,q~ udaod qristes aRniSnavs, iseve rogorc zog qvevrze amoWrili jvari,

eklesiis sakuTrebaze miuTiTebda. sagulisxmoa, rom es yvelaferi

dadasturebulia urbnisis im maranSi, romlis qveda Sre antikuri,

23

winaqristianuli xanisaa da Tanac sakulto daniSnulebis. am

SemTxvevaSic, aSkaraa religiuri memkvidreobis naSTi im WurWelze

(Wurze), romelsac garkveuli mniSvneloba unda hqonoda religiuri

mrwamsis ganmtkicebisaTvis. mesia ambobda: ,,moved Sen, rameTu me Wuri

rCeuli mipovnies igi, raiTa ze aqundes saxeli Cemi winaSe yovelTa

warmarTTa da mefeTa da mTavarTa, ZeTa israelisaTa~.

(saqme, 9, 15) (ix.33,29-37).

mecnieri T. dundua miiCnevs, rom adreqristianuli xanis monumentur

xuroTmoZRvrebaSi SesaZloa gamoiyos ZeglTa jgufebi, romelTa

kompoziciaSic iranuli zoroastruli cecxlis taZrebis arqiteqturis

gavlena igrZnoba. misi azriT, IV s-is bolodan, gansakuTrebiT ki V s-is

dasawyisidan, qarTul xelovnebaSi iranuli kulturidan momdinare

motivebis gamoCena logikurad jdeba politikuri istoriis procesebSic,

radgan am periodidan Zlierdeba iranis eqspansia amierkavkasiaSi,

gansakuTrebiT: qvemo qarTlSi, Sida qarTlSi da kaxeTis dablob

regionebSi. saukuneebis manZilze, gansakuTrebiT antikursa da

adreqristianul xanaSi, qarTul samyaros mWidro politikuri da

kulturuli kontaqtebi akavSirebda islamamdel iranTan. swored

mazdeanobis intensiuri propagandis Sedegia, rom IV-VI ss-Si qarTlSi,

ufro metad mcxeTaSi, TbilisSi da zogierT sxva qalaqSi, iranuli,

zoroastruli mosaxleoba arsebobda. iranuli mosaxleobis,

zoroastruli, cecxlTayvaniscemelTa Temebis, cecxlis taZrebis,

salocavebis da sakurTxevlebis arsebobis Sesaxeb mocemulia cnobebi

qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSic: `SuSanikis wameba~, `evstaTi mcxeTelis

wameba~, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~, `qarTlis cxovreba~, `raJdenis wameba~ da

sxv. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, vaxtang gorgasalma da misma meuRlem

wm.raJdeni wromidan niqozSi gadaasvenes da iq eklesia aagebines

`sagzebelsa Tana cecxlisasa~ (10,74).

T. dundua, saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebul qristianul

martiriumebsa da warmarTul samlocveloebs Soris aSkara kavSirs

xedavs. misi azriT, martiriumebi, Tavisi arsiT da kompoziciiT, Zalze

axlos dgas warmarTuli arqiteqturis tipebTan, warmarTul RvTaebebTan

da maTTan gaTanabrebuli mmarTvelebis, pirovnebebis kultebTan.

24

T.dunduas mosazrebiT, martiriumi qristianobasa da warmarTobas Soris

erTgvari kompromisis saukeTeso magaliTia. dundua miiCnevs, rom

sazogadod, yofil warmarTul salocavze eklesiis agebis praqtika,

farTod gamoiyeneboda saqarTveloSi. mag. zemo niqozis Zveli bazilika,

romelic amJamad mogviano xanis gumbaTiani taZris struqturaSia

CarTuli. mecnieris azriT, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom saqarTvelos

teritoriaze arsebuli nekresis monasteri, jer kidev warmarTuli

periodis wminda adgilze an raime salocavze iyos agebuli, riTac is

iziarebs istorikos l. WilaSvilis mosazrebas miTra_mzis salocavis

arsebobis Sesaxeb nekresSi. mecnieri g. CubinaSvilic varaudobs kaxeTSi

aseTi adgilebis arsebobis mdidari tradiciebis Sesaxeb. nekresis

bazilikasTan qronologiurad Zalze axlos unda idges wm.ninos taZris

pirvelsaxe bodbeSi. es Zeglic, T.dunduas azriT, aRmosavlur

qristianul martiriums warmoadgenda. mag. Weremis mcire eklesia,

iranuli tipis cecxlis taZris TiTqmis sruli analogiaa. am kuTxiT

sainteresoa ioane zedaznelis saflavze agebuli eklesiac (10,68).

T.dundua miiCnevs, rom qarTul_iranuli kulturis elementebis Serwyma

da iranuli warmarTobis gavlena saqarTveloze adreqristianul

periodSic grZeldeba. mag. dmanisis raionSi, sof. ukanagorSi,

aRmoCenilia reliefuli stelis fragmenti, romlis erT-erT waxnagze

gamosaxulia wreSi Casmuli tolmklava jvari, romlis aqeT-iqiT mosCans

zoroastruli wminda wasakravis boloebi. T.dunduas azriT,

saqarTveloSi zoroastruli frTebi da mzis simbolika, SemdgomSi

qristianuli jvris simbolikas Seerwya. sainteresoa agreTve e.w.

qarTul_sasanuri vercxlis draqmebi _ monetebi, romlebic iWreboda

qarTlSi erismTavrebis mier. am monetebis erT mxares mocemulia iranis

mmarTvelis gamosaxuleba, xolo zurgis mxares cecxlis sakurTxeveli

da ori mcveli. sakurTxevelze ki zog SemTxvevaSi wminda cecxlia

mocemuli, zog SemTxvevaSi ki masze aRmarTuli qristianobis

simbolo_jvari (10,81).

mazdeizmis saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan damkvidrebis faqtze

da mis Serwymaze qarTul sinamdvilesTan, metyvelebs zogierTi qarTuli

sityvac. sagulisxmoa, rom qarTulSi Semonaxulia ramodenime iseTi

25

sakuTari saxeli da sityva, romelic Tavisi formiT warmomdgari unda

iyos avesturi, Zv.sparsuli dialeqtidan. enaTmecnier, m.andronikaSvils

miaCnia, rom qarTuli sityvebi, rogoricaa: marTali, codvili, cru,

netari, wminda, jojoxeTi, eSma, eSmaki, barZimi, feSxveni, zorva, zuaraki,

taZari, kerpi, bagini, jvari, warmoSobiT Zvel iranul epoqas

miekuTvnebian. m.andronikaSvili, qarTul sityva warmarTs, sparsul

sityva artoSanTan akavSirebs, rac Zv.sparsulad mowinaaRmdeges, mtyuans

niSnavs. kerZod, mecnieri Tvlis, rom war_m_arT_i unda iyos warmomdgari

sityvidan m_arT_ali. swored, am arT(arts) unda hqondes kavSiri

sparsul artoSanTan. rogorc vxedavT, es terminebi, ZiriTadad sakulto,

religiuri saxis terminebia, radgan mecnieris azriT, saxeldeba

ZiriTadad religias da kults ukavSirdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, gasakviri

ar unda iyos, rom swored qristianobasTan dakavSirebul qarTul

leqsikaSi vxvdebiT iranuli warmoSobis sityvebs (3,34). vfiqrobT,

`avestas~ enis kvali qarTul leqsikaze ganpirobebulia imiT, rom

mazdeanuri religia, Tavisi saxesxvaobebiT, qristianobis Semosvlamde,

qarTlis saxelmwifo religia iyo. Semdgom saukuneebSi ki, es religia

gaxldaT saqarTvelos dampyrobeli sparseTis religia, romelsac

qarTvel xalxs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Tavs axvevda mazdeanuri

sparseTi.

warmodgenili masalebidan naTlad Cans mazdeizmis kvali da gavlena

winaqristianul saqarTveloze. cxadia, rom qristianobas, saqarTveloSi

Semosvlis dRidan, erTad mouwevda galaSqreba qarTuli ZirZveli

warmarTobis da mazdeanobis winaaRmdeg, rac misTvis erT saerTo

`warmarTobas~ warmoadgenda.

26

Zveli qarTZveli qarTZveli qarTZveli qarTlislislislis warmarTul RwarmarTul RwarmarTul RwarmarTul RvTaebaTavTaebaTavTaebaTavTaebaTa panTeonipanTeonipanTeonipanTeoni

is faqti, rom ZirZveli qarTuli warmarTobis (kerpTayvanismcemloba,

mnaTobTa Tayvaniscema) da sparsuli mazdeizmis (cecxlis Tayvaniscema)

Serwymas saqarTveloSi erT saerTo warmarTobad didi xnis istoria

hqonda da maTTan polemika qristianobisa erTnairad xdeboda,

gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa im Cvenamde moRweuli literaturuli Tu

istoriuli Zeglebis mixedviT, romlebSic, mTeli sicxadiT aris

warmodgenili Zveli qarTlis warmarTul RvTaebaTa panTeoni da

naCvenebia qristianobis masTan dapirispirebis suraTi.

Cveni interesi upiratesad mimarTulia im qarTuli warmarTuli

RvTaebebisaken, romlebic SesaZloa ar iyvnen qarTuli warmoSobisani da

Semotanilni iyvnen sxva qveynebidan, magram qarTul samyaroSi

arsebobdnen, Serwymulni iyvnen qarTlis ZirZvel warmarTul

tradiciebTan da romelTa mimarT qristianuli religiuri idealis

dapirispireba sakuTriv saqarTveloSi moxda. maT Sesaxeb saintereso

masalas vpoulobT `ninos cxovrebaSi~ da qarTul istoriul qronikebSi.

originalur, qarTul hagiografiul TxzulebaSi `ninos cxovreba~,

Cven vxvdebiT warmarTul RvTaebebs, romlebsac, qristianobis miRebamde

da qarTlis garkveul adgilebSi mis Semdegac, eTayvaneboda qarTveli

xalxi. am ZeglSi naCvenebia warmarTul RmerTebTan polemika

qristianobisa ara mxolod fizikuri gziT, aramed polemika RvTaebrivi

saswaulebis safuZvelze. sagulisxmoa, rom zogierTi RmerTi, romelic

kerpis saxiT hyavdaT Seqmnili warmarT qarTvelebs, maT qarTuli

Zirisad miaCndaT, zogic sxva qveynidan Semotanil kultad. `ninos

cxovrebis~ mixedviT,Ees RmerTebi gaxlavT: armazi, zadeni, gaci, ga(gaimi).

`ninos cxovreba~ maT ase moixseniebs: `esera RmerTni, didTa nayofTa

momcemelni da soflis mpyrobelni, mzis momfenelni da wÂmisa

momcemelni, queyaniT nayofTa ganmzrdelni, qarTlisani, armaz da zaden,

yovlisa dafarulisa gamomeZiebelni da Zuelni RmerTni mamaTa CuenTani,

gaci da ga~ (28,132).

faravnis tbasTan misul ninos meTevzeebi Sexvdebian. ninos

SekiTxvaze, Tu saidan arian isini, meTevzeebi pasuxoben: `zogni dabiT

27

da zogni safurcliT da zogni qinjarelni da rabatelni didisa

qalaqisa mcxeTisani, sada RmerTni RmerToben da mefeni mefoben~ (28,116).

am sityvebidan ukve naTelia, rom ninos qarTlSi Sesvlis dros, mcxeTaSi

mravalRmerTianobaa. nino xedavs xalxs, romelic: `ucxoTa RmerTTa

msaxuri, cecxlsa da qvaTa da ZelTa Tayuanis_scemdes~( 28,117).

`ninos cxovrebaSi~ warmodgenili qarTlis warmarTuli RmerTebis

panTeonidan, upirveles yovlisa, unda SevexoT armazs. armazis kerpi,

romelsac qarTlSi mosuli nino xedavs armazis mTaze, warmoadgenda

meomars spilenZis javSniT da oqros muzaradiT, SubiT xelSi. armazi

sinkretuli RvTaeba iyo, romelic: uzenaesi RmerTis, cis, Weqa-quxilis,

wvimisa da mcenareTa mbrZaneblis da meomari RmerTis funqciebs

iTavsebda. armazis dResaswaulis dReebSi, romelic Cveulebriv

zafxulSi imarTeboda, feradi naWrebiTa da yvavilebiT morTul mcxeTis

quCebSi mravalricxovani msvlelobebi imarTeboda samefo ojaxis

monawileobiT. `wm.ninos cxovrebaSi~ aRwerilia armazisadmi miZRvnili

warmarTuli dResaswauli: saqarTveloSi Camosuli nino urbnisSi

gaCerda. erT dRes urbnisidan xalxi daiZra savaWrod da salocavad

mcxeTisaken. ninoc maT gahyva. is gaocebuli adevnebda Tvals magebis da

cecxlis msaxuri xalxis moqmedebas. meore dRes, wm. nino, uSualod

armazis sapativcemulo dResaswaulis TviTmxilveli gaxda: `Seiqmna

oxraÁ saSineli da SesaZrwunebeli erTa uricxuTa da ÃmaÁ sayÂrTa

friadTa. da gamovida eri uricxÂ, viTarca yuavilosanni zarad, da

saSinel iyo xilvaÁ maTi~ (28,118). amis mnaxvelma ninom SeaRwia armazis

cixe_simagreSi da armazis kerpis axlos gaCerda `napralsa zRudisasa~.

wm.ninos win SemaZrwunebeli sanaxaoba gadaiSala: `dga kaci spilenZisaÁ,

da tansa missa ecua jaWÂ oqroÁsaÁ, da Cafxuti oqroÁsaÁ, da samÃarni

esxnes frcxili da bivriti, da Ãelsa missa aqunda Ãrmali lesuli,

romeli btwyinvida da iqcevoda Ãelsa Sina, reca Tu romeli Seexebin,

Tavi TÂsi sikudid ganiwiris~ (28,119). xalxi Tavis codvebs SiSiT

ixsenebda didebuli armazis winaSe. maSindeli qarTlis mosaxleoba,

armazs da sxva warmarTul kerpebs, Svilebsac ki swiravda msxverplad.

maT cecxlSi wvavdnen. `ninos cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT: `amas queyanasa

qarTlisasa iyvnes orni mTani da maT zeda orni kerpni, armaz da zaden,

28

romelni iynosdes sulmyralobiT aTassa sulsa yrmisa pirmSoÁsasa,

armaz da zaden, da Sesawirvad uCndes mSobelTa maTTa msxuerplad,

viTarmca ukunisamde ara iyo sikudili. da ese iyo moaqamde~( 28,126).

armazis kerpis aRmarTvas qarTuli matianeebi farnavazs miaweren,

romelic leonti mrovelis `mefeTa cxovrebis~ mixedviT, pirveli

qarTveli mefis azos memkvidred da amavdroulad, qarTuli, erovnuli

samefo dinastiis pirvel mefed saxeldeba. mas unda emefa III s-is adreul

xanebSi. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mixedviT, farnavazma: `aRmarTa kerpi didi

cxÂrsa zeda, da dasdva saxeli misi armazi da moqmna zRude wyliT

kerZo da hrqÂan armaz~ (28,82).

mecnier n. mars, romelmac Zveli qarTlis warmarTul RvTaebaTa

panTeons vrceli gamokvleva miuZRvna, miaCnia, rom armaz_ormuzdis

kerpis dadgma armazis mTaze saqarTveloSi sparsuli religiis

damkvidrebaze metyvelebs. n. mari Tvlis, rom Zvel qarTul ZeglebSi,

nawilobriv `wm.ninos cxovrebaSic~, ZirZvel qarTvel RmerTebad miCneul

RvTaebaTa gverdiT, iranuli RmerTebic moixsenebian. mecnieris azriT,

iranul RmerTTagan, qarTul panTeonSi gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs

swored armazs, somxur armazds, sparsul ormuzds, igive ahura mazdas,

romelic `ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT qarTlis uzenaes RvTaebas

warmoadgenda: `RmerTi RmerTTa armaz~. n. maris azriT, SesaZloa armazis

mTasac swored am RvTaebisagan mieRo Tavisi saxelwodeba, razec,

mecnieris varaudiT, TviT qarTuli literaturul_istoriuli wyaroebi

mianiSneben. (armazis mTas moixsenieben istorikosebi: straboni, pliniusi

da a.S) (44,3). somxur TargmanebSi Semonaxul qarTul matianeTa Zveli

redaqciiT, saqarTvelos `eponimurma~ fuZemdebelma qarTlosma daikava

mTa, (SemdgomSi) armazi. am mTaze igi daasaflava SemdgomSi misma Svilma

mcxeTosma, aseve `eponimurma~ figuram. mogvianebiT, qarTul matianeTa

imave redaqciaSi, armazis kedlis amSeneblad dasaxelebulia adarmosi,

romelic afridunma gamoagzavna. n.maris azriT, am cnobebSi istoriuli

monacemi cotaa, garda adarmosisa, rac albaT, mecnieris azriT,

gadakeTebuli adarmogia da unda niSnavdes sazogado saxels _ cecxlis

mogvs, igive cecxlis qurums, rac savsebiT miesadageba pirovnebas,

romelic armazis zRudes, anu saqarTveloSi iranuli kultis centrs

29

aSenebda. n.mars miaCnia, rom Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom armazis

(Zveli formiT armazdi) msgavsad farnavazic farnavazdis mogvianebiTi

formaa, am ukanasknelSi miviRebT damatebiT xarisxs zedsarTavi

saxelisa brwyinvale…. . . . aseTi mniSvnelobis epiTeti ki, mecnieris

azriT, savsebiT kanonzomieria da Cveulebrivi ahura mazdasTvis,

romelic, rogorc cnobilia, `xvarnis~, anu umaRlesi RvTaebrivi

brwyinvalebis mqonea (ix.44,4). mecnier T.dunduas azriT, iranizacia

qarTlSi Zalze Zlieri aRmoCnda. misi azriT, ahura_mazdas nominaluri

derivacia SesaZlebelia, miuxedavad imisa, rom armazi kerpia. T. dundua

miiCnevs, rom iranuli ahuramazda qarTlSi paganizms daeqvemdebara (10,11).

`qarTlis moqcevis~ mixedviT, wminda adgili armazi, qarTvel mefeTa

gansakuTrebuli pativis sagani iyo: farnavazis memkvidrem, saurmagma,

aRaSena igi, misma memkvidrem mirvanma ki daasrula. amgvarad, rogorc

Cans, armazis kerpis adgilsamyofeli wminda qalaqad gadaiqca. n.mars

miaCnia, rom qarTuli warmarTuli RmerTebi SesaZloa TviT qarTvel

mefeebs warmoadgendnen, radgan mefeebi TavianT Tavs udgamdnen kerpebs,

rogorc mag. farnavazis SemTxvevaSi. xalxma daiwyo maTi Tayvaniscema

ise, rogorc RmerTebisa. SesaZloa, `mefeTa cxovreba~ mogvevlinos

qarTlis warmarTuli panTeonis matianedac, radgan swored am wyarodan

vigebT, rom qarTvelebi gauazreblad eTayvanebodnen erTdroulad:

cecxls, qvebs, xeebs. qarTlSi arsebobda mravalRmerTianoba (ix.44, 1-29).

Zveli qarTlis warmarTuli panTeonis mazdeur da ZirZvel qarTul

religiur nazavze saubrobs mecnieri n. mari, rodesac is `ninos

cxovrebaSi~ asaxul armazisadmi miZRvnil dResaswaulis aRweraSi, or

erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel mxares xedavs. esenia: erT dRes mogvTa

msaxureba, rasac qarTul matianeTa gviandeli redaqcia sparsul

religias uwodebs, meore dRes ki, `gvirgvinosanTa~ meTaurobiT saxalxo

zeimi sadideblad didi armazisa, romelsac qarTul matianeTa gviandeli

redaqcia cdilobs qarTuli RmerTi uwodos. qarTul matianeTa uZvelesi

redaqcia, gamoricxavs yvelanair azrs dResaswaulis ori nawilis

Sesaxeb, anu sparsuli nawilisa mogvebiT da qarTuli nawilisa armaziT.

n. maris varaudiTac, am wyaroebSi erT dRezea saubari, kerZod, RmerT

armazis sadidebel dResaswaulze armazSi, sadac midis wm. nino

30

morwmuneebTan erTad (ix.44,6). n. maris azriT, xSirad mematiane debs

zRvars sparsuli religiis magebsa da armazis kults Soris, romelsac

is mSobliurad, qarTuli warmoSobisad miiCnevs. n. mars, armazis kerpis

qarTuli warmoSoba arasworad miaCnia. rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebidan

irkveva, sparsul religias saqarTveloSi qurumebi ganagebdnen,

romlebsac iq, iseve rogorc mTel dasavleT iranSi, magebs uwodebdnen.

isini realuri warmomadgenlebi iyvnen warmarTobisa

(cecxlTayvanismcemlobisa) saqarTveloSi, romlebic ebrZodnen

qristianobas. mecnieris azriT, magis forma xmliT, TvlebiT da a.S,

armazis kerpis msgavsia. `ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT, isini margueTSi

cecxls emsaxurebodnen, rodesac qarTvelma aznaurebma aaSenes

wm.stefanes eklesia mdinare aragvTan, Vs-is dasawyisSi. SemdgomSi

sparselebma daipyres qarTuli eklesiebi da iq cecxls anTebdnen, rac

maTi siwminde iyo. gavida dro da: `aman herakle tfiliss da mcxeTas da

ujarmas ganavlinna qadagni, raÁTa yovelni qristeaneni qalaqTa Sina

eklesiaTa Sina Semokrben da yovelni moguni da cecxlisa msaxurni

moinaTlnen, anu moisrnen. xolo maT naTlis-RebaÁ ara inebes, zakuviT

Tana-aRerines qristeaneTa, vidremdis yovelTa zeda warhmarTa maxvili

da eklesiaTa Sina mdinareni sisxlisani diodes~ (ix. `moqcevaÁ

qarTlisaÁ~ Satberdis krebuli, gv.326-327) ( 44, 11).

sagulisxmoa, rom armazi, Tavisi warmarTuli salocavebiT, swrafad

ver gaxdeboda qristianobis centri. axali religiis, qristianobis,

momZlavreba warmarTuli kultis centrzec iqoniebda did gavlenas da

mis Sesustebas gamoiwvevda. am faqtze metyvelebs istoriuli wyaroc.

`qarTlis moqcevis~ avtori gvatyobinebs: `mcxeTa aTxeldeboda da

tfilisi eSeneboda, armazni Semcirdebodes da kalaÁ gandidneboda~(28,95).

n.maris azriT, am SemTxvevaSi, armazisa da kalas dapirispireba SesaZloa

gavaigivoT qristianobis mier warmarTobis TandaTanobiT Zlevis faqtTan.

qarTveli mematiane, siamovnebiT upirispirebs Tbilisisa da kalas

mSvenierebas mcxeTisa da armazis dacemas. n.mari Tvlis, rom qarTuli

matianeebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, simagre kala sparselebs auSenebiaT

mcxeTis armazis sapirispirod. amitom safiqrebelia, rom es

urTierTdapirispireba sxva epoqis faqtebs asaxavdes, roca kala,

31

qristianTaTvis es wminda adgili SesaZloa dapirispirebuli yofiliyo

armazTan, anu Zveli warmarTuli kultis centrTan. (cnobilia, rom

kalas cixe_simagreSia moqceuli Tbilisis uZvelesi taZari, sadac

mdebareobs saqarTvelos pirveli mowamis _ wm. SuSanikis saflavi).

sagulisxmoa, rom `qarTlis moqcevi~ avtori, armazisa da kalas Sesaxeb

mogviTxrobs SuSanikis wamebis amsaxveli striqonebis Semdeg. miuxedavad

yvelafrisa, faqtia, rom cecxlTayvanismcemloba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi

ar amoZirkvula saqarTveloSi. qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT,

saqarTvelos ukanaskneli kerpTayvanismcemlebi isev mogvebi iyvnen

(ix.44,27).

sayuradReboa, armazis kerpTan dakavSirebiT, s. makalaTias da

k.kekeliZis mosazrebani. es mecnierebi, pirvelebi Seecadnen `wm.ninos

cxovrebaSi~ daculi armazis kerpisaTvis ara marto misi etimologiis,

aramed aRwerilobis struqturis mixedviT moeZebnaT paraleli. aseTad ki

maT `mixr_iaStebSi~ iranuli RvTaebis, miTras, aRweriloba miiCnies

(20,189). k.kekeliZis azriT, miTraizmi qarTvelTaTvis ucxo ar yofila.

jer erTi imitom, rom mWidro kavSiri hqondaT mcire aziis qveynebTan,

meorec imitom, rom ahura mazda, igive armazis religia, sasanidebis

periodSi saxelmwifo religia iyo da kidev erTi, miTraizmis

wes_Cveulebebi saqarTveloSi SemorCenili gaxldaT (16,350). k. kekeliZis

mosazrebiT, mazdeanobam sazogadod kerpTayvanismcemloba ar icoda.

kerZod, arsad ar akeTebdnen da ar dgamdnen ahura mazdas an armazis

kerps. miuxedavad amisa, mematianis gadmocemiT, mcxeTaSi qristianobis

SemoRebisas mdgara armazis kerpi, mxedris atributiT, romelic CvenSi

winaprebis samlocvelos warmoadgenda da romelic, gadmocemis Tanaxmad,

setyvam da mexma Semusra. am garemoebas n. mari da i. javaxiSvili xsnian

mazdeanobis qarTul niadagze gadagvarebiTa da SecvliT. k. kekeliZes

miaCnia, rom ufro marTebuli iqneboda gvefiqra, rom matianem tyuilad

monaTla armazis saxeliT kerpi, romelic sinamdvileSi warmoadgenda

miTras gamoxatulebas, radgan miTra yvela dRemde aRmoCenil

bareliefze warmodgenilia mxedris saxiT. mas mosxmuli aqvs samxre,

Tavze axuravs Cafxutiseburi qudi da xelSi uWiravs alesili xanjali,

romliTac is xars klavs (16,351). `wm.ninos cxovrebidan~ vigebT, rom

32

armazs xelT epyra maxvili da `biws~ is aravis hpatiobda. sulxan _ saba

orbelianis `sityvis konis~ ganmartebiT, biwi `knini rame Seryvnilebaa~,

anu mciredi siyalbea (21,67). miTra ki, mixr_iaStebis mixedviT aris

RvTaeba, romelic sicrues da siyalbes aravis hpatiobs (16,350).

armazis kerpSi miTras moiazrebs T. dunduac. qarTul_iranuli

istoriul-kulturuli urTierTobebis mkvlevari, mecnieri T. dundua,

miiCnevs, rom saqarTveloSi iranuli miTraizmi Semovida berZnul-

romaulad gadagvarebuli saxiT. mecnieris mosazrebiT, adreuli

periodis qarTul monetebze gamosaxulia: cecxli da mogvi, rogorc

adreuli xanis qarTuli gliptikis tradiciuli detali da amavdroulad

mazdeanobis simbolo, sadac mogvi warmoadgens miTras. ukve SemdgomSi,

qarTvel erismTavarTa numizmatikaSi _ e.w. qarTul-sasanuri dramebis

zurgis mxares, mazdeanuri simbolos _ wminda cecxls emateba

qristianuli jvari, rac mecnieris azriT, warmarTuli panTeonis

etapobrivi cvlis da TandaTanobiT qristianobiT Canacvlebis naTeli

ilustraciaa. T.dundua miiCnevs, rom saqarTveloSi, bazaleTis tbis

fskerze, gmiris dabadebis folkloruli Temac, swored zoroastrizmis

bundovani reminiscenciaa. gmiri igive ga-miria, anu miTra. (T.dunduas

azriT, am gancxadebis safuZveli Semdegi faqtorebia:Aa) miTras erT-erTi

epiTetia gayo-da, sicocxlis momniWebeli, b) miTras proteJea _gah, g)

miTras ucilobeli kavSiri ahura mazdasTan, triada_armazi, gaci da ga

bagineTze). T. dunduas azriT, saxeli “miTra” socialur kontraqtsac

gulisxmobs. swored misi saxelidan unda iyos wamosuli sityva sa-marT-

al-i, marT-va (10,11). T.dundua Tvlis, rom zogadad miTraizmi, feodaluri

iberiisTvis proiranuli fsevdo monoTeisturi socialuri qaosia (ix.

10,29). T.dunduas azriT, TxoTis mTaze momxdari mzis dabnelebis epizodi,

antimiTraistuli momentia, xolo armazisa da cecxlis dapirispireba,

gviandeli antimiTraistuli improvizacia. T.dunduas azriT, miTras

kults bevri saerTo aqvs qristesTan, iseve rogorc iranul mazdeanobas

monoTeistur religiasTan (10,44-45).

armazTan dakavSirebiT, saWiroa yuradReba SevaCeroT `farnavazis

cxovrebaze~. Zveli qarTuli istoriuli Tu literaturuli wyaroebis

mkvlevarebi miiCneven, rom leonti mrovelis `mefeTa cxovreba~

33

dafuZnebulia Zvel qarTul wyaroebze da zogierTi uZvelesi Zegli

masSi Sesulia TiTqmis Seucvlelad. es faqti gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania leonti mrovelis Zeglis erT TavTan mimarTebaSi,

romelic XI saukuniT TariRdeba da romelsac ewodeba `cxovreba

farnavazisi~ (55,5). r. baramiZis azriT, es Tavi udaod gaJRenTili unda

iyos warmarTuli ideologiiT, radgan `cxovreba farnavazisi~,

gansxvavdeba mrovelis Zeglis sxva Tavebisagan literaturuli maneriT,

sagmiro_zRapruli stiliT da elementebiT (mag:farnavazis sizmari),

romelic miTosuri azrovnebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. amave dros, misi

qronologiuri da istoriuli detalebi Seesatyviseba realur periods.

rac unda niSnavdes imas, rom leonti mrovelma Tavis `mefeTa

cxovrebaSi~, `farnavazis cxovrebis~ saxiT, Seitana warmarTuli epoqis

raRac nawarmoebi, romelic originalur Txzulebad unda miviCnioT (5,10).

`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT : `amanve farnavaz Seqmna kerpi didi

saxelsa zeda TÂssa: ese ars armazi, rameTu farnavazs sparsulad armaz

erqua. amarTa kerpi igi armazi Tavsa zeda qarTlisasa, da mieriTgan

ewoda armazi kerpisa misTÂs. da qmna satfureba didi kerpisa misTÂs

aRmarTebulisa~ (19,25). n. maris azriT, qarTlis mefe farnavazs ki ar

uwodebdnen sparselebi armazs, aramed piriqiT, SeiZleba RmerT

armazisaTvis ewodebinaT farnavazi. mas miaCnia, rom RmerTs, romlis

kerpic savaraudod armazis mTaze iyo aRmarTuli, misi Tayvanismcemlebi

moixsenebdnen damatebiTi epiTetiT _ farnavazi, romelsac ahura

mazdasTan (mazdeanuri iranis mTavar RvTaebasTan) aigivebdnen (44,11).

farnavazi pirveli qarTveli mefea, romelmac moaxdina religiuri

reforma da iranuli RmerTi Semoiyvana qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi,

romelsac sakuTari saxeli uwoda.Aam RmerTs farnavazi aniWebs udides

Zalauflebas. es kerpi xdeba qarTuli ZirZveli RvTaebebis meTauri.

migvaCnia, rom am faqtiT dasabami mieca sparsuli mazdeanuri RvTaebebis

qarTul warmarTul panTeonTan damynobas, maT gaqarTulebas. farnavazi

gvevlineba mazdeizmis pirvel damamtkiceblad saqarTveloSi. es faqti

Cans iqidanac, rom farnavazis dros: `arRara Wamdes kacsa TÂnier romel

Seswirian kerpsa msxuerplad~ (19,26). `farnavazis cxovrebis~ mixedviT,

farnavazs religiuri reformis garda, mwignobrobis Seqmna da qarTuli

34

enis gavrceleba miewereba: `iyo pirveli mefe qarTlsa Sina qarTlosisa

naTesavTagani. aman ganavrco ena qarTuli, da arRara izraxebodes sxua

ena qarTlsa Sina TÂnier qarTulisa. da aman Seqmna mwignobroba

qarTuli~ (19,26). n. mari Tvlis, rom SesaZloa, zogierTi epizodi

farnavazis istoriisa, gamogonili iyos. mag: epizodi, mis mier ganZis

povnisa. miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia farnavazi qarTvel mefed an

didebulad miviCnioT da ara ahuramazdas epiTetad, Tumca faqtia, rom

qarTul matianeebSi mis Sesaxeb dadasturebuli cnobebi ar aris da TviT

misi sikvdilic arasarwmuno cnobebiT aris moculi. n. maris varaudiT,

daujerebelia, rom farnavazma, armaz-ormuzdis (ahuramazdas)

Tayvanismcemelma, sikvdilis Semdeg gansasvenebeli hpova armazis kerpis

win: `da mokuda farnavaz, da dafles winaSe armazisa kerpisa~ (19,26).

wesisamebr, mazdeanebs im dros miwaSi ar marxavdnen. (n. maris azriT,

rodesac qarTul matianeTa uZvelesi redaqciis avtori pirvel warmarT

qarTvelebs ganaqiqebs da brals sdebs maT imaSi, rom qorwinebis dros

naTesaobas ar daeZebdnen da saflavebi ar hqondaT, cxadia, qarTvel

mwerals mxolod zoroastruli rjulis mimdevarTa Sesaxeb hqonda

cnobebi) (ix.44,1-29). vfiqrobT, farnavazis armazis kerpis win damarxvis

faqtic dasturi unda iyos imisa, rom saqarTveloSi, sawyis etapze,

sparsuli mazdeanuri religiis qarTul warmarTul tradiciebTan

Serwyma xdeboda.

armaz_farnavazis Semdeg, meore RmerTi qarTlis warmarTuli

panTeonidan, gaxlavT zadeni. `ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT, rodesac nino

saqarTvelos sazRvrebs uaxlovdeboda, faravnis tbasTan meTevzeebs

Sexvda, romlebic saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan iyvnen. es meTevzeebi

ninos somxurad elaparakebodnen da RmerTebs:Larmazsa da zadens

ificebdnen. `ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT, zadens, iseve rogorc armazs,

msxverplad adamianebs swiravdnen. am RmerTebs, `ninos cxovrebis~

mixedviT, erT adgilze hqondaT taZrebi. kerZod, qalaq mcxeTis

misadgomebTan, anu rabadSi, igive armazSi. amaze mogviTxroben qarTul

matianeTa Zveli redaqciebic. zadenis kerpze, sxva literaturul Tu

istoriul wyaroebSi, maincdamainc didi masala ar mogvepoveba. zadeni,

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qronikebis mixedviT, Zveli qarTlis (iberiis)

35

mosaxleobis mier, wina qristianul panTeonSi, miiCneoda nayofierebis da

mosavlianobis RmerTad. qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT,

zadenic armazis msgavsad qarTlis warmarTuli panTeonis iranul

RvTaebad gvevlineba.

`mefeTa cxovrebis~ mixedviT, mefe farnajomma, mirvanis memkvidrem,

`aRaSena cixe zadeni, da Seqmna kerpi saxeliT zaden, da amarTa zadens

da iwyo Senebad kaxeTs qalaqsa nelqarissa, romel ars nekresi~(19,29).

igive informacias gvawvdis zadenze `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁc~. aq

vkiTxulobT: ` da mefobda farnajom da aRmarTa kerpi zaden mTasa zeda

da aRaSena cexÀ~ (28,82). rogorc Cans SemdgomSi farnajom nebroTianma:

`Seiyuara sjuli sparsTa, cecxlis msaxureba, moiyvanna sparseTiT

cecxlismsaxurni da moguni, da dasxna igini mcxeTas, adgilsa mas,

romelsa aw hqÂan moguTa, da iwyo cxadad gmobad kerpTa~ (28,29). am

faqtisaTvis qarTlis mosaxleobas farnajomi mouZulebiaT kidec, radgan

maT `kerpTa mimarT didi rwmena da ridi hqondaT~ (28,29). istoriuli

qronikebis mixedviT sagulisxmoa, rom rogorc armazis kerpis aRmarTvas,

ise zadenis kerpis aRmarTvasac mosdevs im adgilis ganaSenianeba,

galavnis aSeneba. swored aseTi galavnis bzaridan adevnebda Tvals

wm.nino warmarTul zeims armazis dResaswaulis dRes. (n.maris varaudiT,

`ninos cxovrebaSi~ saubari unda iyos cecxlTayvanismcemelTa taZarze,

romelic warmoadgenda galavanSemortymul sivrces, sadac wminda

cecxli enTo da kerpTmsaxureba mimdinareobda: erT aseT taZarze

kabadokiaSi strabonic mogviTxrobda, rogorc TviTmxilveli) (ix.44,1-29).

`ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT, rom zadenis mTaze

kerpTayvanismcemlebs odesRac godoli augiaT da iq samsxverplo idga,

romelzedac amazrzen eSmakTa mier SemaZrwunebeli msxverplSewirva

mimdinareobda. istorikosebi: herodote, straboni, klimenti

aleqsandrieli gadmogvcemen, rom sparselebi ahuramazdas msxverpls

swiravdnen maRal adgilas. rogorc istoriuli wyaroebidan Cans,

saqarTveloSic es ase xdeboda.

zadeni, mecnier n. maris azriT, gaigivebulia `avestas~ zoroastrul

iazatTTan, romelic keTil genias aRniSnavda, gansakuTrebiT ki

mecnieris varaudiT miTrasTan, igive mihrasTan. n.mari Tvlis, rom zaden-

36

mihras RvTiuri bunebis gaazreba armaz-ormuzdis Semdeg, savsebiT

Seesatyviseba imas, rom miTra, ahura-mazdas Semdeg erT-erTi umTavresi

RvTaebaa iranul religiaSi da Sesabamisad zadenic iranuli RvTaebaa.

sparsul religiur ZeglebSi, miTra ahura_mazdas gverdiT moixsenieba.

n.maris azriT, iseve rogorc ormuzdi, miTrac `xvarnis~, anu uaRresad

didi RvTaebrivi brwyinvalebis matarebelia. mas darTuli aqvs tituli,

romelsac Tavisi sididiT utoldeba mefe farnajomis saxeli. qarTuli

wyaroebis mixedviT ki, es is farnajomia, romelmac saqarTveloSi

aRmarTa am titulis matarebeli zaden_miTras kerpebi. n.mari

istoriulad ar gamoricxavs mefe farnajomis moRvaweobis faqts. Tumca,

mecnieris azriT, savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom is farnajomi, romlis

Sesaxebac `qarTlis moqcevis~ aRniSnul adgilzea saubari, RmerT

zaden_miTras epiTeti iyos mxolod (44,13).

`ninos cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT, rom armazis kerpis marjvniv: `dga

kerpi oqroÁsaÁ da saxeli misi gaci, da marcxl misa _ kerpi vercxlisaÁ

da saxeli misi ga, romelni – igi RmrTad hqondes mamaTa TquenTa arian

qarTliT~ (28,120). `ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT, am RvTaebebsac swiravdnen

msxverplad bavSvebs: `da Seiwirvoda maTa erTi sefewuli cecxliTa

dawuvad da mtueri gardabnevad Tavsa kerpisasa~ (28,126).

rogorc vxedavT, `wm.ninos cxovrebaSi~ es ori warmarTuli RmerTi:

gaci da ga(gaimi), ZirZvel qarTul RmerTebadaa moxseniebuli. mefe

miriani da dedofali nanac maT mama_papaTa Zvel RmerTebad

moixsenieben. `wm.ninos cxovrebidan~ maTi sqesic irkveva, isini mamakaci

RvTaebebi yofilan. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ sxvadasxva redaqcia maT

`yovelTa dafarulisa gamomZiebelns~ uwodebs. Tumca, ar arsebobs arc

erTi piris aRmniSvneli saxeli Tu geografiuli dasaxeleba qarTlSi,

romelic am RmerTebTan iyos dakavSirebuli, arc raime dResaswauli

arsebobs maT sapativcemulod. isini ficis drosac ar moixseniebian.

uSedegoa maTi Zieba Zvel qarTul xalxur gadmocemebSic. SesaZloa,

qarTul mwerlobaSi am RmerTebis saxelebi mwignobrul_sqolastikuri

gziTac iyos Semosuli.

sagulisxmoa, rom `ninos cxovreba~ maT `kerpTa mamaTa CvenTas~ ki

uwodebs, magram ar miuTiTebs maT istorias. Tumca, sxva istoriuli

37

Txzulebebi avseben am xarvezs. qarTuli qronikebis mixedviT, azonma,

iaredis Svilma makedoniidan, aleqsandre makedonelis naTesavma,

romelmac daniSna is saqarTvelos patrikad, ori vercxlis kerpi _ gaci

da gaimi aRmarTa da kerpTayvanismcemeli gaxda; miuxedavad imisa, rom

aleqsandres anderZis mixedviT, saWiro iyo mxolod mnaTobebis: mzis,

mTvaris, 5 varskvlavis da uxilavi RmerTis Tayvaniscema. mecnier, T.

dunduas azriT, es faqti miuTiTebs monoTeizmisa da warmarTobis

dualizaciis faqtze qarTlis warmarTul panTeonSi (10,16). `qarTlis

moqcevis~ mixedviT, azoni pirveli mefea mcxeTaSi da amave dros aranis _

saqarTvelos mefis Svili. n. maris azriT, SemdgomSi cnobebma gacis da

gaimis, e.w. qarTuli RvTaebebis, Sesaxeb, sxva ZeglebSic SeaRwia. mag:

saeklesio muzeumis #96 xelnaweris mcire nomokanonis qarTul teqstSi,

im kerpebs Soris, romlebsac mospoba emuqrebodaT, dasaxelebulia

adgilobrivi kerpebi _ boCi, kaci (sic), ga, geoni da armazi (44,12).

naTelia, rom literaturuli da istoriuli wyaroebis avtorebi

Segnebulad cdilobdnen am RmerTebisaTvis miecaT gansakuTrebuli,

erovnuli mniSvneloba.

qarTul mecnierebaSi, gacisa da gaimis warmomavlobaze

gansxvavebuli azrebi arsebobs. qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis

mkvlevar mecnierTa erTi jgufi saerTo azrisaa gacis da gaimis

warmoSobis Sesaxeb da maT adgilobriv qarTul RvTaebebad miiCnevs.

i.javaxiSvili gacTan da gaimTan mimarTebaSi aRniSnavda, rom:

`qarTvelebs TavianTi pirvandeli samSoblodan Tan ori uZvelesi

mamapapeuli salocavi da RvTaeba kerpi moutaniaT. yvela danarCeni

kerpebi mermindeli SenaZeni da aRmarTuli RvTaebebi yofilan~(40,99).

s.janaSias, `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ naxsenebi fraza, rom es kerpebi `mamaTa

CvenTani arian qarTlidan~, ganmartebuli aqvs, rogorc RmerTebi,

romlebsac Tayvans scemdnen qarTvelTa winaprebi, arian qarTlidan

(43,46). g.meliqiSvilic iziarebda am mosazrebas da aRniSnavda, rom

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ cnoba arian qarTlidan qarTvelebis winaprebis

gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb, gamoyofs warmarTuli panTeonis or jgufs: arian

qarTlidan mosulebs (esenia gaci da gaimi) da adgilobrivebs (armazsa

da zadens) (46,39). mecnierTa nawili gacis da gaims axlo aRmosavlur

38

wyaroebs ukavSirebda. n. mari RvTaeba gas (gaims) semitur samyaros

ukavSirebs da paralels kerp astartesTan avlebs, romelic, misi azriT

CvenSi wignieri gziT Semovida, razec misi meore forma gaimi metyvelebs.

gaci ki mars asurul RvTaebad gatis msgavs saxed miaCnia, radganac

berZnulSic am formiT yofila SenarCunebuli) (44,2). misi azriT, gaimi,

rogorc rTuli sityvis Semadgeneli nawili, gvxvdeba finikiur, kerZod

karTagenul warwerebSic. n. maris mixedviT, prof. levi varaudobda, rom

ga arameulidan nasesxebad SeiZleba CavTvaloT da avxsnaT igi, rogorc

RvTaebis atributi, mniSvnelobiT `amaRlebuli~. Tumaca, am ukanasknels,

ufro damajereblad miaCnda, rom finikielebma da arameelebma es saxeli

romeliRac saerTo, mag: egvipturi wyarodan isesxes (44,3). n.maris azriT,

am RvTaebebis saxelebi qarTvelebSi mwignobruli gziT gaCnda da

SemdgomSi moxda qarTul wyaroebSi maTi qarTul kerpebad warmoCena.

rogorc Cans, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ avtors aradamajereblad miaCnda

arsebuli monacemebi am RmerTebis qarTuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da

moaxdina maTi kidev ufro gaerovnuleba. n. mari miiCnevs, rom `wm.ninos

cxovrebis~ avtorma ga qarTul RmerTad aqcia, magram mecnieris azriT,

TviT dasaxeleba ga jer kidev bibliis qarTul teqstSi iyo naxsenebi.

misi azriT, ga_s rogorc RmerTis an kerpis dasaxeleba gvxvdeba mefeTa

pirveli wignis qarTuli TargmanSi astartas kerpebis Sesatyvisad. is

faqti, rom RmerTi ga saqarTveloSi wignieri gziT Semovida Cans misi

meore formidan _ gaim, rac xelovnurad warmoqmnili mravlobiTi

ricxvia, romelic ebraulad mogvagonebs elohim RmerTs. bibliis imave

muxlSi, sadac kerpi ga aris dasaxelebuli, paralelurad aris naxsenebi

kerpebi _ baali da astarte, sityvasityviT baalebi da astartebi; am

formiT gvxvdeba ara mxolod ebraul dedanSi, aramed zogjer

TargmanebSic, rogorc mag. berZnulSi, somxursa da qarTulSi. amgvarad,

ori kerpi _ gaci da ga, romlebic `wm.ninos cxovrebis~ avtorma iranuli

RvTaebis marjvena da marcxena mxares daayena, n. maris azriT, semituri

RmerTebis mwignobruli gziT nasesxebi saxelebia. imis miuxedavad, rom

gacisa da gaims armaz_ormuzdis gverdze moiazrebs zogierTi mecnieri,

n. maris mosazrebiT, armazis sparsul RvTaebasTan maTi dakavSireba

saTuoa, radgan SesaZloa TviT armazis kerpis arsebobac saeWvo iyos

39

(44,3). m. wereTelic, n. maris msgavsad, gacis da gaimis warmomavlobas

mcire azias ukavSirebda, Tumca n. marisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTuli gaci

man yaTed miiCnia (mamrobiTi sqesis sirielTa RmerTi, igive mcire aziis

RmerTi atisi), xolo gaimi, semitur panTeonSi gadasul xeTur RmerTad

(31,98). xeTur-luviur samyaros ukavSirebda g. giorgaZe gacisa da ga-s

warmomavlobas. qarTuli gacis sinonimad man xeTuri xaci, tarosis

mcveli RvTaeba miiCnia. g. giorgaZe miiCnevs, rom xaci, iseve rogorc gaci

xeTur leqsikasa da toponimikaSic dasturdeba. manve xeTur-xuritul

samyaros daukavSira armazis marcxniv mdgomi kerpi ga (gaimi). g.giorgaZes

aseTi varaudis safuZvels isic aZlevda, rom man qarTul werilobiT

wyaroebSi moxseniebuli armazis aRwerilobas mcire aziur (xeTur-

xurituli) omisa da tarosis(TeSubis) RvTaebebTan mouZebna paraleli.

xeTur triadaSi tarosis mcvel RvTaebad xaci ixsenieba, msgavsad

armazis gverdiT moxseniebuli gacisa (8, 147_157). M

mecnieri vlas vawaZe, gacs da gaims qarTvelTa winaprebis mier

motanil RvTaebebad miiCnevs, romlebmac adgilobriv warmarTul

panTeonSi sxva RvTaebebTan erTad myarad daimkvidres adgili. v.vawaZis

azriT, sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom leonti mrovelis `mefeTa cxovreba~

saxel armazs sparsul samyaros ukavSirebs maSin, roca `wm.ninos

cxovrebaSi~ gaci da gaimi Zvel, winaparTa RmerTebad iwodebian. rogorc

istoriuli wyaroebidan dasturdeba, modis ra farnavazi azos Semdgom

qarTlis samefos saTaveSi, is religiuri reformas atarebs, anu armazis

kerpis Tayvaniscemas awesebs. wyaroebSi araferia naTqvami imaze, Seexo

Tu ara farnavazi azos mier Semotanil kerpebs, mxolod `wm.ninos

cxovrebidan~ vigebT, rom gaci da gaimis kerpebi mirianis dros

moTavsebulni iyvnen mTavari RvTaebis, armazis gverdiT da erTgvar

triadas qmnidnen. amasTan, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaro ramdenimejer xazs

usvams gacis da gas warmoSobas da maT Seqmnas qarTvelTa winaprebs

miawers. v.vawaZis varaudiT, farnavazis gamefebis Semdeg am RvTaebebma ar

Sewyvites arseboba qarTlis warmarTul panTeonSi SesaZloa swored

imitom, rom isini qarTvelTa uZvelesi RvTaebebi iyvnen da maTi sparsuli

RvTaebebiT Canacvleba ki ar moxda, aramed adgilobrivi qarTuli

RvTaebebi Seerwya sparsuls (ix.11,279).

40

v. vawaZe miiCnevs, rom marto es faqtebi araa sakmarisi imisTvis, raTa

gaci da gaimi ZirZvel qarTul RvTaebebad miviCnioT, radgan gviandel

xalxur gadmocemebSi, tradiciebSi, aseTi saxelis matarebeli RvTaebebi

ar dasturdeba, arc imis faqtebi arsebobs, rom maTTvis raime salocavi

daedgaT, saqarTveloSi ar dasturdeba gacisa da gaimis saxelebTan

dakavSirebuli toponimikuri adgilebi, gansxvavebiT armazisa da

zadenisa. v. vawaZis mosazrebiT, gacis da gaimis etimologiis gamorkveva

qarTul leqsikaSia saZebari, vinaidan `ninos cxovrebis~ literaturuli

wyaro, maT Zvel qarTvelTa RmerTebad miiCnevs. v.vawaZis azriT, gaimi

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ sxvadasxva redaqciaSi sxvadasxvanairad moixsenieba:

gaima, gim, gaim, gaiam, ga. sulxan saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, ga

SesaZloa niSnavdes: ganRmrTobas, gamefebas, gauflebas, gacxovelebas,

gaqalaqebas, gakeTebas, gacemas, gaborotebas. TiTqos, ufro advili unda

iyos meore kerpis, gacis etimologiis gamorkveva, romelic SesaZloa

gaciskrebas ukavSirdebodes. leonti mroveli maT oqrosa da vercxlis

kerpebad moixseniebs. Tumca, zog adgilas orive kerpi vercxlisad

iwodeba. simbolizmis mixedviT, sagulisxmoa, rom liTonis simbolikaSi

vercxli mTvaresTanaa kavSirSi, oqro ki, adreul stadiaSi, mzesTan

asocirdeboda. misi asociaciis gamo mzesTan, oqro iTvleboda mamakacuri

sawyisis simbolod (56,123). `wm.ninos cxovreba~ gac-s oqros mamakac

kerpad warmogvidgens, rac Seesabameba mis mzesTan da mamakacur

sawyisTan dakavSirebas, Tumca amasTan unda iTqvas, rom Tu Satberdis

krebulSi, qarTlis cxovrebis Zvel somxur TargmanSi, anaseul nusxaSi

gaci oqros kerpad warmogvidgeba, mariamiseul nusxaSi oqros kerpad

gaimia moxseniebuli. vaxuSti batoniSvili erTgan xazgasmiT miuTiTebda:

`azon. . . qmna kerpni didni_gaci oqrosa da gaim vercxlisa~(12,55). Tumca

meore adgilas, rodesac avtori armazis kerps da mis Tanmdev RvTaebebs

aRwers, ambobs: `armazis imier da amier iyo gaim da gacim oqrosi da

vercxlisa~(12,78). `wm.ninos cxovreba~ Zvirfas cnobebs gvawvdis gacis da

gaimis RvTaebrivi funqciebis Sesaxeb. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ sxvadasxva

redaqcia maT `yovelTa dafarulisa gamomZiebelns~ uwodebs. `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ Zveli somxuri Targmanidan ki vigebT, rom Cveni mamebis Zveli

RmerTebi, gaimi da gacimi: `mzis aRmomabrwyinveblebi da wvimaTa

41

momcemlebi da qveynis nayofTa aRmomacenlebi yofilan.~ erTi SexedviT,

gacis unda Seesabamebodes `mzis aRmomabrwyinveli~, Tumca qarTlis

moqcevis sxva nusxebSi gacisa da gaimis RvTaebrivi funqcia mxolod

dafarulis gamoZiebaa. sagulisxmoa, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Zveli

somxuri Targmani, RvTaebaTa aRweris dros, ar ixsenebs arc armazs da

arc zadens. qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi gacis funqciebis gasarkvevad

arasakmarisi cnobebia. mxolod gaciskrebasTan da oqros kerpis mzesTan

dakavSireba ar unda iyos sakmarisi misi RvTaebrivi funqciebis

amosacnobad. v. vawaZe gacis da gaimis paralelebs somxur warmarTul

panTeonSi eZebs, radgan is qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebis _

armazis, aininas paralelebs somxur aramazdSi da anaitiSi, naneSi

xedavs. somxur panTeonSi da somxur werilobiT ZeglebSi ki, gacis da

gaimis saxelis matarebeli RvTaebebi ar gvxvdeba. es bunebrivicaa, radgan

gaci da gaimi, werilobiTi wyaros mixedviT, qarTvel winaparTa

RvTaebebi arian.

gacis da gaimis etimologiis sakiTxis srulyofilad gaazrebisTvis,

v. vawaZis azriT, saWiroa sxvagvarad iqnas gaazrebuli RvTaeba armazis

sakiTxic, romlis gverdiTac `wm.ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT moTavsebulni

iyvnen gaci da gaimi. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Zvel somxur TargmanSi,

gacisTan da gaimTan mimarTebaSi yvela is frazaa naxmari, rac sxva

redaqciebSi armazTan da zadenTan mimarTebaSia gamoyenebuli. `ninos

cxovrebidan~ viciT, rom RvTaeba armazs gverdiT hyavs oqros kerpi gaci

da vercxlis kerpi gaimi. `mixr-iaStebidan~ cnobilia, rom miTras aseTi

Tanamdevi ori RvTaeba sroSa da raSnu hyavda: `mis xelmarjvniv modis,

keTili da samarTliani sroSa, xelmarcxniv maRali, Zlieri raSnu~

(11,278). sroSa da raSnu miTras exmarebian mtris ZlevaSi (46,467). miTras

aseve xSirad gamoxataven sxva RvTaebebis garemocvaSic, romlebsac kauto

da kautopati hqviaT. maT xelSi CiraRdnebi uWiravT da ganasaxiereben

dilis da saRamos varskvlavebs (47,156). v. vawaZe Tvlis, rom im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu gaviziarebT k. kekeliZis mosazrebas armaz_miTras

kerpebis aRwerilobis struqturis igiveobis Sesaxeb, Cven SegviZlia gaci

da gaimis paraleli sroSaSi da raSnuSi, an kauto da kautopatSi

davinaxoT; miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi saxelis matarebeli RvTaebebi

42

ucxoa qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonisaTvis, werilobiTi

wyaroebisaTvisac da xalxuri filklorisTvisac (47,156). v. vawaZe

miiCnevs, rom am kiTxvaze pasuxi somxur warmarTul RmerTTa panTeonSia

saZebari, romelmac Tavis droze sparsuli zoroasruli panTeonis

gavlena ganicada. sagulisxmoa, rom RvTaeba mixris (igive miTras)

gverdiT somxuri werilobiTi wyaroebi or Tanamdev RvTaebas areg aknsa

da lus ins ganasaxiereben. pirvelis saxeli iTargmneba, rogorc mzis

Tvali, zenda-vesta `ormuzdis Tvalsac~ uwodebda, romelic udabnoebs

anayofierebs, arasodes sZinavs da qveynebis mfarvelia. areg akni

mamakacuri sqesis simbolodac miiCneva. lus ini ki mTvarea, romelic

`qaluri sqesis cecxlis~ simboloa, romelsac movses xorenaci `cecxl

dasac~ uwodebs. SesaZloa swored am RvTaebebs Seesabameba miTras

Tanmdevi kauto da kautopati, romlebic amomavali dilis da saRamos

ciskars ganasaxierebdnen (39,31). rogorc Cans, am ukanasknelTa RvTaebrivi

funqciebi da mniSvneloba qarTuli da somxuri warmarTuli

panTeonisaTvis cnobili iyo. qarTul variantSi areg akns oqros kerpi

gaci unda Seesabamebodes, romelic gaciskrebasTan unda iyos kavSirSi

da paralels naxulobs erTis mxriv kautosTan, meore mxriv areg aknTan.

irkveva meore kerpis gas (gaimis) mniSvnelobac; is mTvaris RvTaebaa,

msgavsad kautopatisa da lus inisa.

gacTan da gaimTan mimarTebaSi sabolood aseTi suraTi iqmneba.

istoriulad cnobilia, rom azonamde qarTlSi ar arsebobda erTiani

saxelmwifo. iyvnen tomebi, romlebic pirvelobisaTvis erTmaneTs

ebrZodnen, maT saTaveSi ki mamasaxlisebi unda mdgariyvnen. azoni qmnis

qarTveli tomebis erT saxelmwifod gaerTianebis precendents. qarTlis

teritoriaze mosaxle calkeul tomebs sakuTari RmerTebi unda

hyolodaT, iseve rogorc azonis mier Semotanili kerpebi gaci da gaimi

(ga) iyvnen Soreul winaparTa arian qarTlidan. tomTa Soris brZolebis

gamarjvebul azos mohyavs Tavisi kerpebi gaci da gaimi da awesebs maT

Tayvanisacemas. Tu ra bedi ewiaT am kerpebs samefos saTaveSi farnavazis

mosvlisa da misi religiuri reformis Semdgom, leonti mrovelis

`mefeTa cxovreba~ amis Sesaxeb cnobebs ar gvawvdis. Semdgomi cnobebi

gacisa da gaimis Sesaxeb `wm.ninos cxovrebaSi~ gvxvdeba. aqedan vigebT,

43

rom isini umaRlesi RvTaeba armazis gverdiT arian moTavsebulni. yvela

zemodCamoTvlili faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, v. vawaZes miaCnia, rom armazi

am SemTxvevaSi ar unda iyos ahura mazdad gaazrebuli, radgan misi

azriT, ahura mazdas msgavsi saxis kerpi, qarTuli werilobiTi

wyaroebisTvis ucxoa. v.vawaZis azriT, `ninos cxovrebis~ avtors

sinamdvileSi mxedvelobaSi hqonda ara ahura mazda, aramed RvTaeba

miTras aRweriloba. v.vawaZe Tvlis, rom armaz_ahura mazdas meomari

RvTaebis aRwera, mematianis Secdoma an misi fantaziis nayofi unda iyos.

am faqtis WeSmaritebaSi vrwmundebiT, Tu gadavxedavT mixr_iaStebSi

miTras aRwerilobas, Cvenamde moRweul mis reliefur gamosaxulebebs Tu

kerpebs. miTras xSirad gamosaxavdnen sroSasTan da raSnusTan, an kauto

da kautopatTan erTad. sroSa da raSnu miTras mtris daZlebaSi

exmarebodnen (anu meomari RvTaebis funqciac hqondaT miniWebuli), kauto

da kautopati dilis da saRamos ciskars ganasaxierebdnen, msgavsad

armazis Tanmdevi gacisa da gaimisa, romlebsac qarTuli werilobiTi

wyaroebi oqrosa da vercxlis kerpebad moixsenieben. simbolikis mixedviT

oqro mzis, vercxli ki mTvaris simboloa, amasTanave, kerp gaci-s

saxelidan unda modiodes sityva gaciskrebac. maTi moxsenieba meomar

RvTaebebad da dafarulis gamomZieblad, unda mianiSnebdes maT kavSirze

sroSasTan da raSnusTan, romlebic miTrasTan erTad Cinvantis xidze

gardacvlil sulebze mosamarTleebad gamodian. v. vawaZes miaCnia, rom

gaci da gaimi zoroastruli RvTaebis Semosvlisa da qarTlSi

damkvidrebis Semdeg, kauto_kautopatis, sroSa_raSnus qarTuli

Sesatyvisi RvTaebebi unda gamxdariyvnen. xolo, qarTlSi zoroasruli

panTeonis Semosvlamde da armazis amaRlebamde, Zvel RmerTebs, gacs da

gaims unda ebatonaT qarTul olimpoze. rogorc Cans, armazis gaCenam

maTi gavlena Seamcira, Tumca Tavis gverdiT mainc dauTmo am or

RvTaebas sapatio adgili da maT garkveuli funqciebic SeunarCuna

(11,285).

`ninos cxovrebaSi~ ixsenieba kidev erTi warmarTuli RmerTi,

iTrujani (iTruSana, eTrojano). teqstis mixedviT, rodesac mcxeTaSi

kerpebi daimsxvra, xalxis umetesobam, amaSi, qaldevelTa RmerTi,

iTrujani daadanaSaula. vinaidan: `ege armaz da qaldevelTa RmerTi

44

iTruSana yoladve mter arian. aman mis zeda zRuaÁ moadginis da man amis

zeda erTi nu raÁme moawiis, viTarca aqus CueulebaÁ soflis

mpyrobelTa, da kma-geyavn Cemgan brZanebad ese~ (29, 132). warmarT xalxs

miaCnda, rom radgan armazma odesRac zRva warmarTa iTrujanis

winaaRmdeg, axla am ukanasknelma Caagdo armazi aseT gansacdelSi.

n. maris mixedviT, im gadmocemis Tanaxmad, TiTqos armazma wyali

gaagzavna iTrujanis dasaRupavad, iTrujani mogvagonebs noes oreuls _

qsisuTrs an qsisuors. mecnieris azriT, maT Soris aSkarad unda iyos

msgavseba. sainteresoa, rogor iqca qsisuori iTrujanad? qsisuori

RmerTi ar aris, qarTul moTxrobaSi ki RmerTze, qaldevelTa RmerTzea

saubari. n. maris azriT, `ninos cxovrebis~ avtorisaTvis, termini

`qaldevelebi~ arameelTa da saerTod semit kerpTayvanismcemelTa

sinonimi unda iyos. `wm.ninos cxovrebis~ avtorma, romelmac qarTul

panTeonSi armazis gverdiT semituri RmerTi daayena, maSindel qarTvel

kerpTayvanismcemlebsac TavianTi azri gamoaTqmevina. kerZod ki is, rom

Tuki saqarTveloSi, mcxeTis saxlis armazis gverdiT semituri

RmerTebic imyofebian, maT Zveli angariSis gasworebac SeuZliaT.

amgvarad, idumalebiT mocul iTrujanSi, n.maris azriT, SeiZleba

amovicnoT gacis da gaimis Semdeg mesame semituri RmerTis saxeli. n.mars

miaCnia, rom iTrujani-eTrujani rTuli sityvaa. misi pirveli naxevari _

eTru aris RvTaebis saxeli. meore nawili _ dani, rogorc Cans aris

sazogado saxeli, rogorc mag: RmerTi, kerpi. n. marisgan gansxvavebiT

k.kekeliZes miaCnia, rom iTrujani ara semituri, aramed iranuli RvTaebaa

(44,27-28).

n. maris mosazrebiT, matianeebis garda arsad, arc “ninos cxovrebaSi”

da arc `qarTlis moqcevaSi~, ar aris saubari afrodotes kerpze, romlis

saqarTveloSi motanac dakavSirebulia berZeni sefeles, logoTetis

SviliSvilis saxelTan, romelic gaxldaT qarTveli mefis, viros coli

(44,28).

`mefeTa cxovrebis~ mixedviT cnobilia, rom mefe saurmagma da

mirvanma, romlebmac armazis samyofeli wminda qalaqi aaSenes, qarTlis

warmarTul panTeons kidev ori kerpi Sehmates. saurmagma _ aÁnana da

mirvanma _ danina. amis Sesaxeb `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁc~ gvauwyebs: `saurmag

45

aRmarTa kerpi aÁnina gzasa zeda. misa Semdgomad mefobda mirvan. da

aRmarTa danina gzasa zeda winarÀ~(28,82). es RvTaebebic, romlebic

iranuli kultis mfarveli mefeebis mier aris Semoyvanili, n.maris

varaudiT, SeiZleba aseve iranulad miviCnioT. mecnieris azriT, maTSi

SesaZloa SecdomiT aris aRniSnuli erTi da imave RvTaebis ornairi

dasaxeleba. esenia iranuli RvTaeba anahitasi (an anahida) da arairanuli

dasaxeleba nana. saqarTveloSi anahitasis sxva saxelis formiT

arsebobaze miuTiTebs qarTveli dedoflis _ nanas saxeli, radgan

rogorc ukve iTqva, qarTvel mefeTa saxelebi, rogorc Cans, sxvadasxva

mizezTa gamo mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli qarTul RmerTebTan. miuxedavad

amisa, n.mars miaCnia, rom dabejiTebiT msjeloba am ori kerpis Secvlil

dasaxelebaTa sparsul warmoSobaze jer-jerobiT naadrevia. saxelebi,

gansakuTrebiT ki pirveli _ ainina, metad Taviseburia da, SesaZloa

saidanmea Semotanili werilobiTi gziT. qarTvel mweralTagan maTze

informacia naklebad gvaqvs. marTalia, isini Semotanilia iranuli

kultis mfarveli mefeebis saurmagisa da mirvanis mier, magram am

mefeebma maT TavianTi erovnuli RmerTis armazisagan gansxvavebuli,

gansakuTrebuli adgili miuCines (44,28). qarTlis moqcevis mixedviT

saurmagma `aRmarTa kerpi ainina gzasa zeda. da iwyo armazs Senebad~

(28, 320).

irkveva, rom `ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT, qarTlSi iyo mxolod 4

warmarTuli kerpi: armazi, zadeni, gaci da gaimi. “moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs”

mixedviT ki 6: gaci, gaimi, armazi, zadeni, aÁnina da danina. matianeebSi

SegviZlia 7 kerpi davTvaloT Tu afroditesac CavTvliT. 7 RmerTis

arsebobis faqti asaxulia mose xorenelis `somxeTis istoriaSic~.

SesaZloa es avtori ufro werilobiT monacemebs eyrdnoba, vidre

xalxur gadmocemebs. n. mari miiCnevs, rom matianeebSi ufro mdidari

masala gvxvdeba qarTuli warmarTuli rwmenisa da RmerTebis Sesaxeb.

swored aq vxvdebiT informacias qarTvelTa mier mnaTobebis RmerTebad

moazrebis faqtze, rac Zveli warmarTuli qarTlisTvis iyo

damaxasiaTebeli (44,28).

n. maris azriT, qarTuli warmarTuli panTeoni, ise rogorc qarTul

matianeebSi da `wm.ninos cxovrebaSia~ aRwerili, ariul da semitur

46

RmerTebs moicavs da ara adgilobriv, qarTul RmerTebs. arielTa mTavar

jgufs ki, misi azriT, iraneli RmerTebi warmoadgenen. mecnieris

varaudiT, warmarTuli RmerTebis Sesaxeb cnobebSi, garkveulwilad unda

asaxuliyo adgilobrivi gadmocemebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi

mazdeanobis batonobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

migvaCnia, rom `ninos cxovrebaSi~ warmodgenili warmarTuli

RmerTebis panTeonic sparsul_qarTul narevs warmoadgens, radgan

zogadad, qarTul_iranuli kulturis elementebis Serwymas xangrZlivi

istoria aqvs. qarTulma warmarTobam odiTganve SeiTvisa iranuli/ariuli

gavlena. amierkavkasiis teritoriaze savaraudod jer kidev brinjaos

xanaSi Semosulma ariulma `superstratam~ kvali daamCnia qarTul

warmarTul panTeonsac. rogorc, mecnieri, T.dundua varaudobs, gaimi

miTras kultis erT-erTi saxeobis (gaio-martam-sicocxlis momniWeblis)

gadamuSavebul variants warmoadgens, ainina anahitisa da a.S. mogvianebiT

ki, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi iranuli `superstrata~ Cndeba, romelic

ahura-mazdas Tayvaniscemas avrcelebs iberiaSi (qarTuli kerpi armazi,

romlis saxelsac ukavSirdeba iberiis samefos mefis saxelwodebac). ase

rom, iranuli warmoSobis RvTaebebi qmnian qarTuli warmarTuli

panTeonis mTavar triadas. SedarebiT gansxvavebuli suraTia antikuri

xanis dasavleT saqarTveloSi. berZnuli warmoSobis kultebis garda:

apoloni, artemide, aretuza, heliosi, nike da sxva, romelTa

Tayvaniscemis tradicia kolxeTSi berZen kolonistebTan erTad Semovida

da romlebic adgilobrivma mosaxleobam sakuTar RvTaebebTan gaaigiva,

gavrcelebuli iyo `trapezunteli miTras~ kulti. (es ukanaskneli,

T.dunduas azriT, qalaq trapezuntis oficialur RvTaebas warmoadgenda

I-III ss-Si im qalaqSi, sadac ZiriTadad dasaxlebuli iyo kolxuri da

berZnuli mosaxleoba) (10,77).

Cven SevecadeT gvesaubra yvela im warmarTul RmerTze, romelic

SesaZloa ar iyo qarTuli Ziris da gaxldaT sxva qveynidan Semotanili

kulti (anu kavSirs amyarebda sparsul zoroastrul RvTaebebTan), magram

is arsebobda qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi. rogorc Cans, Zveli

qarTlis adgilobrivi warmarTuli RvTaebebi droTa ganmavlobaSi

Seerwya sparsul mazdeur RvTaebebs, radgan istoriulad cnobilia, rom

47

farnavazidan moyolebuli, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, mazdeizmi qarTlis

saxelmwifo religia iyo. es faqti metyvelebs imaze, rom qarTlis

mosaxleobis didi umetesoba mazdeani gaxldaT da Tayvans scemda

mazdeur_qarTul (tradiciul) religiur warmosaxvebs. ukve SemdgomSi,

rodesac qristianoba Semovida qarTlSi, sadac Zalze Zlieri iyo

warmarTuli tradiciebi, qarTuli literaturul Tu istoriuli

wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom qarTuli ZirZveli warmarToba da mazdeizmi

erTad moiazreboda warmarTobad qristianobis mier da amitomac,

warmarTul kerpebs da mazdeanobis simbolos, cecxls, qristianoba

erTad da erTnairad daupirispirda, rogorc fizikurad ise RvTaebrivi

saswaulebis saSualebiT.

48

qristianobis qristianobis qristianobis qristianobis polemika warmarTobasTanpolemika warmarTobasTanpolemika warmarTobasTanpolemika warmarTobasTan:::: warmarTobis Zleva saswaulebiT warmarTobis Zleva saswaulebiT warmarTobis Zleva saswaulebiT warmarTobis Zleva saswaulebiT

((((`̀̀̀ninos cxovrebininos cxovrebininos cxovrebininos cxovrebissss~~~~ mixedviTmixedviTmixedviTmixedviT))))

`ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT naTlad Cans, rom warmarTobasTan

polemika qristianobisa xdeba ara mxolod fizikuri dapirispirebis

gziT, aramed RvTaebrivi saswaulebis saSualebiT da am RvTiur

polemikaSi, warmarTuli panTeoni marcxdeba, nadgurdeba. sagulisxmoa,

rom CvenSi, es damarcxeba warmarTobisa, warmoebs Suasaukunoebrivi

qristianuli azrovnebis mixedviT. kerZod, RmerTi axdens saswaulebs,

romlebsac axorcielebs wmindanis meSveobiT. `ninos cxovrebis~

SemTxvevaSi, wmindani qalis, ninos saSualebiT, romelsac uflisgan aqvs

dakisrebuli qarTlis gaqristianebis RvTiuri misia. nino qarTlSi midis

im motiviT, rom eri gaaqristianos da logikuria, rom am miznis

misaRwevad saWiroa iq arsebuli warmarTobis daZleva, warmarTuli

kerpebis damsxvreva, raSic ninos ufali uwevs Tanadgomas RvTaebrivi

saswaulebis movlenis faqtiT.

nino RvTis mieraa arCeuli da aRzevebuli mociqulTa simaRlemde,

radgan rogorc qals, ar SeuZlia sagangebo zeciuri uflebamosilebis

gareSe iqadagos. es ki faravnis tbis piras xdeba. devnili nino

daRlil_daqanculi miwveba tbis napiras da CaTvlems. sizmarSi

gamoecxadeba ucxo RvTiuri kaci, romelic mas gadascems dabeWdil wigns

da daavalebs, miarTvas warmarT mefes mcxeTaSi. nino uarobs wignis

gamorTmevas im motiviT, rom is ucxo qalia. amis pasuxad RvTiuri kaci

mas etyvis: `ara ars mamakaci da arca dedakaci, aramed Tqven yovelni erT

xarT qristes mier, warvediT da moimowafeniT yovelni warmarTni da

aswavebdiT maT, rameTu naTeli gamobrwyinvebad ars maT zeda. da sadaca

iqadagos saxarebaÁ ese, munca iTqmodis dedakaci ese~ (28,107). ucnobi

gadauSlis wigns da miscems ninos wasakiTxad. wignSi 10 sityva (kanoni)

weria, romlebic exeba mociqulTa misionerul saqmianobas. aqedan oTxi

exeba uSualod qalis mdgomareobas qristianul moZRvrebaSi da

mociqulTa saqmeSi. aq qali mamakacTanaa gaTanabrebuli. (Tundac is

faqti rad Rirs, rom mariam magdalinelma auwya mociqulebs iesos

aRdgomis Sesaxeb) (13, 98-116).

49

didia ninosTvis RvTis mier momadlebuli saswaulebrivi Zala. `ninos

cxovrebis~ mixedviT, ninos saswaulebriv, RvTiur Zalas amCnevs masSi

somexi miafori da is ninos am sityvebiT mimarTavs: `vxedav, Svilo Cemo,

Zalsa Sensa, viTarcxa Zalsa lomisa Zuvisasa, romeli izaxebn yovelsave

zeda oTxferÃsa, gina viTarca orbi dedali, romeli aRvidis simaRlesa

aerTasa ufroÁs mamlisasa, da yoveli queyanaÁ gugasa Tualisa misisasa,

mciresa margalitis sworsa, Seayenis da ganixilis, ganicadis saWmeli

misi cecxlebr, dainaxis, moutevnis frTeni Srialebad da miimarTis mis

zeda~ (28, 111). ninos sidonia uwodebs SoriT mosul, saRmrTo niWs: `Sen

mier icnan RmerTi yovelTa erTa. romelni arian tyveobasa Sina

eSmakisasa, adre ganTavisuflden~ (28,120). salome uJarmeli da peroJavr

sivnieli sTxoven ninos auwyos misi qarTlSi mosvlis mizezi, mouTxros

maT WeSmariti RmerTis Sesaxeb da ixsnas maTi qveyana kerpebis

msaxurebisagan.

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁSi~ vkiTxulobT: `aha esera me movle sanaxebi

qarTlisaÁ, zogadi adgili mTaTa da barTaÁ, da aRvasrule saxarebaÁ

Cemi, da miscnes kerpni maTni cecxlsa dasawuvelad, da moiqces cTomaTa

maTTagan, da moiRes naTeli da Tayuanis_cemaÁ wmidisa juarisaÁ, da

juar-cmulsa Seudgan yovelni, romlisaTÂs Senda jer-ars sixaruli,

mefeo, da didebis micemaÁ yovelTa Semoqmedisa RmrTisa, rameTu dReTa

SenTa moxedna RmerTman queyanasa amas, napralsa erTsa CrdiloÁsasa,

romlisa mTani daefarnes nislsa codvisasa da velni-almursa cTomisasa,

vinaÁca dRe_Ramed, da naTel_bnelad. da sufevda mas Sina soflisa

mpyrobeli igi mTavari, romeli qroda haerisa suliTa da STaabnevda

yovelTa sulTa kacTasa jojoxeTad, romeli ganiota ufalman suliTa

pirisa misisaÁTa queyaniT da sircxÂleuli miivltis adgilTa bnelisaTa.

xolo Sen zeda gamobrwyinda naTeli samxrisa da mze simarTlisa, qriste

RmerTi didebiTurT misiT, romlisa axali gemoÁ gixilavs, rameTu tkbil

ars ufali. da naTli_RebiTa qriste Segimosies, da queSe frTeTa misTa

sagrilsa ganisueneb~. mefe mirianisadmi miweril wm.ninos am werilidan,

naTlad Cans wmindanis misia. man uflis karnaxiT moaqcia qarTli.

rogorc ki mcxeTaSi jvari aRmarTes, RvTaebrivi saswaulis wyalobiT

Seimusra qarTlis sazRvrebSi moqceuli yvela warmarTuli kerpi da

50

moispo sakerpeebi. kerpebis Semusvris epizodi xatovnadaa aRwerili

`ninos cxovrebaSi~. mcxeTaSi Casulma ninom naxa, Tu rogor emsaxureboda

xalxi adgilobriv warmarTul kerpebs: armazs, zadens, gacsa da gaims.

warmarTuli amazrzeni sanaxaobis Semxedvare nino tiris da locviT

sTxovs ufals Serisxos warmarTuli kerpebi: `amaTca naTesavTa moxeden

Sehrisxen sulTa amaT uCinoTa, soflis mpyrobelTa, mTavarTa amis

bnelisaTa, da miCuene me, RmerTo mamisa da dedisa Cemisao, mÃevalsa amas

naSobsa monisa Senisasa, raÁTa ixilon macxovarebaÁ Seni yovelTa kideTa

queyanisaTa da raÁTa CrdiloÁ bRuarsa Tana ixarebdes da yovelman

enaman Sen mxolosa RmerTsa Tavyuanis_gces qriste~ (28,120). daamTavrebs

Tu ara nino locvas, moxdeba RvTaebrivi saswauli: `da viTarca

wamis_yofaÁ TualisaÁ iyo, dasavaliT haerni da qarni SeiZrnes da

Ãma_sces quxilTa ÃmiTa sazareliTa. da aCnda Rrubeli mowrafÀ,

niSan_saSineli. da moiRo niavman mzis dasavalisaman suli jerkuali

simwarisaÁ da simyralisaÁ. maSin ivltoda yoveli kaci soflad da

qalaqad. da eca maT droÁ, raÁTa SeiWrnen kacni sayoflad. da meys

moiwia risxvisa igi Rrubeli da moiRo setyuaÁ litrisa swori mas

adgilsa oden, da dalewna kerpni igi, da dafqvna da daawulilna, da

daarRÂna zRudeni igi qarman sastikman da STayara igi kldesa~ (28,121).

meore dRes gamobrZanda mefe miriani mTel xalxTan erTad RmerTebis

saZebnelad, magram ver monaxes isini. xalxi amis gamo SiSsa da Wmunvas

mieca. warmarTma xalxma kerpebis Semusvra qaldevelTa RvTaebas,

iTrujans daabrala, romelic armazis mowinaaRmdege iyo. maT ar hqondaT

gacnobierebuli qristianuli RvTaebrivi saswaulis Zala, rac wmindanis

locvis Sedegad ganxorcielda.

qristianTa aseTi gamarjveba, xSirad analogiuri detalebis CvenebiT,

Cveulebrivi Temaa saqarTvelos farglebs gareT mcxovreb qristian

mqadagebelTaTvisac. n. maris mixedviT, iakob sarugeli, kerpTa dacemis

Sesaxeb ambavSi ambobs: `warmoCnda jvari golgoTaze da TrTola iwyes

RmerTebma, acaxcaxdnen da daemxvnen qalRmerTni. dedamiwis kerpebma

ixiles igi da SiSisagan daecnen. Tavzardacemuli qurumebi

TavSesafrebisken mirbodnen. eSmakma gaamxneva Tavisi msaxurni, magram am

dros `udidesma mxsnelma mZlavrad aRimaRla xma, Zlierad daiyvira da

51

Seqmnili kerpebi Seazanzara; SeZrwunebuli sulebi SiSiT gminavdnen da

TrTodnen. RmerTebis fexqveS miwa iZra; Seqandnen maTi kerpebi,

kvarcxlbekebi CamoeSalaT. sircxvili Wames qurumebma da gancvifrdnen

kerpTayvanismcemelebi. Sewyda msxverplTSewirva da xalxi gaurboda maT.

jvridan TiTqos qariSxalma dauberao RmerTebs, Camoagdo da erT grovad

miyara; erTmaneTs Seejaxnen qvisa da Tixis kerpebi, daimsxvrnen da

saxeli gautydaT, dacinvis Rirsni gaxdnen~ (44,23_25).

“ninos cxovrebis” mixedviT, vrcelia im saswaulTa nusxa, rasac

qarTlSi mosuli nino axdenda uflis SemweobiT. man vazis nasxlevisagan

gaakeTa jvari, dadga erT mayvlis buCqTan da TviTonac iq dasaxlda

(dRevandeli samTavros taZris teritoriaze). nino iq eqvsi wlis

ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda da jer farulad, xolo Semdeg aSkarad

qadagebda qristes rjuls da mraval saswaulsac axdenda. bolos man

ukurnebeli senisagan gankurna dedofali nana da mogvTa mTavari.

qarTlis warmarTma mefem, mirianma, daibara nino da hkiTxa: “romlisa

RmrTisa ZaliTa hyof Sen kurnebaTa? nuukve xar Sen asuli armazisi anu

Svili zadenisi? da vinaiTgan ucxoebiT moxved, moganiWes Sen Zali

kurnebisaÁ. mTavari momirCine da simdidres mogcem” (28,130). amaze ninom

miugo: `Sen ukve, mefe, cxondi sityviTa uflisa Cvenisa iesu qristesiTa,

romeli-igi ars Semoqmedi caTa da qveyanisaÁ da yovelTa dabadebulTaÁ,

romelman-igi gamoabrwyinvos naTeli WeSmariti gulsa Sina Sensa,

romeli-igi maRalTa Sina myof ars da mdabalTa xedavs, romlisa xelTa

Sina ars suli yovelTaÁ da cxorebaÁ da sikvdili. da vesav mas, rameTu

axlos ars moqcevaÁ Seni missa. da Sen ara uwyi, rameTu ars qalaqsa amas

Sina Sensa samoseli uflisa mis Cvenisa iesu qristesi da miT iqmnebian

saswaulni ese da kurnebani da Zalni. da sxvani uricxvni yofad arian da

ganikurnos mTavarica ese saxeliTa misiTa wmidiTa~ (28,131).

`ninos cxovrebaSi~ saswaulebrivad aris aRwerili mirian mefis mier

qristes rjulze moqcevis gadawyvetilebis miReba da warmarTobis

ugulvebelyofa.: ` . . . da iyo dResa erTsa zafxulisasa, Tuesa ivlissa

ocsa, dResa SabaTsa, ganvida mefe nadirobad muxraniT-kerZo, da mouÃda

uCino igi mteri, eSmaki da STaugdo gulsa siyuaruli kerpTa da

cecxlisa; da igonebda yovelsa msaxurebasa maTsa da maxÂliTa

52

mowyuedasa yovelTa qristianeTasa. da rqua mefeman oTxTa

TanamzraxvelTa misTa: `Rirs varT Cuen RmerTTa CuenTagan borotis

yofasa, rameTu udeb viqmneniT msaxurebasa maTsa da miuSÂT Cuen

qristianeTa grZneulTa qadagebad sjulisa maTsa queyanasa Cuensa: rameTu

grZnebiTa hyofen sakÂrvelebaTa maT. aw ese ars ganzraxva Cemi, raTa

borotad movsrneT yovelni mosavni juarcmulisani da umetes SeudgeT

msaxurebasa RmerTTa maT mpyrobelTa qarTlisaTa; vamxiloT nanas,

colsa Cemsa Senaneba da dateoba sjulisa jvarcmulisasa, da Tu ar

merCdes, daviviwyo siyuaruli misi da sxuaTave Tana warvwymido igica~

(29,132). naTelia, rom iberiis samefoSi qristianTa gaaqtiurebiT

SeSfoTebuli mefe xelqveiTebs esaubreba. is ixsenebs, Tu rogor

emsaxureboda kerpebs. vigebT imasac, rom wm. ninos mosvlamde iberiaSi,

mefe miriani qristianebs aviwrovebda da maxvils scemda. aqedan

gamomdinare vigebT, rom wminda ninos mosvlamde qristianoba qarTvelTa

Soris gavrcelebuli yofila da imdenad did Zalas warmoadgenda, rom

xelisufleba masze maxvilsac aRmarTavda. da ai, am dros xdeba

RvTaebrivi saswauli. TxoTis mTaze asul mefes, mze daubnelda da gza

veRar gaigno. mirianma jer Tavis RmerTebs: armazsa da zadens mimarTa,

maTgan Svela rom ver miiRo, ninos RmerTs Seevedra xsnas: `RmerTo

ninoÁso, ganminaTle bneli ese da miCuene sayofeli Cemi, da aRviaro

saxeli Seni, da aRvhmarTo Zeli jvarisa SenisaÁ da Tayuanisvce mas, da

aRgiSeno saxli saxlad Senda da salocvelad Cemda, da viyo morCil

ninoÁsa da sjulsa zeda hromTasa~ (28,135). amis Tqma iyo da maSinve

ganaTda da mefem iwama qristes Zala. meore dResve mirianma da ninom

SeuTvales keisars mosanaTlad mRvdlebi gamoegzavna, TviTon ki

eklesiis Senebas Seudgnen mefis baRSi. keisrisgan gamogzavnilma

samRvdelo pirebma mefe, ojaxiTurT, didebulebi da xalxi qristes

rjulze moaqcies. Semdeg RvTiuri miTiTebiT sami jvari aRmarTes; erTi

im borcvze, sadac axla jvris monasteria, meore TxoTis mTaze, sadac

mirianma pirvelad iwama qriste da mesame qalaq ujarmaSi: `da viTarca

aRemarTa niSi juarisaÁ queyanasa mas qarTlisasa, meyseulad mas Jamsa

daecnes yovelni kerpni, romelni iyvnes sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa, da

Seimusrnes, da sakerponi dairRues. viTarca ixiles ese sakÂrveli saqmÀ

53

da saswauli, romeli qmna Zlevis myofelman man niSmanjuarisaman kerpTa

zeda, ufroÁs ganukÂrdeboda saqmÀ ese da adidebdes RmerTsa da

sixaruliT Tavyuanis_scemdes patiosansa juarsa~ (28,154).

n. mari miiCnevs, rom iranuli RmerTebisa da maTi kultebis

saxelebTan erTad, saqarTveloSi iranuli religiuri legendebic unda

gavrcelebuliyo. upirveles yovlisa ki is legendebi, romlebic

mazdeizmis gavrcelebis istorias exeba. n. maris azriT, erTi aseTi

legenda safuZvlad udevs Tqmulebas `cxoveli svetis~ Sesaxeb, rac `wm.

ninos cxovrebaSia~ Setanili da rac jer kidev rufinusisTvis aris

cnobili.

mefe miriani eklesias swiravs samefo baRs maRali kviparosebiT.

mSeneblebma verafriT ver awies eklesiis mTavar svetad gamzadebuli

naZvis xis boZi. rodesac saRamos damwuxrebuli mefe da xalxi

daiSalnen, ninom locva daiwyo. SuaRamisas moxda aseTi saswauli:

`warmoiqceodes orni ese mTani, armaz da zaden, reca Tu esrÀT

CamoirRuevodes, da daayarnes orTave wyalni igi. da mtkuarman

gardamoxeTqa da warhqonda saSinelad qalaqi. da mier Seiqmnnes Ãmani

saSinelni da sazarelni tyebisa da sivltolisani. egreve aragÂ

gardamoÃda cixesa zemoÁT da iqmnebodes saSineli grgÂnvani~ (28,139). am

faqtma yvela SeaSina. nino amSvidebda xalxs, rom yvelaferi rigze iyo.

xolo: `ese, romel reca mTani dairRues, samarTlad guaCuenebs, rameTu

urwmunovebisa mTani dairRues qarTls Sina da wyalni, romel daeyennes,

daeyena sisxli igi yrmaTaÁ eSmakTa SewirvisaÁ, xolo Ãmani ese tyebisani

arian eSmakTa simravlisani, rameTu eglovian TavTa maTTa oÃrebasa,

rameTu arian igini meot amiT adgiliT ZaliTa maRlisaÁTa da juariTa

qristÀsiTa, moiqeciT da ilocevdiT RmrTisa mimarT, Svilno~ (29,139).

gariJraJze ninosTan sxivosani yrma mivida cecxlovani wamosasxamiT

(zewriT). man svetisken gaiSvira xeli, misi zeda nawili azida zeciuri

samoTxisaken, ris Semdegac igi naTlis svetad daadga Tavis safuZvels:

diliT mefem da xalxma dainaxes xis fesvebi da eklesiis safuZveli,

romliskenac sxvisi daxmarebis gareSe eSveboda. am saocrebis sanaxavad,

mefe da mTeli qarTli movida da ai, gancvifrebuli mnaxvelebis Tvalwin

sveti TavisiT daeSva da Tavissave safuZvelze ganmtkicda. SemdegSi am

54

svetma mravali saswauli moaxdina. masTan mlocvelebi yoveli mxridan

modiodnen. mefe mirianma is xis ficrebiT dafara, raTa xalxis

Tvalisagan daecva. aqve vigebT, rom es naZvi mcxeTaSi libanidan

Camoitanes da im adgilze darges, sadac qristes kvarTi iyo dafluli.

n. mars miaCnia, rom am TqmulebaSi sami sxvadasxva legendis detalebi

aisaxa. ori qristianuli warmoSobisa: erTi dakavSirebulia cnobil

gadmocemasTan uflis kvarTis Sesaxeb, meore naTlis svets ukavSirdeba,

romelic metad popularulia qristianul legendebSi. danarCeni

detalebis damTxveva ukavSirdeba saswaulebriv naZvze eklesiis agebis

legendas. (msgavsi legenda iranSic aris cnobili. mag: firdousis,

goSTaspis moqcevis Sesaxeb, moTxroba, warmoadgens “zaraTuStr_names”

Sinaarss, romelic zoroastris cxovrebis mTavar wyarod miiCneva.

firdousi yveba, rom goSTaspma dargo naZvi, romelic Semdeg ise

gaizarda, rom `qamandi~ ver wvdeboda. maSin goSTaspma masze SesaniSnavi

taZari aago da xelqveiTebs ubrZana misuliyvnen taZarSi da am xisTvis

Tayvani ecaT). rogorc Cans, `iranuli kulti~, romelic maSindel

saqarTveloSi kargad iyo fesvgadgmuli, qarTul istoriul wyaroebSic

aisaxa sqolastikuri xerxebiT mcireoden Secvlili saxiT. (isic unda

gaviTvaliswinoT, rom `ninos cxovrebis~ avtori yvelanairad cdilobda

axladfexadgmuli qristianuli religia ganedidebina da albaT, am

faqtormac imoqmeda qarTvelTa uZvelesi religiuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb

arsebuli cnobebze). erTi ki faqtia, rom qristianobis Semosvlis

periodSi, qarTlSi sparsuli religia yvaoda; rac iseTi arsebuli

faqtebiT dasturdeba, rogoricaa: sakuTari saxelebi, geografiuli

dasaxelebani, wes_Cveulebebi da a.S (44,15-18). am viTarebaSi, qristianobas,

rogorc axal monoTeistur religias, Zalze gauWirda qarTlSi

damkvidreba. im qarTlSi, romlis mosaxleobaSic Zalze Zlieri iyo

warmarTuli tradiciebi da xalxis siyvaruli `kerpTa da cecxlis~

mimarT. sagulisxmoa is faqtoric, rom qristianobis miReba im dros,

qveynis feodalizaciis erT-erT gamovlinebasac warmoadgenda da amdenad,

aRsavse iyo uamravi winaaRmdegobebiT da Sinagani brZoliT. es gamoixata

imaSi, rom axal sarwmunoebas qarTlis mTeli mosaxleoba da yvela

sazogadoebrivi fena erTnairad ar Sexvedria.Ggarkveuli fenisTvis

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qarTlis mosaxleobisa qristianoba misaRebi iyo, Tumca mravalTaTvis

ara. qarTul wyaroebSi Semonaxulia cnobebi, romlebic asaxaven

aznaurobis rols qristianobis gavrcelebaSi, maT gansakuTrebiT

mondomebas am saqmeSi. es exeba gansakuTrebiT eklesiebis aSenebis

sakiTxs.

mecnier laSa janaSias, istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT miaCnia, rom,

pirvel rigSi qristianobas winaaRmdegobas uwevda qurumoba da masTan

dakavSirebuli wreebi, romlebic qristianobis miRebasTan erTad

kargavdnen TavianT privilegiebs da saerTod arsebobis saSualebasac ki.

qristianobis Semosvlas mtrulad Sexvda mosaxleobis is nawilic,

romelsac yvelaze naklebad Seexeboda feodalizaciis procesi. eseni

iyvnen mamapapuri wesiT pirvelyofil-Temuri wyobilebiT mcxovrebi

mTielebi (42,485).

`ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT vigebT, rom mTielTa mosaqcevad wm.ninos

fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebac ki dasWirda. saintereso cnobaa Semonaxuli

amasTan dakavSirebiT `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ matianeSi. iq naTqvamia, rom

mefisa da xalxis monaTvlis Semdgom, ninos Tan wauyvania erTi mRvdeli

da erisTavi da Tavdapirvelad mTaSi, aragvis xeobaSi asula

qristianobis saqadageblad: `warvida da dadga wobens da mouwoda

mTeulTa da wilknelTa, WarTelTa da fxovelTa da uqadaga

sarwmunoebaÁ qristÀsi~ (28,88). magram amjerad, mis qadagebas Sedegi ar

gamouRia da erisTavs Zalis gamoyeneba dasWirvebia: `maT ganuyarnes Tavi

da erisTavman mcired warmarTna maxÂli da SiSiT mosces kerpni maTni

dalewad~ (28,89). rogorc “ninos cxovrebidan” Cans, mTielTa aseTi qceva

ninosTvis moulodneli ar iyo, radagan qristianobis saqadageblad

wasul ninos Tan wauyvania erisTavnic (SesaZloa samxedro razmiTurT).

Semdeg: “gardavida erwud da dadga JaleTs dabasa da edems da naTels-

sca erwu-TianelTa. xolo yuarelTa raÁ esma ese SeSindes da ToSeTs

gadakrbes” (28,89). `ninos cxovreba~ gvauwyebs: `da sxuanica mTeulni

umravlesni ara moiqces, aramed daumZima maT mefeman xarki, odes ara

inebes naTlis Reba~ (28,89). aragvis xeobidan nino kaxeTSi gadasula da

kaxeli mTavrebi mounaTlavs. literaturul_istoriuli wyaroebis

mixedviT, zogierTi warmarTi SemdgomSi abibos nekresels mouqcevia,

56

zogierTi ki XI saukunemde warmarTi darCenila. istorikosi juanSeric

mogviTxrobs, rom jer kidev V-VI ss. kaxeTSi, “Ãevsa mas lopotisasa”

cxovrobdnen cecxlisa da wylis msaxuri adamianebi. igive avtori

gadmogvcems, rom rodesac mefe daCis kaxeTis mTiulebis qristes

rjulze moqceva ganuzraxavs, isini uaris niSnad mas gansdgomian (42,485).

rogorc literaturuli wyaroebidan Cans, qristianobas

mowinaaRmdegeebi gabatonebul fenebSic hyolia. rogorc Cans, maT

Sorisac iyvnen Zalebi, romlebic TavianTi politikuri, Tu socialuri

interesebidan gamomdinare, an Zveli tradiciebis dacvis survilis gamo,

ewinaaRmdegebodnen qveynis feodalizaciasa da centraluri

xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas. aseTi Zalebi TviT samefo ojaxSic ki

yofilan. `ninos cxovrebis~ mroveliseuli redaqciis Tanaxmad,

qristianoba ar miuRia TviT mefis Zes, ferozs, romelsac TiTqos

mirianisgan hqonia micemuli rani bardavamde da arc mis xalxs. isini

mxolod xorciel msaxurebas uwevdnen mefes. warmarTuli sarwmunoebis

mimdevarni mefis ojaxSi, rogorc Cans IV s_is bolomdec iyvnen.

qristianobis gavrcelebis droindeli viTarebis dasaxasiaTeblad

unda aRiniSnos, rom sastiki brZolebi yofila warmoebuli am

mimarTulebiT qalaqis mosaxleobis dabal fenebSic, qalaqebSi mcxovreb

ucxo tomTa Sorisac. ninos erT-erTi pirveli mimdevari ebraeli

abiaTari misi tomis xalxs kinaRam CauqolavT: `maSin aRiZrnes huriani

abiaTars zeda, raTamca qva dakribes mas. xolo mirian mefeman miavlina

msaxurni da ganarina abiaTar sikudilisagan~ (28,90). sagulisxmoa, rom am

dros TviT miriani jer kidev ar iyo qristiani. `ninos cxovrebidan~

vgebulobT, rom mefe miriani sikvdilis win RmerTis winaSe inaniebs im

periods, rodesac eri warmarTul kerpebs: armazsa da zadens Svilebs

swiravda msxverplad. is mTebi, sadac es kerpebi idgnen, morwyuli iyo

CvilTa sisxliT. Tumca, mefe gaxarebulia, rom RmerTma moavlina didi

saswauli qarTvelTaTvis ninos saxiT, romelmac: `aRanTo gulsa sanTeli

naTlisaÁ Suva Rames oden meCuena me mzÀ mbrwyinvalÀ, qriste RmerTi

Cueni, romlisa naTeli misi ara moakldes ukunisamde~ (28,158).

`ninos cxovrebidan~ naTelia, rom qristianobas qarTlSi damkvidreba

sakmaod gauWirda, imdenad Zlieri iyo qarTlis warmarTuli panTeoni da

57

mosaxleobis didi umravlesobis warmarTuli msoflmxedveloba.

qristianobas erTad uwevda dapirispireba ZirZvel warmarTobasTan da

mazdeizmTan, anu ZirZvel warmarTul kerpebTan, romlebic zoroastruli

warmoSobisani iyvnen da cecxlTan, mazdeanobis simbolosTan, romlis

nazavsac warmoadgenda maSindeli qarTlis warmarTuli panTeoni.

miuxedavad uamravi winaRobisa, RvTaebrivi saswaulebisa da Teoriuli

polemikis wyalobiT, wminda nino, rogorc RvTisgan gamogzavnili

wmindani, axerxebs gaamarjvebinos qristianobas warmarTobaze da

aRiarebinos qarTlis mosaxleobas qristianobis didi upiratesoba

usulo kerpebis da cecxlis TayvaniscemasTan SedarebiT.

58

qarTlis moqcevis legenda da wminda ninoqarTlis moqcevis legenda da wminda ninoqarTlis moqcevis legenda da wminda ninoqarTlis moqcevis legenda da wminda nino

sagulisxmoa rom, `qarTlis moqcevis~ istoriulma qronikam da

`ninos cxovrebam~, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sazogadoebis

TviTmyofadobis gansazRvraSi udidesi roli Seasrula. am Txzulebebs

Zveli mwerlebi da istorikosebi xSirad ubrundebodnen da maT TavianTi

epoqis konkretuli istoriuli garemoebebis da literaturuli

amocanebis Sesabamisad iazrebdnen (24,321).

rodis Seiqmna wm.ninos mier qarTlis moqcevis legenda? iyo Tu ara

wminda nino realuri istoriuli pirovneba? am kiTxvebze pasuxs Cven

vpoulobT: berZnul_romaul, somxur da qarTul istoriul Tu

literaturul wyaroebSi.

qarTvelTa moqcevis Sesaxeb Tavidanve arsebobda ornairi Tqmuleba:

erTi _ berZnuli, istorikosi gelasi kesarielis, romelic Targmna

rufinusma da mis naSromSia mxolod Semonaxuli. am Tqmulebis mixedviT,

qarTvelebi gaanaTla viRac tyve qalma (qarTuli tradiciiT ninom) da

saberZneTidan mowveulma samRvdeloebam; meore _ somxuri Tqmuleba

gaxldaT, agaTanglosis, romlis mixedviTac qarTvelebi grigol

ganmanaTlebelma moaqcia. am ori Tqmulebis sinTezs warmoadgens mose

xorenelis saxeliT cnobili avtoris Tqmuleba, romlis mixedviTac,

qarTvelebi moaqcia rifsime_gaianes amxanagma qalma nunem, romelic

moqmedebda grigol ganmanaTleblis xelmZRvanelobiT da direqtivebiT.

arsebobda kidev ufro cnobili versia, rom qarTli gaaqristianes

somexma misionerebma. am versias qarTvelebi iziarebdnen ara mxolod

maSin, roca qarTvelTa da somexTa Soris eklesiuri erToba iyo, aramed

mis merec, TiTqmis IX saukunemde, rasac mowmobs is faqti, rom arsen

kaTolikosi (860-887w.), Tavis TxzulebaSi `ganyofisaTÂs qarTlisa da

somxiTisa~, qarTlis ganmanaTleblad grigols miiCnevs (17,496-497).

uZvelesi cnobebi qarTlis gaqristianebis Sesaxeb Semonaxuli aqvs

berZnul_laTinur mwerlobas. yvelaze adrindel cnobas gvawvdis gelasi

kesarielis `saeklesio istoria~, romelic daiwera IV saukunis bolos,

qarTlis gaqristianebidan naxevari saukunis Semdgom. gelasis am

Txzulebas Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, magram misi moTxroba iberTa

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gaqristianebaze daculia momdevno periodis istorikosebis SromebSi:

rufinusTan, Teodorite kvirelTan, sokratesTan, sozomenesTan, gelasi

kvizikelTan. es istorikosebi V saukuneSi moRvaweobdnen. rogorc Cans,

es gadmocema dafiqsirda qarTlis gaqristianebidan Zalian mokle droSi.

gelasi kesariels qarTlis moqcevis ambavi gaugia bakurisagan, romelic

werilobiTi wyaroebis Tanaxmad, iberTa samefo gvaris erT-erTi

warmomadgeneli iyo. am TqmulebaSi gvxvdeba saswaulebiT gaJRenTili

suraTi, romelSic bevri mniSvnelovani momenti, romelic moqcevis

uSualo monawiles exsomeboda, asaxuli araa. es nakli imiTac aixsneba,

rom bakuris moTxrobis Camweri ucxo mwerali iyo, romlisTvisac

qarTvelTa gaqristianebis moqmed pirTa saxelebi da garemoebis

Tvisebebi imdenad sagulisxmo ar iyo, ramdenadac TviT faqtis zogadi

aRwera. mas ar aRubeWdavs arc mefis, arc dedoflis da arc mociquli

qalis saxelebi. mefis da dedoflis saxelebi petre qarTvelis

cxovrebis wyalobiT irkveva, mociqulis saxeli qarTul-somxuri cnobis

Tanaxmad ninoa, eTiopur_kopturiT Teognosta. wm. ninos erovneba am

monaTxrobis Tanaxmad gaurkvevelia.

TiTqmis aseTive Sinaarsis cnoba aqvs Semonaxuli somex istorikoss

movses xorenacisac. mis moTxrobaSi yuradRebas iqcevs is faqti, rom

xorenaci axsenebs tyve qalisa da qarTlis mefis saxelebs _ nunes da

mihrans. oRond mihrani ixsenieba ara mefed, aramed qarTlis mTavrad,

romelic emorCileboda somxeTis mefe Trdats. sayuradReboa is faqtic,

rom nune dakavSirebulia somxeTSi wamebul qalTa jgufTan, e.w.

rifsimianelebTan. aqve naTqvamia imis Sesaxebac, rom qarTlis

gaqristianebis Semdeg, nunes somxeTis ganmanaTlebel grigolisaTvis

ukiTxavs, rogor moqceuliyo SemdgomSi. araferia naTqvami

konstantinesTan elCobis gagzavnaze (42,483). sagulisxmoa, rom mose

xorenels, igive xorenacis, `grigol ganmanaTleblis cxovrebaSi~,

grigolis moRvaweoba rifsime-gaianesa da danarCen qalwulTa Sesaxeb

ambavTan aqvs dakavSirebuli. mose xoreneli werda, rom agaTangloss, im

faqtis dasturad, rom grigolma moaqcia saqarTvelo, wm. ninos megobris

rifsimes cnoba hqonda gamoyenebuli, romlis qarTvelobis Sesaxeb verc

erTi wyaro ver gvcems zust pasuxs. iv. javaxiSvils miaCnia, rom rogorc

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iberiis moqcevis ambavi, romelic gelasi kesariels aqvs asaxuli

garkveuli tendenciis gasatareblad, iseve safiqrebelia, rom

agaTanglosis arabuli Targmanis dednis Semdgenels amave tendenciis

gasatareblad gamoyenebuli unda hqondes, qarTvelTa gaqristianebis

Sesaxeb im dros arsebuli sxva cnoba, romlis mTavari moRvawe qali

mqadageblis nacvlad, qarTveli samRvdelo piri yofila (42,72).

mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom qarTul_somxur wyaroebSi, qarTlis

gaqristianeba dakavSirebulia ama Tu im saxiT somxeTis

gaqristianebasTan. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ da `qarTlis cxovrebis~

Tanaxmad, qarTlis momaqceveli nino bavSvobaSi ierusalimSi devnil

somex qalTan cxovrobda da misgan uswavlia somxuri. Semdeg is

imperatoris devnis Tavidan asacileblad saberZneTidan gaqceula da

somxeTSi Sexiznula. somxeTis mefe Trdats, qristianobis gamo, ninos

megobrebi uwamebia (Tumca SemdgomSi Tavadac gaqristianda), ninos ki

mouxerxebia qarTlSi gadmosvla. sainteresoa is garemoebac, rom nino,

qarTulis ucodinrobis gamo, adgilobriv mcxovreblebs somxurad

elaparakeboda. swored amitom, movses xorenacis gadmocemiT, nino

somxeTis momaqcevel grigol ganmanaTleblis xelmZRvanelobiT

moqmedebda. Vs. somexi istorikosis agaTangelosis mier daweril somexTa

moqcevis arabul TargmanSi ki, qarTlis momaqcevlad ukve TviT grigoli

saxeldeba. zogierTi mkvlevari amas imiT xsnida, rom TiTqos nino

saqarTvelos erT nawilSi avrcelebda qristianobas, grigoli meore

nawilSi. im berZnul_romaul wyaroebSi, romlebic uZvelesad miiCneva da

mxolod naxevari saukuniT arian dacilebuli qarTlis moqcevis faqts,

araferia naTqvami imaze, rom qarTlis gaqristianeba ramiT iyo

dakavSirebuli somxeTis gaqristianebasTan. es bunebrivicaa, radgan

somxeTSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba moxda

qarTlis moqcevamde 30 wliT adre, daaxloebiT 300 wels. ase rom, ninos

dakavSireba rifsimianelebTan da grigolis saxelTan gviandeli ambavi

unda iyos. iv. javaxiSvilma daasabuTa, rom azri grigol ganmanaTleblis

qarTlis moqcevaSi monawileobis Sesaxeb gavrcelebas iwyebs mxolod VI

s. Suawlebidan da grZeldeba VIII s_mde. SemdgomSi es azri qreba.

61

SesaZloa am Sexedulebis warmomSobi mizezebi imdroindel politikur

viTarebaSi iZebnebodes (42,489).

qarTlis gaqristianebis ambavi moTxrobilia qarTul wyaroebSic.

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ orive nawilSi _ `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ matianesa

da `ninos cxovrebaSi~. pirvelSi mokled, meoreSi vrclad, odnavi

gansxvavebebiTaa gadmocemuli warmarTuli qarTlis gaqristianebis

ambavi. moTxroba ZiriTadad igivea, rac berZnul_laTinur_somxur

wyaroebSi, oRond aq igi gavrcobilia mravali detaliT. `ninos

cxovrebis~ moTxroba gameorebulia `qarTlis cxovrebaSic~, sadac

mcired gadamuSavebuli saxiTaa warmodgenili, ZiriTadad literaturuli

kuTxiT. garda amisa, am redaqciaSi moipoveba sakmaod sayuradRebo

cnobebi. SemdgomSi es redaqcia amosavali xdeboda `ninos cxovrebis~

sxva redaqciebisa da sxva Txzulebebisa, romlebSic aseve qarTlis

gaqristianebis ambavia moTxrobili. yvelaze didi gavrceleba da

popularoba `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ warmodgenilma redaqciam moipova,

romelic leonti mrovels miewereba. es nawarmoebi Seqmnili unda iyos

arauadres IX saukunisa, daaxloebiT mis ukanasknel meoTxedSi (42,483). am

redaqciaSi, Cven saqme gvaqvs sxvadasxva legendis, zepiris Tu

werilobiTis nakrebTan, romelic sakuTriv ninosgan momdinareobs da

romlisTvisac, ucnob redaqtors Tavi mouyria, ucxo mweralTa cnobebi

Seuzavebia da sakuTari fantaziiT Seuvsia. Sedgenili unda iyos tao-

klarjeTSi, Satberdis monastris moRvawis mier (17,496). vinaidan,

TxzulebaSi moyvanili faqtebi legendur_apokrifuli xasiaTisaa, es

Zegli ufro literaturuli nawarmoebia, vidre istoriuli. masSi ufro

metad igrZnoba avtoris publicistikuri suliskveTeba, vidre mematianis

mkacri istoriuli stili. aq Sekrebil legendebsa da apokrifebSi

gatarebulia avtoris erovnuli tendencia, rac gamoixateba mSobliuri

qveynis gandidebisa da misi erovnil_kulturuli damoukideblobis

dacvis survilSi. avtori moxerxebulad ebrZvis bizantiis survilebs da

amxels mis gadametebul ampartavnebas saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi.

saqarTveloSi qristianobis TandaTanobiT gavrcelebis istoriis

Sesaswavlad uZvelesi Zeglebis dakargvis gamo, sando cnobebi ar

mogvepoveba. Tumca im ramodenime cnobidan ramac Cvenamde moaRwia,

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naTlad Cans, rom winaT am faqtis Sesaxeb araerTi sayuradRebo cnoba

unda yofiliyo. ioane sabanisZe `abo Tbilelis martvilobaSi~ werda,

rom mis dros saqarTveloSi iseTi qarTveli qristianebi iyvnen, romelTa

winaprebi 500 wlis win da ufro adrec gaxdnen qristianebi. raki ioane

sabanisZe VIII s. meore naxevris moRvawea da Tavisi Txzulebac 786 wlis

momdevno wlebSi aqvs dawerili, amitom zemoT moyvanili cnobis

Tanaxmad, qristianobis istoria aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi III s-is an

damdegidan, an Sua wlebidan mainc unda dawyebuliyo. es garemoeba

cxad_hyofs, rom gelasi kesarielis mier Cawerili ambis garda, romelic

IV s-is mesame_meoTxe aTeulebs exeba, kidev sxva cnobebic yofila,

romelic TiTqmis erTi saukuniT ufro adrindel ambavs moicavda.

XI-XII ss-Si, qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi da saeklesio wreebSi,

wm.ninos da andria mociqulis Sesaxeb qarTlis moqcevis cnobebi, mTeli

saqarTvelos gaqristianebis ambad iqna miCneuli. iv. javaxiSvili miiCnevs,

rom wm. ninos moRvaweobis ganzogadeba da asparezis gafarToeba

nakarnaxevi unda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos didi wvliliT qristianuli

kulturis Seqmnis saqmeSi. misi azriT, iberiaSi, qristianobis saxelmwifo

religiad aRiareba moxda daaxloebiT 337 wels. am dros iberiis mefe

“didi bakuri” yofila. (am faqtis Sesaxeb cnobebi daculia petre

qarTvelis asurul cxovrebaSi). nizibinis 298 wlis xelSekrulebiT,

sparsTa mefes bakurisagan piroba miuRia, rom laSqrobaSi qarTvelTa

mefe sparselebs unda miSvelieboda. bakuri sparseTis samefos

sardladac ki iTvleboda. sparseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris ukve mWidro

politikuri kavSiri yofila. iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, es xelSekruleba

qarTlis moqcevamde unda yofiliyo dadebuli, sanam qristianoba TviT

bakursac ar hqonda miRebuli. gaqristianebis Semdgom, roca bakurma

sparseTis banakSi myofma mzes Tayvani ar sca, is daasmines amis gamo

SahTan, romelic am faqtze Zalian ganrisxebula. rac Seexeba dasavleT

saqarTvelos, gelasi kvizikelis moTxrobis, `lazebis~, mixedviT, V s-is

mesame meoTxedSi lazika, igive dasavleT saqarTvelo, ukve didi xnis

gaqristianebuli unda yofiliyo; qristianoba, iqaur xalxs, jer kidev

IV s-dan unda mieRo. am faqtze metyvelebs ramodenime angariSgasawevi

cnoba. prokofi kesarieli gadmogvcems, rom lazebi, afSilebi da sxva

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tomebi Zveli droidan qristianebi iyvnen.Yiv.javaxiSvilis varaudiT,

Teofanes moTxrobis Tanaxmad, TiTqos lazTa mefem waTem 520-522 ww.

konstantinepolSi qristianoba miiRo, albaT mxolod mefes exeba, radgan

am dros lazikaSi ukve uamravi qristiani iyo. rogorc Cans, qristianoba

iolad ar damkvidrda saqarTveloSi. brZola erovnul warmarTobasa da

qristianobas Soris moqcevis Semdgomac ar Sewyvetila. metic,

warmarTebis gverdiT samefo sagvareulos wevrebic ki iyvnen.

qristianobas didi dro dasWirdeboda saqarTveloSi saboloo

damkvidrebisaTvis (42,71-74).

Tu qronologiurad davalagebT, `wminda ninos cxovrebas~, `asurel

mamaTa cxovrebebs~, `abos martvilobas~, `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebas~,

`mTawmindelTa cxovrebebs~ da a.S, erTi uwyveti jaWvi gaibmeba qarTuli

eklesiis Camoyalibebis procesis, qristianobisaTvis mebrZoli xalxisa

da misi samRvdeloebis istoriisa. am SinaarsisLvrceli polemikuri

traqtatebi, rogoricaa: arsen safarelis `ganyofisaTÂis qarTlisa da

somxiTisa~ da efrem mciris `uwyebaÁ mizezisa qarTvelTa moqcevisa~,

erTi mcire istoriuli monakveTisTvis aris dawerili, magram orives

farTo istoriul_geografiuli areali gaaCnia, gansakuTrebiT

safarelis Txzulebas. safarelis nawarmoebis garda, am Temaze,

arcerTi sxva polemikuri traqtati ar aris dawerili ise, rogorc

istoriuli Txzuleba. is ar aris mxolod qronologiis amsaxveli

Suasaukuneebis trafaretuli matiane. am TxzulebaSi, ganxeTqilebis

faqtze da sababze, mxolod ramodenime winadadebaa moxmobili. sxva

danarCeni gaazrebaa ganxeTqilebis winamavali procesisa da misi

Sedegebisa, dasabuTebaa am ganxeTqilebis istoriuli safuZvlebisa da

obieqturi kanonzomierebisa, romelic konfliqtis subieqtur mxares

ganapirobebs (2,4).

k.kekeliZis azriT, eklesiaTa gayofis Semdeg, qalkedonit

qarTvelebsa da antiqalkedonik somxebs Soris urTierToba Zalze

gamwvavda. maT Soris xSirad imarTeboda mwvave polemika. qarTvelebi,

eklesiis nacionalizaciasTan erTad, im daskvnamde mividnen, rom

sircxvili iyo eRiarebinaT, rom isini qristianobaze moaqcia mwvalebeli

somxebis gamqristianebelma. am mizniT, maT daiwyes moeZebnaT somxebis

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eklesiisagan sruliad damoukidebeli moZRvari da ganmanaTlebeli. es

saWiroeba ki gansakuTrebiT IX saukuneSi gamoikveTa, roca qalkedonitebi

da antiqalgedonitebi samkvdro_sasicocxlod SeebrZolnen erTmaneTs. am

brZolaSi orive jgufma moixmo siriidan ideologebi. qalkedonitebma

cnobili Teodore abukura, xolo antiqalkedonitebma_ arqidiakvani nani.

k.kekeliZes miaCnia, rom swored am niadagze da am saWiroebis

dasakmayofileblad unda daweriliyo qarTul enaze is Txzuleba,

romelsac `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ ewodeba (17,497).

dReisaTvis ukve cnobilia “moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs” oTxi redaqcia:

Satberduli(X s-s 70-iani w), WeliSuri( XIV-XV ss), sinuri(X s), sinuri

(Xs-is I naxevari) redaqciebi. bolo ori redaqcia aRmoCnda 1990 wels

sinas mTis wminda ekaterines monasterSi axlad gamovlenil xelnawerTa

Soris (2,5).

“moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ” sruliad Taviseburi Txzulebaa. mis aRmoCenas

didi kulturul-erovnuli mniSvneloba hqonda. igi swored maSin

gamoCnda, rodesac “qarTlis cxovrebis” cnobebs zogierTi kavkasiologi

usafuZvlod XII s-Si SeTxzul legendad miiCnevda. qarTuli

istoriografiis dawinaurebam da axali masalis gamovlenam cxadi

gaxada, rom “moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ” sargeblobs uZvelesi adgilobrivi

wyaroebiT, risi dadasturebac SesaZlebelia saqarTveloSi warmoebuli

arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT, aqve aRmoCenili berZnul_arameuli warwerebiT

Tu berZnul_romauli da somxuri wyaroebiT (2,7).

es Txzuleba warmoadgens erT mTlian nawarmoebs, romelic Sedgeba

erTi saTauris qveS gaerTianebuli ori Txzulebisagan. pirvel nawilSi,

romelsac pirobiTad `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ `qronikas~ uwodeben, mokled

aris gadmocemuli qarTlis istoria aleqsandre makedonelis

laSqrobidan IX saukunemde; meore nawili ki, saTauriT `wminda ninos

cxovreba~, mxolod qarTlSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad

gamocxadebis istorias gadmogvcems. im saxiT, rogoriTac am Txzulebam

dRemde moaRwia, is arc sufTa istoriuli nawarmoebia da arc

hagiografiuli. masSi orive stilia Serwymuli. Tumca, qarTvelologebs

dRemde kamaTi aqvT, Tu sad unda miekuTvnos am nawarmoebs adgili;

saistorio mwerlobaSi, Tu hagiografiaSi (2,3).

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samecniero literaturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa imis gamo, aris Tu

ara `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ erTi mTliani Txzuleba, Tu Sedgeba sxvadasxva

avtoris mier sxvadasxva dros dawerili ori erTmaneTisagan

damoukidebeli nawarmoebisagan. k. kekeliZis mixedviT, nawarmoebi ori

nawilisagan Sedgeba: pirveli, SedarebiT mokle, aris sakuTriv `moqcevaÁ

qarTlisaÁ~; aq mokled moTxrobilia qarTlis gaqristianeba da

aRniSnulia mniSvnelovani momentebi misi TandaTanobiT gaqristianebisa.

meore nawili, ufro didi nawilia, romelic warmoadgens qarTlis

ganmanaTleblis, ninos cxovrebas. s. kakabaZe miiCnevda, rom es ori

nawili iyo sruliad damoukidebeli nawarmoebi, romelTa Sorisac ara

mxolod qronologiuri gansaxvavebebi fiqsirdeba, aramed Senaarsobrivic

(17,497).

nawarmoebis ucnobi avtori sakmaod nakiTxi unda iyos, rogorc

saRmrTo werilSi, ise sxvadasxva saistorio, ufro ki apokriful

literaturaSi. mas unda scodnoda sparsuli da siriuli enebi, radgan

TxzulebaSi winadadebebi gvxvdeba axal sparsul da siriul enebze; unda

scodnoda berZnuli da somxuri enebic. misi nawarmoebi warmoadgens im

istoriuli Tu apokrifuli masalebis kompilacias, rac mas upovnia:

qarTul, somxur, siriul, sparsul da berZnul enaze da rac Tavis

miznisaTvis gamosadegad miuCnevia. `ninos cxovrebis~ Sedgenisas, avtors

usargeblia mravali legendiT, romelic sazogadoebaSi arsebobda.

avtors xelT hqonia: gelasi-rufinusis, agaTanglosisa da mose

xorenelis Tqmulebani qarTvelTa moqcevis Sesaxeb (17,501).

z.aleqsiZe safuZvlianad varaudobs, rom `qronika~ da `ninos

cxovreba~ sxvadasxva avtors ekuTvnis da gvian aris gaerTianebuli

redaqtoris mier. maTi gaerTianeba ufro adre (X s-de) unda momxdariyo,

sanam sinuri da Satberdis krebulebi Sedgeboda. faqtia, rom leonti

mroveli (XI s) `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ ukve erTiani saxiT icnobs da

amasTanave iseTi protoredaqciiT sargeblobs, romlisganac unda

momdinareobdes yvela dReisaTvis cnobili redaqcia. savsebiT

SesaZlebelia, rom Tavidan `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ iyo zogadi saxeli

yvela im Txzulebisa, romlebic qarTlis gaqristianebis mTel process

aRwerdnen dasabamidan VI s-is CaTvliT. amaze miuTiTebs sinuri

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krebulisaTvis misi Semadgeneli yvela Txzulebis (`moqcevaÁ

qarTlisaÁs~, `qronika~, `wm. ninos cxovreba~, `saqmeni wmidisa iovane zeda

zadnelisani~ da `abibos nekreselis martviloba~) qarTlis moqcevis

wignebad moxsenieba (2,5).

savaraudoa, rom Tavidan daiwera qarTlis istoria mirian mefis

gardacvalebamde da mas ewodeboda `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~. masSi Sedioda

qarTlis samefos Seqmnis, mcxeTis Senebis qronika, warmarT mefeTa sia

da ninos mier qarTlis gaqristianebis vrceli moTxroba. aseTi

struqtura zustad asaxavs tradiciuli saeklesio istoriebisa da

qronikebis models. SemdgomSi, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~, rogorc Cans,

daemata sxva nawilebic (qarTlSi kaTalikosobis daweseba, samonastro

cxovrebis SemoReba, marTlmadideblobis sruli gamarjveba), xolo

saTauri SerCa Zveli. sul bolos ki, (IX s. 30-ian ww.) mas unda darTvoda

erisTavebisa da kaTalikosebis sia. amasTan erTad unda Seqmniliyo is

protoredaqcia, romlidanac unda mimdinareobdes dReisaTvis cnobili

oTxi redaqcia, romelmac `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ saTauriT gaaerTiana

`qronika~ da `ninos cxovreba~. sagulisxmoa, rom `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~

wyaroebs mxolod WeliSuri da sinuri (#/Sin-48) redaqciebi asaxeleben

(meore sinur xelnawerSi es adgili dakargulia). mag. jvris aRmarTvis

ambavTan dakavSirebiT miTiTebulia grigol diakvnis “mokled aRwerili

qarTlis moqcevis wigni”, kavkasiaSi sparsel-xazarTa Setakebis gamo

naTqvamia “ese aRwerili gamokrebilad arso”. amJamad ucnobia rogorc

grigol diakvnis Txzuleba, ise am cnobebis wyaro. specialistebi,

“qronikis” wyaroebad asaxeleben aseve fsevdo kalisTenes apokriful

romans aleqsandre makedonelze, aleqsandre kvipreli monazvnis

“qronikas” da SesaZloa adgilobriv “saamSeneblo qronikas”. Tavis mxriv,

“moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs” “qronika” ufro gviandeli Txzulebis wyaroc

gaxda. marTalia, leonti mroveli(XI s.) da arsen metafrasti (XII s.) mas

imowmeben mxolod “wm.ninos cxovrebasTan” dakavSirebiT, magram maT

mxedvelobaSi aqvT mTlianad Zegli (“wminda ninos cxovreba”

`qronikasTan~ erTad), ra saxiTac man dRemde moaRwia (2,6).

“wm. ninos cxovreba” originaluri struqturis Txzulebaa.

calkeuli Tavebis avtorebad dasaxelebuli arian TviT wm.nino, romlis

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naambobi salome uJarmels Cauweria, abiaTar mRvdlis asuli sidonia,

abiaTar mRvdeli, iakob mRvdeli da mirian mefe. Sinaarsis mixedviT

Txzuleba Seqmnilia IV s. I naxevarSi (nawili ninos sicocxleSi, nawili

misi gardacvalebis Semdeg). savaraudoa, rom IV s-Si qarTul enaze

marTlac arsebobda qarTlis gaqristianebis istoria, romelSic

aRwerili iqneboda wm.ninos misioneruli moRvaweoba. amas adastureben

IV-V ss. bizantieli istorikosebi (gelasi kesarieli, rufinusi,

Teodorite kvireli, sokrate sqolastikosi da ermia sozomene),

romlebic daaxloebiT iseve mogviTxroben qarTlSi tyve qalis

misionerul moRvaweobaze, rogorc es aris aRwerili `moqcevaÁ

qarTlisaÁSi~. am nawarmoebis `wminda ninos cxovrebam~, mniSvnelovani

roli iTamaSa `wm.ninos cxovrebis~ gviandeli redaqciebis Seqmnaze.

aseTebia leonti mrovelis (XI s.) istoriul naSromSi `cxovreba

qarTvelTa mefeTa da pirvelTaganTa mamaTa da naTesavTa~ Setanili

`wm.ninos cxovreba~, XII da XIII ss-is metafrasuli da perifrazuli

redaqciebi da nikoloz gulaberiZis originaluri Txzuleba `sakiTxavi

suetisa-cxovelisa~ (2,4).

`wminda ninos cxovrebis~ Sesaxeb dawerili yvela momdevno xanis

redaqcia erTsa da imave dros aris hagiografiuli nawarmoebic da

istoriuli Txzulebac, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT leonti mrovelis

redaqciaze. am mxriv tipiuria `wminda ninos cxovrebis~ metafrasuli da

perifrazuli redaqciebi. metafrasuli redaqcia iwyeba zogadad

qristianobis istoriiT qristes Sobis Semdeg, misi cxovrebiT,

mociqulTa qadagebebiT, qarTlSi andria pirvelwodebulis, simon

kananelisa da mataTas mosvliT, wminda giorgis mowameobiT, rasac

uSualod mosdevs wminda ninos da mis mSobelTa cxovreba. amis Semdgom

avtori saWirod Tvlis mkiTxvels auwyos qarTvelTa samoqalaqo

istoria dawyebuli aleqsandre makedonelidan, damTavrebuli arabTa

batonobiT aRmosavleTSi. Tumca, arc aq iviwyebs avtori da uTiTebs, Tu

rogor inarCunebs rTul politikur garemoSi qarTveli xalxi da

eklesia marTlmadideblur mrwamss. perifrazuli `cxovrebis~ avtori

ufro amartivebs Txrobas. is saWirod aRar Tvlis `ninos cxovrebas~ win

waumZRvaros zogadad qristianobis istoria, arc ninomde qarTlSi

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qristianobis istoria. is iwyebs ninos cxovrebiT da bolos urTavs

samoqalaqo istorias aleqsandre makedonelidan arabobamde. orive

avtors Tavisi misia kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli. arsen beric da

perifrazuli redaqciis avtoric imeoreben, rom maT TavianTi

nawarmoebebiT unda gvaCvenon, Tu ra tomis iyo mefe miriani da sxva

mefeebi da zogadad, ra sarwmunoebisani varT qarTvelebi. qarTvelTa

ganmanaTleblis ninos cxovrebis ori redaqcia e.w. arseniseuli da misi

perifrazi, metafrasuli hagiografiuli Zeglebia (2,4).

davubrundeT qarTlis gaqristianebasTan dakavSirebul detalebs

“moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs” monacemTa gaTvaliswinebiT: ra politikuri

motivebi unda hqonoda qarTlis gaqristianebas? vin mefobda am dros

qarTlSi? rodis unda momxdariyo es mniSvnelovani movlena? iyo Tu ara

wminda nino realuri istoriuli pirovneba?

qristianobis oficialur religiad aRiarebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba

hqonda politikur motivebsac. 298 wlis nizibinis zaviT, romaelebma

garkveuli uflebebi moipoves somxeTsa da qarTlze. es qveynebi

romaelebis gavlenis qveS moxvdnen. es garemoeba qarTlisTvisac da

romisTvisac xelsayreli iyo. romaelebisaTvis mTavari iyo qarTli

iranis mxareze ar gadasuliyo da misTvis ar gadaeca kavkasionze

gadasasvlelebi, saidanac SeiZleboda kavkasieli momTabare tomebis

gadmoyvana. qarTls ki romi agresiuli iranisagan daicavda. im etapze,

qristianuli sarwmunoebis miReba xels uwyobda qarTlisa da romis

imperias Soris kavSiris ganmtkicebas, radganac es niSnavda iranul

orientaciaze uaris Tqmas, brZolas iranuli politikuri da kulturuli

gavlenis winaaRmdeg. miuxedavad imisa, rom im dros iranSi sakmaod bevri

qristiani iyo, sasanidebi jiutad cdilobdnen zoroastrizmis

ganmtkicebasa da gaZlierebas. im periodSi, oficialurad, arc romSi iyo

qristianoba saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad gamocxadebuli, Tumca es

religia aSkarad sargeblobda saxelmwifos, kerZod, imperator

konstantines mxridan didi mxardaWeriT da simpatiiT. “qarTlis

cxovrebidan” vgebulobT, rom rodesac qristianoba miiRo mirianma da

qarTlic gaaqristiana, konstantinem daabruna misi Ze baqari, romelic

69

mZevlad hyavda imdenad didi iyo konstantines sixaruli qarTlis

gaqristianebis gamo (43,486).

Tavad qarTlisTvis gaqristianeba mniSvnelovani iyo im kuTxiTac,

rom qristianobis saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad gamocxadebiT mefe da misi

saxiT saxelmwifo miaRwevda konsolidacias. erTian kults unda

daeaxlovebina qveynis sxvadasxva nawili, ganemtkicebina centraluri

xelisuflebis Zalaufleba. qristianuli eklesiac am models imeorebda.

Tu qveynis saTaveSi idga mefe, qristianuli eklesiis saTaveSi idgeboda

mTavarepiskoposi, romelsac eqvemdebarebodnen episkoposebi da mRvdlebi.

rac Seexeba qarTlis gaqristianebis TariRs. ucxouri wyaroebisagan

gansxvavebiT, qarTul wyaroebSi mocemuli gvaqvs qarTlis gaqristianebis

da sxva movlenebis TariRebi, Tumca zogierT maTgani aSkarad mcdaria.

maTi gamoyeneba swor versiad SesaZloa mxolod kritikuli ganxilvebis

Semdgom. naTelia, rom sxvadasxva mkvlevari sxvadasxva safuZvels

eyrdnoboda da gansxvavebul TariRebs gvTavazobda (42,487).

rufinusTan da gelasi kesarielTan, qarTlis moqcevis ambis win

moTxrobilia abaSTa gaqristianebis ambavi, Semdeg ki naTqvamia, rom amave

dros gaqristiandnen iberebico. am wyaroebis Tanaxmad, abaSTa moqceva

momxdara konstantine didis dros. k.kekeliZis azriT, sinamdvileSi, es

ufro gviandeli ambavia 355-365 ww. aqedan gamomdinare, k.kekeliZem

qarTlis moqcevac am wlebiT daaTariRa. Tavis debulebas k.kekeliZe

amyarebda Semdegi mosazrebebiT. pirveli: gadmocemaSi qarTlis moqcevis

Sesaxeb laparakia mzis dabnelebaze, romelic moxda mirianis nadirobis

dros. k.kekeliZes miaCnia, rom marTlac, 355 w. 25 maiss moxda mzis

dabneleba, romelic vrceldeboda mcxeTa-kaspis raionze. meore: evsevi

kesarielis mier dawerili istoriuli xasiaTis Txzuleba `konstantines

cxovreba~ 338 wels, romelSic imperatoris moRvaweobis arc erTi

wvrilmani araa gamotovebuli, gansakuTrebiT rac exeba mis

sarwmunoebriv moRvaweobas. evsevi kesarieli Zalze daaxloebuli piri

iyo konstantinesi da amitom k. kekeliZes warmoudgenlad miaCnia mas ar

scodnoda iberTa gaqristianebis ambis Sesaxeb da ar aesaxa es faqti

TxzulebaSi, es rom namdvilad konstantine didis dros momxdariyo

(15,16-22). (mecnierebaSi sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisi arsebobs qarTlSi mzis

70

dabnelebis TariRTan dakavSirebiT. savaraudod, am faqts adgili unda

hqonoda 419//426 wlebSi). iv. javaxiSvilma miiCnia, rom mzis dabnelebis

faqtiT qarTlis moqcevis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia, radgan uZveles

gadmocemebSi qarTlis moqcevaze saubaria ara mzis dabnelebaze, aramed

burusiT gamowveul sibneleze, xolo mzis dabnelebaze saubari IX

saukunidan iwyeba. rac Seexeba `konstantines cxovrebaSi~ iberiis

gaqristianebis mouxseneblobas, amas i. javaxiSvili im faqtiT xsnis, rom

SesaZloa es ambavi konstantines uSualo minawileobis gareSe moxda da

evsevi kesarielmac ar Seitana Tavis wignSi. erTi ki faqtia, rom

uZvelesi IV-V saukuneebis yvela berZnul_laTinuri wyaros Tanaxmad,

iberTa gaqristianeba imperator konstantines dros momxdara. iv.

javaxiSvils qarTlis gaqristianebis TariRad 337 w. axlo xanebi miaCnia.

l. janaSias miaCnia, rom es TariRi yvelaze sworia da Tanamedrove

qarTul istoriografiaSi miRebulia kidec (42,497).

mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT is garemoebac, rom SesaZloa qristianoba

aq bevrad ufro adreuli droidan vrceldeboda. savaraudod,

qristianuli Temebi qarTlSi ukve III saukunidan arsebobdnen. albaT

ufro qalaqebSi, gansakuTrebiT did savaWro gzebze mdebare qalaqebSi

da pirvel rigSi qarTlis dedaqalaq mcxeTaSi.

qarTlis gaqristianebasTan unda davakavSiroT sakiTxi vin mefobda am

dros qarTlSi. rogorc zeviTac iTqva, qarTul_somxuri wyaroebis

Tanaxmad es mefe miriani iyo. Tumca petre iberis cxovrebaSi, qarTlis

pirvel qristian mefed dasaxelebulia petre iberis papa bakuri da ara

miriani. l.janaSias petre iberis asuruli cxovrebis ganxilvis Sedegad

miaCnia, rom es azri swori ar unda iyos. `cxovrebis~ avtori petresTan

daaxlovebuli piri iyo da TviT petresgan hqonda mosmenili misi

warmomavlobis ambavi. cxadia, 409-412 wlebs Soris dabadebul petres ar

SeiZleba ar scodnoda is gadmocema qarTlis moqcevaze, romelic mis

dabadebamde sul ociode wliT adre uambo gelasi kesariels qarTlis

samefo saxlis erT_erTma wevrma. arc am Txzulebis avtori daiviwyebda

am faqts, es rom bakurTan yofiliyo dakavSirebuli. avtori gvixatavs

bakuris sikeTes, Tu rogor umzadebda da urigebda saWmels glaxakebs,

Tumca ar yveba qarTlis moqcevasTan dakavSirebul saswaulebze: mefis

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darwmunebaze saswaulis Sedegad, svetis saswaulebriv dadginebaze da

sxv. es faqtebi l. janaSias afiqrebinebs, rom cnoba imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos

pirveli qristiani qarTlis mefe iyo bakuri, petre iberis papa, Semdgomi

periodis Canamatia petres gansadideblad da ar ekuTvnis `petres

cxovrebis~ avtors (42,488).

bakur mefe pirvel qristian mefed miaCnda iv. javaxiSvils (41,71-74). es

azri gaakritika k.kekeliZem. k.kekeliZe Tvlida, rom qarTlSi qristianoba

miRebul iqna ara konstantine didis, aramed misi Svilis, imperator

konstantis dros, 350-356ww. k.kekeliZis azriT, IV saukunidan arsebulma

dogmatikurma moZraobebma mTeli msoflio moicva, maT Soris

saqarTveloc. es exeba pirvel yovlisa qarTlSi qristianobis

gavrcelebas. k.kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom qarTlma qristianoba miiRo ara

nikeis (325 w.) marTlmadideblobis Sesabamisad, aramed arianuli formiT.

ase unda momxdariyo mezobel qveynebSic. Tumca, qarTlSi arianulma

formam didxans ar ibatona, is male Secvala nikeis dogmatikurma

formulam _ marTlmadideblobam. swored am Secvlas ukavSirebs

k.kekeliZe warsulis erT mniSvnelovan faqts. kerZod, 1895 wels

germanelma mecnierma r.raabem, gamosca petre iberis cxovrebis siriuli

teqsti, sadac xazgasmiT saubaria imaze, rom qarTlis pirveli qristiani

mefe iyo bakuri, petre iberis papa. am azrs aqtiurad daeTanxmnen i.

javaxiSvili, v. bolotovi. didi bakuris vinaobaSi verc prof. marqvorti

gaerkva, man is mirianis Svil bakur-baqarTan gaaigiva. k.kekeliZis azriT,

am sakiTxis garkveva iqneba martivi, Tu gaviazrebT, rom iberiaSi

Tavdapirvelad arianuli formis qristianoba gavrcelda. Vs-is

gasulidan arianobam imperiaSi dakarga yovelgvari mniSvneloba da

gavlena da misi adgili nikeiis marTlmadideblurma formulam daikava.

am formulis gamoZaxili moxda iberiaSic, sadac, V saukunis pirvel

meoTxedSi didi bakuris mefobis dros, misi iniciativiT, arianobis

nacvlad miRebul iqna marTlmadidebloba. aqedan gamomdinare,

k.kekeliZis azriT, bakuris dakavSireba qristianobasTan ise ki ar unda

iqnas gagebuli, TiTqos is iyo pirveli qristiani mefe, aramed is iyo

pirveli qristiani mefe, romlis drosac Semovida qristianoba

marTlmadidebluri formiT. es faqti imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom

72

hagiografma qristianobis miRebis faqtad gaaigiva. riTac man gamoxata,

rom arianoba ar aris namdvili qristianoba da rom, WeSmariti

qristianoba iberiaSi bakur didma SemoiRo (15,16-22).

sxvadasxva literaturul Tu istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT

migvaCnia rom, IV s-is pirvel naxevarSi qarTlSi mefobda miriani,

romelmac uaryo warmarToba da gaxda qristiani. SesaZloa is fiqrobda,

rom ukeT SeinarCunebda Tavis mefobas da damoukideblobas. romTan

qarTls wina saukuneebSic kargi urTierToba hqonda. sparselebi ki III

saukunidan Zalian gaZlierdnen da amierkavkasiasac daadges Tvali,

pirvel rigSi somxeTs. sparselebi spobdnen mefobas dapyrobil qveynebSi

da xalxsac uzomod awuxebdnen. es magaliTi qarTvelebs Tvalwin edgaT.

amis Tavidan asacileblad, qarTlis mefem, mirianma, isev romaelebTan

kavSiri arCia da miiRo qristianuli sarwmunoeba. qristianobis miRebiT,

qarTli aSkarad daupirispirda irans da romis mxare daiWira. qarTlma

ganamtkica kulturuli kavSirebi evropis qveynebTan. aseT adreul

periodSi qristianobis miReba saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad, qarTlis

maRali ganviTarebis maCvenebeli unda iyos. qristianobis miReba imitomac

iyo mefe mirianisTvis sasargeblo, rom mas uTanxmoeba hqonda qurumebTan.

warmarTuli taZrebi didi mamulebis mflobelni iyvnen, saidanac

qurumebs didi sargebeli SesdiodaT. mefes ar moswonda warmarTuli

taZrebis da qurumebis es simdidre. mefis sagvareulos hqonda didi

mamulebi, sefe-xalxsac, magram samefo qveyana TandaTan ileoda, radgan

mefes erisTavebisTvis da sxva moxeleebisTvisac unda daerigebina

mamulebi. amitom, mefes surda waerTmia warmarTuli taZrebisa da

qurumebisTvis es simdidre. am motiviTac, is axal sarwmunoebas uWerda

mxars, romelic moTminebas da mefis morCilebas qadagebda (6,118).

zogadad qristianobam, Zireulad Secvala saqarTvelos politikuri

mdgomareoba. Semdgom saukuneebSi bevrjer iyo saqarTvelos bedi am axal

sarwmunoebaze damokidebuli, radgan qristianobamde, mTel saqarTveloSi

mnaTobTa Tayvaniscemis Semdgom, sparseTis gavlenis wyalobiT,

cecxlTayvanismcemloba gavrcelda, Sesabamisad saqarTvelosac meti

midrekileba erTmorwmune sparseTisken eqneboda; saqarTvelos

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gaqristianebis Semdgom ki mdgomareoba Seicvala da sparseTi TandaTan

mtrad iqca (41,71-76).

miuxedavad imisa, rom ninos mier saxarebis qadagebis faqti

istoriulad damtkicebulia, saqarTvelos istoriis vrcel monakveTze

veraviTar kvals ver vpoulobT, romelic ninos samisionero moRvaweobas

exebodes. piriqiT, qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebis mixedviT, TiTqmis VI

saukunis bolodan, iberiis, e.i aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ganmanaTleblad

warmogvidgeba ara nino, aramed ufro metad grigol parTeli, somexTa

mociquli. es kargad Cans VII saukunis dasawyisSi qarTvelTa kaTalikos

kirionsa da somxuri eklesiis warCinebul pirebs Soris monofizituri

sakiTxebis Sesaxeb gamarTul davasTan dakavSirebuli mimoweridan (13,98).

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ masalis Sinaarsi ki ukve erTiandeba ara grigol

parTelis, aramed ninos qarTlSi samisionero moRvaweobis garSemo. X

saukunis ZeglebSi vxvdebiT ara ubralod ninos saxels, aramed masze

Seqmnil sagaloblebsac ki. es gaxlavT saocari transformacia, rac

ninos saxem ganicada qarTveli xalxis cxovrebaSi.

`wm. grigolis cxovrebis~ arabuli versiis mixedviT n. mari askvnis,

rom, iberiaSi (qarTli) aRmosavleT saqarTvelo ki araa nagulisxmevi,

aramed dasavleT saqarTvelo, saxeldobr samegrelo, sadac gadaaqvs

mars ninos misioneruli moRvaweoba; aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

gaqristianebas ki grigols ukavSirebs. s.kakabaZe da ufro metad

k.kekeliZe cvlian maris Teorias im niSniT, rom iberias aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi toveben, magram iberiasa da qarTls eTnografiuli

TvalsazrisiT mkveTrad ganasxvaveben erTmaneTisagan. Zvelad, maTi azriT

iberia Seesabameboda hereTs, romelic mtkvris CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda;

im qveyanas ki, romelic mtkvris samxreTiT iyo gaSlili ewodeboda

qarTli da misi dedaqalaqi iyo armazi. k.kekeliZis azriT, qristemde II

saukunidan da qristes Semdgom IV saukunenme, igi somxuri saxelmwifos

Semadgeneli nawili iyo. maT miaCndaT, rom qarTli rogorc Cans,

somxeTTan erTad moaqcies somexma misionerebma, romelTa gaigivebac

SemdgomSi moxda grigol parTelTan. am gziT unda Seqmniliyo

gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos ori sxvadasxva tradicia, aq unda

gadakveTiliyo grigolisa da ninos saxelebi. i.javaxiSvilma da

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p.peetersma uaryves kekeliZisa da kakabaZis Teoriebi, maTSi warmodgenili

istoriuli Seusabamobebisa da winaaRmdegobebis mixedviT. maTi azriT,

termini iberia moicavda ara marto mtkvris CrdiloeTiT, aramed mis

samxreTiT mdebare raionebsac. istorikosi strabonic werda, rom qalaqi

harmozika (armazi) iberiaSi iyo. mosazreba iberiis geografiuli

mdebareobis Sesaxeb erTnairad esmiT k. kekeliZesac da s. kakabaZesac.

gansxvavebaa erT punqtSia mxolod: k. kekeliZes miaCnia, rom ormagi

tradiciis warmoSoba unda aixsnas, rogorc bunebrivi Sedegi mogvianebiT

gugarqis iberiasTan an qarTlis hereTTan politikur_kulturuli

Serwymisa. s.kakabaZe, kekeliZisgan gansxvavebiT, im azrzea, rom

qarTvelebma `ninos kulti~ ucxoeTidan miiRes, anu ambavi imis Sesaxeb,

rom ninom odesRac moaqcia iberia, ucxoeli mwerlebisgan Seityves (13,99).

paul peetersma, cnobilma bolandistma, damajereblad daamtkica, rom

wminda nino legenda araa, aramed is istoriuli pirovnebaa, romelmac IV

saukuneSi saqarTvelo qristianobaze moaqcia. am faqtiT, man sabolood

gaamarjvebina mosazrebas, rasac qarTvelebi didi xnis manZilze icavdnen

da mospo am sakiTxze yovelgvari polemika. peetersi am sakiTxis

gadawyvetisas pirvel rigSi rufinusis eklesiis istorias eyrdnoba,

romelic m.TarxniSvils, safuZvlad da amosaval wertilad miaCnia mTeli

im ciklisTvis, rac droTa ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda wmindanis

pirovnebis Sesaxeb. peetersi Tavis mosazrebas ase ayalibebs: daaxloebiT

394 wels, palestinaSi, qarTvelma ufliswulmma bakurma romael mwerals,

rufinuss Seatyobina tyve qalis mier iberiis moqcevis istoria.

rufinusma es ambavi Tavis eklesiis istoriaSi Seitana, romelic 403 w.

dawera. amis mere es ambavi am TanmimdevrobiT gamoiyenes: sokratem,

sozomenem, Teodoritem, gelasi kvizikelma da Teofanem. legenda ufro

Sorsac gavrcelda da SeaRwia: arabul, koptur da eTiopiur

literaturaSi. 686 w. sokrates eklesiis istoria marTlmadidebelma

filon tirakacma somxurad Targmna. mose xorenelma, romelic VIII-IX

saukuneebSi cxovrobda, es Targmani gamoiyena, masSi gadmocemuli iberiis

moqcevis ambavi somxeTis moqcevas daukavSira da gadaitana mis mier

daweril `didi somxeTis istoriaSi~. pirvelad am nawarmoebidan unda

gaecnoT qarTvelebs TavianTi ganmanaTlebeli. m. TarxniSvils peetersis

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mosazrebac aradamajereblad miaCnia, radgan misi azriT, es mosazreba

eyrdnoba wm.ninos da wm. rifsimes bedis gadajaWvas; amasTan aSkaraa

winaaRmdegobebi, romlebic arsebobs wm. ninosa da misi moRvaweobis

Sesaxeb ucxour da adgilobriv versiebSi, arc saqarTvelos

politikur_kulturuli mdgomareobaa p. peetersis mier marTebulad

ganxiluli bizantiur samyarosTan mimarTebaSi.

faqtia, rom daiwera Tu ara rufinusis eklesiis istoria, V s-is

dasawyisSi, maSinve farTod gavrcelda. daaxloebiT 50 weliwadSi `tyve

qalis~ istoria mTeli bizantiuri eklesiisaTvis gaxda cnobili. ismis

kiTxva: Tu bizantiurma samyarom ukve V saukuneSi icoda saqarTveloSi

qristianobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb, TviTon iberielebi rogorRa

darCebodnen saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mowyvetili am ambebisagan, maSin

roca V s-Si iq iyvnen qarTveli berebi da palestinaSi arsebobda

qarTuli monastrebi.

Tu SevadarebT mose xorenelisa da rufinusis monaTxrobs iberiis

gaqristianebis Sesaxeb, Semdeg daskvnebs viRebT: 1. wmindans, romlis

saxelic rufinusisTvis ucnobia, mose xorenelTan nune( nino) hqvia. 2.

ninos sazogadoebriv mdgomareobas, romelic rufinusTan mona qalia,

mosem dumiliT auara gverdi. 3. `ninos cxovrebidan~ viciT, rom man

daamsxvria armazis kerpi. 4. mcxeTidan aRmosavleTiT borcvze

aRamarTvina jvari. es ori Zalian mniSvnelovani momentia, rac ar

gvxvdeba arc rufinusTan da arc sokratesTan da gvxvdeba mxolod mose

xorenelTan. aris faqtebi, romlebsac mose xoreneli ar axsenebs da

mxolod qarTul gadmocemaSi gvxvdeba. mag: mTis mcxovrebTa mier ninos

qadagebis uaryofa, ninos sikvdilis Semdgom bodbeSi dakrZalva, rac

aseve mxolod qarTul gadmocemaSia. nino, rom X saukunis bolomde didi

xniT adre iyo cnobili saqarTveloSi, amas kargad mowmobs “ninowmindis

taZris” arsebobac. rogorc vxedavT, X s-is meore naxevridan, ra

periodSic p.peetersi, mose xorenelis gavleniT, varaudobs Satberdiul

xelnawerSi pirveli qarTuli nawarmoebis gamoCenas ninos Sesaxeb, ukve

arsebobda wminda ninos saxelobis eklesia. manmade peetersi aRiarebda

Tavadac, rom jvris da svetis Sesaxeb epizodebi adgilobriv tradicias

Semounaxavs. m. TarxniSvili yvela movlenas, romelic ZiriTadi

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momentebia `ninos cxovrebaSi~ da `qarTlis moqcevaSi~, adgilobriv

tradicias ukavSirebs (13,100). am Txzulebam, romelic eklesiaSi

sakiTxavad daiwera, Seqmna qarTvelTa ganmanaTleblis ninos kulti.

ismis kiTxva: ratom warmoiSva ninos kulti mogvianebiT da ara

Tavidanve? ratom miiviwya sawyis etapze qarTvelma erma Tavisi

ganmanaTlebeli nino da ar daiviwya grigol parTeli? pasuxi ninos

garSemo arsebul tradiciasa da saqarTvelos istoriaSi unda veZeboT.

A

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qristianqristianqristianqristianobis polemika warmarTobasTan: qristianobis zeimi warmarTul obis polemika warmarTobasTan: qristianobis zeimi warmarTul obis polemika warmarTobasTan: qristianobis zeimi warmarTul obis polemika warmarTobasTan: qristianobis zeimi warmarTul

garemoSi (garemoSi (garemoSi (garemoSi (`̀̀̀kolael yrmaTa wamebkolael yrmaTa wamebkolael yrmaTa wamebkolael yrmaTa wamebaaaa~~~~ da da da da `̀̀̀sibrZne sibrZne sibrZne sibrZne balahvarisibalahvarisibalahvarisibalahvarisi~~~~))))

Zvel qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi: `kolael yrmaTa wameba~ da

`sibrZne balahvarisi~, ukve mTeli sicxadiT aris naCvenebi warmarTobaze

qristianuli religiis upiratesobis mtkiceba. am nawarmoebebSi naTladaa

aRwerili maSindeli epoqis religiuri suliskveTeba, Zlieri miswrafeba

warmarTi adamianebisa gaxdnen qristianni. aRniSnul ZeglebSi aRwerilia

is epoqa, rodesac qarTul warmarTobasTan (kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan,

mnaTobebis TayvaniscemasTan) gvaqvs saqme da qristianoba Tavisi

moraluri upiratesobiT imarjvebs masTan polemikaSi.

`SuSanikis wamebis~ Semdgom, ucnobi avtoris `kolael yrmaTa wameba~

gaxlavT uZvelesi drois originaluri nawarmoebi, romelic

warmodgenilia aTonis X saukunis mravalTavSi da daculia saberZneTSi

aTonis mTaze agebul iverTa monasterSi. qarTul enaze es martviloba

erTaderTi xelnaweriTaa Semonaxuli. nawarmoebis sruli saTauri aseTia

`wamebaÁ yrmaTa wmidaTaÁ, ricxviT cxraTaÁ, romelni iyvnes suliTa Zmani

naTlis RebiTa wmidisagan embazisa, xolo Sobil iyvnes TavisTavisagan

dedisa Tvisisa~. am nawarmoebSi naCvenebia suraTi, Tu rogor uswordeba

adgilobrivi warmarToba qristianobas qristianobis gavrcelebis sawyis

etapze.

Txzulebis Sinaarsi aseTia: `mtkvris saTaveSi, xevSi, romelsac kola

erqva, erTad cxovrobdnen qristianebic da warmarTebic. umetesobas

warmarTebi Seadgendnen. xevis mTavaric warmarTi yofila. qristian

bavSvebTan erTad TamaSobda cxra warmarTTa bavSvi, 7-9 wlis asakis. maT

SeiTvises qristian megobarTa wes_Cveulebebi, kerZod darekdnen Tu ara

eklesiaSi zarebs da qristiani bavSvebi gaemarTebodnen Tu ara

eklesiisaken, warmarTi bavSvebic ukan misdevdnen, magram maT eklesiaSi

ar uSvebdnen, _ moinaTleT da SegiSvebTo eubnebodnen. bavSvebma

marTlac Cumad, mSoblebisagan dafarulad naTeliRes Rame mdinare

mtkvarSi, vinaidan dRisiT amas mRvdeli ver gabedavda warmarTTa SiSiT.

es rom gaiges warmarTi bavSvebis mSoblebma, SesCivles adgilobriv

warmarT mTavars. mTavarma miugo, rom isini maTi Svilebi iyvnen da

78

rogorc maT undodaT ise moqceodnen. mSoblebma bavSvebi miiyvanes im

adgilas, sadac isini moinaTlnen, amoTxares ormo, Sig Cayares bavSvebi

da qvebiT Tavi dauxeTqes, xolo maT momnaTlav mRvdels sastikad

gauswordnen da soflidan gaaZeves~(28,184-185).

am erTi SexedviT mciretanianma martvirologiurma Txzulebam

uamravi mecnieris yuradReba miipyro. araerTi mniSvnelovani mosazreba

gamoiTqva: nawarmoebis Seqmnis periodze, masSi asaxuli ambis siZvelis

Sesaxeb da martvilobis originalurobis Sesaxeb.

martvilobaSi asaxuli movlenebi da faqtebi mniSvnelovania ara

mxolod qarTulenovani samyaros warsulis warmosaCenad, aramed

sazogadod qristianobis istoriis Sesaswavlad, radgan Txzuleba

mogviTxrobs qristianuli mrwamsisTvis TavdadebulTa ambavs da

gviCvenebs saqarTveloSi qristianebisa da warmarTebis damokidebulebis

suraTs istoriuli monakveTis garkveul etapze.

martvilobis Seqmnis periodis gasarkvevad, rac Tavismxriv

gagviadvilebda nawarmoebSi aRwerili epoqis dadgenas da ukeT

gamokveTda qristianTa da warmarTTa urTierTobas im droisaTvis, rac

Cveni interesis sagania, TxzulebaSi ar moipoveba araviTari TariRi.

martvilobis Seqmnis periodis mecnierul Seswavlas Tavdapirvelad

n. mari Seudga. misi TvalsazrisiT, radgan saistorio wyaroebSi

damkvidrebuli tendenciuri Sexedulebis Sesabamisad, qristianoba

Tavidanve uswrafesi tempiT vrceldeboda, umalve erovnul religiad

gamocxadda, amdenad `kolael yrmaTa wamebaSi~ asaxuli

kerpTayvanismcemelTa uryevi erTguleba warmarTuli sarwmunoebisadmi

da Tavismxriv, qristes mimdevarTa uryevi brZola qristinobis

dasamkvidreblad miuTiTebs, rom martvilobis avtoris TvalTaxedva ar

aris SezRuduli werilobiT wyaroebSi winaswar SemuSavebuli calmxrivi

warmodgenebiT da amitom, istoriografiaSi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebebis

sapirispirod, moTxrobaSi naCvenebi mwerlis obieqturi midgoma

movlenebisadmi n. maris varaudiT nawarmoebis arqaulobaze unda

migvaniSnebdes. is faqtic, rom naTlobis locvas TxzulebaSi `Jamoba~

ewodeba, n. mars martvilobis enis siZvelis maCveneblad miaCnia, rac

metyvelebs Txzulebis adeul periodSi Seqmnaze (45,53-54).

79

iv. javaxiSvilma, Zeglis Seqmnis periodis dasadgenad, nawarmoebSi

warmodgenil terminologiaze gaakeTa aqcenti. mag. martvilobaSi dabis

aRsaniSnavad yovelTvis `sofeli~ ixmareba da radganac sofeli dabis

mniSvnelobiT IX s-de ar gvxvdeba da im saxiT, ra saxiTac Txzulebam

Cvenamde moaRwia terminologiis mixedviT, es Zegli daaxloebiT IX

saukuneSi unda iyos Seqmnili, Tumca martvilobaSi naCvenebi qristianTa

uZvelesi yofisa da rwmenis amsaxveli cnobebi javaxiSvils afiqrebinebs,

rom X saukunis xelnawerSi Semonaxuli `kolael yrmaTa wameba~, ar aris

wamebis Tavdapirveli saxe, aramed moTxroba ramdenjerme unda iyos

gadakeTebuli da Semoklebuli (40,36-37). daaxloebiT aseTi mosazreba

gamoTqva ZeglTan mimarTebaSi d.musxeliSvilmac. Mmanac miiCnia, rom

wamebis dRemde Semonaxuli redaqcia IX saukuneze Zveli ar unda iyos,

Tumca mecnierma ivarauda, rom Txzulebis Tavdapirveli varianti V_VI

saukuneebSi unda Seqmniliyo, qarTlSi qristianobis oficialur

religiad gamocxadebis periodSi, rodesac jer kidev Zlieri iyo

warmarTuli tradiciebi (ix.27,9). iv.javaxiSvils, nawarmoebSi aRwerili

periodis siZvelis gansazRvris mizniT, erTi cnoba mohyavs teqstidan. es

gaxlavT kolael yrmaTa naTloba mRvdlis mier ieso qristes msgavsad:

RamiT, zamTarSi da mdinareSi. am faqtze dayrdnobiT iv.javaxiSvili

varaudobs, rom SesaZloa yrmaTa wameba momxdariyo im dros, roca

morwmune qristianebi baZavdnen ieso qristes cxovrebis mTavar momantebs

da naTels iRebdnen zamTarSi, mdinareSi da RamiT. aseTi tradicia ki,

mecnieris azriT, qristianobis adreuli periodisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli

da Sesabamisad, nawarmoebSi es periodi unda asaxuliyo (40,34-35).

k.kekeliZec, javaxiSvilis msgavsad, termin `sofels~ xevze mcire

administraciuli erTeulis, dabis aRmniSvnelad miiCnevs. Tumca, misi

azriT, iv. javaxiSvilis mier, naTlobis zamTarSi ganxorcielebis gamo

nawarmoebis siZveleze msjeloba damajereblobas moklebulia, radgan

monaTvlis msurvelni uZvelesi droidan garemoebaTa Sesabamisad

inaTlebodnen. rac Seexeba Rame monaTvlas, mecniers miaCnia, rom

mRvdels bavSvebi RamiT Zveli tradiciis gamo ki ar mounaTlavs, aramed

iZulebiT `SiSisagan warmarTTaÁsa~ (17,564). daveTanxmebiT k.kekeliZis

pozicias, radgan teqstSi garkveviT weria: …`rameTu dRisi ver ikadrebda

80

naTlis_cemasa maTsa SiSisagan warmarTTaÁsa~. nawarmoebis mixedviT,

naTlobis procedura dRis nebismier monakveTSi yofila SesaZlebeli.

rogorc Cans, mRvdeli kolael warmarTTa SiSiT ver bedavda dRisiT

naTlobis Catarebas da kolaeli yrmebic RamiT mounaTlavs. naTelia,

rom nawarmoebSi asaxuli naTlobis faqtiT, nawarmoebis siZveleze

msjelobac usafuZvloa. rac Seexeba bavSvebis mdinareSi monaTvlis

faqts, aseTi SemTxvevebi mogviano periodSic dasturdeba. k.kekeliZe

Tvlis, rom nawarmoebi unda iyos araugvianes VI saukunisa, radgan masSi

warmodgenilia qristianobis damkvidrebis uZvelesi xanis suraTi. misi

azriT, amaze miuTiTebs nawarmoebSi naCvenebi RvTismsaxurebis, kerZod

naTlisRebis, wesis simartive. agreTve is faqtic, rom RvTismsaxurebis

aRsaniSnavad termini `Jamoba~ TxzulebaSi imave mniSvnelobiTaa naxmari,

ra mniSvnelobiTac vxvdebiT `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~

SemTxvevaSic, romelic VI s_is Zeglad miiCneva. yvelaze metad

k.kekeliZisa da i.javaxiSvilis azriT, ZeglSi warmodgenili suraTis

siZveles xazs usvams masSi warmodgenili fragmenti pirvelyofili

qristianobis praqtikisa, romlis mixedviT qristianebi, msgavsad ieso

qristesi, Tu pirdapir iordaneSi ara, mdinareSi mainc cdilobdnen eRoT

naTeli. kekeliZe xazs usvams ambis siZveles, Tumca i. javaxiSvilis

msgavsad miiCnevs, rom Tavad literaturuli Zegli, romelSic es Zveli

ambavia moTxrobili, terminologiis gaTvaliswinebiT, IX saukuneSi unda

iyos dawerili (17,491). amave azrs iziarebs s.yubaneiSvilic (54,71).

k.kekeliZis azri nawarmoebis Seqmnis periodze gaiziara i. abulaZemac

(1,12). kirile TumaniSvilma yovelgvari argumentaciis gareSe miiCnia, rom

`kolael yrmaTa wameba~ `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ msgavsad VI

saukuneSia SeTxzuli.

Txzulebis Seswavlisas sruliad gansxvavebuli dakvirveba

moaxdinda p.ingoroyvam. nawarmoebis Seqmnis periodis kvlevis procesSi,

manac yuradReba masSi asaxuli ambis siZveleze SeaCera. misi azriT,

TxzulebaSi aRwerili ambavi im istoriul epoqas unda Seesabamebodes,

rodesac saqarTvelos ganapira provinciebSi warmarToba Zlier

winaaRmdegobas uwevda qristianobas, es unda iyos IV-VI saukuneebi.

p.ingoroyvas azriT, gamomdinare iqidan, rom qristianobis damkvidrebis

81

gviandel xanaSi, warmarTobis Zlierebis amsaxveli Txzulebebi aramcTu

iwereboda, aramed ispoboda, rogorc istoriuli sinamdvilis mauwyebeli

arasasiamovno dokumenti, `kolael yrmaTa wameba~ Seqmnili unda iyos IV-

VI saukuneebSi, anu ra drosac hqonda realurad am ambavs adgili. rac

Seexeba sityva `soflis~ ganmartebis sakiTxs da amis mixedviT,

nawarmoebis Seqmnis periodis garkvevas, mecnieris azriT, sofeli dabas

unda niSnavdes, magram is miuReblad Tvlis am terminis mixedviT Zeglis

IX saukunisad miCnevas, radgan mecnieris azriT, sityva sofeli, rogorc

dabis, ise zogadad qveynis mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba jer kidev V-VI ss-is

`xanmetobis~ drois teqstebSi (14,135). r.baramiZesac miaCnia, rom es wameba

adreqristianul periods unda asaxavdes, rodesac CvenSi qristianoba

axali Semosuli iyo da imdroindel sazogadoebaSi jer kidev Zlieri

iyo warmarTuli, winaqristianuli, mamapapeuli kultura (5,7).

rogorc vxedavT, nawarmoebis Seqmnis periodis gansazRvrisas, rigi

mecnierebi Txzulebas saqarTveloSi qristianobis miRebis sawyisi

periodis Txzulebad miiCneven, sxvebi ki, Txzulebis daweris drois

gasarkvevad upiratesobas wamebaSi dadasturebul terminologias

aniWeben, ris safuZvelzec nawarmoebs IX saukuneSi Seqmnilad Tvlian.

sagulisxmoa isic, rom n. mari, p. ingoroyva da k. TumaniSvili `kolael

yrmaTa wamebas~ originalur Txzulebad miiCneven. k.kekeliZis,

iv.javaxiSvilisa da d.musxeliSvilis varaudiT, radgan Txzuleba

mxolod erTi xelnaweriTaa SemorCenili, Sesabamisad mis avTenturobaze

msjeloba rTulia. amdenad, maTi SexedulebiT, Txzuleba Cvenamde

gadakeTebuli saxiT unda iyos moRweuli (27,4). miuxedavad imisa, rom

mecnierTa erTi nawili Txzulebis Seqmnis periodze msjelobisas

nawarmoebSi naCveneb terminologias eyrdnoba, Txzulebis enis Seswavlis

safuZvelze nawarmoebis Seqmnis epoqis dazusteba mainc ver moxerxda.

am martvilobam, Tavisi SinaarsiT, samarTalmcodneebis yuradRebac

miiqcia, vinaidan, masSi asaxulia, qristianobis miRebis gamo, warmarTi

mSoblebis mier, sakuTari bavSvebis, sajarod, sikvdiliT dasjis suraTi.

samarlTalmcodneebis mier gakeTebuli daskvnebi, gvexmareba ukeT

ganvsazRvroT nawarmoebSi asaxuli epoqa da qristianTa da warmarTTa

82

Soris arsebuli urTierToba im konkretul, istoriul etapze, rac Cveni

interesis sagania.

samarTalmcodne, Jozef kartsis SexedulebiT, romelic dainteresda

wamebaSi asaxuli iuridiuli aspeqtebis SeswavliT, nawarmoebSi

aRwerili marTlmsajuleba koleqtiur samarTals unda asaxavdes,

romelsac erTi mxriv awarmoebda gvari an Temi, xolo meore mxriv ojaxi

an gvari Tavisi wevrebis mimarT. mkvlevaris TvalsazrisiT, TxzulebaSi

moTxrobili ambavi wminda ninos moRvaweobis periodSi unda momxdariyo.

im dros, roca qarTul samyaroSi ukve arsebobda qristianuli mrwamsis

anareklebi. d.langis azriTac, nawarmoebSi monaTxrob ambav wm.ninos mier

saqarTveloSi qristianobis qadagebis axlo periodSi unda hqonoda

adgili. `kolael yrmaTa wamebam~ daainteresa qarTuli saojaxo

samarTliT dainteresebuli piri giorgi nadareiSvilic. misi azriT,

nawarmoebSi asaxuli ojaxis ufrosis _ mamis xelisufleba imdenad

absoluturia, rom martvilobis mixedviT mama SvilebisaTvis erTsa da

imave dros aris rogorc kanonmdebeli, ise mosamarTlec da jalaTic.

mamis es Zalaufleba, romelic wamebaSia naCvenebi, mecniers agonebs Zveli

romaeli ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebas, rogorc sakuTrebis uflebas.

amis safuZvelze gamoTqvams varauds, rom maSi aRwerili ambavi VI s-is

unda iyos. (ix.27,7).

vfiqrobT, rom literaturuli Zeglis Seqmnis periodis dasadgenad,

saWiroa martvilobaSi asaxuli periodis warmoCenas mieqces yuradReba.

swored nawarmoebSi asaxuli sxvadasxva epizodis, qristianTa da

warmarTTa urTierTobis analizis safuZvelze unda ganisazRvros masSi

naCvenebi xana.

iv. javaxiSvili Tvlis, rom gamokveTili drois monakveTi, romlis

ganmavlobaSic TxzulebaSi warmodgenili ambavi unda momxdariyo,

nawarmoebSi saerTod ar ikveTeba. iv.javaxiSvilis azriT, miuxedavad

imisa, rom nawarmoebSi dadasturebuli cnobis Tanaxmad, am wamebis dros

mdinare mtkvris saTaveSi warmarToba daZleuli araa da qristianoba

mxolod maSin ikidebs fexs, ris gamoc qristianebi umciresobaSi arian

da nawarmoebSi asaxuli es informacia SesaZloa sayuradRebo cnoba iyos

TxzulebaSi asaxuli drois gansazRvrisaTvis, am argumentacias

83

abaTilebs is garemoeba, rom mdinare mtkvris saTaveSi aRwerili movlena

ar unda iyos saqarTvelos centraluri sarwmunoebrivi mdgomareobis

amsaxveli, aramed unda asxavdes saqarTvelos SedarebiT miyruebul

adgils, mTas, sadac warmarToba ufro mticed iyo da didxansac darCa

(40,33-34). literaturul_istoriuli wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi da mesxeTSi V-VI saukuneebSi qristianobas

mtkiced hqonda fesvebi gadgmuli. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia

amis merec saqarTvelos miyruebul kuTxeebSi warmarTobas hyoloda

erTguli da gulwrfeli Tayvanismcemlebi.

b. ColoyaSvili Tvlis, rom TxzulebaSi aRwerili warmarTebisa da

qristianebis dapirispirebis misadageba saqarTvelos mTiani regionebis

kerpTayvanismcemelTa da qristianTa urTierTobasTan da amiT

nawarmoebSi asaxuli periodis gansazRvra safuZvels da damajereblobas

moklebulia, radgan Txzulebis Tanaxmad, mdinare mtkvris saTavis

warmarTul garemoSi arsebobs qristianTaTvis eklesia, sadac mRvdeli

msaxurobs da kerpTayvanismcemelTa garemoSi mcxovreb mcirericxovan

qristianebs eklesiaSi RvTismsaxurebis Casatareblad sajarod rekviT

mouwodebs, xolo xucesis mowodebaze morwmuneni salocavad dadian

yovelgvari winaRobis gareSe. b. ColoyaSvili miiCnevs, rom im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu TxzulebaSi asaxulia qristianuli qveynis periferiuli

provincia, sadac kerpTayvanismcemlebma didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ar iwames

qriste da ar gaqristiandnen, maSin nawarmoebSi aRwerili iqneboda

saxelmwifo religiis ugulvebelyofis niadagze Ria dapirispireba, ris

safuZvelzec Svilebis Camqolavi warmarTebi, Tavdapirvelad mRvdels

Caqolavdnen da eklesias aaoxrebdnen. kerpTayvanismcemelTa garemocvaSi

RvTismsaxurebis SeuzRudavad ganxorcieleba xucesis mier da

qristianTa Tavisufali mimosvla eklesiaSi naTels xdis, rom wamebaSi

naCveneb drois monakveTSi, qristianebi eklesiaSi Tavisuflad

loculoben da ar ganicdian aranair SezRudvas TavianTi rwmenis gamo.

yvelaferi es aCvenebs, rom warmarTuli Temi qristes mimdevarTa

saqmianobas ar uwevs aranair winaaRmdegobas. metic, RvTismsaxurebis

aRsrulebis epizodidan gamomdinare, qristianebisadmi warmarTTa

damokidebulebas Tu gadavxedavT, Cans TiTqos eklesiis wevrTa da

84

warmarTTa Soris damokidebuleba Tanasworuflebianobis principsac ki

emyareba. am yvelafers mivyavarT im daskvnamde, rom nawarmoebSi

aRwerili unda iyos warmarTTa da qristianTa Soris mSvidobiani

Tanaarsebobis periodi da ara drois is monakveTi, roca saqarTvelos

mTian kuTxeebSi qristianobis damkvidrebas mZafri winaaRmdegoba gauwia

kerpTayvanismcemelma mosaxleobam da ar miiRo axali rjuli (27,10).

b. ColoyaSvili, ikvlevs ra nawarmoebSi warmoCenil istoriul

monakveTs, mihyveba samarTalmcodneebis mier gakvalul gzas da

martvilobaSi asaxuli movlenebis iuridiul aspeqtze amaxvilebs

yuradRebas. misi azriT, mniSvnelovani faqtia, rom monaTluli yrmebis

sajarod Caqolvis ganaCens damswreTagan mxolod bavSvebis mSoblebi

miiyvanen sisruleSi. danarCeni mowmeebi ki samarxs avseben qvebiT da

miwiT. martvilobaSi vkiTxulobT: `maSin uRmerToTa maT mSobelTa maTTa

ganuxeTqnes Tavni bmaTni da gantÂnnes igini. guelTa da iqedneTa, aspitTa

da mÃecTa ician wyalobaÁ SvilTaÁ, xolo amaT usjuloTa ara yves

wyalobaÁ SvilTa maTTaTÂs~(28,185). xolo: `simravleman erisaman dahkribes

qvaÁ, vidremdis aRavses Ãnarc igi da dafarnes qviTa wmidani igi guamni

maTni da miwaÁ igi aRmoTxrili miasxes zeda kerZo maTsa~(28,185).

aRniSnuli pasaJebidan vigebT, rom bavSvTa sikvdiliT dasjis procesSi

warmarTuli Temi ar monawileobs. bavSvebs qolaven mxolod maTi

mSoblebi. b. ColoyaSvili Tvlis, rom iv. javaxiSvili cdeba, rodesac

bavSvebis Caqolvis epizods ukavSirebs mdinare mtkvris saTaveSi

arsebul mamapapeuli rwmenis uaryofisTvis dasjis tradicias.

b.ColoyaSvils miaCnia, rom am SemTxvevaSi warmodgenilia yrmaTa

Caqolvis sruliad sxva suraTi da ara tradiciuli dasjis meTodi

(27,15). mecnieris azriT, damnaSavis qviT CaqolviT dasja mowesrigebuli

samarTalis erT-erTi wesia. mis aRsrulebaSi monawileobs erTianoba. es

faqti koleqtiuria da ara individualuri. saxalxo gadawyvetilebis

safuZvelze, damnaSaved miCneulis CaqolviT dasjaSi, Temis uklebliv

yvela wevrs unda mieRo monawileoba. `kolaelTa wamebis~ SemTxvevaSi ki

garkveviT weria, rom mxolod mSoblebma Caidines Svilebis Caqolvis aqti

da ara Temma, romelic eswreboda am process. teqstis mixedviT,

mSoblebi eubnebian xucess: `brZane da moved Cuen Tana, da qviTa

85

ganvtÂnneT igini~ (28,185). am faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT naTelia, rom

bavSvebis CaqolviT dasja Temis gadawyvetilebis mixedviT ar unda

ganxorcielebuliyo, radgan Temi dasjis procesSi mSoblebTan erTad ar

moqmedebs, is neitraluria. Sesabamisad, moyvanili faqtebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, am faqts saerTo ar unda hqondes saqarTvelos

mTianeTSi arsebul tradiciasTan, warmarTuli Temis mier qristianobis

propagandisTvis da gavrcelebisTvis damnaSaveTa sajarod dasjis

Sesaxeb. b.ColoyaSvilis azriT, damnaSavis CaqolviT dasja garkveul

epoqaSi iyo SesaZlebeli, rodesac sazogadoebaSi arsebuli principebis

Sesabamisad, aseT saqciels socialuri gamarTleba eqneboda (27,16).

b. ColoyaSvili miiCnevs, rom martvilobaSi moTxrobili ambis

dasazusteblad aucileblad unda mieqces yuradReba maSi aRweril

wes_Cveulebebs, radgan SesaZlebelia kerpTmsaxurTa da qristianTa

yofaqcevis normebi gansazRvruli periodis amsaxveli gamodges da

swored amis saSualebiT gamoikveTos nawarmoebSi asaxuli epoqa.

pirvelyovlisa, yuradReba unda mieqces im faqts, rom mSoblebs

mTavarTan sasjelis gansasazRvravad umalve ar miyavT axladmonaTluli

bavSvebi. isini amas sCadian mas Semdeg, rac bavSvebi uars ityvian

samsxverplo Senawiris SeWmaze. aRniSnuli faqti unda metyvelebdes

imaze, rom Txzulebis mixedviT, warmarTebi mticed dadgenili

wes_Cveulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT moqmedeben. martvilobidan irkveva isic,

rom axladgaqristianebuli bavSvebis mSoblebi TavianTi SvilebisaTvis

sasjelis gansazRvramde, Tavs valdebulad Tvlian ganaCeni mTavars

SeuTanxmon. rogorc Cans, maT mTavarTan SeuTanxmeblad, an misi

nebarTvis gareSe, ar SeuZliaT TavianTi gadawyvetilebis sisruleSi

moyvana. naTelia, rom warmarTebi kanoniT gansazRvruli wesiT

moqmedeben. imis gasarkvevad, Tu romeli epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

iuridiuli normebis Semcveli kanonmdeblobaa aRwerili literaturul

ZeglSi, saWiroa Seswavlil iqnas wamebaSi asaxuli samarTalwarmoeba.

b.ColoyaSvils miaCnia, rom nawarmoebSi mocemuli samarTlebrivi

sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovania gairkves, Tu ra mizezi udevs

safuZvlad kolael yrmaTa sikvdiliT dasjasa da mRvdlis

sacxovreblidan gaZevebas. radgan, SesaZloa amis sababi aRmoCndes

86

garkveuli periodis kanonmdeblobis ganmsazRvreli da warmoaCinos

ZeglSi asaxuli epoqa.

b. ColoyaSvilis azriT, im faqts, rom warmarT mSoblebs TavianTi

monaTluli Svilebi umalve ar miyavT mTavarTan, aramed amas sCadian mas

mere, rac bavSvebi ar miiReben samsxverplo saWmels, Tavisi axsna aqvs.

warmarTuli wesis Sesabamisad, kerpTmsaxurni samsxverplod Sewiruli

cxovelis gansazRvrul nawils Semwirvelebs ubrunebdnen. qristianTa

Soris gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad ki, kerpisadmi samsxverplo

Sesawiris Wama, warmarTuli RvTaebis Tayvaniscemas niSnavda. sadavo ar

unda iyos, rom gaqristianebulma yrmebma principulad ar SeWames

samsxverplo Senawiri, raTa amiT ar ziarebodnen warmarTul kerpebs.

swored am faqtiT uaryves kolaelma bavSvebma winaparTa RmerTebi da

maTi braleulobac konkretulad am faqtma ganapiroba. sagulisxmoa, rom

religiur danaSaulSi mxileba ara rwmenis, aramed qmedebis safuZvelze

romis imperiisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. romauli kanonmdeblobis

Tanaxmad qristianebi isjebodnen ara rwmenisaTvis, aramed qmedebisaTvis,

radgan romaelebs religia esmodaT ara rogorc Sinagani rwmena, aramed

maTTvis RmerTad Seracxva, RvTaebisadmi Tayvaniscemis garegnulad

gamoxatuli qmedebis, msxverplSewirvis, safuZvelze aRiqmeboda. amitom

eWvsgareSea, rom yrmaTa samsxverplo Sesawiris uWmelobis faqti, maTi

braleulobis samxilia. rogorc Cans, warmarTebi, marTlmsajulebis

aRsrulebisas, namdvilad moqmedeben garkveuli kanonmdeblobis

gaTvaliswinebiT. romauli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, qristians

danaSaulis damtkicebis gareSe ver dasjidnen. aSkaraa, rom yrmebi

isjebian ara rwmenisaTvis, aramed qmedebisaTvis, samsxverplo Senawiris

uWmelobis gamo. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom qmedebisaTvis dasja romis

samarTlisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, sainteresoa, nawarmoebSi asaxuli

periodis dros, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT, savaldebulo

iyo Tu ara iberiis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Semaval kolas provinciaSi

mcxovrebi mosaxleobisaTvis romis kanonmdebloba (27,19). werilobiTi

wyaroebidan irkveva, rom 298 wels romsa da sasanidur irans Soris

dadebuli ormocwliani zaviT, somxeTi da iberia romis imperiis

gavlenis sivrceSia. am xelSekrulebiT iberiaSi mefes romi niSnavda.

87

savaraudoa, rom im viTarebaSi, rodesac romis imperia did mniSvnelobas

aniWebda mcire kavkasias, rogorc imperiis aRmosavleT sazRvris

damcvels, savaraudoa, rom kolas provincia nizibinis xelSekrulebamde

ufro adrec romis imperiis gavlenis qveS iyo. istoriuli wyaroebidan

cnobilia, rom 212 wlidan moyolebuli, romis imperiis arsebobamde

moqmedebda karakalas kanoni. am kanonmdeblobas romaelebi did

mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen imperiis sivrceSi mosaxle dapyrobili xalxebis

reorganizaciis gansaxorcieleblad. romauli kanonmdeblobiT, imperiis

sivrceSi mcxovrebi TiToeuli moqalaqisaTvis romauli kanonmdeblobis

dacva savaldebulo iyo (27,20). Tu b. ColoyaSvilis dakvirveba

marTebulia da kolaeli bavSvebis danaSaulSi mxileba romauli

samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli wes_Cveulebis Tanaxmadaa

ganxorcielebuli TxzulebaSi, maSin SesaZlebelia davuSvaT, rom

maTTvis wayenebuli ganaCenic aseve romauli samarTlis normebiT unda

momxdariyo. teqstis mixedviT, mTavari, masTan misul warmarT mSoblebs,

Semdegnairad pasuxobs: `Svilni Tquenni arian, ÃelmwifebaÁ gaqus, uyavT

raÁca gnebavs. xolo maT hrques: brZane da moved Cuen Tana, da qviTa

ganvtÂnneT igini, raÁTa ara sxuani hbaZden da qristeane iqmnen~ (28,185).

bavSvebis momnaTlav xucess ki: `ara mciredi Wiri miawies, rameTu

iavaryves yoveli nayofi misi, da ganiyves monagebi misi. dasdves Tavsa

missa wylulebaÁ ficxeli knin erT-da mo-mca-kles da ganÃades

samkÂdrebeliT TÂsiT . .~(28,185).

sagulisxmoa, rom kolael yrmaTa dasjas eswreba mTavari da masTan

erTad uamravi xalxi. amden mowmeTagan bavSvTa sasikvdilo ganaCens

mxolod maTi mSoblebi moiyvanen sisruleSi. rogorc vxedavT, ojaxis

ufross hqonia uflebamosileba sakuTari gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze

SvilisTvis ganaCeni gamoetana. mSoblebi moqmedeben romauli

kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad. miuxedavad imisa, rom TavianTi SvilebisaTis

es ganaCeni mSoblebs sakuTari surviliT gamoutaniaT, amavdroulad maTi

ganCineba garkveuli kanonmdeblobiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli. is

ukiduresi forma, rasac mimarTaven bavSvebis mSoblebi, anu Caqolva,

romelic romaul praqtikaSi iSviaTad ixmareboda, romauli kanonis

mixedviT mSobels avaldebulebda TviTonve Caeqola sakuTari Svili.

88

rogorc nawarmoebidan Cans, mSobels gamoaqvs SvilisTvis ganaCeni,

TviTonve aRasrulebs am ganaCens, magram formalurad am ganaCenis

Sesaxeb auwyebs mTavars. es faqtic romauli kanonmdeblobis gamoZaxili

unda iyos maSindel saqarTveloSi. b.ColoyaSvili miiCnevs, rom

samarTalwarmoebis aseTive norma damaxasiaTebeli iyo romauli

kanonmdeblobiT aRiarebuli mamis Zalauflebis institutisTvis,

romelsac ewodeboda patria protestas. ( patria protestas, ojaxis ufross akisrebda

moralur valdebulebas daecva Tavisi col_Svili da amitom, mamas

ojaxSi gansakuTrebuli uflebebi hqonda miniWebuli. romauli

kanonmdeblobiT sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom Svilis

sikvdil_sicocxlis ufleba mamas ganekuTvneboda. Patria protesta-s

samarTlebrivi normis aRsrulebisas sasamarTlo ar imarTeboda.

SemdgomSi es kanoni cota Serbilda. mamis uflebebi raRac doziT

SeizRuda. mamas Svili mniSvnelovan danaSaulSi prefeqtis an provinciis

mmarTvelis TandaswrebiT unda daedanaSaulebina. es Tvalsazrisi daedo

safuZvlad imperator aleqsandre severusis mier 227 wels miRebul

kanons. 319 wels ki, imperatorma konstantine didma Svilis mokvla

Cveulebriv mkvlelobas gauTanabra).

b. ColoyaSvils miaCnia, rom `kolaelTa wamebaSi~ asaxuli unda iyos

is periodi, rodesac saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia patria protestas

instituti, romlis mixedviTac mSoblebma, mniSvnelovani danaSaulis

gamo, sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutanes TavianT Svilebs; mTavars ki

formalurad gaacnes TavianTi gadawyvetileba, romelic am SemTxvevaSi

administraciis warmomadgenelia (romauli kanonmdeblobiT religiuri

danaSaulis faqtis dadgena mxolod oficialur pirs SeeZlo) da

Semdgom sajarod, mTavris da mTeli xalxis TandaswrebiT Tavadve

Caqoles sakuTari Svilebi. b.ColoyaSvils miaCnia, rom “kolael yrmaTa

wamebaSi” asaxuli unda iyos is samarTlebrivi norma, romelic patria

protestas institutis safuZvelze ganxorcielda severiusis kanonis

mixedviT (ix.27,35). b.ColoyaSvilis azriT, romauli marTlmsajulebisTvis

Caqolvis tradicia ucxo iyo. Tumca, imave romis kanonmdeblobiT,

dapyrobil xalxebs hqondaT ufleba romauli samarTliT gamotanili

gadawyvetileba, TavianTi wes_Cveulebebis Sesabamisad ganexorcielebinaT.

89

CaqolviT xSirad religiur danaSaulSi braldebulebs sjidnen. Caqolva

umTavresad Ralatis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneboda. winaparTa religiis

uarmyofelni ki moRalateebad iTvlebodnen. cnobilia is faqtic, rom

adreqristianul xanaSi, gaqristianebulebs dasjis mizniT umTavresad

qolavdnen. rogorc Cans, kolaeli bavSvebis sikvdiliT dasjisas mtkvris

saTavis warmarTebi, winaparTa tradiciis Sesabamisad moqmedeben.

sainteresoa soflis xucesis dasjis sakiTxic. xucess warmarTi

mSoblebi ar klaven, magram TavianTi Svilebis monaTvlisTvis mas

sakmaod mkacrad uswordebian: scemen, qonebas arTmeven da

sacxovreblidan agdeben. warmarTi mSoblebi am faqts mTavarTan

SeuTanxmeblad, jer kidev bavSvebis Caqolvamde axorcieleben. (rogorc

Cans, maT amis ufleba romauli samarTlis mixedviT hqoniaT).

sagulisxmoa, rom bavSvebis monaTvlamde kerpTayvanismcemlebi mRvdlis

sasuliero moRvaweobas araviTar winaaRmdegobas ar uweven. maTi

gaRizianeba xucesis mimarT gamowveuli unda iyos im faqtiT, rom

mRvdelma bavSvebi qristes rjulze moaqcia mSoblebTan SeuTanxmeblad

da amiT man ugulvebelyo mamis Zalaufleba, patria protestas, ris gamoc is

damnaSvea kerpTayvanismcemelTa winaSe. rodesac xucess moaxseneben

bavSvebis qristianulad moqcevis ganzraxvis Sesaxeb, soflis xucesi,

romelmac zedmiwevniT kargad icis romis kanoniT mamis Zalaufleba

Svilze, ambobs: `romelman ara dautevos mamaÁ TÂsi, da dedaÁ TÂsi, dani

da Zmani, coli da Svili, da ara aRiRos juari TÂsi da Semomidges me,

igi ara ars Cemda Rirs~ (28,185). am sityvebiT is yrmaTa monaTvlis

survilis mauwyeblebs Tavisi gadawyvetilebis princips auwyebs, saidanac

naTlad Cans, Tu ratom ugulvebelyofs mRvdeli kolael ymaTa

mSoblebis uflebas TavianT Svilebze. xucesis braleulobis sakiTxi

mSoblebma warmarT mTavarTan ar gaarCies, radgan patria protestas kanonis

mixedviT, maT amis ufleba ar hqondaT. aRniSnuli kanonmdeblobis

Tanaxmad, maT ar SeeZloT ara ojaxis wevris gansja sasamarTlos gareSe.

nawarmoebis mixedviT cnobilia, rom xucess bavSvebis monaTvlis gamo

soflidan aZeveben da saxl-kars uoxreben. am faqtsac, b.ColoyaSvilis

azriT, Tavisi samarTlebrivi safuZveli gaaCnia. cnobilia, rom 236 wels

romis imperatorma maqsiminusma, romelic eklesiis msaxurT

90

gansakuTrebiT aviwrovebda, gamosca kanoni, romlis safuZvelzec kanonis

damrRvevi sasuliero piri saepiskoposos mijnebidan gaZevebuli iqneboda.

istoriuli wyaroebidan cnobilia is faqtic, rom romis imperiaSi

qristianobis nebadarTul religiad gamocxadebamde, qristianebi imis

mixedviT iyvnen ugulebelyofilni, Tu ramdenad awuxebdnen isini

sazogadoebas. aqedan gamomdinare aRaraa gasakviri, rom

kerpTayvanismcemelTa tradiciebisa da romis samarTlis damrRvevi

mRvdeli warmarTebma sacxovreblidan gaagdes. romis samarTlis

mixedviT, xucesis gaZeveba SeeZlo mTavarsac da Temsac.

b. ColoyaSvilis azriT, martvilobaSi moTxrobil istorias adgili

unda hqonoda 319 wlamde. Aam wels konstantine didma mamis mier Svilis

mokvla Cveulebriv mkvlelobas gauTanabra da aqedan gamomdinare

Svilebis daxocvis gadawyvetilebis SesaTanxmeblad warmarTi mSoblebi

mTavarTan ver mividodnen. 319 wlis Semdeg mTavari, rogorc

xelisuflebis warmomadgeneli, sasamarTlos gareSe mSoblebis

gadawyvetilebas ver daeTanxmeboda da verc imas etyoda mSoblebs, rac

gindaT is uqeniT Tqven Svilebso. metic, verc Caqolvis process

daeswreboda, radgan es kanoniT mas ekrZaleboda (27,28-29).

TxzulebaSi aRwerili periodis dasadgenad da imis gasarkvevad, Tu

qristianobis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebis ra etapia aq warmodgenili,

sayuradReboa erTi epizodi am Txzulebidan. martirologi, romelic

aRwers amTxzulebaSi kolaeli yrmebis naTlobis process, is gvauwyebs

naTlobis yvela detals: Tu ra dros moxda naTloba, ra adgilas, ra

viTarebaSi; srulad gvacnobs xucesis mier naTlobis dros warmoTqmul

locvas; warmogvidgens naTlobis dros mtkvarSi momdinare wylis

Secvlas. gviCvenebs imasac, Tu rogor Seimosnen yrmebi damswreTaTvis

uCinrad, zeciurad, TeTri perangebiT. sayuradReboa, rom naTlobis

epizodis aRwerisas, avtori dums mironcxebis Taobaze, romelic

aucilebeli movlenaa naTlobis Semdgom. es SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos.

cnobilia, rom mironcxeba da naTlisReba axali aRTqmis ori

erTmaneTisgan gansaxvavebuli saidumloa. Mmironcxeba axali aRTqmis

sul sxva saidumloa, romelic naTlobis saidumlos mosdevs.

naTlisRebasac da mironcxebasac Tan sdevs xiluli da uxilavi mxare.

91

martvilobaSi SeeZlo avtors eCvenebina mironcxebis uxilavi mxare mainc,

magram es ase ar xdeba. kolaeli yrmebi ar iyvnen mironcxebulni. RvTis

madli mironis saSualebiT maTze ar gadasula. am faqts, b.ColoyaSvilis

azriT, Tavisi axsna aqvs.

qristianobis dasawyisidan mironcxebis saidumlos mxolod episkoposebi

aRavlendnen. Tu xucesi aRavlenda naTlobas, mironcxeba episkoposis

mier samwysos monaxulebamde gadaideboda. amasTan cnobilia, rom

laodikeis saeklesio krebamde, naTlobis ganxorcielebisas,

naTlobisTanave mironcxeba ar iyo savaldebulo. mxolod am krebaze

dadginda, rom naTlisRebasTan erTad mironic aucileblad unda

cxebuliyo, raTa adamiani ziareboda RvTis sasufevels. eklesiis

istoriis mkvlevarebi laodikeis saeklesio krebis gamarTvis TariRs 343-

381 wlebs Soris varaudoben. aqedan gamomdinare, martviloba im periodSi

unda momxdariyo, roca naTlobisa da mironcxebis saidumlo cal_calke

sruldeboda da mirons mxolod episkoposebi scxebdnen. Eam faqts ki

laodikeis krebamde eqneboda adgili (27,31).

sainteresoa, martvilobaSi naCvenebi qristianTa da warmarTTa

urTierTobis Semdegi detali, romlis gaazrebac garkveulwilad

asaxuli epoqis danaxvaSic gvexmareba. sagulisxmoa, rom nawarmoebis

mixedviT, warmarT bavSvebs eklesiaSi ar uSveben qristianuli Temis

wevrebi. isini maT ase mimarTaven: `Tquen Svilni xarT mekerpeTani da ara

jer-ars SemosvlaÁ Tqueni saxlsa RmrTisasa~ (28,184). citatidan naTelia,

rom bavSvebis ar SeSveba eklesiaSi ganpirobebulia maTi warmarTuli

ojaxebidan warmomavlobis faqtiT. bavSvebi ramodenimejer Seecdebian

eklesiaSi Sesvlas, magram amaod. saeklesio wesis Tanaxmad ki, eklesiaSi

Sesvlis ufleba aqvs nebismier adamians. rodesac bavSvebi ZaliT

Seecdebian SeRwevas eklesiaSi, qristianebi maT urCeven: `ukueTu gnebavs

Semosvlad Cuen Tana eklesiad, grwmenin ufali Cueni iesu qristÀ da

naTeliReT saxelisa mimarT misisa, da eziareniT saidumloTa misTa da

SeguerTeniT qristeaneTaÁ. . .~ (28,184). aqedan gamomdinare, qristianTa

aseTi karCaketiloba da mounaTlavi bavSvebis eklesiaSi ar SeSveba

gamowveuli unda iyos imiT, rom im periodSi mounaTlavebs eklesiaSi ar

uSvebdnen. eklesiis karibWeSi mounaTlavTa arSeSvebis faqtebs adgili

92

unda hqonoda qristianobis nebadarTul religiad aRiarebamde. (sawyis

xanebSi warmarTebi amxedrebulni iyvnen iesos moZRvrebis winaaRmdeg da

qristianebs aviwrovebdnen. eklesiis interesebidan gamomdinare,

qristianebi Tavdacvis mizniT warmarTebs ar uSvebdnen eklesiaSi.

warmarTebis aseTma amxedrebam qristianobis sawyis xanebSi, xeli Seuwyo

kaTakmevelTa institutis SemoRebas. kaTakmeveli ewodeba pirovnebas,

romlisTvisac Riaa eklesiis karebi, raTa moemzados qristes

sarwmunoebisTvis, mxolod evqaristiis Sesrulebis dros `kaTakmevelno

ganvediT~ kaTakmevlebma unda datovon taZari. es wodeba Cndeba

araugvianes II s-is pirveli naxevrisa. kaTakmevlebi ixsenebian wamebul

iustinesTan, tertulianTanac. V s-is bolosTvis es instituti

faqtiurad gauqmda. qristianuli religiis nebadaurTvelobis periodSi

da mis saxelmwifo religiad aRiarebamde, kaTakmevevloba aucilebeli

iyo yvela gaqristianebis mosurne pirovnebisaTvis. Tumca iyo SemTxvevebi,

roca naTlisRebis msurvelT umalve naTlavdnen: Tu is momakvdavi iyo,

roca mTeli eri inaTleboda an Tu, isini darwmundebodnen monaTvlis

msurvelTa gulwrfelobaSi da amis uzado wadilSi. eklesiaSi ki,

winaswari momzadebis pirobiT daiSvebodnen mxolod) (27,35).

sagulisxmoa, rom kolaeli bavSvebis mounaTlavad eklesiaSi

arSeSvebis faqti warmarTTa da qristianTa mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis

pirobebSi dasturdeba. qristianTa gadawyvetileba b.ColoyaSvilis

azriT, or mizezs unda ganepirobebina: bavSvebis saxiT eklesiis samwysos

ar Sereodnen mavne da meryevi wevrebi da meore, bavSvebis eklesiaSi

SeSvebiT ar gaeRizianebinaT maTi warmarTi mSoblebi, rasac qristianTa

devna mohyveboda (27,35). aqedan gamomdinare, b.ColoyaSvils miaCnia, rom

nawarmoebSi asaxulia periodi, rodesac qristianoba aralegalurad

arsebobs. Tundac is faqtebi, rom bavSvebi RamiT farulad inaTlebian,

Semdeg qristianTa ojaxebSi afareben Tavs, eklesiaSi ar uSveben

bavSvebs, raTa warmarTebma ar daiwyon qristianTa devna migvaniSnebs, rom

am dros qristianebi kanonis mfarvelobas moklebulni iyvnen. qristianebi

arafers ar moimoqmedeben imisTvis, rom mTavarma qristianTa interesebic

gaiTvaliswinos. drois arqaulobaze mianiSnebs es epizodic

martvilobidan: ` . . . da iyo umravlÀsi eri soflisaÁ mis warmarTTa

93

kerpT msaxuri, da umcroÁsi eri qristeane, RmrTis msaxuri~ (28,184). am

citatidan pirdapir Cans, rom qristianoba am dros umciresobaSia.

nawarmoebidan vgebulobT, rom xucesi bavSvebs naTlavs umalve maTi

survilis gamocxadebidan, raTa ixsnas maTi sulebi. sagulisxmoa, rom

sulis gadarCenis mizniT naTlobac, qristianobis nebadaurTvelobis

periodisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. am faqtze dayrdnobiTac, nawarmoebSi

aRwerili ambavi unda miviCnioT 313 wlamde momxdar ambad, radgan, 313

wels, milanis ediqtiT, qristianoba nebadarTul religiad gamocxadda.

bavSvebis Caqolvis process eswreba mTavari. es faqtic, vfiqrobT, unda

mianiSnebdes imas, rom nawarmoebSi aRwerili movlena 313 wlamdea

momxdari, radgan 313 wlis Semdeg, milanis ediqtiT aikrZala qristianTa

devna, Seviwroveba, maTi sarwmunoebisaTvis sikvdiliT dasja da a.S.

mTavari, romelic am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, dasjis

process veRar daeswreboda. milanis ediqtis dacva savaldebulo iyo

romis imperiaSi Semavali yvela qveynisTvis, maT Soris saqarTvelosTvis.

milanis ediqtamde, romis imperiaSi qristianuli religiis saxelmwifo

religiad aRiarebamde, qristianTa devna saxalxo nadiroba ar iyo.

qristianTa winaaRmdeg moqmedebas kanonierebis farglebSi gansazRvravda

saxelmwifo ganaCeni. upirvelesi codva, raSic qristianebs brals

sdebdnen romis imperiis warmomadgenlebi, gaxldaT religiuri

danaSauli, radgan qristianebi warmarTul RvTaebebs ar swiravdnen

msxverpls. romis kanonis Sesabamisad, warmarTuli RvTaebebisTvis

msxverplSewirvis uaryofiT, qristianebi saxelmwifo xelisuflebas

ugulvebelyofdnen. xelisuflebis uzenaesobis uaryofiT, religiuri

danaSauli saxelmwifo danaSaulSi gadaizrdeboda xolme. aseTi

danaSaulisTvis damnaSaves an sikvdiliT sjidnen, an qveynidan aZevebdnen

(27,36).

nawarmoebSi asaxuli periodis ukeT gasarkvevad kidev erT faqtors

unda mieqces yuradReba. ratom ar arbeven warmarTebi eklesias,

qristianTa TavSeyris adgils, maSin roca, bavSvebs qolaven da xucess

aZeveben. amasac Tavisi istoriuli axsna aqvs. milanis ediqtamde, romis

imperiis aRmosavleT nawilSi qristianTa mdgomareobas ganapirobebda 303

wlis 24 Tebervals gamocemuli diokletianes ediqti, romlis mixedviT

94

qristianoba kanongareSed gamocxadda da qristianuli RvTismsaxureba

aikrZala. am ediqtis Tanaxmad: qristianTa TavSeyris adgilebi (eklesiebi,

kerZo saxlebi) unda dangreuliyo, xolo qristianTa sakulto wignebi ki

sajarod unda daewvaT. kolaelTa martviloba diokletianes ediqtis

Semdeg rom momxdariyo, eklesias aucileblad aaoxrebdnen. Sesabamisad,

“kolael yrmaTa wamebaSi” ediqtamde periodi unda iyos aRwerili. unda

iTqvas isic, rom imperator galienusis 260 wlis tolerantuli ediqtis

Tanaxmad, kultmsaxurebis adgilebi xelSeuxeblad iqna aRiarebuli da

amdenad, RvTismsaxurebis mizniT uklebliv yvela Sekreba, romelic

gacxadebuli iyo da ar iyo saidumlo Tavyriloba, sruliad

xelSeuxebeli gaxda. am periodSi qristianebs miecaT saSualeba

Tavisuflad aRevlinaT RvTismsaxureba eklesiebSi. galienusis

tolerantuli ediqtis Tanaxmad dakanonda qristianebis ufleba

eklesiaze. Tumca, es arc imas niSnavs, rom qristianoba romelime

religias gauTanabrda. am periodisTvis qristianoba nebadarTuli

saxelmwifo religia ar gamxdara, Tumca evsevi kesarielis TqmiT,

qristianebs yvelanairi SesaZlebloba hqondaT eqadagaT TavianTi

sarwmunoeba. es periodi iyo eklesiaTa mSvidobismyobeli periodi.

aqedan gamomdinare advili misaxvedria, ratom ar gaanadgures kolaelma

warmarTebma eklesia. eklesia im dros xelSeuxeblobiT sargeblobda.

vfiqrobT, rom swored es eklesiaTa mSvidobismyofeli periodia

aRwerili `kolael yrmaTa wamebaSi~. Sesabamisad, SesaZloa martvilobis

periodi 260 wlidan 303 wlamde ganisazRvros (27,38).

b.ColoyaSvils, martvilobaSi moTxrobili ambis periodis

gansazRvrasTan mimarTebaSi, sayuradRebo cnobad miaCnia, saqarTveloSi

qristianuli tradiciis arsebobis Taobaze `abo Tbilelis wamebaSi~

dadasturebuli ioane sabanisZis informacia. ioane werda, rom

qarTvelebi mis droidan 500 wlis win gaqristianebulan. abos

martviloba dawerilia 786-790 wlebSi da Tu avtoris cnobas

daveyrdnobiT, irkveva rom 286-290 wlebSi da ufro adrec qarTul

samyaroSi qristes mimdevrebi arsebobdnen. leonti mrovelic gvauwyebs,

rom ninos mosvlamde qarTlSi ukve iyvnen qristianebi, romelTac mefe

miriani aviwrovebda. ioane sabanisZisa da leonti mrovelis cnobebze

95

dayrdnobiT, kolaelTa martvilobis periodSi, qristianoba iberiaSi ukve

gavrcelebuli yofila (27,40).

rogorc ukve iTqva, nawarmoebis Seqmnis drosTan dakavSirebiT,

mecnierTa umetesobam gansakuTrebuli yuradReba moTxrobis

terminologiaze gaamaxvila. mag. mecnierTa umravlesobam “sofeli”

dabasTan gaaigiva. Tumca, isini ar asabuTeben ratom unda niSnavdes

`sofeli~ dabas da ara qveyanas. am sityvis realuri konteqstis gagebas

ki SesaZloa nawarmoebis mixedviT mniSvnelovani datvirTva hqondes

Zeglis Seqmnis periodis da masSi asaxuli epoqis gansazRvrisas.

nawarmoebSi weria: `soflis xucesi~, `eri soflisa~ da a.S.

b.ColoyaSvili miiCnevs, rom martvilobis avtori mRvdels, romelic

soflis xucesi iyo, dabis tipis xucesad ver warmogvidgenda, radgan

mosaxleoba warmarTuli iyo da mcirericxovan qristianTa moZRvars

dabis xucess ar daarqmevda. b.ColoyaSvilis azriT, martvilobaSi

sityva `soflis~ mniSvnelobis amosacnobad gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom

nawarmoebSi asaxuli periodisaTvis, samRvdeloeba centralizebuli iyo

kaTedraluri eklesiis garSemo da im dros saepiskoposos

mRvdelmsaxurni ganixilebodnen kaTedraluri eklesiis sasuliero

pirebad, romlebic mivlinebiT igzavnebodnen saepiskoposos farglebSi

arsebul eklesiebSi. cnobilia isic, rom xucesis xarisxi qristianobis

sawyisi periodidan moyolebuli arCeviTi iyo. xucess gamorCeuli piradi

Tvisebebidan gamomdinare irCevdnen saepiskoposos masStabiT. maTi arCeva

kaTedralur eklesiaSi xdeboda. xucesad arCeuli piri iTvleboda

saepiskoposos masStabis moRvawed. ColoyaSvilis azriT, martvilobis

avtori mRvdels, romelic soflis xucesi iyo, dabis tipis dasaxleburi

punqtis xucesad ver moixsenebda. kolaeli bavSvebis momnaTlavi mRvdlis

soflis xucesad moxsenieba migvaniSnebs, rom TxzulebaSi saubaria

saeklesio olqis anu qveynis masStabiT xucesad arCeul mRvdelze.

amitom, ColoyaSvili miiCnevs, rom sityva `sofeli~ nawarmoebSi

saeklesio olqis mniSvnelobiT unda iyos naxmari. Sesabamisad, xucesis

gandevna mxolod dabidan mis gandevnas ki ar niSnavda, aramed mis

gaZevebas saeklesio olqidan, anu saepiskoposos farglebidan, radgan

mxolod am gziT SeiZleboda mRvdlis prozelituri moRvaweobis

96

SeCereba. sagulisxmoa, rom qristianuli Temebi qristianobis sawyis

xanebSi qveynis dawinaurebul centrebSi arsebobda. eklesiebic am dros

umTavresad qveynis centralur punqtebSi Sendeboda. Sesabamisad,

kolaelTa martvilobaSi aRwerili ambavi, dabis tipis dasaxlebaSi ar

moxdeboda. sofeli rom dabis mniSvnelobiT ar aris naxmari

martvilobaSi iqidanac Cans, rom mdinare mtkvris saTaveSi savaraudo

dabis Aadgilmdebareobis miniSnebis mizniT, Txzulebis avtori yvelgan

mtkvris xevze migviTiTebda, romel xevSic lokalizebuli unda

yofiliyo dabis tipis dasaxlebuli punqti. radganac, mdinare mtkvris

saTaviT miniSnebuli sofeli ara mxolod mtkvris xeobaSi, aramed kolas

xeobaSi ixsenieba, cxadia, aseT teritoriaze ganfenili dasaxlebis

aRmniSvneli termini `sofeli~ qveyanas unda Seesatyvisebodes. kola ar

iyo erTi xevis dasaxeleba. kola ewodeboda xeobas, romelic mraval

xevs moicavda da amdenad, kolas xeoba iseTi teritoriuli erTeulia,

romelsac qveyana Seefardeba. sagulisxmoa, rom nawarmoebSi soflad

moxseniebuli adgili ar aris saxeldebuli. is mxolod geografiuli

adgilmdebareobiTaa gansazRvruli, radgan saeklesio olqs Tavisi

saxeli ar gaaCnia da ubralod imeorebs im eklesiis garemomcveli

adgilis saxelwodebas, romel sivrcezec sufevs am eklesiis

iurisdiqcia. aqedan gamomdinare, nawarmoebis avtori Txzulebis

dasawyisSi am sityvebiT: `iyo sofeli erTi didi zeda didisa mis

mdinarisasa, romelsa hrqÂan mtkuari, Ãevsa, romelsa hrqÂan kolaÁ~

(28,186). warmoaCens qveynis anu saeklesio olqis adgilmdebareobas,

romelsac kola hqvia. rogorc Cans, moqmedeba qveyanaSi, anu saeklesio

olqSi mimdinareobs da am qveyanas kola ewodeba. b.ColoyaSvili miiCnevs,

rom TxzulebaSi avtoris mier naTqvami fraza, rom didi nawili eri

soflisa iyo warmarTi da kerpTmsaxuri, xolo mcire nawili iyo

qristiani, unda gulisxmobdes zogad saeklesio olqis mixedviT

Camoyalibebul situacias da ara mxolod lokalurs. Sesabamisad,

mecnierTa varaudi imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos sofeli dabas aRniSnavda da

amitom Zegli IX saukunes unda mivaweroT, b. ColoyaSvilis azriT

usafuZvlo unda iyos (27,37).

97

nawarmoebSi asaxuli epoqis da martvilobis Seqmnis periodis

kvlevis procesSi, sagulisxmo faqtoria martvilobis avtorobis sakiTxi.

vis SeeZlo Seeqmna es nawarmoebi, romelic mimarTulia qristianobis

gansadideblad da warmarTobis gansaqiqeblad. erTi SexedviT

nawarmoebis avtori martvilobis Tanamedrove ar unda iyos, radgan

misTvis ucnobia 325 wlis nikeis krebis gadawyvetilebiT, saeklesio

teritoriuli erTeulis amsaxveli damkvidrebuli termini eparqia. iv.

javaxiSvilic miiCnevda, rom avtori movlenis Tanamedrove ar unda iyos,

radgan is TxzulebaSi ar uTiTebs arc soflis saxels, arc kolas

mTavris saxels da arc xucesis (40,38). b.ColoyaSvilis mosazrebiT,

Sexeduleba TiTqos avtorma ar icis dasaxlebis saxelwodeba,

gamowveuli unda iyos swored soflis mniSvnelobis araswori gagebiT.

avtori mTavars saxeliT ar ixseniebs, magram man zustad icis, Tu romel

koncefcias miekuTvneba igi. is arcAxucess moixseniebs saxeliT, Tumca

avtori mas kargad unda icnobdes, radgan nawarmoebSi mis pirad

Tvisebebze gviambobs. Mman icis is faqtic, rom mRvdeli eklesiis

msaxurTa Soris xucesadaa arCeuli. aRniSnuli faqtebi metyvelebs imaze,

rom avtori martvilobis Tanamedrovea, radgan is nawarmoebSi aRweril

movlenebSi kargad erkveva.Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom avtori kolael yrmebs

saxelebiT ar moixseniebs, sagulisxmoa rom, qarTulenovan eklesias

dRemde Semonaxuli aqvs rwmenisaTvis Tavdadebuli yrmebis saxelebi:

gurami, adarnase, baqari, vaCe, barimi, daCi, juanSeri, ramazi da farsmani.

rogorc Cans, bavSvebis saxelebiT moxsenieba, mogviano drois

mwerlebsac SeeZloT, Tu maT amis survili eqnebodaT. vfiqrobT, rom

maTi sakuTari saxelebiT armoxsenieba, nawarmoebis mogviano droiT

daTariRebaze ar moqmedebs, radgan wamebulTa saxelebi maTi

gardacvalebis dRidan cnobili gamxdara qarTulenovani eklesiisTvis.

kidev erTi detali. bavSvebi ZeglSi ukve wmindanebad moixsenebian. am

faqtis gamoc, SesaZloa nawarmoebi martvilobis faqtis Semdgom

Seqmnilad miiCnion. Tumca, am sakiTxis gaazrebisTvis logikuria

gavixsenoT rogor xdeboda wmindanad Seracxva nawarmoebSi aRwerili

periodisaTvis. cnobilia, rom qristianobis adreul periodSi wmindanadD

Seracxvis gadawyvetilebas episkoposi iRebda. Tavdapirvelad, is Tavis

98

samwysoSi gamoikvlevda qristianis gardacvalebis motivs, gaarkvevda

aResrula Tu ara martvili qristeSi rwmeniT da roca daadgenda, rom

qristiani wamebiT aResrula, mas wmindanad Seracxda da wamebulis

Rvawlisa da saxelis mauwyebeli weriliT mimarTavda sxva eklesiebs.

cxadia, romKkolaelebis wamebis ambavsac maleve gaigebda episkoposi da

maT wmindanad Seracxda. amitom, b.ColoyaSvilis azriT, kolaeli

bavSvebis saxelebic samudamod ukvdavyo RmerTma gansakuTrebuli

RvawlisTvis (27,40).

im faqtis dasadastureblad, rom nawarmoebis avtori martvilobis

Tanamedrovea, b. ColoyaSvils aqvs uamravi motivi. pirveli, avtoris

meqanikuri gaTviTcnobiereba romaul kanonmdeblobaSi, rodesac is

aRwers samarTalwarmoebas, rac mxolod iseT pirovnebas SeeZlo,

romelic romauli samarTlis moqmedebis periodSi moRvaweobda. meore,

religiur danaSaulSi damnaSavis qmedebis safuZvelze dadanaSauleba da

ara rwmenis, rac qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebisTanave

daviwyebas mieca, SeiZleba aRewera religiur danaSaulSi qmedebis

niadagze mxilebis praqtikaSi kargad garkveul pirovnebas (27,40).

sagulisxmoa, rom nawarmoebis avtorisaTvis ucnobia IV s-Si

dakanonebuli mironcxebis saidumlosa da naTlisRebisEsaidumlos

erTdroulad arSesrulebis saeklesio wes-Cveuleba. samagierod

cnobilia mounaTlavTa eklesiis karibWeSi arSeSvebis tradicia,

romelic mxolod qristianobis nebadaurTvelobis periodisTvis iyo

damaxasiaTebeli. es tradicia milanis ediqtis Semdeg daviwyebas mieca. am

tradiciis arsebobis Sesaxebac mxolod nawarmoebis Tanamedroves

SeeZlo esaubra. wamebaSi aRwerili viTareba, rom qristianebs

nebadarTuli hqondaT RvTismsaxurebis Catareba da amavdroulad

qristianul sarwmunoebaze sxvebis moqcevisaTvis SesaZloa qristiani

dasjiliyo metyvelebs imaze, rom es faqtebi SeiZleba scodnoda mxolod

wamebis Tanamedroves. sainteresoa erTi fraza Txzulebidan: `mosca

wyalman man friadi sitfoÁ viTarca abanoman~ (28,185). naTelia, rom civi

wylis naTlobis dros gaTbobiT avtori RvTiur saswaulze gvauwyebs.

aseTi suraTis daxatva, ase xatovnad daxasiaTeba movlenisa, albaT

SeeZlo mxolod movlenis TviTmxilvels. vfiqrobT, rom martvilobis

99

avtori naTlobis uSualo mowme unda yofiliyo. is am movlenas piradi

STabeWdilebis safuZvelze gadmoscems. nawarmoebis avtori naTlisRebis

epizods asrulebs yrmaTa TeTri perangebiT zeciurad Semosvis faqtiT.

aseT saswaulzec mxolod TviTmxilvelma SeiZleba imsjelos. iman, vinc

piradad naxa, rom monaTlulni TeTri perangebiT realurad ki ar

Semosilan, aramed zeciurad.

vfiqrobT, rom TxzulebaSi aRwerili faqtebi da movlenebi ar

SeiZleba zepirsityvieri gadmocemiT iyos Semonaxuli da gvian periodSi

Cawerili, radgan martvilobaSi mocemuli informacia mxolod

mwignobruli, literaturuli nawarmoebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

nawarmoebis teqsti ki droTaA ganmavlobaSi gadakeTebuli rom iyos,

maSin interpolatori upirvelesad mkiTxvelisTvis gaugebar siuJetebs

Secvlida, Tanamedroved gadaasxvaferebda. es ki ase ar momxdara, radgan

TxzulebaSi Suasaukuneebis sazogadoebisaTvis mravali gaugebari da

Znelad asaxsneli situacia dasturdeba. udavoa, rom martviloba

Sinaarsobrivad ar unda gadakeTebuliyo. isic faqtia, rom Txzulebam

Cvenamde enobrivad Secvlili saxiT moaRwia, radgan TxzulebaSi ar Cans

`xanmetobis~ kvali, rac mesame saukuneSi Seqmnili TxzulebebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli unda yofiliyo. ise rogorc, xanmetobis kvali ar Cans X

saukunis xelnaweriT Semonaxul V –Si daweril `SuSanikis wamebaSi~.

`kolael yrmaTa wameba~, iseve rogorc qristianobis Tavdapirveli xanis

martirologiuri Txzulebebi formisa da Sinaarsis ubraloebiT

gamoirCeva, mcire zomisaa da mxatvrulobas moklebulia (27,49-50).

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare migvaCnia, rom vinaidan wamebis

avtori TxzulebaSi aRwerili ambis TviTmxilveli unda iyos, xolo

wamebaSi aRwerili movlenebi ganisazRvra 260 _ dan 303 wlamde,

savaraudoa, rom nawarmoebi galienusis 260O wlis tolerantuli

brZanebulebis Semdgom da diokletianes 303 wlis ediqtiT, qristianTa

devnis gamocxadebis axlo xanebSi unda iyos dawerili. cnobilia, rom

ganmartovebul SuSaniks, romelic 475 wels aResrula, Tan miaqvs

`wmidani igi wignni mowameTani~. b.ColoyaSvils miaCnia, rom SesaZloa

kolaelTa wamebis amsaxveli Txzulebac matebda rwmenis Zalas wminda

SuSaniks (27,49). b. ColoyaSvilis azriT, sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom

100

260-303 wlebis axlo xanebSi Seqmnil qarTul nawarmoebSi, avtoris mier

`saxareba~ orjeraa citirebuli. avtorma icis, rom qristianTaA wminda

werils qarTulad `saxareba~ ewodeba. martvilobis periodisTvis ukve

arsebobs oTxTavis Sesabamisi termini qarTul enaze, amitom

b.ColoyaSvilis azriT safiqrebelia, rom nawarmobis daweris

droisaTvis saxareba Targmnili yofila qarTul enaze. b.ColoyaSvils

miaCnia, rom vinaidan saxarebis Targmnis procesi Zalze rTuli da

xangrZlivia, amdenad 260-303 wlebSi daweril nawarmoebSi saxarebis or

adgilas qarTul enaze citirebis faqti unda mianiSnebdes imaze, rom

saxarebis Targmnis saqme unda ganexorcielebinaT qarTul samyaroSi

mcxovreb qristianebs. III saukunisaTvis unda yofiliyo qarTul

qristianobas naziarebi Zlieri Temi, rom mis wevrebs xeli moekidaT

saxarebis qarTulad TargmanisTvis da amiT, kidev ufro mZafrad

ewarmoebinaT polemika warmarTobis winaaRmdeg. b. ColoyaSvils miaCnia,

rom RvTismsaxureba kolaelTa martvilobis Seqmnis periodisTvis

qarTulad aResruleboda, radgan qristianTa ukanaskneli devnis

dawyebamde ara mxolod eklesia funqcionirebs qarTul samyaroSi da

saxarebaa Targmnili qarTulad, aramed Txzulebis Tanaxmad naTlobis

locva `Jamoba~ qarTulad warmoiTqmis da qarTulenovani eklesiis

wmindanebad Seracxul wmindanTa wamebis asaxveli Zegli qarTulad

daiwera. da bolos, X s-is aTonur xelnawerSi Semonaxuli, 260-303

wlebis axlo periodSi dawerili `kolael yrmaTa wameba~ imitomacaa

sayuradRebo, rom qristianul samyaroSi dRemde uZveles nawarmoebad

miCneuli iyo 411 wels, edesaSi, Zvel siriul enaze Sesrulebuli teqsti

(daculia britaneTis muzeumSi damatebiTi xelnaweri #12150), romelic

warmoadgens nikomediaSi, 362 wlis momdevno xanaSi, berZnul enaze

dawerili martvilobis Semoklebul Targmans (27,53).

k. kekeliZis azriT, `kolael yrmaTa wamebas` rogorc garegnulad,

ise SinaarsiT, enaTesaveba `martviloba daviTis da tariWanisa~, romelic

imave aTonis xelnawerSia moTavsebuli, sadac moTavsebulia `kolael

yrmaTa martviloba~. maTi stili erTidaigivea, terminologiac da

administraciuli erTeulebic: didi _ xevi, mcire _ sofeli, soflis

gamge _ mTavari, termini soflis xmareba dabis nacvlad da a.S. es

101

faqtebi uTiTebs maT qronologiur naTesaobaze. moqmedeba orive

nawarmoebSi taos raionSi, saqarTvelos teritoriaze warmoebs da

siuJetic TiTqmis erTia: daviTi da tariWani arian Zmebi da mcirewlovani

yrmebi. kolaelebi ki sulieri Zmebi arian da isinic mcirewlovanni.

orive SemTxvevaSi yrmebs qristianobis miRebisaTvis klaven uaxloesi

naTesavebi. daviTs da tariWans sakuTari biZa, kolael yrmebs mSoblebi.

am or nawarmoebs Soris naTesaoba k.kekeliZes afiqrebinebs, rom isini, an

orive originaluri qarTuli nawarmoebia, arauadres IX saukunisa, rac

imiT aixsneba, rom isini, kerZod `daviT-tariWanis martviloba~ somxurad

ar Senaxula; an orive originaluri somxuri nawarmoebia, qarTulad

naTargmni arauadres IX saukunisa. k. kekeliZis varaudiT, SesaZloa orive

nawarmoebi somxur enaze iyo Tavdapirvelad Seqmnili da Semdgom ukve,

Txzulebebi gangeb mospes, rogorc arasasiamovno dokumenti warmarTobis

polemikisa qristianobisTan somexTa Soris. n.maric ase xsnis am

martvilobis gaqrobas somxur mwerlobaSi. faqtia, rom qarTul enaze es

martvilobebi Semonaxula, vinaidan am or martvilobaSi aRwerili ambavi

moxda qarTvelTa teritoriaze, taos raionSi. ara marto SemounaxavT,

aramed, maTi mixedviT da maT safuZvelze qarTvelebs am mcirewlovan

martvilTa dResaswauli_saxsenebeli dauwesebiaT da liturgikuli

himnebic dauweriaT. k. kekeliZes miaCnia, rom daviTisa da tariWanis

wamebas adgili unda hqonoda IV saukuneSi, arSak mefis (368-386) da

kaTolikosis nerses moRvaweobis dros (17,492).

iv. javaxiSvili miiCnevs, rom es ori martviloba ar hgavs erTmaneTs

arc stilisturad da arc Sinaarsobrivad. mecnieris azriT, daviTi da

tariWani mokles ara qristianobis gamo, aramed biZam maTi saxiT moiSora

memkvidreobis uflebis SesaZlo Semcileblebi. k.kekeliZe am azrs

arasworad miiCnevs, radgan es rom ase yofiliyo, maSin maT

gawarmarTebis cdas aranairi azri ar eqneboda, radgan warmarTi

disSvilebic Seecilebodnen biZas memkvidreobis miRebaSi.

iv.javaxiSvilis varaudi k. kekeliZis mosazrebiT, ubralod gaugebrobis

Sedegi unda iyos (17,492).

miuxedavad imisa, rom winaqristianul somxeTSic saqarTvelos

msgavsad warmarToba Zalze Zlieri iyo da SesaZloa Tavdapirvelad es

102

nawarmoebebi somxurad Seiqmna, migvaCnia rom, es orive martviloba

originaluri qarTuli hagiografiuli nawarmoebebia da maTSi asaxulia

qristianobis gavrcelebis da misi warmarTobasTan dapirispirebis

adreuli etapi. sagulisxmoa, rom am nawarmoebebSi ar aris saxeldebuli

da CamoTvlili warmarTuli kerpebi. ubralod, avtoris mier

xazgasmulia, rom eri kerpTayvanismcemelia, anu warmarTi.

qristianobis dapirispireba warmarTobasTan naCvenebia kidev erT

qarTul, originalur, hagiografiul nawarmoebSi `sibrZne balahvarisi~,

sxva redaqciiT `iodasafis cxovreba~. nawarmoebSi asaxulia warmarTul

indoeTSi qristianobis gavrcelebis ambavi: Tu rogor moaqcia meudabnoe

balahvarma indoeTis mefis Svili iodasafi, xolo iodasafma Tavisi mama,

winaT qristianobis mdevneli, abenesi, agreTve rogorc Tavisi, ise

mamisAqveSevrdomni.

am sulismargebeli moTxrobis siuJeti aseTia: indoeTis mefe,

saxelad abenesi, aris warmarTi, qristianTa mteri. mas hyavs

mxolodSobili vaJi iodasafi. sanam vaJi SeeZineboda, astrologebma

uwinaswarmetyveles mefes, rom misi vaJi gaxdeboda Zlieri, magram

miiRebda axal doqtrinas (anu gaqristiandeboda). amis aRsakveTad, mefem

mas gars Semoartya lamazi msaxurebi, romelTac unda ezrunaT imaze,

rom ufliswuls ar gaego ra aris avadmyofoba da sikvdili, ar daenaxa

moxucebuli xalxi. iodasafi gaizarda da mounda Tavisufleba. wavida

samogzaurod, da rogorc budas cxovrebaSia, man gzad naxa uamravi

gaWirveba, uimedoba. Semdgom masTan midis balahvari, igi aqristianebs

mefis vaJs da kvlav midis udabnoSi. mefe SvilTan gamarTuli amao

saubris Semdeg, gadaswyvets gamarTos sajaro diskusia. mefis veziri

naqori unda daupirispirdes varlaams da unda moaxdinos qristianuli

religiis uaryofiTi axsna. roca es dRe dadga, mefiswulma uambo naqors,

Tu ra iyo qristianuli mrwamsi, amiTi stimulirebuli naqori mefisgan

darigebulis sawinaaRmdegod qristianobis dasacavad iwyebs saubars. amis

Semdgom, samefoSi yvela gaqristiandeba. mefis vaJi uars ambobs samefo

taxtze da midis udabnoSi balavarTan erTad locvisTvis da fiqrisTvis.

Txzulebidan naTlad Cans, rom masSi asaxulia qristianobis

gavrcelebisa da misi warmarTobasTan dapirispirebis adreuli periodi.

103

kerZod, eri kerpTayvanismcemelia (ara cecxlTayvanismcemeli). qveyanas

hyavs mefe, romelic aseve kerpTayvanismcemelia da devnis qristianebs.

metic, am qveyanaSi qristes sjulis mimdevrebs cecxlSi wvaven. Tumca

nawarmoebidan vgebulobT, rom mefe abenesis winaprebi qristes mimdevrebi

yofilan. nawarmoebSi uxvad vxvdebiT igavebs. maTi saSualebiT

gamoxatuli sibrZnis wyalobiT, ufliswuli qristes rjulze moqcevas

gadawyvets. iodasafis gaqristianebis Semdgom ki ukve mTeli eri xdeba

qristiani.

vfiqrobT, rom warmarTobasTan polemikis kuTxiT arsebobs msgavseba am

nawarmoebsa da `ninos cxovrebas~ Soris. orive TxzulebaSi naCvenebia

kerpTayvanismcemeli eri, romelic uflis ZalisxmeviT xdeba qristiani.

erT SemTxvevaSi wm.nino gvevlineba uflis mociqulad, xolo meore

SemTxvevaSi balahvari. nino moaxerxebs mirian mefis moqcevas, balahvari

da iodasafi mefe abenesis. rogorc nawarmoebebidan gvaxsovs, es mefeebi

Tavdapirvelad kerpTayvanismcemlebi iyvnen da qristianobis miRebisTvis

xalxs sastikad uswordebodnen, maT wamebiT xocavdnen. Tumca, uflis

mociqulTa ZalisxmeviT, warmarTobasTan paeqrobaSi qristianoba

imarjvebs. qristianobis miRebis Semdeg kerpebi imsxvreva, nadgurdeba

sakerpo samlocveloebi. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom `balvarianSi~ uSualod

mefis da xalxis mier xdeba es procesi, xolo `ninos cxovrebaSi~,

uflis saswaulis wyalobiT. warmarTuli kerpebis da salocavebis

adgils ikavebs eklesia, jvari, episkoposi. warmarTi xalxi qristianulad

inaTleba.

warmarTobasTan polemikis kuTxiT, sagulisxmoa, am Txzulebis erTi

pasaJi, rodesac zandan mzarduli iodasafs esaubreba mokvdavi adamianis

sulis arsze: `kacni igi RmrTismsaxurni esreT ityodes: zecas RmerTi

ars da mas daubadebian cani da qveyanani, zRvani da ufskrulni, mze da

mTovare da varskulavni, da brZanebiTa misiTa iqmnebian Zrvani haerTani

da quxilni da qarni. da kaci xeliTa Seuqmnia miwisagan da suli TÂisi

STauberavs ukvdavio. da ukeTu mas vinme hmsaxurebdes da mcnebaTa misTa

vidodis da Tayvanis scemdes mas, samoTxe uTqs da sasufeveli da

Semdgomad sikvdilisa mun wariyvanebs da mas Sina ganusvenebs. xolo

mamisa Senisa filosofosni zogni mokudavad ityvian sulsa da zogni

104

ukudavad~ (25,20). am pasaJSi naCvenebia qristianobis upiratesoba

warmarTobaze. kerZod naTqvamia, rom RmerTma Seqmna yvelaferi am qveynad,

maT Soris adamiani. Tu adamiani misi mcnebebis dacviT icxovrebs, mas

moelis saukuno sasufeveli _ samoTxe, xolo mis suls ukvdaveba. aqve

mocemulia warmarTTa pozicia sulis Sesaxeb. zogierTi maTgani

mokvdavad miiCnevs suls, zogi ki ukvdavad. rogorc Cans, sulis

gaazrebis sakiTxSi warmarTebi erT poziciaze ar idgnen.

iodasafi ekiTxeba balahvars, daumtkicos RmerTis arseboba.

balahvari pasuxobs: `cani da qveyanaÁ da yoveli, romeli damkvidrebul

ars mas Sina, sulierni da gvamni. da rameTu ukeTu ixilo WurWeli raÁme

Seqmnili, daRaTumca moqmedi ara hnaxe, swameve, viTarmed uvis Semoqmedi.

da egreca naSenebi, daRacaTu maSenebeli ver ixilo, aramed gonebaÁ

wamebs, viTarmed uvis maSenebeli. xolo me, raJams vixile Tavi Cemi da

ganvicade agebulebaÁ Cemi, vcan, rameTu mivis Semoqmedi da viTarca eneba,

dambada da gamomxata Tvinier kiTxvisa Cemisa~ (25,21). am sityvebiT

balahvari iodasafs auwyebs RmerTis uzenaesobis da misi

yovlisSemZleobis Sesaxeb. RmerTis, romelic yvelafris Semqmnelia am

qveynad. Semdgom balahvari saubrobs soflis amaoebaze da qristes

mociqulTa Rvawlze, romlebic momswreni arian iesos RvTaebrivi

saswaulebisa. es nawarmoebi warmarTobasTan (kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan)

polemikis kuTxiT erT_erTi yvelaze popularuli da mniSvnelovani

Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglia.

mkvlevarebi TiTqmis erTxmad aRiareben, rom am qristianuli

nawarmoebis pirvelwyaroa budas Tavgadasavali. es budisturi Txzuleba

moxvda ra aRmosavleTidan qristianul samyaroSi, iTargmna romeliRac

qristianul enaze, Seimosa qristianuli samosiT, miemata mravali pasaJi

da Tu ara ganswavluli mkiTxveli, mis wiaRSi budisturi elementebis

danaxva SeuZlebelia. (budizmi, rogorc cnobilia, Camoyalibda Zvel

indoeTSi. Zveli indoelebi mraval budas aRiarebdnen. isini budas

uwodebdnen yvela imas, vinc, maTi azriT, umaRles siwmindes miaRwevda.

tradiciis Tanaxnad budizmis Camomyalibeblad miCneulia Zveli

welTaRricxvis 623-544 Tu 563-484 wlebSi mcxovrebi uwmindesi, naxevrad

legendaruli pirovneba, sirdxartxi gautami, igive buda Sakia anu buda

105

sakia. gadmocemis Tanaxmad is iyo mefis vaJi, romelmac 29 wlis asakSi

miatova sasaxle da Svidi wlis xetialisa da mravali saswaulis

moxdenis Semdeg gaxda axali moZRvrebis mqadagebeli da

damamkvidrebeli). mecnierebaSi miCneulia, rom budas am Tavgadasavalma

SeiZina mravali axali, lamazi da gazviadebuli elementi da jer kidev

Zveli welTaRricxvis bolo saukuneebSi, mis Sesaxeb Seqmnili iyo

mravali legenda. swored am TqmulebaTa ZiriTadi birTvi daedo

safuZvlad qarTul `balavarians~ da mis berZnul redaqcias `varlaamisa

da ioasafis cxovrebas~. buda gaxlavT iodasafis prototipi da Tu

budam indoeTSi gaavrcela Tavisi moZRvreba, qristianul nawarmoebSi

saubaria iodasafis mier indoeTis gaqristianebaze (7,9).

qarTuli `balavariani~ anu `sibrZne balavarisi~ mecnierebisaTvis

cnobili gaxda mxolod XIX saukunis bolos, rodesac 1888 wels gazeT

`iveria~_Si mose janaSvilma gamoaqveyna misi nawyvetebi. k. kkekeliZe

miiCnevs, rom nawarmoebis Tavdapirveli qristianuli redaqcia gaCnda VIII

s-is meore naxevarSi. rogorc dRes mecnierebaSi dadgenilia, budas

cxovrebis sanskritul-falauri redaqcia moxvedrila qristianTa wreSi

da gadakeTebula qristianul romanad erT-erTi qristianuli mwerlobis

enaze. Tu romel enaze damuSavda es pirveli qristianuli redaqcia am

romanisa, evropul mecnierebaSi da bizantinistikaSi, didi gansjis

sagani gaxda.

zogierT mecniers miaCnda, rom es damuSaveba SesaZloa momxdariyo VIII

saukuneSi berZnul enaze, radgan teqstSi mravlad gvxvdeba

xatTmebrZoleobis ganmaqiqebeli tendenciebi da debulebani.

amavdroulad, maTi azriT, berZnuli teqsti savsea ioane damaskelis

TeologiiT.

k.kekeliZe Tvlis, rom romanis pirveli qristianuli redaqcia, jer

gadamuSavda apofTegmaTa Janris nawarmoebad, Semdeg es arabulad

iTargmna, xolo arabulidan gadmoRebuli iqna qarTuli redaqcia.

k.kekeliZis azriT, qarTuli `balahvariani~ X saukuneSi unda

Targmniliyo arabulidan qarTulad palestinis qarTul literaturul

wreSi. X s-is bolos qarTul `balahvarians~ aTonis mTazec miuRwevia,

sadac unda Seqmniliyo berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafi~(17,476) (ix. vrclad

106

III TavSi). e. xinTibiZes miaCnia, rom `sibrZne balahvarisi~ arabuli Kitab

Bilauhar wa Budasf-is qristianuli gadamuSavebaa qarTul enaze, xolo

qarTuli enidan berZnulad Targmnilia efTvime aTonelis mier. anu

qarTuli redaqcia Sualeduri redaqciaa arabulsa da berZnul

redaqciebs Soris (37,151). n. mari Tavdapirvelad miiCnevda, rom qarTuli

redaqcia siriulidan momdinareobda. Semdgom Secvala mosazreba da

manac kekeliZis msgavsad qarTuli `balavariani~ arabulidan momdinared

CaTvala. qarTul `sibrZne balahvarisas~ arabulTan marTlac meti

siaxlove aqvs ara mxolod igavTa raodenobis da Tanmimdevrobis

TvalsazrisiT, aramed sakuTar saxelTa: balahvar, iodasaf formis

msgavsebiT. mecnierebaSi miCneulia, rom balahvari arabuli( b-l-v-h-r)

formidan momdinareobs. iodasafi ki budas epiTetad(bodhisattva) miiCneva,

romelic arabulSi gadmovida bodasaph formiT. aqedan ki, b da i-s

SesaZlo arevis gamo warmoiSva iodasafi (57,233). k. kekeliZe Tvlis, rom

qarTuli “balavariani” X saukunis Zegli unda iyos, radgan nawarmoebi

stiliT hgavs “serapion zarzmelis cxovrebas”, romelic amave periodis

Zeglia; qarTul “balavarianSi” vxvdebiT sityvebs axal sparsul enaze,

rac aseve X saukunis qarTuli literaturis ZeglebisTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli da kidev erTi, swored am periodSi iTargmneboda

ZiriTadad, qarTulad, arabuli qristianuli literaturis Zeglebi(17,477).

qarTuli `balavariani~ Zalze mniSvnelovani Zeglia im kuTxiT, rom

mecnierTa azriT, `sibrZne balahvarisi~A safuZvlad daedo `balavarianis~

berZnul redaqcias `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebas~.FmigvaCnia, rom

swored am berZnuli redaqciidan unda iyos ganpirobebuli SemdgomSi

`balavarianis~ didi popularoba. qarTuli “balavarianis” es saxelebi

berZnul `varlaam da ioasafSi~ warmodgenilia Semdegi saxiT: abenesi-

abenir, balahvari-varlaam, iodasafi-ioasaf. Suasaukuneebis eklesiebi

iviwyeben moTxrobis zRaprul Sinaarss da varlaams da ioasafs, rogorc

indoeTis ganmanaTleblebs, ayeneben sxva wmindanebis gverdiT qristianul

kalendrebSi. (maTi xsenebis dRe aRmosavleTis eklesiaSi 19 noembersaa

dadgenili.) am movlenidanac cxadia, rom `balavarianis~ avtori Tavis

droze gaazrebulad(alegoriuli formiT) axdenda budaizmis qristianul

interpretacias.

107

rogorc vnaxeT, `kolael yrmaTa wamebaSi~ da qarTul `balavarianSi~

qristianobis gavrcelebis uZvelesi periodia asaxuli. am Zeglebis

avtori qristiani mwerlebi cdiloben warmoaCinon qristianobis, rogorc

religiis, aSkara upiratesoba warmarTobasTan(kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan)

mimarTebaSi. sagulisxmoa, rom am hagiografiuli Zeglebis mixedviT, ara

RvTaebrivi saswaulebis meSveobiT da warmarTobasTan fizikuri

dapirispirebis Sedegad, aramed aq ukve argumentirebulad da

gacnobierebulad xdeba warmarTi xalxis mier qristianuli religiis

miReba da misi upiratesobis aRiareba warmarTobasTan SedarebiT.

108

Tavi II.Tavi II.Tavi II.Tavi II.

filosofiur_Teofilosofiur_Teofilosofiur_Teofilosofiur_Teologiuri polemika warmarTul da mazdeur logiuri polemika warmarTul da mazdeur logiuri polemika warmarTul da mazdeur logiuri polemika warmarTul da mazdeur

warmodgenebTanwarmodgenebTanwarmodgenebTanwarmodgenebTan Zvel qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi da aristides Zvel qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi da aristides Zvel qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi da aristides Zvel qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi da aristides

`̀̀̀aaaapologiapologiapologiapologia~~~~

Zveli qarTuli polemikuri mwerlobaZveli qarTuli polemikuri mwerlobaZveli qarTuli polemikuri mwerlobaZveli qarTuli polemikuri mwerloba

rodesac qristianoba sakmaod moRonierda, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac

nebadarTul da saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadda, is aramarto fizikur

winaaRmdegobas uwevda gareSe da Sinaur religiur mowinaaRmdeges, aramed

aqtiurad daiwyo literaturuli kamaTi araqristianul religiebsa da

sxvadasxva qristianul mwvaleblobasTan. kamaTis mizani iyo

mowinaaRmdegeTa religiuri mrwamsis gabaTileba da maTi moZRvrebis

siyalbis damtkiceba. ase warmoiSva e.w polemikuri mwerloba, romelsac

mTavar samizned araqristianuli religiebidan umTavresad hyavda:

warmarToba, ebraeloba da mahmadianoba, xolo qristianul

mwvaleblobaTagan: arianoba, nestorianoba, monofizitoba, monofelitoba,

xatTmbrZoloba, kaTolikoba da sxva saxis mwvalebloba. saqarTveloSi

mwerlobis es dargi adre unda dawyebuliyo, rac imiT aixsneba, rom

saqarTvelo erTi mxriv garSemortymuli iyo araqristianebiT, meore mxriv

ki, xSirad iqceoda asparezad sxvadasxva qriastianul mwvaleblobaTa

Serkinebisa. swored amitom, qristiani saqarTvelo iZulebuli gamxdara

TviTonac ewarmoebina literaturuli polemika warmarTobasTan

ucxoeTidan Semotanili literaturuli masaliT Tu sakuTari

SemoqmedebiT (17,445).

qristianobis saqarTveloSi Semosvlis pirveli periodis ganmavlobaSi

X saukunemde, qarTul qristianobas kavSiri hqonda umTavresad

aRmosavlur qristianobasTan. amasTanave, mas brZola uxdeboda iseTi

tipis mwvaleblobebTan, romlebic arsebobdnen aRmosavleTSi _

nestorianobasTan da monofizitobasTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom am

epoqidan bevri aseTi Txzuleba Cvenamde ar Senaxula, mainc SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom sakmaod nayofieri muSaoba yofila warmoebuli am kuTxiT.

109

meore periodSi, aRniSnul motivebs miemata antimahmadianuri polemika. am

periodSi ki, wina epoqebis miRwevebis gadaxedvis da gamoyenebis Sedegad,

iseTi RirsSesaniSnavi polemikuri krebuli gaCnda qarTul enaze,

rogoricaa arsen vaCesZis `dogmatikoni~, romelSic 31 polemikuri Sromaa

Sesuli. sagulisxmoa, rom bolo, aRorZinebis periodSi, polemikuri

mwerloba Seadgens Cveni saeklesio literaturis erT-erT mTavar dargs

da gansakuTrebiT monofizitTa da laTinTa garSemo trialebs.

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom warmarTobasTan saqarTveloSi aqtiurad

warmoebda brZola, magram ara im warmarTobasTan, romelsac ebrZoda

qristianoba romsa da saberZneTSi da romlis winaaRmdeg iqauri

qristianebi literaturulad muSaobdnen, aramed adgilobriv, qarTul

warmarTobasTan, ufro cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan. k.kekeliZis azriT,

amiT aixsneba is garemoeba, rom warmarTobis winaaRmdeg saqarTveloSi

literaturuli brZola ZiriTadad naTargmni mwerlobis saSualebiT ar

unda yofiliyo warmoebuli, radgan romisa da saberZneTis warmarTobas

saqarTveloSi adgili ar hqonia da aqedan gamomdinare, saWiroc ar

iqneboda im Txzulebebis gadmoTargmna, romlebic iq iwereboda

warmarTobis winaaRmdeg. Tavismxriv, romsa da saberZneTs

cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan uSualo Sexeba ar hqonia, mis winaaRmdeg

brZola ar uwarmoebia da sagangebo Txzulebebic, romelTa

gadmoTargmna qarTvelebisaTvis sasargeblo da saWiro iqneboda, ar

dauweria. (garda zogierTi apologetisa, romlebic anTropomorfistul

da naturalistur religiebs akritikebdnen. es apologetebi, gakvriT

exebodnen cecxlis stiqiasac, romelic mazdeanobis umTavresi

safuZvelia). saqarTveloSi ki cecxlTayvanismcemloba gaafTrebuli

ebrZoda qristianobas, ebrZoda rogorc fizikurad, ise literaturulad.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, arCil mefem dasva episkoposi mobidani,

romelic iyo `mogvi uSjulo da SemSleli wesTa . . . romelic farulad

swerda wignebsa yovlisa sacdurisasa~. am SemTxvevaSi mogvi unda

niSnavdes iseTi mwvaleblobis warmomadgenels, romelSic adgili aqvs

cecxlTayvanismcemlobis elements. k. kekeliZe Tvlis, rom am dros, V-VI

saukuneebSi, qarTvelebi literaturulad jer kidev saTanadod ver

upasuxebdnen cecxlTayvanismcemlobas. misi azriT, `abibos nekreselis

110

martvilobaSi~ TiTqos Semonaxulia nawyveti cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan

paeqrobisa, konkretulad iq, sadac abibosi amtkicebs, rom cecxli

RmerTi ki ara, aramed erTi `mcired nawilTagania~, magram saqme imaSia,

rom mecnieris varaudiT, aseTi azrebi abibos dros, VI saukuneSi

saqarTveloSi jer Semosuli ar yofila. isini CvenSi Semoitana berZnuli

filosofiis SemoWram, rasac adgili unda hqonoda arauadres IX-X ss,

rodesac k. kekeliZes azriT, dawerili unda iyos `abibosis martviloba~.

qristianoba cecxlTayvanismcemlebis winaaRmdeg fizikuradac

ibrZoda: maT moZRvrebebs an `gaasxamden~, e.i saqarTvelodan gaaZevebdnen,

an dawvavdnen. mag: istorikosis sityviT, mobidanis Txzulebebs swored

aseTi bedi ewia: `Semdgomad dawua yoveli werili misi WeSmaritman

episkoposman miqelma~_ vkiTxulobT `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ (17,446).

rac Seexeba ebraelobas. saqarTveloSi, kerZod mcxeTaSi, bevri ebraeli

iyo, magram isini winaaRmdegobas ar uwevdnen qristianobas. piriqiT,

niadagic ki moumzades mas. pirveli prozelitebi qristianobam swored

maT wreSi ipova. isini xels uwyobdnen mis gavrcelebas. mag: abiaTari,

sidonia da sxvebi. saerTod qarTveli ebraelebi iseT literaturul

Zalas ar warmoadgendnen, rom maT SeZlebodaT saxelmwifoebrivi

religiisaTvis metoqeoba da winaaRmdegobis gaweva saqarTveloSi. amitom,

arc qarTvelebs hqondaT sababi, rom maT winaaRmdeg damoukidebeli

literaturuli brZola ewarmoebinaT. amiT aixsneba, rom qarTuli

antiebrauli sarwmunoebrivi politika mTlianad naTargmnia, is

gamoZaxilia im ideuri antagonizmisa, romelsac adgili hqonda yvelgan

istoriulad iudaizmsa da qristianizms Soris. amgvar TxzulebaTagan,

romlebic meore periodidan iCenen Tavs, arsen vaCesZis `dogmatikonSi~

moTavsebulia: 1. `winagansawyobelad huriaTa wamebani werilebrni,

viTarmed samebasa Sina RmrTeebaÁ saRmrToTa werilTa mier saidumlod

iqadagebis~, romelSic moyvanilia citatebi saRmrTo werilidan samebis

dasamtkiceblad. 2. `sityvisgeba huriaTa mimarT~, romelic iwyeba ase:

`RmerTsa miendobodeT saRmrToni, xolo kacTa kacobrivi~. 3.

`sityvisgebisagan qristeanisa da huriisa, wamebani uflisa Cuenisa ieso

qristesTvis wmidaTa werilTagan~, kiTxva-migebis saxiT. 4. `Tu viTar jer

ars SewynarebaÁ, romelni huriaTagan sarwmunoebasa qristeaneTasa

111

mouxdebodis~ – mokle da sruli, naxevrad polemikuri, naxevrad

liturgikuli, romelic `dogmatikonSi~ arsenis Semdegaa Setanili. 5.

`sityvisgebaÁ huriisa mimarT~ Teodore abukurasi, im SromaSi, romelic

mas miuweria `mTavrisa mimarT edesisa SeiganTaisa~ 6. XVIII saukunis

gasuls, 1786 w, dimitri bagrations uTargmnia rusulidan `uriaTa mimarT

sityvissagebeli Txzuleba~ samoel rabinisa, romelsac `oqros aRnaqvsi~

ewodeba da romelic Seicavs imis mtkicebas, rom ieso qriste aris

WeSmariti RmerTi, Ze RvTisa, mosuli qveynad. k. kekeliZis mosazrebiT,

CamoTvlilis garda antiiudaisturi Txzulebani qarTul enaze cnobili

araa (17,446-447).

rac Seexeba mahmadianobas. religias, romelmac mazdeanoba Caanacvla.

es religia, gamoCenis dRidan, istoriul mtrad gadaeqca saqarTveloSi

qristianobas da qarTvelebs misgan arasdros hqoniaT saSveli. Cveni

xangrZlivi, mravalsaukunovani istoriis Sinaarsi zogadad warmoadgens

gareSe mterTan mudmiv brZolas, umTavresad qristianobasa da

mahmadianobas Soris brZolis saxiT. amitom, qarTul polemikur

mwerlobaSi samahmadiano dargi, rogorc naTargmni, ise originaluri,

SedarebiT farTodaa warmodgenili. Tumca unda SevniSnoT, rom qarTuli

mwerlobis pirvel periodSi, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT `abo

Tbilelis martvilobas~, romelSiac mahmadianoba ideurad aris

Sefasebuli, am droidan araferi gvaqvs SemorCenili. es SeiZleba aixsnas

imiT, rom TviT berZnul enaze sistematuri literaturuli brZola

islamis winaaRmdeg mxolod IX saukunidan iwyeba. maSasadame,

antimahmadianuri polemika saqarTveloSi unda dawyebuliyo mwerlobis

meore periodSi. arsen vaCesZis `dogmatikonSi~ Cven gvaqvs Semdegi amgvari

naTargmni Txzulebebi: 1. `sarkinozTa mimarTisa sityvisgebisagan

netarisa Teodore abukuraÁsi~, romelSic rva statiaa: a) `Jamad-Jamad

SemTxueulni eklesiisada kueTebani mwualebelTani~, b) `sxuaÁ qadagebaÁ,

viTarmed muhamed ar ars RmerTisagan~, g) `gamoCinebaÁ WeSmariti

magaliTisa mier, viTarmed mteri iyo RmrTisaÁ muhamed da viTarmed

eSmakisa mier iguemeboda~, d) `aRsarebaÁ da damtkicebaÁ qristeanobisaÁ

ukninesTagan qadagebisaTa~, e) `sxuaÁ sityvisgebaÁ gamomaCinebeli,

viTarmed xorci qristesi ars Sewiruli igi da kurTxeuli puri~, v)

112

`sxuaÁ sityisgebaÁ erTgzis qorwinebisaTvis~, z) `arca vnebasa missa

daixsna guami qristesi~, T) `gamoCinebaÁ, viTarmed aqus RmerTsa Ze

Tanaarsi, TanadausabamoÁ da TanasamaradisoÁ~. aris erTi kiTxva_migeba

qristiansa da mahmadians Soris im sityvisgebaSic, romelic Teodore

abukuras miuweria `mTavrisa mimarT edesisa SeiganTaÁsa~. aqvea naxevrad

polemikuri, naxevrad liturgikuli `wesi, romeli iqmnebis moqceulsa

zeda sarkinozTagan wmidisa mimarT da WeSmaritisa sarwmunoebisa Cuen

qristianeTaÁsa~. imave dogmatikonis zogierT nusxaSi da calkec, Cven

gvxvdeba erTi antimahmadianuri sapolemiko Txzuleba, romelsac aseTi

saTauri aqvs: `xsenebaÁ sityvisgebisaÁ da sasjelisaÁ sjulisaTvis

qristianeTaÁsa da sarkinozTa~. k. kekeliZis azriT, es Txzuleba

originaluri qarTuli nawarmoebi unda iyos, Sesrulebuli qarTveli

avtoris mier. Semdeg safexurs qarTuli antimahmadianuri mwerlobis

istoriaSi Seadgens XVI saukuneSi bagrat batoniSvilis mier dawerili

`moTxrobaÁ sjulTa uRmrToTa ismailitTaÁ~, romelic XVII saukunis

gasuls, Tu XVIII-is damdegs gauleqsavsEmoqmedis mitropolits iakob

dumbaZes. XVIII saukuneSi timoTe gabaSvils dauweria polemikuri Sroma

mahmadianTa winaaRmdeg. unda davasaxeloT erTi originaluri

antimahmadianuri Txzulebac `ambavi mahmadisi, TargmanTa Sina

fsalmunTasa Semoxmuli da wignTagan mahmadianTasa gamoRebuli, da

naTesaoba maTi~. Teimuraz batoniSvilis azriT am Txzulebis avtoria

iosebi, xucesi da moZRvari, romelic bagrat IV_is dros cxovrobda.

antimahmadianuri polemika moiTxovda, rom qarTvelebs mahmadianTa

yurani gacnobili hqonodaT. Cans, rom es asec iyo. zaqaria WiWinaZis

sityviT, is gadmoaqarTules sparseTSi myofmaM qarTvel _ mahmadianma

batoniSvilebma.

Cvens winaprebs didi wvlili SeutaniaT im TxzulebaTa TargmanebSic,

romlebic mimarTulni iyvnen qristianobis wiaRSi aRmocenebuli

sxvadasxva mwvaleblobis winaaRmdeg.Ees mwvaleblobebia: arianoba( IV s-

is meore naxevris damdegs 350-356 ww, imperator konstantis dros

damyarda iberiaSi), nestorianoba, origenizmi, agvistinizmi,

monofelitoba, xatTmebrZoleoba, kaTolicizmi, monofizitoba,

sainteresoa qarTvelTa polemika somexTa mimarT. polemikis gasacnobad

113

mkvlevars did samsaxurs gauwevs arsen vaCesZis `dogmatikoni~ da

sxvadasxva polemikuri krebuli, romelTa zogadi saTauria `sityvisgebaÁ

marTlmadidebelTa aRsarebisaÁ`( ix.17,449-450).

garda polemikisa warmarTobasTan, sayuradReboa, rom qarTul

hagiografiul mwerlobaSi gvxvdeba polemika ZiriTadi qristianuli

dogmatebis sworad gaazrebis Taobazec. am mxriv unda gamovyoT qarTlis

kaTalikosis arsen II-is mier IX saukuneSi ganaxlebuli `ioane

zedaznelis cxovrebis~ Sesavali, sadac avtori ekamaTeba ariozs,

romelmac Ze RvTisa gaiazra rogorc kaci da ver Seicno masSi `bunebaÁ

RmerTeebisaÁ dausabamoÁ~. kamaTi grZaldeba ariozis mimdevarTa

misamarTiTac, romelnic qristes marTalia miiCneven RvTis sityvad,

magram Tvlian, rom masSi `suli kualad dabadebulTa SeaerTes~. avtori

polemikas warmarTavs suliwmidis sworad gaazrebis Taobazec. ekamaTeba

makedons (konstantinepolis episkoposi 355_359 wlebSi, romlis momxreebi

calke fraqcias warmoadgendnen 381 wlis meore msoflio saeklesio

krebaze konstantinopolSi), romelmac suli RmerTis mier Seqmnilad da

“madliT movlenilad” gamoacxada. es pozicia ukugdebulia bibliuri

pasaJebis interpretirebiT, romelsac mosdevs avtoris kiTxva: `usulo

viTarme iyo mamaÁ vidre dabadebamde mis sulisa?!~ (17,447).

mecnier e.xinTibiZis TvalsazrisiT, bibliis Targmnis kvaldakval

(rac, albaT, IV saukuniT unda daTariRdes, radgan V saukunis I

naxevarSi bibliuri wignebis arsebobas ukve adastureben rogorc

qarTuli, ise ucxouri wyaroebi), qarTulad male Cndeba naTargmni

qristianuli egzegetikisa da polemikis Zeglebi. Targmna Tavdapirvelad

berZnuli enidan xdeboda, razec miuTiTeben Zveli qarTveli avtorebi

(giorgi mcire, XI s.) da adastureben uZvelesi qarTuli naTargmni

Zeglebi, romelTa Teologiuri terminologia uSualod berZnulzea

damokidebuli da sruliad Tavisufalia somxurTan mimarTebisagan

(severiane gabalovnelis `equsTa dReTaÁ~). SemdgomSi, V s. meore

nexevridan, iwyeba somxuridan Targmna, rac intensiurad grZeldeba

daaxloebiT VII s. meore naxevramde. VIII saukunidan, berZnulis

paralelurad Txzulebebi iTargmndeba arabulidan. X s. ukanaskneli

meoTxedidan ki berZnuli gziT mTeli sasuliero mwerlobis amomwuravi

114

aTviseba iwyeba, rac gadaizrdeba, erTi mxriv, maqsimalurad zusti

mTargmnelobiTi principis damkvidrebaSi da meore mxriv, cnobili

Teologiur_filosofiuri Txzulebebis komentirebaSi. aseTi tipis

saqmianoba grZeldeba XIII s-is pirveli naxevris CaTvliT.

adrindeli Suasaukuneebis saqarTveloSi mdidari sasuliero

mwerloba Seiqmna. originaluri sasuliero literatura qarTul enaze V

s-dan Cndeba, romelic Tavdapirvelad ori JanriT_hagiografiiTa da,

ufro mogvianebiT, himnografiiTaa warmodgenili. qarTul originalur

hagiografiaSi sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba saqristiano filosofiis anu

Teologiuri debulebebi, romlebic qronologiurad adrindel

TxzulebebSi SedarebiT naklebadaa warmodgenili (37,148).

V_X saukuneebis qarTuli originaluri hagiografia mkveTrad

warmoaCens ZiriTad Teologiur postulatebs: dausabamo da usasrulo

transcendentul sampirovan erTarseba RmerTs, rogorc samyaros

dambadebels, mis gamgebels da yovelTa saqmeTa moqmeds (`martvilobani~

evstaTi mcxeTelisa, habo tfilelisa, `cxovrebani~ grigol xanZTelisa,

ioane zedaznelisa); RmerTs, romelic aris uxilavi, uJamo, uzomo da

ucvleli, martivi da araSedgenili, maradiulad TviTmoZravi da Tavisi

sakuTari ZaliT Zlieri( `cxovreba ioane zedaznelisa~: `ars igi uxilav,

uJamo, dautevnel, ucvalebel,_ ucvalebel Tvinier viTarebisa, Tvinier

raodenobisa, xatebisa,_Seupyrobel da Seunawevrebel, TviT iZrvis

maradis ZrviTa, TaviT TvisiT Zlier~). RmerTis bibliur saxelTa (kari,

gza, tarigi, mwyemsi, lodi, margaliti, yuavili, angelozi, kaci, RmerTi,

naTeli, queyana, marili, matli, mdogvis marcvali, mze simarTlisa),

simbolur ganmartebebs ( `martviloba habo tfilelisa~); samebis meore

hipostasis RmerTis sityvad saxeldebas (`moqcevai qarTlisaÁ~) (37,151).

qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi gvxvdeba RmerTis arsebobis

argumentirebac. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania

`balavarianis~ qarTuli redaqciebi _ `iodasafis cxovreba~ da `sibrZne

balahvarisi~. iodasafi mis moZRvars balavars sTxovs auxsnas, Tu rogor

damtkicdeba RmerTis arseboba? balavari miuTiTebs RmerTis Seqmnil

qveynierebaze: `da rameTu ixilo WurWeli raime Seqmnili, daRaTumca

moqmedi ara hnaxe, swameve, viTarmed uvis Semoqmedi. . . . xolo me, raJams

115

vixile Tavi Cemi da ganvicade agebulebaÁ Cemi, vcan, rameTu mivis

Semoqmedi da viTarca eneba, dambada da gamomxata Tvinier kiTxvisa Cemisa.

da ukeTumca me viyav dambadebeli Tavisa CemisaÁ, umetesmca vyav Tavi Cemi

siSuenieriTa da sisruliTa hasakisaiTa~ (25,14). k. kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom

am msjelobaSi SeiniSneba moxmoba sqolastikaSi cnobili RmerTis

arsebobis dasabuTebis ori meTodisa: fizikoTeologiuris( Seqmnils

unda hyavdes Semoqmedi) da kosmologiuris (radganac arsebobs sasruli,

igulisxmeba, rom arsebobs absoluturic, e.i. Semqmneli Semomqmedi)

(17,450).

Zveli qarTuli polemikuri mwerlobis zogadi mimoxilvis Semdeg,

kvlav davubundebiT polemikas warmarTobis (mazdeizmis,

cecxlTayvanismcemlobis) winaaRmdeg, radgan swored es polemika

gaxlavT Cveni interesis sagani.

qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad aRiarebis Semdgom etapze, Zveli

qarTuli hagiografiuli mwerlobisaTvis aucilebeli gaxda

literaturuli polemikiT sazrdooba warmarTobasTan sakamaTo

saSualebad, radgan, qristianobas tradiciulad saqarTveloSi hyavda

uamravi mteri, saqarTvelos ki uamravi warmarTi dampyrobeli. maT Soris

iyo ganuwyveteli brZola, rogorc fizikuri, ise literaturuli,

moraluri. qristiani qarTvelebi warmarTuli samyarosgan mudmivad

icavdnen sakuTar enas, mamuls da sarwmunoebas. sarwmunoebis dasacavad

isini sicocxlesac wiravdnen. sagulisxmoa, rom qristianoba

saqarTveloSi erTad ilaSqrebda mazdeizmisa da winaqristianuli

warmarTobis winaaRmdeg, radgan qristianoba saqarTveloSi swored am

ori religiis bazaze Semovida. gansakuTrebiT mwvave polemika

qristianobisa mazdeimis (cecxlTayvanismcemlobis) winaaRmdeg iyo

mimarTuli, radgan sparseTi mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi boginobda

saqarTveloSi da nergavda Tavis maSindel religias, mazdeanobas.

qristianobis saqarTveloSi Semosvlis periodidan moyolebuli,

qarTuli kultura da literatura aSkarad Serwymulia dasavleTis

qristianuli qveynebis kulturasTan da literaturasTan, gansakuTrebiT

ki qristianul bizantiasTan. axladaRmocenebul qristianobas romis

imperiaSi (antikurma) warmarTobam sastiki brZola gamoucxada. es

116

brZola iyo: fizikuri da literaturuli. qristianebs Seubraleblad

awamebdnen, sdevnidnen. warmarTuli filosofiis warmomadgenlebi

qristianebis winaaRmdeg werdnen specialur Sromebs, romelSic miwasTan

asworebdnen am axal religias, mis mimdevrebs ki saxelmwifo wyobis

moRalateebad miiCnevdnen. Tavismxriv qristianebi Tavs icavdnen aseve

literaturuli gziT. TavianTi rigebidan gamohyavdaT iseTi adamianebi,

romlebsac ganaTleba hqondaT miRebuli warmarTul skolebSi da

romlebsac SeeZloT argumentirtebulad dapirispireba warmarTobasTan.

isini werdnen iseT Txzulebebs, romlebSic abaTilebdnen warmarTTa

braldebebs da qristianobas amarTlebdnen rogorc filosofiurad, ise

moralurad. amasTan erTad isini amJRavnebdnen warmarTuli religiisa da

kultis sisuleles, RmerTebis Sesaxeb miTologiur TqmulebaTa

uazrobas da im dros gabatonebul filosofiur sistemaTa sust mxares.

faqtia, rom jer kidev II s-dan romSi iwyeba namdvili polemika

warmarTobasa da qristianobas Soris. qristianuli polemikis

warmomadgenlebi am dros cnobilni arian apologetebis saxeliT. aseTi

mdgomareoba iyo romis imperiaSi. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, Cven ukve

viciT `kolael yrmaTa wamebis~ magaliTze, rom qristianobas aqtiurad

ebrZoda adgilobrivi warmarToba. Zveli qarTuli Zeglebidan: `kolael

yrmaTa wamebis~, `ninos cxovrebis~ da `balavarianis~ garda, sxva

nawarmoebebSi ar unda iyos Semonaxuli cnoba imis maniSneblad, rom am

brZolas qristianTa winaaRmdeg awarmoebda adgilobrivi xelisufleba.

sxva SemTxvevaSi, qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi, qristianobis

winaaRmdeg mebrZolTa rolSi gamodian gareSe, dampyrobi Zalebi.

Tavdapirvelad cecxlTayvanismcemeli (mezdeanuri) iranis marzpanebi,

xolo Semdeg mahmadiani arabeTis amirebi. am warmarTuli qveynebis

agresia qristianuli saqarTvelos mimarT gansakuTrebiT imiT unda

yofiliyo ganpirobebuli, rom qristianoba saqarTvelos politikurad da

kulturulad akavSirebda iranis da arabeTis mowinaaRmdege qristianul

bizantiasTan. mazdeanobis da mahmadianobis gavrcelebiT ki, warmarTuli

qveynebi gawyvetdnen saqarTvelos kavSirs bizantiasTan. pirvel rigSi es

unda iTqvas cecxlTayvanismcemlobaze, romelic CvenSi garkveulwilad

117

qristianobam Caanacvla da romelic SemdgomSi kvlav TandaTan

gaZlierda (15,43).

sagulisxmoa, rom qarTuli qristianuli mwerloba,

cecxlTayvanismcemel dampyrobelTan polemikisTvis, xSirad,

literaturul masalas bizantiur mwerlobas daesesxeboda xolme,

miuxedavad imisa, rom qristianoba bizantiaSi ilaSqrebda antikuri

warmarTobis winaaRmdeg da ara cecxlTayvanismcemlobis winaaRmdeg. amas

hqonda Tavisi mizezebi. kerZod: literaturul polemikaSi bizantiuri

mwerloba ufro metad gawafuli iyo. Tanac,A bizantia iyo saqarTvelos

qomagi mazdeanur iranTan polemikis dros da am qveyanaSi qristianoba

saqarTveloze adre gavrcelda. swored am mizniT, berZnulidan qarTul

enaze iTargmneboda uamravi saeklesio literatura: liturgiebi,

martvilobebi. paralelurad, qarTul enaze iwereboda da berZnulad

iTargmneboda mravali hagiografiuli Zegli.

berZnul_bizantiur mwerlobaSi iyvnen apologetebi, romlebic

TavianT `apologiebSi~ qristianobis uzenaesobas usvamdnen xazs da

upirispirdebodnen (antikur) warmarTobas. swored aseTi apologetebis

Semoqmedebis gamoZaxilia Zvel qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi. rogorc

Cans, bizantiur_qarTuli kulturul_literaturuli urTierTobebi

mxolod calmxriv xasiaTs ar atarebda, rasac cxadyofs mecnierTa

araerTi safuZvliani gamokvleva (4,293). imdroindeli qarTveli mwerlebi

ise isrutavdnen yvelafers bizantiuri literaturidan da mwerlobidan,

rom xSirad maT SemoqmedebaSi CarTuli aRmoCndeboda xolme iseTi Zegli,

am nawyveti iseTi Txzulebidan, romelic sakuTar enaze ukve gamqrali

iyo garkveuli movlenebis gamo. sagulisxmoa, rom qarTveli mwerlebi

amgvar literaturul masalas rTavdnen im pirTa `martvilobebSi~,

romlebic saqarTveloSi mazdeizmis msxverplni xdebodnen.

erT_erTi aseTi Txzuleba, romelSic naCvenebia polemika romauli

warmarTobis winaaRmdeg (Tumca masSi vxvdebiT mazdeanTa mTavari RvTaebis

cecxlis stiqiis kritikas) da romelic, gamoyenebuli aRmoCnda Zvel

qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan sapolemiko

saSualebad im dros, rodesac ukve gamqrali iyo sakuTari mwerlobidan,

gaxlavT, II s-is berZeni apologetis, aristides `apologia~. sagulisxmoa,

118

rom im TxzulebaTa Soris, romlebic brZolas awarmoebdnen warmarTobis

sxvadasxva saxesTan, maT Soris cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan, yvelaze

Rirebuli qarTuli hagiografiisTvis es `apologia~ gaxlavT.

amavdroulad, aristides `apologia~ erT_erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani

klasikuri Zeglia qristianobis religiis poziciidan berZnul warmarTul

panTeonTan polemikisa.

Zvel qarTul literaturaSi Cven ar mogvepoveba aristides “apologiis”

calke arsebuli pirdapiri Targmani. Tumca, Tu gadavxedavT hagiografiul

Zeglebs, vnaxavT, rom Zvel saqarTveloSi es nawarmoebi ara marto

cnobili, gamoyenebulic yofila. imdenad aSkaraa `apologiis~ gavlena

Zvel qarTul hagiografiul literaturaze. es moulodneli ar unda iyos.

miuxedavad imisa, rom VI s-dan moyolebuli `apologia~ berZnul

(originalis) enaze ukve gamqralia, es nawarmoebi VI saukuneSi siriulad

yofila naTargmni, xolo V s-Si somxurad. Sesabamisad, qarTul

hagiografiul mwerlobas Tavisuflad SeeZlo aristides `apologiiT~

aRmosavluri wyaroebidan esargebla.

miiCneven, rom qarTul sasuliero mwerlobaze aristides gavlena unda

iwyebodes mefe mirianis droidan, anu qristianobis saqarTveloSi

Semosvlis periodidan (9,416).

pirveli originaluri qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebi ZiriTadad

miekuTvneba im istoriul epoqas, rodesac qarTvelebi ibrZodnen

sparselebis winaaRmdeg (IV-VI) saukuneebi. am periodSi Seqmnili

martvilobebi, maTSi moTxrobil wamebebTan erTad, matianea im periodis

kulturuli, socialuri da religiuri yofisa. swored adrindeli

periodis qarTuli hagiografia iyenebs aristides `apologias~, rogorc

berZnuli Teologiis principul Teologiur arguments, romelic

mimarTuli iyo berZnuli warmarTuli panTeonis winaaRmdeg,

mazdeanobasTan sapolemiko saSualebad da qristianobis WeSmaritebis

dasasabuTeblad.

unda aRiniSnos, rom II saukunis berZeni apologetis aristides

`apologia~ zogadad mimarTuli iyo antikuri warmarTobis winaaRmdeg.

saqarTveloSi ki, aristides `apologiis~ im pasaJebs, romlebic cecxlis

RmerTad miCnevis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, iyenebdnen sparsuli

119

mazdeanobis winaaRmdeg. aristide aviTarebs im Tezas, rom cecxli

RmerTi ar aris, aramed RmerTis Seqmnilia da a.S. es polemika naTlad

Cans Zveli qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturis ZeglebSi. sagulisxmoa,

rom qarTul hagiografiaSi, mazdeur RvTaebasTan polemika zogadad

warmarTobis polemikis farglebSia Semotanili, am ori religiuri

warmodgenis yovelgvari gamijvnis gareSe.

disertaciis pirvel TavSi mimovixileT iseTi qarTuli hagiografiuli

Zeglebi, romlebSic gvxvdeba qristianobis polemika mis sawyis etapze

saqarTveloSi arsebul warmarTobasTan (kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan). am

TavSi ki mimovixilavT yvela im qarTul originalur hagiografiul

Txzulebas, romelSic gvxvdeba qristianobis polemika mazdeanobasTan

(cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan).

Cven ukve visaubreT, rom qristianobis Semosvlamde saqarTvelo iyo

warmarTuli qveyana, romlis warmarTul panTeonsac, qristianoba sawyis

etapze RvTaebrivi saswaulebiT da fizikuri ZaliT upirispirdeboda.

ukve SemdgomSi ki, rodesac qristianobam daamsxvria warmarTuli kerpebi

da warmarTuli gadmonaSTebi mospo, TandaTan fexi moikida da

gaZlierda, is iZulebuli gaxda filosofiur_Teologiuri polemika

ewarmoebina sparseli dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic Cvens

qveyanaSi avrcelebdnen TavianT religias, mazdeizms, igive

cecxlTayvanismcemlobas, romlis qarTul ZirZvel warmarTobasTan

damynobis gziT miRebuli garkveuli niSnebi, wina qristianul

saqarTveloSic ikveTeboda. swored amitomaa, rom qarTuli qristianuli

literatura ase aqtiurad ilaSqrebs sparsTa religiis,

cecxlTayvanismcemlobis, winaaRmdeg da am paeqrobaSi is aqtiurad

iyenebs aristides `apologias~, risi meSveobiTac, gansxvavebiT ZirZvel,

qarTul warmarTobasTan martivi polemikisa, Zveli qarTuli mwerloba am

SemTxvevaSi ukve filosofiurad axdens qristianuli mrwamsis dadebiT

dasabuTebas, warmarTobis (mazdeizmis) sawinaaRmdegod.

qristianobis polemika mazdeizmTan saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad (IV-VII ss.)

moicavs, Tumca mazdeizmis gadmonaSTebi kidev didxans Canda Cvens

warsulSi. hagiografiuli Zeglebi Seicaven uamrav polemikur elemens,

mimarTuls mazdeanobis winaaRmdeg. rogorc viciT, zoroastrizmis (igive

120

mazdeanobis) Tavzemoxvevas saqarTvelosTvis da qarTvelebisTvis, didi

xnis istoria hqonda. es saTaves jer kidev aqemenidTa dinastiidan iRebda.

amas mowmobs qarTlSi, kerZod mcxeTaSi, aRmoCenili uamravi istoriuli

wyaro da arqeologiuri masala. zoroastrizmis gavrcelebis niSnebi

jer kidev farnavazis, vaxtang gorgaslis mefobis periodSic igrZnoboda.

sasanidebis epoqa sparseTSi saqarTvelosTvis ukve is periodia, rodesac

qarTuli eklesia iTvlis uamrav qristianobis dasacavad wamebul

martvils (9,417).

iakob curtavelis `SuSanikis wameba~ gaxlavT V saukunis Cvenamde

moRweuli uZvelesi, qarTuli hagiografiuli Zegli da amavdroulad,

pirveli originaluri hagiografiuli Txzuleba, romelSic gamoxatulia

qristianobis polemika cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan, qristiani SuSanikisa

da gamazdeanebuli varsqenis dapirispirebis saxiT. sparseTidan

dabrunebul varsqens, SuSaniki ase mimarTavs: `Sen RmerTi WeSmariti

uvarhyav da cecxlsa Tayvanis ec.~ SuSaniki varsqens amis mere uRmerTod

moixseniebs: `aRiara atroSani da SeerTo igi uRmrToTa~(28,12). am

nawarmoebSi, Cven vxvdebiT wminda wignebis CamonaTvals: `evangeles~,

`mowameTa wigns~, `daviTns~, `fsalmuns~: `xelTa aRixuna daviTni da

mcireTa dReTa Semdgomad asergasisni igi fsalmunni daiswavlna~(28,13).

nawarmoebSi vxvdebiT aseve qristianul debulebebsa da garkveul

polemikur mimarTulebebs. naxsenebia sityva eklesia, taZari. SuSaniki

RmerTs madlobas swiravs Svilebis boZebisaTvis: `gmadlob Sen, ufalo

RmerTo Cemo, rameTu iyvnesve ara Cemni, aramed Senni mocemulni iyvnes.

viTarca gnebavs, iyavn nebaÁ Seni, ufalo, da me damicev saqmeTagan

mterisaTa~ (28,14). avtors xSirad mohyavs pavle mociqulis sityvebi:

`rameTu masmies me pavleis mociqulisagan ara damonebul ars ZmaÁ, gina

daÁ, aramed ganeyenen~ (28,14). sainteresoa varsqenis da SuSanikis dialogi:

`mamaman Senma aRhmarTna samartvileni da eklesiani aRaSeinna, da Sen

mamisa Senisa saqmeni ganhryvnen da sxvad gardaaqcien keTilni misni.

mamaman Senma wmidani Semoixvna saxid Tvisa, xolo Sen devni Semoixuen.

man RmerTi caTaÁ da qveyanisaÁ aRiara da hrwmena, xolo Sen RmerTi

WeSmariti uvarhav da cecxlsa Tayvanis ec. da viTarca Sen Semoqmedi Seni

uvarhyav, egreca me Sen Seuracxgyav~ (28,15). SuSaniki qristianobis

121

dasacavad 6 weli marxulobda, wminda wignebs ecnoboda, bevrs iTmenda,

magram sulierad brwyindeboda. erTi imediT: `ganvisajneT me da varsqen

pitiaxSi mun, sada –igi ara ars TvalRebaÁ winaSe msajulisa mis

msajulTaÁsi da meufisa mis meufeTaÁsa, sada ara ars rCevaÁ mamakacisa

da dedakacisaÁ, sada me da man swori sityvaÁ vTqvaT winaSe uflisa

Cvenisa iesu qristeÁsa~. nawarmoebSi samebis erTarsebaa naCvenebi:

`sadideblad da saqebelad RmrTisa, mamisa da Zisa da sulisa wmidisa,

romlisa Suenis didebaÁ ukuniTi ukunisamde, amÀn~ (28,29).

`SuSanikis wamebaSi~ gamoxatuli qristianobis uzenaesoba, rwmena

imqveyniuri yofisa, sadac RvTaebrivi samarTlis sabrZanebelia da

amqveyniuri soflis warmavloba, IX_X saukuneebis qarTul hagiografiul

ZeglSi `iodasafis cxovreba~ ukve mkafio filosofiuri formulirebiTaa

Camoyalibebuli: `xolo arsi igi merme igi sofeli ars da

ara_arsi_sofeli ese~ (37,151).

122

`̀̀̀evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaevstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaevstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaevstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~~~~

polemikuri pasaJebi TvalsaCinodaa warmodgenili qronologiurad

meore qarTul hagiografiul TxzulebaSi `evstaTi mcxeTelis

martviloba~. es Txzuleba dawerili unda iyos VI Bs. bolo wlebSi,

ucnobi qarTveli qristianis mier. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es Txzuleba

erTaderTi Txzulebaa am periodidan, romelsac gadakeTeba ar ganucdia

da Zveli saxe SedarebiT kargad Semounaxavs. am ZeglSi moTxrobilia, Tu

rogor awama iranis marzpanma mcxeTaSi gadmosaxlebuli

cecxlTayvanismcemeli sparsi gvirobandaki, romelsac qristianobis

miRebis Semdeg evstaTi daerqva da romelic ar daemorCila marzpanis

moTxovnas ukanve dabruneboda mamapapeul mazdeanobas. TxzulebaSi

moxmobilia didi dialogi, romelSic naCvenebia, Tu rogor amarTlebs

evstaTi qristianobas da ris safuZvelze uaryofs is

cecxlTayvanismcemlobas. am dialogSi gamoyenebulia aristides

`apologia~ ara mxolod azrobrivad, aramed xSir SemTxvevaSi

sityvieradac. es nawarmoebi aristides `apologiasTan~ mimarTebaSi

namdvili aRmoCenaa. amaSi davrwmundebiT `apologiis~ teqstis

Sedarebisas `martvilobis~ teqstis Sesabamis pasaJebTan. miCneulia, rom

es pirveli qarTuli hagiografiuli nawarmoebia, romelSic ase

TvalsaCinod igrZnoba apologeturi suliskveTeba da

filosofiur_Teologiurad xdeba warmarTobasTan dapirispireba.

miuTiTeben, rom `,evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ avtori iyenebs

aristides ,,apologias~, kerZod mis im nawils, sadac, saTanado

argumentaciiT, ugulebelyofilia bunebis movlenaTa (am SemTxvevaSi

cecxlis) RvTaebrioba (18,205).

`evstaTi mcxeTlis martvilobis~ teqstis mixedviT, evstaTi iyo

kaci, romelic iyo erovnebiT sparsi, mogvi. igi kargad iyo

informirebuli sxva religiebSi, icnobda sxvadasxva kultebs da mainc

eZebda WeSmaritebas da man qristianoba airCia WeSmarit religiad.

mniSvnelovania is sityvebi, romlebsac evstaTi warmoTqvams marzpanis

winaSe meored dakavebisas. am sityvis meore nawilSi evstaTi aSkarad

123

uaryofs kerpTayvanismcemlobas da zoroastrizms. “martvilobis”

teqstis polemikur pasaJebSi, TiTqmis yvelgan vpoulobT paralels

aristides `apologiasTan~.

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia am martvilobis Semdegi polemikuri

debulebebi: `rameTu RmerTman, romelman qmna caÁ da qveyanaÁ, mzeÀ da

mTovarÀ da varskulavni, zRvaÁ da Ãmeli, mdinareni da Sesakrebelni

wyalTani, mTani da borcuni, velni da tyeni, SeSaÁ da cecxli,

oTxferÃni pirutyuni da mÃecni, quewarmavalni da mfrinvelni cisani, da

merme kacni Seqmnna RmerTman da mas yovelsa zeda ufal yo igi. yoveli

ese daamorCila kacsa mas, da Cuen amis yovlisa Semoqmedi RmerTi

dauteoT da amas RmrTisa dabadebulsa RmrTad vxadodiTa? nu iyofin

ese! mzeÀ da mTovarÀ da varskulavni ara RmerT arian, aramed RmerTman

mzesa ganaTlebaÁ dRisaÁ ubrZana da mTovaresa da varskulavTa

ganaTlebaÁ RamisaÁ ubrZana, xolo RmerT ara arian. RmerTman-Ra

Rrubelsa ubrZanis, da moefinis brwyinvalebaÁ mzisaÁ da mTovarisaÁ

daabnelis. mzÀ da mTovarÀ amisTÂs ara RmerT arian. merme kualad

cecxli ara RmerT ars amiT, rameTu cecxli kacman aRagznis da kacmanve

daSritis, rameTu kaci ufal ars cecxlisa, amisTÂs ara RmerT ars

cecxli. Tu visme ganeris da warvidis, rasaca mihmarTis, gina tyesa, gina

velsa, gina saxlsa, Tu kaci daxudis, da-ve-wÂs. xolo cecxlsa-Ra wyali

mieaxlis, egodeni igi Zali cecxlisaÁ daSritis da uCino iqmnis cecxli

igi; amiT ara RmerT ars, xolo Cuen RmrTad gurwams~(28,43).

`martvilobis~ es pasaJi `antimazdeanuri polemikis~ saxeliTaa cnobili

(18,205). sainteresoa am `martvilobis~MSemdegi debulebac: `xolo Cuen

RmerTman cecxli samsaxurebelad moguca, yinelisa gansatfobelad da

yovlisa sanovagisa saqmarad da odes gÂnebn, aRvagzniT da odes gÂnebn,

davSritiT. da esreT ara RmerT ars cecxli igi~ (28,43). sainteresoa is

polemikuri pasaJic, romelic mimarTulia mnaTobTa kultis winaaRmdeg:

`mzÀ da mTovarÀ da varskulavni ara RmerT arian, aramed RmerTman mzesa

ganaTlebaÁ dRisaÁ ubrZana da mTovaresa da varskulavTa ganaTlebaÁ

RamisaÁ ubrZana~, xolo meore da ufro sagulisxmo, romelic mimarTulia

cecxlTayvanismcemlobis winaaRmdeg: `cecxli ara RmerT ars amiT,

rameTu cecxli kacman aRagznis da kacmanve daSritis, rameTu kaci ufal

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ars cecxlisa, amisTÂs ara RmerT ars cecxli (28,44)~. e. xinTibiZis

azriT, es ukanaskneli debuleba unda emyarebodes meore saukunis

romaeli ritoris aristides `apologias~ (37,149). sagulisxmoa, rom

“martvilobaSi” is stiqiebi da movlenebi, romlebsac warmarTebi scemen

Tayvans, ufro meti raodenobiTaa CamoTvlili, vidre aristides

“apologiaSi”. am ukanasknelSi naTqvamia: `da sxvani~. `martvilobaSi~ es

`sxvani~ CamoTvlilia. qarTuli `martviloba~ mnaTobTa Soris xazs

usvams mTvaresac, rac SesaZloa saqarTveloSi arsebuli mTvaris

kultiTac iyos ganpirobebuli. mzis araRmerToba qarTul teqstSi

damtkicebulia masze Rrublis gavleniT, rac `apologiis~ Cvenamde

morweul teqstSi amovardnilia. samagierod, aq naCvenebia mzis funqciebi

da mniSvneloba, rac, unda vivaraudoT, rom ar iyo im teqstSi, romliTac

martvilobis avtori sargeblobda. cis da mnaTobTa garda `apologiaSi~

CamoTvlilia uamravi sxva stiqia, romlebic aristides RmerTebad ar

miaCnia. `evstaTis martvilobis~ avtori ki, aqedan erT maTganze_cecxlze

SeCerebula, radgan misi miznisTvis, mzisa da mnaTobebis Semdeg, yvelaze

metad mniSvnelovani da saintereso swored es stiqia Cans. stiqia,

romelic cecxlTayvanismcemlebisaTvis umTavresi RvTaeba (ahura mazda)

iyo da misi Caqrobas da ugulvebelyofas mazdeanebi aravis apatiebdnen.

sagulisxmoa, rom `martvilobis~ avtori sagangebod usvams xazs cecxlis

simZlavres, raTa miT ufro mkveTrad gvaCvenos misi sisuste. aristide ki

ufro aZlierebs cecxlis gamoyenebas adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

(15,47).

roca evstaTis sparselebi satozikod dapatiJeben, is Semdeg sityvebs

warmosTqvams: `Tqueni tozikica bnel ars da Tquen, metozikenica, bnel

xarT. xolo me qristÀs beWedi momiRebies da qristÀs toziksa vtozikob,

rameTu qristÀs beWdiTa aRbeWdul var da bnelsa magas ganSorebul var~

(28,30).

sainteresoa erTi pasaJic: `merme RmrTisa Seqmnulni kacni

sacxovarTa pirutyuTa msgavs viyveniT. da esre saxed, viTarca pirutyuTa

mamlobasa da dedlobasa ara ician mSobeli, arca Sobili maTgani, da

egreT aRreulad gardaiÃadian mamlobaÁ da dedlobaÁ maTi, da egreca

Cuen kacni pirmetyuelni maT pirutyuTa msgavs viyveniT, romelTa ara

125

vicodeT mSobeli TÂsi, gina Sobili, da aRreulad gardaviÃadiT bunebaÁ

igi Cueni. xolo aw madliTa RmrTisaiTa, vinaÁTgan iqmna naTlis-RebaÁ da

rCuli qristeanobisaÁ icied kacTa, mieriTgan daiÃsna da ganqarda

uwesoÁ igi saqmÀ~ (28,44). es pasaJi mogvagonebs aristides `apologiis~ im

epizods, rodesac apologeti axasiaTebs erT-erTi warmarTuli religiis,

kerZod berZnuli (antikuri) warmarTobis zneobriv mxares. citatis bolo

abzacs `martvilobis~ avtori asrulebs kerpTayvanismcemlobis gansjiT.

`apologiaSi~ am winadadebis Sesatyvisi adgili moTavsebulia im abzacSi,

sadac qristianobis Sesaxebaa laparaki, rasac mosdevs qristes amqveynad

cxovrebis mTavari momentebi da daxasiaTebulia qristianobis moraluri

mxare.

k. kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom `martvilobis~ Sesabamisi pasaJi

srulyofili ar aris. mecnieris azriT, garkveuli nawili `evstaTi

mcxeTelis martvilobis~ teqstisa dakarguli unda iyos da SesaZloa,

adre es pasaJi identuri iyo `apologiis~ teqstisa. Tumca isic faqtia,

rom qristes amqveyniuri cxovrebis mTavari momantebi, am naklul

teqstSicaa mocemuli, mxolod ufro win, Tqmuli samoel arqidiakonis

piriT. `martvilobis~ avtori aseve samoel arqidiakons aTqmevinebs

mokled bibliur istorias ebraelTa Sesaxeb. `martvilobis~ es nawilic,

vfiqrobT, Seesatyviseba aristides `apologiis~ im nawils, romelSic

saubaria ebraelTa Sesaxeb. mokled gadmocemulia maTi istoria da

daxasiaTebulia maTi religia (14,49).

teqstze Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac naTelia, rom `martvilobis~

avtori SeiaraRebulia aristides `apologiiT~. am argumentebiT xom, II

saukunis apologetebi, aristides msgavsad icavdnen TavianT qristian

Zmebs, romlebic sajarod gamodiodnen RmerTis sadidebeli sityvebiT da

mimarTavdnen uzenaes mmarTvels da amaRlebulad amtkicebdnen

marTlmadideblobis, qristianobis uzenaesobas. samuel arqidiakonisa da

evstaTis sityvebSi Cans: tatianes `diatesaronis~, `didaqtikonis~ da

bibliis Targumebis kvali. martvilobis ucnobi avtori erebs yofs sam

nawilad. aristide `apologiaSi~ religiebs yofs nawilebad. apologiasa

da martvilobas Soris kavSirs ufro naTlad warmoaCens genezisis sqema.

avtori wamebisa, am sqemaze dayrdnobiT, Cven gvTavazobs gansxvavebuli

126

elementebidan samyaros gansazRvras. igi saubrobs fundamentur

areulobaze erebs Soris, ramac gamoyo Semqmnelebi da misi Seqmnilebi.

martvilobis avtoric aristides msgavsad aRiarebs, rom yvela elementi

RmerTis mieraa Seqmnili da Tavad isini ar arian RmerTebi.

ciurisxeulebi: mze, mTvare, varskvlavebi arian martooden RmerTis

qmnilebebi. aqaa polemika mazdeanobis winaaRmdeg. adamianis Seqmnili ar

SeiZleba iyos uzenaesi (9,430). da kidev erTi saintereso pasaJi: `da esreT

ganmravlda da ganefina qristeanobaÁ da ganvrcna kidiT qveynisaÁT vidre

kidemde qveyanisa. da episkoposni da mRvdelni ganaCinnes da eklesiani

aRaSeinnes da mas Sina jvari aRemarTa. da yovelsa sofelsa hrwmena

qristeÁ da aRivso yoveli sofeli qristeanebiTa da yovelsa qveyanasa

iqadaga qristeÁ. huriaTa maT, viTarca winaswarmetyvelni igi uTxrobdes,

egreTca moiwia maT zeda: romelnime maxviliTa, romelnime siymiliTa,

romelnime sikvdiliTa moswydes da ganilines da sxvani tyveobiTa

ganibnines, rameTu ara daimarxes rCuli RmrTisa cxovlisaÁ. xolo aw

qristeaneTa uwoda israeil, rameTu israeili iTargmanebis: er RmerTisa

da mona qristeÁsa, romlisaÁ ars didebaÁ ukuniTi ukunisamde. Aamen~

(28,45).

migvaCnia, rom `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ avtors, werda ra am

Txzulebas, xelT hqonda aristides `apologia~. mas saTanado pasaJebi am

Txzulebidan pirdapir ar uTargmnia, ubralod gamouyenebia, rogorc

wyaro, warmarTobis, kerZod mazdeanobis gasakritikeblad. k. kekeliZis

azriT, `martvilobis~ avtori or mizans aRwevda: ebrZoda rogorc

cecxlTayvanismcemlobas(am brZolas maSin aqtualuri mniSvneloba

hqonda qarTvelTa erovnul-kulturuli cxovrebisaTvis), ise

warmarTobas (astraluri kultis gadmonaSTebs, romlebic saqarTveloSi

jer kidev sabolood ar iyo daZleuli arc mazdeanobis, arc

qristianobis mier) (15,49). is faqti, rom VI s. qarTul mwerloba iyenebs

aristides `apologias~, romelic im droisaTvis ukve dakargulad

iTvleba, aris didi istoriul_literaturuli da

kulturul_istoriuli mniSvnelobis, romelic gamoyenebulia

Taviseburad, qarTul sinamdvilesTan SeguebiT. `apologiis~ gamoyenebis

faqti maCvenebelia imisa, rom Cveni winaprebisaTvis im dros ucxo ar

127

yofila berZnuli azrovnebis miRwevebi, riTac qristianoba cdilobda

Tavisi mdgomareobis ganmtkicebas da msoflioSi Sesaferisi adgilis

mopovebas. S. nucubiZe varaudobda `apologis~ arsebobas sruliad

qarTuli Targmanis saxiT, an iseTi fragmentebis saxiT, romlebic

`apologiis~ mTel arss gadmogvcemen, imdenad didi doziTaa es Zegli

Sesuli `martvilobis~ teqstSi (15,49).

is faqti, rom nawarmoebis avtori iyenebs aristides “apologias”,

qristianobis sawyis etapze Seqmnil Zegls, gasakviri ar unda iyos,

radgan avtori gansakuTrebul damokidebulebas amJRavnebs zogadad,

Zveli wyaroebisadmi. am `wamebis~ Rirseba Zalze didia. imdenad didi, rom

is saqarTvelos farglebs scildeba da msoflio mniSvnelobis

TxzulebaTa jgufs ganekuTvneba. marTlac, anonimi avtoris mier

gamoyenebul literaturul wyaroTa umravlesoba TavisTavad msoflio

Rirebulebisaa. uZveles qarTul hagiografiaSi maTi Semotana am

nawarmoebs msoflio kulturis istoriis kvlevaSi faseul Zeglad

aqcevs. am nawarmoebis avtori, ukve aSkarad amJRavnebs bibliuri

literaturis da uZvelesi martvilobebis karg codnas. samecniero

literaturaSi sxvadasxva dros araerTxel gamoiTqva azri (a. harnaki,

k.kekeliZe, S. nucubiZe, s. yubaneiSvili), rom anonimTan gamoyenebulia

Semdegi wyaroebi: a) tatiane asuris `,diatesaroni~( saxarebis ambebis

Cvenebisas); b) `didaqtikoni~( dekalogiis, aTi mcnebis gadmocemisas); g)

aristides `apologia~; d) Targumi; e) areopagetika da sxvaA (18,201).

Txzulebis bibliur nawilSi Setanilia e.w. bibliis Targumi, anu

bibliis Sinaarsis mokle Txroba. samoel arqediakonis mier moyolili

bibliis Sinaarsi `martvilobis~ teqstSi ar emTxveva kanonikur, agreTve

arakanonikur teqsts, ramac afiqrebina k. kekeliZes, rom aq saqme unda

gvqondes e.w. TargumebTan, ramdenadac `Targumisti~ Cveulebriv did

Taviseburebas iCens, is bibliis teqsts xan umatebs, xan aklebs, xan

cvlis kidec. es Targumebi a.harnakis azriT, SesaZloa an siriulidan, an

sparsulidan iyos aRebuli (15,46). k.kekeliZes miaCnia, rom SesaZlebelia

saqme qarTul TargumebTan gvqondes, romelTa arsebobasac jer kidev

n.mari varaudobda (17,488).

128

`evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ literaturuli wyaroebis mimoxilvis

Sedegad s. siguas miaCnia, rom am `martvilobis~ avtori yvelaze axlos

siriul mwerlobasTan unda idges (23,37). a. harnaki da i. javaxiSvili

miiCnevdnen, rom `martvilobis~ avtori iyo evstaTis Tanamemamule,

gaqristianebuli sparseli. maTi Tvalsazrisi warmomdgari iyo Semdegi

movlenidan: teqstSi, Targumebis gadmocemis dasawyisSi, naTqvamia:

`winaÁT sparsTa rCuli iyo. . . merme RmerTman huriani gamoirCina da

saTno iyvna da misca maT rCuli da mcnebaÁ~ (28,45). aqve naTqvamia, rom es

gamorCeva da `rCulis~ micema moxda abraamis saxiT. sparsTa rjulis

Tavdapirvel religiad gamocxadeba, abraamisa sparseTis moqalaqed,

xolo babilonis sparseTis qveynad xseneba, a.harnakisa da m.javaxiSvilis

azriT, mxolod sparsels SeeZlo, rogorc sparsuli erovnuli

Tvalsazrisis gamomxatvels. k. kekeliZem ki miiCnia, rom es Tvalsazrisi

argumentad ar gamodgeboda. misi azriT, sparsTa rjulis Tavdapirvel

religiad gamocxadeba, aris Sedegi ara Txzulebis sparsuli erovnuli

Tvalsazrisisa, aramed, aramed uZvelesi apokrifebis gamoZaxili, rom

gmiri nebroTi, romelic abraamamde gacilebiT adre cxovrobda, iunitan

grZneulisagan swavlobs sparsTa grZnebasa da mogvobas, maT

varskvlavTmricxvelobas, sibilwesa da zRaprobas. erT-erTi aseTi

apokrifi, saxelwodebiT `dabadebisaTÂs cisa da queyanisa da adamisTÂs~,

qarTulad `nebroTis wigni~, Zvel qarTul literaturaSic Senaxula,

riTac uxvad usargebliaT bizantiisa da aRmosavleTis xronoRrafebs.

rac Seexeba abraamis samSoblos, qaldeasa da babilons. aq saqme gvaqvs

bibliur tradiciasTan, rom bibliis mixedviT, babilonis qveyanas

qaldevelTa qveyana ewodeba da orive xSirad sparseTTanaa gaigivebuli.

mag. sparseTis mefe darioss qaldevelTa mefe ewodeba. zemoT naxseneb

apokrifSi sparseTi iwodeba nebroTis, qaldevelTa qveynad. k. kekeliZis

azriT, Txzulebis bunebrivi, qarTuli stili, misi daxvewili ena da

Rrma patriotizmi, SeuZlebels xdis mosazrebas, rom Txzuleba iyos

naTargmni ucxo enidan. SesaZloa, is Tavdapirvelad, qarTulis arcodnis

gamo dawera gaqristianebulma sparselma sparsul enaze. an zogadad

araqarTvelis mieraa dawerili qarTulad, Tundac gaqristianebuli

sparselis mier. k. kekeliZe aRniSnavs, rom rTulia dadgindes

129

nawarmoebis avtori. Tumca, misi azriT is aris mimdevari qristianobis

(monofizituri) doqtrinisa da erovnebiT gaxlavT qarTveli (15,486-487).

s. yubaneiSvilma `martvilobis~ avtorad miiCnia ucnobi orTodoqsi

qristiani. S. nucubiZem anonim avtorad `asurel mamaTagan~ is erT-erTi

maTgani warmoidgina, romelsac areopagetikis gavlena etyoboda.

`evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ Cvenamde moRweuli 9 xelnaweridan,

uZvelesis TariRis Sesaxeb mecnierebSi ar aris erTiani azri. k. kekeliZe

da s. kakabaZe X s. miakuTvneben. p. peetersi da r. bleiki ki XIII s.

d.langs SeniSnuli aqvs rom, aristides ,`apologiis~ Semosvla am ZeglSi

da Sesabamisad, Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi somxuri Targmanis saSualebiT

gamoricxulia. raki berZnuli redaqcia IV_VI saukunidan dakargulad

iTvleboda, b. kilanavas azriT, bunebrivi aRmoCndeba anonimis mxriv

siriuli redaqciiT sargebloba (18,205).

S. nucubiZem dasmuli sakiTxi arsebiTad gansxvavebul aspeqtSi

ganixila. man yuradReba miaqcia rufusis mier Sedgenil `petre iberis

cxovrebis~ erT Cvenebas, saxeldobr, bakuris pasuxs sparseTis mefis

winaSe. (bakuri, berZnul wyaroTa cnobiT, friad ganaTlebuli pirovneba

iyo. mas kavSiri hqonda siriuli skolis neoplatonikosebTan). bakuri

Tavis pasuxSi emyareba aristides. (kerZod, rac RmerTisganaa, is ar

SeiZleba iyos RmerTi). aqvea meore pasaJi, romelic exeba adamianis

sargeblobisaTvis mnaTobTa Seqmnas. S. nucubiZes SesaZleblad miaCnia,

bakuri CaiTvalos neoplatonizmis pirvel warmomadgenlad qarTvel

filosofosTa Soris, Tu aristides ,,apologias~ CavTvliT erT_erT mis

mosamzadebel elementad.

aqedan gamomdinare, VI saukuneSi unda veZioT aristides naazrevis

Semosvla qarTul mwerlobaSi. IV saukunidan VI saukunemde qarTvel

mwignobar_moazrovneTaTvis es ,,apologia~ ukve cnobilad unda

CaiTvalos misi codnis faqtis niadagze. rac Seexeba sakuTriv `evstaTi

mcxeTelis wamebaze~ saubars, S. nucubiZe SeniSnavs, rom `apologia~ aq

Sesulia didi pasaJebiT, rac mas afiqrebinebs Txzulebis arsebobas

sruliad qarTuli Targmanis saxiT, anda iseTi fragmentebis saxiT,

romlebic ,,apologiis~ mTel arss gadmogvcemen (18,206).

130

b. kilanavas miaCnia, rom `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaSi~

areopagitikuri nakadis migneba, misi raobis garkveva da masTan kavSirSi,

`martvilobis~ savaraudo avtoris gamovlena, S. nucubiZis saxels

ukavSirdeba. `martvilobaSi~ aseve areklilia fsevdo dionise

areopagelis borotisa da keTilis Teoria, rogorc koncefcia. qriste

da eSmaki gaazrebulia, rogorc keTili da boroti Zalebi. iyo

religiuri sistemebi, romlebic aRiarebdnen orives sawyisierebas. mag:

zoroastrizmi, an mxolod borotisas _ zurvanizmi, an mxolod

keTilisas (mag. Zveli induri materializmi). eSmakis gareSe qriste ar

arsebobs da verc iarsebebs. `evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~ savsea

gamarjvebis paTosiT. borot arsebaTa xasiaTSi aris SemTxveviTi gesli,

romlis sikeTed gadaqceva potenciurad SesaZloa, vinaidan borots

mizezi ar gaaCnia~. `areopagetikis~ RvTaeba uzenaesi sikeTea. is

miuwvdomeli naTelia. ierarqiulad warmodgenili samyaro mis emanacias

warmoadgens. yovel safexurze gafenilia sikeTe. gansxvaveba mis

xarisxSia. adamiani imitomaa wmindani da mis qcevasac azrs aZlevs is

faqti, rom, rom TviT xorcis (borotebis) dapirispirebaa faseuli

sulTan (sikeTesTan) da misi daZleva mxolod rCeulTa xvedria. zogadad

samoTxisa da jojoxeTis gagebas ukavSirdeba rwmena saSineli

gankiTxvisa da qveynis aRsasrulis Sesaxeb. misi safuZveli uZveles

warsulSi devs esqatologiur warmodgenaTa saxiT. gavrcelebuli

TvalsazrisiT, esqatologia esaa eTikur ideebSi gadamtydari

kosmogoniuri Sexeduleba qveynis aRsasrulze, ra drosac sruldeba

umaRlesi neba: borotTa, SecodebulTa gansja da marTalTa dajildoeba.

gansakuTrebiT amas ganaviTarebs iudaizmi da qristianoba. induri

doqtrina samyaros warmoSobisa da Tavis pirvelsawyisTan mis dabrunebis

Sesaxeb sayovelTaod ngrevisa da ganadgurebis aqtiT sruldeba.

iudaizmi, eyrdnoba ra zoroastrizmSi istoriis mistikur gagebas

(ormuzdisa da anhara manius mudmivi dapirispirebis niSniT istoriis

msvleloba), qveynis aRsasruls Tvlis keTilisa da borotis saboloo

ganyofad keTilis sruli gamarjvebiT. qristianoba esqatologiasTan

winaaRmdegobaSi aRmoCnda qristes orgzisi movlenis aRiarebiT:

pirvelad mosvla da meored mosvla. pirvelad RmerTi Semndobi da

131

gamomsyidveli codvaTa, meored mova RmerTi ganmsjeli da ganmkiTxavi

(18, 215-222).

b. kilanavas saeWvod miaCnia azri imis Taobazec, rom zeviT

moxmobili `antimazdeanuri polemikis~ Semcveli cnobili pasaJi

`martvilobaSi~, Tundac arapirdapir ganicdides areopagetikis

ierarqiuli sistemis gavlenas (18,226). k. kekeliZes Tavis `etiudebSi~

SeniSnuli aqvs, rom es monakveTi SesaZloa aristidesgan modiodes (15,50).

s. sigua ki fiqrobs, rom aristidesTan, ise rogorc areopagetikis

avtoris wina drois moazrovnesTan, saganTa ganlageba garkveul

wesrigsaa moklebuli. es wesrigi masSi `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~

anonim avtors Seaqvs. kerZod, anonimTan RmerTi da adamiani dasaxulia

samyaros dasawyisad da dasasrulad, pirvel da bolo mizezebad. maT

Soris garkveuli safexurebia gasavleli, rom RvTis swrafva davides

adamianebamde da piriqiT. TxzulebaSi moxseniebuli `caÁ da queyanaÁ~

miesadageba `areopagetikis~ zeciur da saeklesio ierarqiebs, imijneba

maT Soris sagnebi da sapirispirod dednad nagulisxmevi `apologiisa~,

lagdeba garkveuli wesiT (23,37).

S. nucubiZes miaCnia, rom `aTcamet asurel mamaTagan~ abibos

nekreseli da daviT garejeli `areopagetikas~ naziarebni iyvnen da

SesaZloa, TiToeuli maTgani am mxriv sagangebo muSaobasac eweoda.

amitomaa, rom maT `cxovrebaTa~ teqstebSi SemorCenilia filosofiuri

fragmentebi, romelTac `areopagetikis~ gavlena etyobaT. S.nucubiZe

miiCnevs, rom `evtaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ anonim avtors, saerTo

aqvs asurel mamebTan, gansakuTrebiT abibos nekreselTan, radgan

S.nucubiZe `abibos nekreselis martvilobasa~ da `evstaTi mcxeTelis

martvilobas~ Soris amCnevs garkveul msgavsebas. `abibos nekreselis

martvilobaS~, msgavsad `evstaTis martvilobisa~, zoroastrizmis

moZRvrebis winaaRmdeg gamoyenebulia fizikur_materialisturi xasiaTis

argumentebi. nawarmoebSi xdeba mtkiceba imisa, rom cecxli araa sxva

stiqionebTan SedarebiT araviTari upiratesobis mqone. metic, avtori

fiqrobs, rom wyali ufro mniSvnelovani stiqionia vidre cecxli,

radganac mas SeuZlia daSritos cecxli. S. nucubiZis mier gamoiTqva

132

mosazreba, rom SesaZloa `abibosis martvilobis~ es pasaJi TviT abibosis

Txzulebidan hqondes motanili anonim avtors.

mecnieri fiqrobs, rom SesaZloa anonimi avtori iyos rogorc abibos

nekreseli, ise daviT garejeli, an vinme imave ideologiiT aRzrdili

pirovneba. imdenad didia evstaTis sityvebsa da maT sityvebs Soris

msgavseba. b. kilanavas miaCnia, rom SesaZloa aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi

swori iyos, radgan qarTlSi, areopagetikur moZRvrebas naziarebni

swored asureli mamebi arian. is fiqrobs, rom S.nucubiZis mier

gakvaluli gziT SeiZleba warimarTos am sakiTxis kvleva momavalSic

(ix.18,253).

am or hagiografiul teqsts Soris marTlac arsebobs udavo kavSiri,

razec araerTxel yofila miTiTebuli samecniero literaturaSi. am

naTesaobas amCnevda i.javaxiSvili. s.yubaneiSvilic amCnevda am msgavsebas,

Tumca sapolemiko pasaJebs ar exeboda. l.menabde, iseve rogorc

s.yubaneiSvili, uTiTebda am ori Zeglis msgavs adgilebs, rac vlindeba

dasjis brZanebasa da gvamebis moparvis erTnair aRweraSi.

evstaTisa da abibosis biografiebSic aris ramodenime saerTo xazi,

rac maT erTi ideis or hipostasad warmoaCenT. mag: evstaTi da abibosi

qarTlSi TiTqmis erTdroulad modian (evstaTi _ 541 wels, abibosi _ 543

wels); orive maTgani gamoeqca sarwmunoebriv devnas; oriveni ucxoeTidan

Semodian qarTlSi, mcxeTaSi;EDmaTi sawmunoebrivi aRmsarebloba naTlad

ar aris gamoxatuli; oriveni uaryofen cecxls, rogorc RmerTs.

gansxvaveba Tavs iCens maSin, roca abibosma sakuTari surviliT daSrita

cecxli da SeebrZola mazdeanur rjuls. es moqmedeba rom ara, mas xels

ar axlebdnen. isic sagulisxmoa, rom asurel mamaTa Soris abibosi

erTaderTia, rogorc i.javaxiSvili miuTiTebda, vizec daiwera ara

cxovreba, aramed wameba.

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom abibosma Segnebulad aRwera iseTi

adamianis mowameobrivi sikvdili, visi cxovrebis epizodebi exmianebodnen

misi cxovrebis garkveul monakveTebs, xolo bolos _ Tavisi gmiris

kvaldakval, gaimeora sarwmunoebrivi simamacis aqti. nawarmoebidan

faqtia, rom abibosze Zaldatanebas aravin ar axdenda. man ubralod,

Tavisi nawarmoebis gmiris vaJkacobiT STagonebulma, daanaxa sparselebs

133

is, razec evstaTim Teoriulad ilaparaka. am moqmedebis mTlianobiT

unda Seikras is rkali, romelic arsebobs dasaxelebul or moRvawes

Soris. s. sigua Tvlis, rom abibosi dainteresda misi Tavgadasavlis

msgavsi pirovnebis bediT. ar dakmayofilda biografiis daweriT da

bolos isurva, masaviT Rirseulad daRupuliyo (23,52).

k. kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom `evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~ dawerili

unda iyos VI s. meore naxevarSi, araugvianes, am saukunis 70-iani wlebis

dasawyisisa. s. yubaneiSvilis azriT, Txzuleba unda Seqmniliyo VI s. 80-

ian wlebSi. nawarmoebs VI saukuniT aTariRebda a. harnaki. i.javaxiSvili

anonim avtors evstaTis Tanamedroved miiCnevda. k. kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom

`evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~ unda daweriliyo mcxeTaSi. s. sigua ki

Tvlis, rom abiboss es Txzuleba nekresSi unda daewera. misi azriT,

`evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaSi~ SeiniSneba ra areopagituli

Teologiis gavlena, vinaidan VI s. saqarTveloSi areopagituli ideis

matarebelni mxolod e.w. asureli mamebi iyvnen, areopagitul moZRvrebas

naziarebi nawarmoebic, swored maT wreSi unda daweriliyo. `evstaTis

martvilobasa~ da arsen safarelis `abibos nekreselis martvilobaSi~

mocemuli antimazdeanuri polemikis ideur-Tematuri da frazeologiuri

msgavseba gvafiqrebinebs, rom am meore TxzulebaSi aris ramdenime

Tavisufali amonaridi `evstaTis martvilobis~ teqstidan, rac, sxva

argumentebis gaTvaliswinebiT, iZleva saSualebas, rom `evstaTi

mcxeTelis martvilobis~ avtorad abibos nekreseli miviCnioT (23,52).

Dda bolos unda aRvniSnoT, rom `evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~

metad Sinaarsiani Txzulebaa. is TvalnaTliv gadmogvcems VI saukunis

saqarTvelos: politikur, saeklesio da kulturul istoriasa da

mdgomareobas. Txzulebidan vigebT, rom am dros qarTlSi mefoba

gauqmebulia da qveynis uzenaes gamgeblad iTvleba sparseTis marzpani,

romelic TbilisSi cxovrobs. sparselebi blomad yofilan, rogorc

TbilisSi, ise mcxeTaSi. isini sxvadasxva xelobas misdevdnen. mag:

mexamleobas da mejadagobas. maT hqondaT TavianTi kultis,

cecxlTayvanismcemlobis Sesasruleblad sakuTari siwmindeebi,

romlebSic isini `tozikobdnen~, an dResaswaulebs ixdidnen. Sinaur

saqmeebs sparseli mmarTvelebi adgilobriv aznaurebsac avalebdnen.

134

nawarmoebidan naTelia, rom saqarTveloSi prozelitizmic sakmaod

Zlieri yofila. qarTlis eklesias imxela Zala hqonda, rom qristianobas

iRebdnen xSirad jgufuradac. miuxedavad imisa, rom sparselTaTvis maTi

uzenaesi xelmZRvanelisagan, aseTi prozelitizmi ar iyo nebadarTuli,

isini mainc xdebodnen qristianebi. gaqristianebuli sparselebi,

qristianul RvTismsaxurebas RamiTac aRavlendnen xolme, raTa maT

mmarTvelebs ar SeetyoT. evstaTi mcxeTelic erT_erTi aseTi

gaqristianebuli sparseli gaxldaT, romelic mowameobrivad aResrula

kidec qristesaTvis.

αδ

135

`̀̀̀wminda abibos nekreselis martvilobawminda abibos nekreselis martvilobawminda abibos nekreselis martvilobawminda abibos nekreselis martviloba~~~~

warmarTobasTan polemikis kuTxiT sainteresoa, adreuli periodis,

(IXs.) qarTuli, originaluri hagiografiuli nawarmoebi, `wminda abibos

nekreselis martviloba~, romelSic aristides antimazdeanuri polemikis

filosofiur_Teologiuri debulebebi kidev ufro cxadadaa

gamokveTili.

wminda abibosi qarTlSi `aTcamet~ asurel mamasTan erTad Camovida.

maTi mizani iyo, saqarTveloSi samonastro saqmianobis ganviTarebisaTvis

xelis Sewyoba (23,52). am periodSi qarTlSi sparsTa gavlenaa. Sesabamisad,

maTi religiis, mazdeanobis, RvTismsaxurebac mimdinareobs. abibosma

ganizraxa brZola ewarmoebina sparsTa religiasTan. nekresis episkoposi

abibosi Tavisi qmedebiT ganasaxierebs cecxlTayvanismcemlobis

winaaRmdeg wamoyenebul ZiriTad arguments: sparsel mazdeanTa RvTaebas

_ cecxls Caaqrobs wyliT, ris gamoc mas Tbilisis marzpani awamebs. mas

bralad dasdes: RmerTi mokalio. igi aristides `apologiis~ argumentebs

iSveliebs da umtkicebs marzpans: `RmerTi ara momiklavs, xolo cecxli

davSrite. ara ars RmerTi igi, aramed sxuaTa bunebaTagani ars, erTisa

nivTisagan mcired nawili, romelTagan aRhmarTa RmerTma sofeli ese.

gansworebiT dabadebul arian notiaÁ, civi, Ãmeli da cecxli, romel

erTierTisa mpyrobelobaÁ aqus simrgulesa mas Sina. esreT gansworebiTa

nawilTaÁTa dganan eseni, da ukueTumca erTierTsa aRemata, gan-mca-qarda

meore igi. xolo Tqueni igi cecxli misve cecxlisa bunebisa nawil ars

ÃmeliTa da civiTa, aRmdgomi SeSisa WamiTa myovar Jamier. erTi mcire

wyali davasx, mZle eqmna da mokla igi, rameTu ufroÁs misa ipova wyali

igi. aw mikÂrs Tqueni eseviTari sicofe, viTar ara sircxÂl giCns misi

saxelis-debad RmrTad, romelsa eseodeni suli aqus (rameTu Tqueni ese

cecxli Tquendave mona ars da kerpTa Seuracxis-myofelTa vervis

hxedavs), ukueTu RmerT ars ege? Tquen ityÂT, rameTu odesme Tquensave

sofelsa ganhmzadeT msaxurebaÁ mis kerpisaÁ, romel-igi hqmeniT oqroÁsaÁ.

satanjvelad ganmzadebulsa mas Tquen mier maSindelsa aw RmerTad

ewodebis?!~ (28,45) abibos nekreselis wameba unda momxdariyo 571 wels,

Tumca xelnawerTa mixedviT, am faqts odnav gvian SeiZleba hqonoda

136

adgili. mogvianebiT, vaxtang gorgaslis mier abibosis wminda nawilebi

samTavros eklesiaSi daikrZala.

i. javaxiSvili miiCnevs, rom `abibos nekreselis martviloba~ VI-VII

saukuneebSi Seqmnili Txzulebaa. k. kekeliZe Tvlis, rom `abibos

nekreselis martvilobis~ Tavdapirveli, e.w. `kimenuri~ redaqcia dawera

IX s. meore naxevarSi kaTolikosma arsen didma, safarelma, Tumca, es

Sroma, Tavdapirveli saxiT ar unda iyos Semonaxuli. daaxloebiT XII s-

Si `martviloba~ gadaukeTebia da gadaumuSavebia nekresis romeliRac

episkoposs, im dros gabatonebuli literaturuli gemovnebisa da

mimarTulebis Sesabamisad. metafrasts `martvilobis~ Tavdapirveli

redaqcia zog adgilas Seumoklebia, zogi ram misTvis daumatebia. mag:

prologi, epilogi da teqstis Sua nawilSi msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom

cecxli RmerTi araa. k. kkekeliZes miaCnia, rom arseni IX saukuneSi ver

ixmarda terminebs _ `iveria~ da `saqarTvelo~, rac XI s-ze adre ar

gvxvdeba qarTul mwerlobaSi. mecnieris azriT, metafrass aRebuli aqvs

arsenis Sromis nawili, sxva masala ki Tavad aqvs damatebuli. mecnieris

varaudiT, nawarmoebSi gamoxatuli cecxlTayvanismcemlobis winaaRmdeg

polemikis didi nawili, swored metafrasis wvlili unda iyos (15,53). es

ki `martvilobis~ is adgilia, sadac aristides polemikis gamoZaxili

gvesmis.

k.kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom aristides naazrevebis CarTva TxzulebaSi unda

momdinareobdes ara uSualod aristidesgan, aramed IX s. bizantieli

istorikosis giorgi amartolis Txzulebis, `qronografis~ meSveobiT,

romelic qarTulad iTargmna XII s-Si, `abibos nekreseli martvilobis~

metafrasuli redaqciis Seqmnamde ramdenime aTeuli wliT adre da

romelic, k. kekeliZes, `abibos nekreselis martvilobis~ teqstis erT-

erT mTavar wyarod miaCnda. k. kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom giorgi amartolis

`qronografidan~ amoRebuli aristides `apologiis~ polemikuri pasaJis

`martvilobis~ teqstSi CarTva, metafrasti mwerlis naxelavi unda iyos

XII s_Si da ara arsen safarelis. amas mecnieri Semdegi sabuTebis

safuZvelze asabuTebs. paeqrobis arsi: abibosi eubneba marzpans, rom man

daSrita cecxli, romelic RmerTi ar aris. amis Semdgom, sruliad

bunebrivi iqneboda, rom ganrisxebul marzpans umalve daesaja abibosi.

137

metafrasti ki am sityvebs Soris rTavs filosofiur traqtats cecxlis

Sesaxeb, rac k. kekeliZis azriT, aucilebeli ar unda yofiliyo. 2.

giorgi amartolis `qronografi~ dawerilia 866-887 wlebSi. arsen didi

kaTolikosad Cans daaxloebiT 860-887 wlebSi. rTuli gasagebi unda iyos

is faqti, rom 20 weliwadSi `qronografi~ iseTi cnobili gaxda, rom man

arsen didamde miaRwia. metic, man gamoiyena es Txzuleba. 3. teqstis enis

da stilis mixedviTac Cans, rom nawarmoebi XI-XII saukuneebis

metafrasuli mimdinareobis dogmatikur_filosofiuri Txzulebebis

stilisa da enis xasiaTs atarebs. Txzulebis Tavdapirvel, arsen

safariseul (860-887) da, miTumetes, kimenur redaqciaSi am pasaJis

arseboba logikurad gamoricxulia, radgan TviT `qronografi~

qarTulad iTargmna XII s. damdegs arsen iyalToelis mier. k. kekeliZem es

Tvalsazrisi ganamtkica agreTve iseTi faqtebiTac, rogoricaa,

magaliTad, Txzulebis kompoziciuri mxare, polemikis rTuli stili

(rac Semdgomi, metafrasuli periodisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli), aseve

zogierTi leqsikuri erTeuli, rac aseve gviani periodidan dasturdeba

(15, 54).

k.kekeliZe erTmaneTs adarebs `martvilobisa~ da `qronografis~

Sesabamis polemikur pasaJebs. mecnieri miiCnevs, rom giorgi amartoli

mogviTxrobs kerpTayvanismcemlobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb, rac aristides

`apologiis~ mTavari Temaa. sagulisxmoa, rom `qronografSi~ aristides

`apologiis~ msgavsad gakritikebulni arian: qaldevelebi, elinebi,

egviptelebi. mecnieri fiqrobs, rom `qronografis~ im adgilebTan

paralels, romlebSic Cven aristides gamoZaxili gvesmis, sxvadasxva

saeklesio mwerlis (aTanase aleqsandrielis, Teodorite kvirelis, nones,

paladi elenopolelis) TxzulebebSic pouloben, rac kekeliZis azriT

imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom giorgi amartoli `qronografSi~ aristides

garda sxva wyaroebsac iyenebs da sxvadasxva saeklesio mweralTa

Txzulebebis meSveobiT, an maT gverdiT, gamoyenebulia aristides

`apologiac~. aristides Txzulebis gamoyeneba moulodneli ar unda

iyos, radgan verc erTi mwerali, romelic warmarTobis gakritikebas da

qristianobis dacvas daisaxavda miznad, gverds ver auvlida aristides

138

klasikur apologetikur_polemikur krebuls, Tu misTvis es

xelmisawvdomi iqneboda (15,53).

sagulisxmoa, rom `abibos nekreselis martvilobidan~ amoRebuli

polemikuri pasaJi, zogierTma mkvlevarma qarTuli filosofiis

istoriaSi Seitana. am kuTxiT damaxasiaTebelia i. fancxavas gamokvleva:

“Рассмотрение Платоновой Философии и Прокла Диадоха”. k. kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom

`abibos nekreselis martviloba~ ganicdis aristoteles

naturfilosofiis gavlenas. amaze metyvelebs giorgi amartolis

polemikis mTeli sabunebismetyvelo nawili, romelic martvilobaSia

CarTuli. (aristoteles mixedviT arsebobs TvisebaTa ori wyvili: Tbili

da civi, xmeli da notio. amaTgan miiReba oTxi stiqia(elementi): miwa,

wyali, haeri da cecxli. mag: xmelisa Tbilisagan warmoiSoba cecxli. am

elementebis sxvadasxva proporciiT SesaZloa warmoiqmnas yvela nivTi

dedamiwaze. k.kekeliZeE Tvlis, rom aristoteles Sesabamisi pasaJebi

uSualod aristotelesgan ar gadmoaqvs giorgi amartols. am SemTxvevaSi

mas ioane damaskelis `gardamocemiT~ unda esargebla. (moZRvreba 4

stiqiis Sesaxeb, rogorc cnobilia empedokles mier Camoyalibebuli

moZRvrebaa, romelic Sua saukuneebs aristoteles meSveobiT gadaeca)

(15,57).

s. sigua k. kekeliZisgan gansxvavebiT miiCnevs, rom antimazdeanuri

traqtati ar tovebs `martvilobis~ teqstSi CanarTis STabeWdilebas,

vinaidan is fabulis ganviTarebis ganuyreli nawilia, kulminaciuri

wertilia, rasac kvanZis gaxsna mohyveba abibosis dasjis saxiT. avtorma

cecxlis daSretiT Sekra, xolo misi Teoriuli uaryofiT gaxsna kvanZi.

aq erTi mTliani procesia moqmedebis ganviTarebisa, romelic SesaZloa

wyvetilia, magram es ar SeiZleba principad aviRoT, ramdenadac

nawarmoebis xarisxis gamoxatulebaa da ara kompoziciuri wyobisa.

amasTan, es pasaJi s.siguas azriT, motivirebulia teqstis Sinagani

logikiTac. es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa `martvilobis~ bibliur

perifrazTan dakavSirebiT. mecnieris azriT gaWianurebuli Txroba

hagiografis mxatvrul ostatobaze, esTetikur gemovnebasa da samwerlo

Sexedulebebze metyvelebs (23,43).

139

s. sigua k. kekeliZis mosazrebis sapirispirod miiCnevs, rom

`xronografisa~ da `abibosis martvilobis~ paraleluri teqstebis

Sedareba, erTis meorisgan momdinareobas ar mowmobs. mecnieris azriT,

polemikur pasaJSi Sesuli leqsikur erTeulTa nawili, romlebic

gviandeli periodis movlenadaa miCneuli k. kekeliZis mier, (k. kekeliZe

im sityvebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic `martvilobis~ teqstSi gvxvdeba,

rac XI_XII saukuneebSi Semovida qarTul mwerlobaSi, Txzulebas amave

periodSi Seqmnilad miiCnevs. mag: aRmarTa, gansworebiT, aRdgomili, ukue

Tu, bunebaTagani nivTi, simrgule da a.S.) gamovlinda adreul ZeglebSic

(`SuSanikis wamebis~ CaTvliT). xolo stilisturi sirTule, umTavresad

dednis Tvisebad CaiTvala. amitom, s. siguas, am sityvebis teqstSi

xmarebiT nawarmoebis daTariReba arasworad miaCnia, radgan es sityvebi

wina saukuneebis ZeglebSic ikiTxeba. motanil citatebs Soris igrZnoba

mxolod Sinaarsobrivi kavSiri da ara: leqsikuri, frazeologiuri,

sintaqsuri da sxva stiluri msgavsebani.

s. siguam ganmeorebiT Seadara martvilobis polemikuri pasaJi

`qronografis~ nawyvetebs da maT Soris bevri sxvaoba naxa. kerZod: a)

`wamebaSi~ saubaria cecxlze, rogorc “erTisa nivTisagan mcired

nawilze, romelTagan aRhmarTa RmerTman sofeli ese”, xolo

`qronografSi~ saubaria cecxlis monawileobiT ara saerTod

materialuri samyaros, aramed mxolod `ÃorcTa guamTa~ bunebis Seqmnaze;

b) `wamebaSi~: oTx elements `erTi-erTisa mpyrobelobaÁ aqus simrgulesa

mas Sina~ `gansworebiTa nawilTaÁTa~ da Tu erTi elementi meores

aRemateba, maSin meorec ganqarvdes. `qronografSi~ ubralod urTierT

gayofazea saubari da ara Sinagan disproporciaze. g) `wamebaSi~

xazgasmulia wylis Zala cecxlis mimarT, xolo `qronografSi~,

ormxrivi moqmedebaa miTiTebuli: `mxurvale grilisa mier daixsnebis~ da

piriqiT _ `grili mxurcalisa mier uCino iqmnebis~; d) cecxlis

araRvTaebriobis dasadastureblad `wameba~ xazs usvams im garemoebas,

rom mas suli ar gaaCnia da igi adamianisadmia daqvemdebarebuli, xolo

`qronografi~ imave azrs elementTa Soris `Sewevnis moqeneobisa~ da

`daugebelad brZolis~ aqtiT xsnis.

140

s. sigua fiqrobs, rom saeWvo faqtia, XIIUs-Si vinmes gaelaSqra

mazdeanobis winaaRmdeg, radgan VII-VIII ss. is islamma ganaiaraRa da

rogorc ideuri Zala mospo. iv.javaxiSvili miiCnevda, rom IX saukuneSic

ukve aravis ar hqonda realuri warmodgena cecxlTayvanismcemlobaze

da mas kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan aigivebdnen. siguas azriT, Zneli

dasajerebelia, rom XII s. sasuliero pirs an saero moRvawes ieriSi

mietana mazdeanobaze. Tanac ise mtkice da mkacri argumentebiT, rogorc

es antimazdeanur pasaJSia mocemuli. arsen safareli ver gamoiyenebda

Tavisi TxzulebisaTvis giorgi `amartolis~ xronografs, radgan isini

erTdroulad moRvaweoben da qmnian aRniSnul Zeglebs. es miTumetes

WeSmariti gaxdeba, Tu p.ingoroyvas varauds davujerebT, romlis

mixedviTac, arsen I didi safareli kaTolikosobda 845/50-872/77 ww.

bunebrivia, 866-867 ww. bizantiaSi dawerili TxzulebebisaTvis mas,

mcxeTaSi myofs, xeli ver miuwvdeboda (23,46).

Tu giorgi amartolis `qronografs~, rogorc `abibosis

martvilobaSi~ Senaxul antimazdeanuri traqtatis wyaros gamovricxavT,

ismis kiTxva: ra gziT unda gacnoboda anonimi avtori iseT Txzulebas,

romelic teqsts miscemda antimazdeanur JReradobas.

s. siguas miaCnia, rom arsen safarels, aristides `apologiis~

gacnoba somxuri mwerlobis meSveobiT SeeZlo, saidanac saWiro cnobebi

moaqvs traqtatSi `ganyofisaTvis qarTlisa da somxiTisa~.

s.siguam yuradReba gaamaxvila im faqtze, rom `martvilobaSi~

antimazdeanuri polemika masSi Semavali filosofiuri fragmentebiT,

warmoTqmulia abibosis mier da msgavs sakiTxebs avtoriseuli Txroba ar

icnobs. es traqtati Sinaarsobrivi argumentirebiT, gamoirCeva

`martvilobis~ sxva adgilebisagan, Tumca is kompoziciis aucilebeli

komponentia da gaaCnia funqcionaluri Rirebuleba dramatizmis

misaRwevad. S. nucubiZis da S.xidaSelis mosazrebaze dayrdnobiT,s. sigua

miiCnevs, rom es antimazdeanuri monakveTi TxzulebaSi unda iyos

amonaridi abibosis romeliRac savaraudo Txzulebidan. (xidaSels da

nucubiZes es Txzuleba ar daukonkretebiaT.) k. kekeliZec, rogorc zeviT

iTqva, am polemikur monakveTs Semdegdroindel CanarTad miiCnevs misi

gansxvavebuli stilis gamo. faqtia, rom traqtati safarels ar ekuTvnis.

141

s.sigua Tvlis, rom es polemikuri pasaJi aris amonaridi `evstaTi

mcxeTelis martvilobidan~. s. siguam erTmaneTs Seudara `abibosis

martvilobisa~ da `evstaTis martvilobis~ polemikuri pasaJebi da

miuTiTa maT Soris msgavsebaze. man aCvena ara marto azrobrivi, aramed

teqstobrivi damTxvevani. miRebuli Sedegebi man Seadara qarTuli

sasuliero mwerlobis analogiur SemTxvevebs. Cans, rom hagiografiul

ZeglTa personaJi mwerlebi, avtorTa mier daxasiaTebulni arian maTive

saliteraturo memkvidreobidan sagangebo pasaJebis moSveliebiT. raki

abibos nekreseli misi `wamebis~ avtors daxasiaTebuli hyavs “evstaTis

martvilobis” erT-erTi ZiriTadi pasaJiT, es garemoeba mkvlevars

afiqrebinebs, rom am ukanasknelis avtori igive abibos nekreselia (23,49).

sainteresoa `abibosis martvilobaSi~ dadasturebuli sxva magaliTic.

kerZod, dasasjelad mimavali abibosi mcxeTaSi Sios etyvis: `locva yav

mamao, rameTu usjuloni ese sparsni ganZÂndes Cven zeda ampartavnebiTa

TÂsiTa, rameTu daipyres sofeli ese Cueni. Sen uwyi, rameTu babilovni

maradis kerpT-mawyevel ars da Ronis-meZiebel arian, raÁTamca yovelni

kacni Tayuanis-aceminnes kerpTa. da awca maT usjuloTa misTa saxed

egulebis, raÁTamca kualad ganages bade da Seayennes kacni da Tayuanis-

aceminnes cecxlsa~ (28,244). b. kilanavas SexedulebiT, am pasaJs ormxrivi

mniSvneloba aqvs: jer erTi, is pirvelxarisxovan cnobas Seicavs asurel

mamaTa qarTuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, radgan isini `qarTls~ TavianT

`sofels~ uwodeben, xolo, qarTvelTa ubedurebas, sakuTar Tavze

damtydar ubedurebas. SesaZloa abibosi Sios im viTarebasac amcnobdes,

rac `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaSia~ asaxuli (18,259). adarebs ra

s.sigua orive teqstis Sesabamis adgilebs erTmaneTs, miiCnevs, rom am

adgilebs Soris msgavsebasTan erTad, gansxvavebac gvxvdeba. `evtaTi

mcxeTelis martvilobis~ polemika moicavs Semdeg sakiTxebs: 1.

cecxlis(RmerTis) daSreta; 2. wylis upiratesoba cecxlze; 3. cecxlis

daniSnuleba. `abibosis martvilobis~ saTanado pasaJi aseTia: 1.

cecxlis(RmerTis) daSreta; 2. cecxlis, viTarca RmerTis uaryofa 4

elementis moZRvrebiT; 3. wylis upiratesoba cecxlze; 4. cecxlis

adamianisadmi daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareoba. s.siguas azriT, gansxvavebas

qmnis 4 elementis moZRvrebis gadmocema da gamoyeneba, Tumca S.nucubiZe

142

SeniSnavs, rom aq msgavseba udavoa. p. ingoroyva miiCnevs, rom orive

Zeglis avtori iyenebs am moZRvrebas. s. sigua Tvlis, rom `evstaTis

martvilobaSi~ aristoteles fizikisa da logikis elementebi aristides

gziTaa Sesuli. aq unda Candes empedokles moZRvrebis Soreuli

anareklic. ( wyali da cecxli am sistemis mixedviT dapirispirebuli

stiqiebi arian). saTanado adgilas mas emateba stiqionTa sami sawyisi _

civi, xmeli, notio. TvisebaTa am sawyisebs daerTvis cecxlic, rogorc

samyaros Semadgeneli elementi. aristotelesTan cecxli elementia ( da

ara TvisebaTa sawyisi) haerTan, wyalTan da miwasTan erTad. mecnieris

azriT, safiqrebelia, rom am pasaJis Semdegdroindel gadamwers ar

hqonda zusti warmodgena am moZRvrebaze.

S. nucubiZis dakvirvebiT, `evstaTis wamebis~ avtori da abibos

nekreseli aristoteles moZRvrebis mimdevrebi arian. aseve sayuradReboa

`evstaTis wamebaSi~ gamovlenili areopagetuli ideis gavlenis gameoreba

`abibosis martvilobis~ teqstSi. `abibosis martvilobis~ polemikur

traqtatSi SeimCneva warmodgena msoflio wyobis da am msoflioSi

erTgvari mizanSewonilobis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb, rac mis

safexurebriv wyobaSi xorcieldeba. sagulisxmoa, rom analogiuri

areopagetuli Sexedulebis gavlenis gamomxatvelia `evtaTis

martvilobis~ is pasaJi, romelSic ierarqiulobis principi SeigrZnoba.

es kidev erTxel gvarwmunebs, rom es sapolemiko traqtati amonaridia

`evstaTi mcxeTelis~ martvilobidan. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac,

rom orive ZeglSi polemika warmoebs pirveli piriT, romelic

nawarmoebis mTavari personaJia da situaciebic erTnairadaa moxazuli.

sapolemiko traqtatebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs s. sigua xsnis

Semdegnairad. misi azriT, arsen safareli `evtaTi mcxeTelis

martvilobidan~ sityvasityviT ar iRebs teqsts. is xelnawerebi, romelic

polemikas Seicaven, XVII-XVIII saukuneebisaa. aseve gviani periodis

xelnaweriT SemogvrCa `evstaTis martvilobis~ teqsti. amis gamo,

SeuZlebelia adreuli variantebi Sedardes erTmaneTs. `abibosis wameba~

XII s-Si gadaametafrases. am periodSi, iseve rogorc prolog_epilogi,

iseve unda Secvliliyo cecxlTayvanismcemlobis sawinaaRmdego

traqtatic. `abibosis martvilobis~ teqstis rTuli, terminologiuri

143

metyveleba, gansxvavebiT `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ sada

sasaubro stilisa, im periodis maxasiaTebeli unda iyos. iseve rogorc,

XII s-Si qarTul mwerlobaSi gavrcelebuli 4 elementiT moZRvrebis

gaSla da polemikuri paTosis maRalfardovani frazebiT warmodgena.

erTi sityviT, `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ kimenuri pasaJi

gadametafrasebul iqna `abibosis wamebaSi~ (23,50).

xSir SemTxvevaSi `abibos nekreselis martvilobis~ avtori ucvlelad

iRebs frazebs `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobidan~. sainteresoa, amdeni

Sesworebisa da gadaweris Semdeg, rogor darCa traqtatSi ramdenime

saerTo fraza, rogorc stereotipuli gamoTqma? SesaZloa davuSvaT,

rom arsen safarelma TxzulebisaTvis polemikuri da ideur_mxatvruli

Rirebulebis misacemad Caidina erTgvari literaturuli qurdoba, rac

s.siguas azriT gamoricxuli unda iyos: 1. V-X ss. qarTul mwerlobaSi ar

aris cnobili sxvisi naSromis miTvisebis faqti, an Tundac amis cda. 2.

literaturaSi ar dawyebula brZola saxelis mosaxveWad. 3. Txzulebas

qarTlis kaTalikosi arseni wers erT-erT asurel mamaze, xolo am

asurelTa gundSi unda imyofebodes `evstaTis wamebis~ avtoric. s.sigua

fiqrobs, rom arsen safarelma, werda ra abibosis wamebis ambavs, Tavad

abibosis Txzulebidan aiRo iseTi pasaJi, romelic zustad daaxasiaTebda

abibos nekresels, rogorc qristes mrwamsis erTgulebisTvis daRupuls,

riTac ufro gamoikveTeboda am asureli mamis saxe (23,51).

mecnierTa daskvnebis safuZvelze miviCnevT, rom `abibos nekreselis

martvilobaSi~, berZnul mwerlobaSi OVI s-dan gamqraliAaristides

`apologiis~ polemikuri debulebebi unda Sesuliyo ara giorgi

amartolis `qronografidan~, aramed `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~

saSualebiT, romlis avtoradac abibos nekreseli ivaraudeba.

144

`̀̀̀raJden pirvelmowamis martvilobaraJden pirvelmowamis martvilobaraJden pirvelmowamis martvilobaraJden pirvelmowamis martviloba~~~~

polemika mazdeizmis winaaRmdeg naCvenebia originalur qarTul

hagiografiul ZeglSi, `raJden pirvelmowamis martviloba~. qarTuli

eklesiis martvilebidan, wminda raJdeni miCneulia pirvel wmindanad.

raJdeni gaxldaT sparsTa maRali sazogadoebidan. igi mivlinebul iqna

qarTlSi, rogorc mefe vaxtang gorgasalis Svilis aRmzrdeli. vaxtang

gorgasalTan yofnis dros raJdeni gaecno qristianobis arss da

moinaTla kidec qristianad. Semdgom amisa, raJdeni Sahis brZanebiT

daapatimres. igi mainc ar gatyda da erTgulad icavda Tavis religias,

qristianobas. amis Semdgom is jvarze gaakres da mokles. mogvianebiT ki

misi wminda nawilebi niqozis eklesiaSi miabrZanes. am nawarmoebSic

aSkarad igrZnoba aristides `apologiis~ pasaJebis gamoyeneba. rodesac

sparsTa mefem is winaparTa religiis RalatSi amxila da uTxra mas:

`ratom miatove mamapapuri cecxli, WeSmariti sarwmunoeba da mze,

romelic anaTebs da axla sxvebs emsaxurebi?~ amaze raJdenma ase upasuxa:

`eh, me mivatove Cemi winaparTa sjuli. me aRar vaRmerTeb anTebul

cecxls, arc mzes, romelic ar emsaxureba adamianebs. me vaRiareb

cocxal RmerTs, romelic aris caSi da dedamiwazec. romelic xilulia

da amavdroulad uCinaric. romelic ukvdavia~. SemdgomSi agrZelebs ase:

`ratom moiTxovT Tqve urwmunoebo, rom mivatovo WeSmariti RmerTi da

vemsaxuro cecxls~ (22,171).

es martviloba laTinurad Targmnilia p.peetersis mier. rogorc

martvilobidan Cans, raJdenis gmiruli ambavi, misi mxneoba da gamZleoba

Zvelad ar iyo aRwerili. avtorma Zveli masala ki ar gadaakeTa, aramed

axali Sroma Seqmna im dros gabatonebuli metafrasuli stiliT.

TxzulebaSi didi adgili aqvs daTmobili Sedarebebs da paeqrobas.

k.kekeliZis mosazrebiT, avtors xelT unda hqonoda pirveli krebuli

qarTveli matianeebisa `cxovrebani qarTvelTani~, saidanac usargeblia

mas vaxtang gorgaslisa da sparselTa Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis

faqtebiT, ramac imsxverpla raJdeni. avtors xelT hqonia aseve `daviTisa

da konstantines martviloba~. amgvar faqtebze dayrdnobiT, k. kekeliZis

azriT, nawarmoebi dawerili unda iyos XII s-is meore naxevarSi (17,509).

145

aaaaristides ristides ristides ristides `̀̀̀apologiaapologiaapologiaapologia~~~~

qristianobam swored maSin daiwyo gavrceleba romaul samyaroSi,

rodesac mas gansakuTrebiT sdevnidnen da Cirqs scxebdnen. mis winaaRmdeg

mimarTuli mTavari braldeba iyo aTeizmi, anu RmerTebis Tayvaniscemis

ugulvebelyofa. kerZod, samoqalaqo kanonebis sawinaaRmdegod,

qristianebi uars ambobdnen Tayvani ecaT imperiis RmerTebisaTvis da

aRiarebdnen romauli senatisaTvis miuRebel religias. saxelmwifos

gagebiT, swored isini iyvnen aTeistebi, bralad edebodaT akrZaluli

religiis (religio illicita) aRiareba da aqedan gamomdinare isini iTvlebodnen

saxelmwifosa da misi fundamentaluri institutebis mtrebad. im

periodis inteleqtualebi da politikosebi qristianebs gulgrilobaSi

adanaSauleben. magaliTisTvis ambobdnen, rom isini: `ufrTxildebian

TavianT saqmian interesebs da mxedvelobaSi ar iReben saxelmwifos

ayvavebisaTvis zrunvas. isini gaurbian am cxovrebas momavali

cxovrebisaTvis.~ isini miiCneodnen cud da saxelmwifosaTvis uvargis

moqalaqeebad (53,1-2).

apologetebis saxeliT, moixseneben mweralTa im jgufs, gansakuTrebiT

II saukunisas, romlebic miznad isaxavdnen daecvaT qristianebi maT

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli braldebebisagan, raTa mieRwiaT samoqalaqo

kanonmdeblobiT gamarTlebuli tolerantobisaTvis da daemtkicebinaT

qristianTa bralmdeblebisaTvis, rom qristianuli religia iyo

erTaderTi WeSmariti religia.

apologetebis mTavari misia iyo yvela braldebis gabaTileba da Cveneba

imisa, rom qristianobas aqvs arsebobis ufleba. amis dasamtkiceblad,

maTi mTavari mizani iyo qristianobis ara negatiuri, aramed pozitiuri

mxareebis Cveneba. maT unda mieRwiaT, rom qristianuli religia

warmoeCinaT, rogorc WeSmariti da srulyofili religia. amgvarad,

bizantieli apologetebi upirispirdebodnen antikur paganizms

(warmarTobas). qristianuli religiis upiratesobis dasamtkiceblad,

aucilebeli iyo warmoCeniliyo is kontrasti, romelic arsebobda

saxelmwifo religiasa da qristianobas Soris.

146

apologetebis naSromebi iyo ara mxolod braldebiTi xasiaTis,

aramed amxsneli da ganmartebiTi, aseve SedarebiTi. apologetebi

direqtivebs aZlevdnen nawilobriv warmarTebs, nawilobriv ebraelebs.

pirveli, kerZod SeniSvnebi warmarTebis mimarT, SeiZleba davyoT 3

jgufad. 1. SeniSvnebi mimarTuli iyo senatis da imperatoris misamarTiT.

antoniusis dinastiis imperatorebi maT uyurebdnen, rogorc

TavSekavebul filosofosebs, romelTa Sorisac filosofosebi,

rogoricaa iustiniane da aTenagora, iTvlebodnen SeniSvnebis, naTqvamis

mimRebad. es iyo sajaro, Ria tipis, Ria werilis formis naSromi

imperatorebisaTvis, rasac imperatorebi an iTvaliswinebdnen, an ara. 2.

meore jgufis apologiebi mimarTuli iyo uSualod xalxis misamarTiT.

rogoricaa, mag: `saubrebi berZnebTan~( II-III s) 3. mesame klasi _

apologeturi da literaturuli. esaa konkretuli individualebis

mimarT Seqmnili apologiebi. mag: `sami wigni antioqieli Teofilos

avtolikosis mimarT~ da diognetosis `epistole~. rac Seexeba ebraelebis

misamarTiT Seqmnil apologiebs, SeiZleba davasaxeloT: `wminda

iustinianes dialogi trifosTan~. am tipis apologiebSi Warbobs axsniTi

da demonstraciuli stili. naTqvamia rom, ebraelma xalxma gamoiara

uamravi gansacdeli, rac unda warsuls Cabardes da isini aRar unda

gamovidnen qristianobis winaaRmdeg da ar unda daadanaSaulon

qristianebi mmarTvelobis winaSe. ebraelTaTvis mimarTul nawerebSi,

apologetebi naklebad cdiloben upasuxon maT braldebebs, isini

cdiloben daarwmunon ebraelebi ieso qristes RvTaebriobaSi, mis mesiur

bunebaSi da daanaxon iesos RvTaebrivi religiis WeSmariteba. maTi

saboloo mizani iyo, eCvenebinaT iesos mesianisturi koncefcia da amis

saCveneblad, maT saRmrTo winaswarmewtyvelebidan mohyavdaT uamravi

argumenti. maT mier wminda nawerebis srulyofili codna ki, ukeT

asabuTebda maT mizns. literaturuli kuTxiT, apologetebis nawerebi

aRemateba apostoli mamebis naSromebs. zogierTma apologetma avtorma

iswavla skolaSi, Seiswavla filosofia da SemdgomSi garkveulwilad,

qristianobasac moergo. Tumca, isini kvlavac rCebodnen filosofosebad.

isini Txrobis stiliTac gamoirCevian, riTac sofistebs mogvagoneben.

xSirad aseTi tipis nawerebi aris Zalian eqstensiuri, exeba moraluri da

147

dogmatikuri Teologiis yvelaze mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs. isini arian

pirveli mercxlebi eklesiis wiaRSi Seqmnili samecniero Teologiisa

(53,3).

CvenTvis cnobilia II saukunis daaxloebiT 12 apologeti. amaT garda

aris daaxloebiT 5 apologeti, romelTa naSromebi an mTlianad

dakargulia, an mxolod nawyvetebia SemorCenili. maT Sorisaa

kvadratusi, romelSic zogierTi mkvlevari amoicnobs eusebiosTan

moxmobili kvadratusis samwerlo stils. am ukanasknelma, imperator

adrianes (117-138 w.) warudgina apologia, romelic eusebiosma waikiTxa da

romlidanac mas mohyavs erTi winadadeba. sainteresoa, Cvenamde moRweuli

pirveli traqtati ebraelTa winaaRmdeg, romelic Seqmnilia daaxloebiT

140 w. kamaTi `iasonsa da papiskoss~ Soris qristes gamo. aq iasoni,

qristiani winaswarmetyveli, gamodis aleqsandrieli ebraelis, papiskosis

winaaRmdeg. is umtkicebs papiskoss, rom ieso aris RmerTis Svili. es

mcire Sroma, origenes nawerebSi damowmebuli, gaxda mogvianebiT kvlav

polemikis sagani. nawarmoebi miewereba aristo peilaevss (53,5).

mniSvnelovania Altercatio Simoni-s “Judaei et Theophili Christiani”, romelic mcire

aziisaTvis Seiqmna daaxloebiT (160-193 w) da evagrios miltiadesma

gamoitana saaSkaraoze. man aseve Seqmna 3 apologia. eusebiosi

gadmogvcems, rom erTi iyo berZnebis winaaRmdeg Seqmnili, meore

ebraelebis, mesame satanebis mociqulebis misamarTiT. apologiebi

filosofiuri Janris unda yofiliyo, Tumca maTgan araferia Semonaxuli.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas apolinariosze, romelic gaxldaT hierapolisis

frigieli episkoposi. igi SemoqmedebiTi TvalsazrisiT zenitSi iyo

markus avreliusis periodSi (161-180 w.aR). eusebiosisagan viciT, rom is

iyo avtori am imperatoris mimarT miZRvnili apologiisa, romelic

miekuTvneba (172w). manve Seqmna 5 wigni berZnebis winaaRmdeg, 2 wigni

rwmenis Sesaxeb, romelic apologiad moisazreboda da 2 wigni ebraelTa

mimarT. unda aRiniSnos melitonis filosofiuri traqtatis Sesaxeb,

romelic mimarTuli unda iyos markus avreliusis winaaRmdeg. es avtori

unda yofiliyo sardinieli episkoposi. Tavdapirveli originali siriul

enaze unda Seqmniliyo (53,6).

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adreuli qristianuli literaturidan pirvel rigSi unda gamovyoT

aristide da kvadratusi. maTi apologiebi dakargulad miiCneoda.

cnobilia, rom isini iyvnen rwmenis damcveli adamianebi. gavrcelebuli

xmebis mixedviT, kvadratusma Tavad naxa iesos mier jadosnurad

gankurnebuli adamianebi. amasTan dakavSirebiT bevri ramis Tqma SeiZleba.

amavdroulad, iustine martirosi, romelic SemoqmedebiT zenitSi iyo

(150w. Cv.w.aR), asaxelebs apologetebs, romelTa naSromebic cnobili iyo

farTo masebisaTvis: mag: tatianosi, melitoni, aTenagora, Teofilos

antioqieli, diogenesadmi mimarTuli epistoles avtori. isini yvela II

saukunes miekuTvnebodnen da werdnen berZnulad. aseve asaxelebs:

tertulianuss, minucius feliqss, arnobiuss, laqtantiuss, romlebic

werdnen laTinurad. aseve: klementis, origenes, romlebic aseve

berZnulad werdnen. es mwerlebi cdilobdnen, romis imperiaSi

warmoeCinaT da gamoeaSkaravebinaT qristianobis da qristianTa

uaryofiTi mxareebi. xotba SeesxaT da win wamoewiaT magistrebi da

mmarTvelebi, rogorc namdvili gmirebi da exelmZRvanelaT da

mimarTuleba miecaT axali religiis mimdevrebisaTvis. mmarTvelTa

danaSauli da maT mier ubralo xalxis devna daefaraT da

SeelamazebinaT, an saerTod uareyoT. es mwerlebi cdilobdnen

qristianTaTvis miecaT ironiuli tituli `ganaTlebulebi

gaunaTleblebs Soris~. qristiani mwerlebi ki amis paralelurad

warmoaCendnen poliTeizmis uazrobas, aCvenebdnen ra, mis saSinel

gavlenas moralze. swored qristian_morwmuneTa am jgufidanaa

warmoadgenili aristidec, romelsac apologiis dargSi erT-erT

pionerad aRiqvamdnen, msgavsad iustinus martirosisa (53,6).

yvelaze adreuli apologeti, romlis naSromic dRes srulad

mogvepoveba, gaxlavT aristide _ aTeneli filosofosi. im TxzulebaTa

Soris, romlebic literaturul brZolas awarmoebdnen warmarTobis

sxvadasxva saxesTan, maT Soris mazdeizmTan, aristides `apologia~,

yvelaze adrindeli da mniSvnelovani Txzulebaa.

ra vicodiT aristideze aqamde? rogor aRmoCnda misi dakarguli

`pologia~?Aaristides Sesaxeb biografiuli cnobebi ar Senaxula. viciT

mxolod, rom is yofila aTenSi gamoCenili filosofosi, mere

149

qristianul rwmenaze gadasula da miznad dausaxavs Tavisi niWi, codna

da ganaTleba gamoeyenebina qristianobis dasacavad. am mizniT mas

Seuqmnia SesaniSnavi `apologia~, romelic 125 w. maxloblad miurTmevia

imperator adreanesTvis (meore TvalsazrisiT adresati iyo imperatori

antoninus piusi). imperators `apologia~ gulTbilad miuRia. es imiT

aixsneba, rom adriane iyo im imperatorTaA rigebSi, romlebic SedarebiT

loialurad iyvnen ganwyobili qristianobisadmi da maTi moRvaweobis

periodSi, qristianebi maTi uSualo brZanebiT ar idevnebodnen qveynidan

(15,44).

Tavdapirvel monacemebs aristideze da mis `apologiaze~ gvawvdis

eklesiis istorikosi, eusebiosi. eusebiosi (306-383w.), Tavis `eklesiis

istoriaSi~, romelic konstantines mmarTvelobis dros daiwera,

gamoyofs Tavs, saTauriT `avtorebi, romlebic werdnen rwmenis dasacavad

imperator adrianes mmarTvelobis dros~ (117-188 w. Cv.w.aR.). sagulisxmoa,

rom eusebiosi ara mxolod aRwers im `apologiis~ Sinaarss, romelic

imperator adrianes vinme kvadratusma warudgina, aTenSi misi erT-erTi

vizitis dros, aramed Sinaarsobrivad gvawvdis Zlier, amaRelvebel

winadadebebs apologetisas, sakmariss imisTvis darwmunde, rom

`apologia~ Seqmnilia ara rogorc ubralo traqtati warmarTobis

winaaRmdeg, aramed, nawarmoebi, Seqmnili dalagebuli stiliT,

seriozuli argumentebiTa da sulieri mRelvarebiT. kvadratusis

`apologiis~ aRwerisa da citirebis Semdgom is wers, rom `aseve

aristidem, kacma rwmeniT miZRvnilma religiisadmi, Cven Riad vaRiarebT,

kvadratusis msgavsad Seqmna da datova rwmenis dasacavi naSromi,

mimarTuli imperator adreanes mimarT. es naSromic, SesaZloa Senaxulia

dRevandlamde~. eusebiosis monacemebSi aSkarad igrZnoba sarwmuno

literaturuli wyaroebis ukmarisoba. Tavis `saeklesio istoriaSi~ da

`qronikaSi~, eusebioss ar aqvs warmodgenili aranairi nawyveti aristides

`apologiidan~. is mxolod samagaliTod gviCvenebs aristide

filosofosis weris stils da `apologiis~ avtorad aristides miiCnevs.

eusebiosi `apologiis~ Seqmnis dros, imperator adrianes moRvaweobis

periodiT aTariRebs. konkretulad, rodesac imperatori aTenSi

imyofeboda. eusebiosi, Tavis `qronikebSi~ aRniSnavs, rom imperatori

150

adreane estumra aTens Tavisi mmarTvelobis merve wels (Cv.w.aR 125) da

monawileoba miiRo elevsinis misteriebSi. imave konteqstSi istorikosi

axsenebs imperatoris mimarT am ori avtoris `apologiebis~ wardgenis

dros da miiCnevs, rom imperatori adriane SeZruli iyo am `apologiebSi~

moxmobili faqtebiT, radgan es ukanaskneli, ujavrdeba aziis

prokonsuls werilSi `serenius ranianusis mimarT~, raTa imperatoris

brZanebis Tanaxmad, Sewyviton qristianTa dasja Zireuli gamoZiebisa da

gamokiTxvis gareSe. (Tumca, eWvs badebs meore warwera aRmoCenili

apologiis siriul redaqciaSi, sadac antoninus piuszea saubari,

romelic moRvaweobda 138-161 Cv.w.aR-mde. apologiis cnobili mkvlevari,

r.harisi miiCnevs, rom `apologia~ ganekuTvneba antoninus piusis

mmarTvelobis pirvel wlebs). erTi faqtia, rom gind 125 Cv.w.aR-iT, ginda

20 wlis Semdgom daewera aristides `apologia~, naTelia, rom aristide

qristianobis gavrcelebis pirveli saukuneebis periodis berZeni mwerali

iyo.

eusebiosis monacemebSi aSkarad igrZnoba sarwmuno literaturuli

wyaroebis ukmarisoba (53,7). mwerali ieremiac (gardaicvala 420 w.)

gadmogvcems, rom aristide iyo aTeneli filosofosi, romelmac

filosofosis mantiiT Seqmna qristianobis damcveli `traqtati~ da es

dokumenti warudgina adrianes kvadratusTan erTad. es apologia, werda

ieremia, farTod moicavda filosofiur Sexedulebebs da rom Semdgom,

misi imitacia moaxdina iustinus martirosma. cnobebi markiane aristidesa

da mis ,,apologiaze~ dadasturebulia aseve evsevi kesarielTan da

ieronimesTan (IV s.) 392 w. daweril TxzulebaSi “De viris illustribus”

(gamoCenili kacebi) (15,44).

am monacemebis Semdgom, VI saukunidan moyolebuli, aristides

`apologia~ TvalTaxedvis aredan qreba da is berZnul mwerlobaSi

dakargulad iTvleba. Tumca, Suasaukuneebis martvilobebSi

warmodgenilia naTeli suraTi adreuli apologiebis sarwmuno

wyaroebisa. amavdroulad, saeklesio kalendrebSi 31 agvisto moixseneba,

rogorc wminda dRe `kurTxeuli aristidesi~, romelic saqveynod

cnobili iyo rwmeniTa da sibrZniT, romelmac qristianul religiaze

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wignebi warudgina mmarTvel adrianes, sadac is acxadebda, rom mxolod

ieso qristea RmerTi~ (18,204).

didi xnis manZilze aristides `apologia~ berZnul samyaroSi

dakargulad miiCneoda. eusebiosis monacemi aristides `apologiaze~ iyo

mxolod dakarguli saxlis erT-erTi aguri da sxva araferi. Semdgomi

saukuneebis mwerlebmac, mis monacems aristides Sesaxeb TiTqmis veraferi

axali ver Sehmates. Tumca, samecniero wreebSi iyo garkveuli eWvis

safuZveli, rom aristides dakarguli naSromis imitacia moaxdina

iustinem Tavis `apologiaSi~. miiCnevdnen, rom iustines `apologia~

Sedgeboda sxvadasxva filosofosebis naSromebidan amokrefili

nawerebisagan. SeiZleba erTi apologeti meoris imitacias axdenda,

vinaidan Cvenamde moRweuli apologiebi garkveulwilad msgavsni arian

stiliT da mimarTulebebiT) (53,8).

XVII saukuneSi gavrcelda azri, rom aristides `apologia~ sadRac

unda yofiliyo Semonaxuli da rom ase ukvalod ar iqneboda dakarguli.

saberZneTis monastrebis uamrav biblioTekaSi Caatara kvleva frangma

mkvlevar_mogzaurma sponma. wigni ar Canda.

mxolod, XIX s. bolos mecnierTa SeerTebuli ZalebiT SesaZlebeli

gaxda misi restavracia.

veneciaSi, lazares monasterSi, sadac dawvrilebiT swavloben somxur

da sxva erebis literaturas, venecielma mxiTaristebma 941 wlis

xelnawerSi ipoves aristides `apologiis~ somxuri fragmentebi da 1878

wels gamoaqveynes `apologiis~ pirveli ori Tavis somxuri fragmentis

laTinuri Targmani. (garkveul wreebSi, am faqts Sexvdnen skeptikurad.

mecnierma m.renanma eWviT Sexeda am Targmans. miiCnia, rom es ar unda

yofiliyo aristides `apologia~, radgan is Seicavda mogvianebiTi drois

Teologiur terminebs. mag: `RmerTis mSobeli~_ qalwul mariamze

saubrisas da a.S. Semdgomi kvlevisas dadginda, rom es terminebi

mTargmnelisagan iyo gadasxvaferebuli). ra dros moxda berZuli enidan

aristides `apologiis~ pirveli ori Tavis somxurad gadmoTargmna ar

aris cnobili, Tumca es movlena, Sinaarsobrivad unda ukavSirdebodes

cnobili somexi patriarqis mesrofis moRvaweobis dasawyiss. male

eCmiaZinis biblioTekaSi, XIO s. xelnawerSi, aRmoCnda `apologiis~ meore

152

soxuri versiac. somxuri redaqcia Sesrulebuli unda iyos siriulidan

V saukuneSi (15,44). (`apologiis~ somxur redaqcias aqvs warwera, romlis

mixedviT, es Zegli mieZRvna adrianes).

aristides `apologiis~ somxur fragmentze mecnierul azrTa

sxvadasxvaoba iyo 1889 wlis gazafxulamde, sanam, kembrijis profesorma

rendel harisma ar aRmoaCina mTeli `apologiis~ siriuli Targmani, sinas

mTis wminda ekaterines monastris biblioTekaSi. r. harisis aRmoCenam

aristides ̀ apologiis~ kvlevis aspeqtebSi axali sinaTle Semoitana.

mecnierma es `apologia~ aRmoaCina VI-VIIs. sasuliero Janris siriul _

enovani traqtatebis koleqciaSi. xelnaweri Targmnili unda iyos IV s.

meore naxevarSi berZnulidan. zogierTi mecnieri (heneke, eli, zani,

sibergi) Tvlida, rom Txzuleba Tavidanve siriul enaze iyo dawerili

(15,44). im dros, jerjerobiT bolomde ar iyo garkveuli siriuli

teqstis warmomavloba da arc is, Tu romel enaze iyo Seqmnili saerTod

,,apologiis~ Tavdapirveli dedani. Tumca, mkvlevarTa didi nawili mainc

im azrze idga, rom siriulamde ,,apologia~ berZnul enaze daiwereboda,

radgan aristide aTeneli moRvawe iyo. Tumca berZnuli redaqcia am

`apologiisa~ ar Canda. `apologiis~ siriul redaqcias dasawyisSi aqvs

ori warwera: erTi warweris mixedviT Txzuleba mieZRvna imperator

adrianes, meore warweris mixedviT imperator antoniuss (138-161).

r. harisma siriuli redaqcia Targmna inglisurad da moaxdina

siriuli teqstis dawvrilebiTi analizi. apologiis siriuli redaqcia

siZvelis gamo maincdamainc kargad ar gamoiyureboda. amisaTvis saWiro

gaxda, mkvlevars moexdina teqstis siRrmiseuli analizi. ena da mrwamsi

aristidesi r.hariss Zalze martivi da iolad gasagebi eCvena. r.harisis

azriT, apologiis mwerali iyo ufro bavSvuri bunebis, vidre

filosofosi. bavSvi, kargad momzadebuli religiur mrwamsSi da kargad

gamocdili sasuliero moZRvrebebSi, rac aristides `apologias~ Tamamad

ayenebs im periodis saukeTeso qristianuli nawerebis mxardamxar.

swored r. harisis aRmoCenilma apologiis siriulma redaqciam

daadastura `apologiis~ somxuri fragmentis didi mniSvneloba

aristides `apologiis~ samecniero kvlevis etapze da misca impulsi im

faqts, rom aRmoCeniliyo apologiis berZnuli originali (15,45).

153

rodesac r. harisi aqveynebda aristides `apologiis~ teqsts, man neba

darTo prof. robinsons, “Texts and Studies”is mTavar redaqtors, waekiTxa

misi siriuli Targmanis Casworebuli furclebi. oriode wlis Semdgom,

aTvalierebda ra a. robinsoni laTinur martvilobebs venaSi, roca is

eZebda `wminda perpetuas martvilobas~, SemTxveviT waawyda `varlaam da

ioasafis cxovrebis~ nawilebs laTinur enaze. misi yuradReba miiqcies

sityvebma, romlebmac mas gaaxsenes aristides weris stili da azrovneba.

amiT dainteresebulma a.robinsonma naxa `varlaam da iodasafis~

berZnuli teqsti, romelic dabeWdili iyo “Patrologia Graeca”-s cnobil

seriaSi. igi dabrunda kembrijSi da `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli

teqsti Seadara aristides `apologiis~ siriul redaqcias da darwmunda,

rom saqme berZnul originalTan hqonda. ase rom, berZnul samyaroSi VI

s_dan dakargulad miCneul Zegls, Zveli berZnuli samyaro xelaxla

gaecno berZnuli `,balavarianis~ meSveobiT XI s-Si.

amis Semdgom, mecnierebaSi daisva sakiTxi `apologiis~ sami redaqciis:

berZnulis, siriulisa da somxuris urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb. rogorc

vnaxeT, berZnuli samyarosaTvis VI saukunidan XI saukunemde dakargulad

miCneuli ,,apologiis~ arseboba VI saukunis siriaSi faqtia. r. harisis

aRmoCenamde veneciel mxiTaristebsac ukve gamoqveynebuli hqondaT

,,apologiis~ somxuri fragmentebi 941 wlis xelnaweris mixedviT.

(zeebergs miaCnia, rom somxurad mxolod misi fragmentebi arsebobda

patristikuli anTologiidan.) SemCneulia (zeebergi, raabe) somxuri

teqstis TiTqmis sruli msgavseba siriulTan da gamoTqmulia azri am

ukanasknelidan misi momdinareobis Sesaxeb. somxuri imdenad axlos dgas

siriulTan, rom a.pokrovski aRiarebda apologiis or redaqcias_siriul-

somxursa da berZnuls. deeteris azriT, ,,apologias~ icnobs mesrof-

maStocis mowafe eznik kolbeli. Targmanic am dros V s. unda iyos

Sesrulebuli. (aseve fiqoben: harnaki, himpeli da abeRiani). b. kilanavas

mier gamoTqmulia azri, rom ,,apologias~ unda icnobdes agreTve eRiSec

(18,203).

dRes mecnierebis xelTaa aristides `apologiis~ TiTqmis sruli

teqsti ori redaqciiT: berZnuliT da siriuliT. orive redaqcia gamosca

1891 wels r.harisma. berZnul `varlaam da ioasafSi~ Semavali redaqcia,

154

rogorc romanis Semadgeneli nawili, morgebulia romanis mizans. zogi

ram masSi Camatebulia, zogi Secvlili, zogi gamotovebuli.

`apologiaSi~ avtors xSirad mohyavs berZen filosofosTa debulebebi. aq

mocemulia pirveli cda qristinobis daaxloebisa berZnul

filosofiasTan. dReisaTvis miCneulia, rom aristides originalis

teqstTan ufro axlos dgas siriuli Targmani (15,45).

moRweul redaqciaTa safuZvelze `apologiis~ Sinaarsi aseTia:

sxvadasxva xalxs sxvadasxva religia aqvs. avtori Tanmimdevrulad

ganixilavs barbarosTaA(qaldevelTa da egviptelTa), elinTa, iudevelTa,

qristianTa religiebs. Qqaldevelebi aRmerTebdnen

elementebs(stiqionebs): miwas, wyals, haers, cecxls, adamians, saerTod

yvelafers, rac TviT RmerTma Seqmna. egviptelebi RmerTebad Tvlidnen

mcenareebsa da cxovelebs. maTi RmerTebi iyvnen aseve: osirisi, iside,

tifoni, are. maTgan bevrad arc elinebi gansxvavdebian. elinebisA

RmerTebi iyvnen: zevsi, hefesto, apoloni, artemida, kronosi, dionise,

afrodita da sxv. Aaristide askvnis, rom isini RmerTebad ar CaiTvlebian,

radgan Seqmnilni arian RvTaebis nebiT, an adamianTa fantaziiT. ase rom,

CamoTvlil xalxTagan arc erTs ar gaaCnia WeSmariti religia, radganac

maTTvis miuwvdomelia RvTaebrivi WeSmariteba da Tayvans ar scemen

namdvil RmerTs. avtori gacilebiT meti pativiscemiT ekideba iudevelTa

religias. aRiarebs, rom maTgan gansxvavebiT iudevelTa religia

miuaxlovda WeSmaritebas, magram is codva da danaSauli miuZRviT, rom

ver gaiges qristes mesianisturi misia. Semdgom aristide warmoaCens

qristianobis arss, gadmogvcems misi warmoSobis pirobebs, gvixasiaTebs

am axal moZRvrebas, ris safuZvelzec askvnis, rom erTaderTi WeSariti

da namdvili religia kacobriobis istoriaSi aris mxolod qristianoba.

Zveli qarTuli literaturis mkvlevarebs aristide gvainteresebs

imdenad, ramdenadac, misi VI_dan XI s_mde berZnul mwerlobaSi

dakargulad miCneuli `apologia~, romelSic avtori akritikebs antikur

warmarTobas, maT Soris cecxlTayvanismcemlobas, gamoyenebuli aRmoCnda

qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi im dros, roca sakuTar, berZnul, enaze

es Zegli ukve gamqralia. sainteresoa is garemoebac, rom dakargulad

miCneuli `apologiis~ gavlenas ganicdis garkveulwilad qarTuli

155

`balavarianic~. l. volfis mixedviT, qarTuli `balavariani~ `apologias~

Seicavs zogadi saxiT. rogorc Cans, qarTuli `balavariani~ manmade

icnobda am wyaros, sanam is berZnul mwerlobaSi dabrundeboda.

sainteresoa, ra gziT moxvda `apologia~ qarTul mwerlobaSi. faqtia,

rom VI s_dan dakarguli berZnuli originali qarTuli hagiografiis

wyaro ver iqneboda.

miviCnevT, rom qarTul hagiografias unda esargebla siriuli an

somxuri versiiT. sagulisxmoa, rom IV s. bolodan moyolebuli, bibliur

wignebTan erTad, saqarTveloSi Semodis da qarTul enaze iTargmneba:

siriuli, somxuri, arabuli da berZnuli enebidan mdidari Teologiuri

literatura, romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT moicavda sasuliero mwerlobis

sxvadasxva dargs: egzegetikas, homiletikas, asketikas, polemikas da sxva

(37,153). vfiqrobT, aristides aRniSnuli Txzulebac, am periodSi aRwevs

qarTul hagiografiaSi aRmosavluri (siriuli, somxuri) mwerlobidan.

`apologiis~ TiTqmis sruli teqsti, saukuneebis Semdgom, XI s-Si,

CarTuli aRmoCnda `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnul redaqciaSi, romlis

avtoradac gavrcelebuli versiiT qarTveli saliteraturo moRvawe,

efTvime aToneli miiCneva. (vrclad ix. III TavSi).

TvalsaCinoebisaTvis gavecnoT aristides `apologiis~ teqsts:

somxur fragments, siriul da berZnul redaqciebs, romlebic qarTulad

Targmnilia Cvens mier (ix. danarTi I da danarTi II).

`apologiis~ somxuri redaqcia movipoveT: laTinur, inglisur,

frangul da rusul enebze Sesrulebuli Targmanis saxiT. laTinurad

somxuri redaqcia Targmnilia venecieli redaqtorebis mier. mas

gavecaniT internetis meSveobiT; inglisur enaze eCmiaZinis somxuri

Targmani Sesrulebulia oqsfordis mecnieris, f. s. konibearis, mier_

isic aseve internetis saSualebiT movZebneT da gavecaniT somxuri

redaqciis rusul Targmans, Sesrulebuls n. eminis mier, romelic

vTargmneT qarTulad. `apologiis~ siriuli redaqciis inglisuri

Targmani ekuTvnis r. hariss. berZnuli enidan inglisuri Targmani

Sesrulebulia a. robinsonis mier. siriuli da berZnuli redaqciebis

inglisur Targmanebs gavecaniT internetis saSualebiT da vTargmneT

qarTul enaze. Targmnis procesSi visargebleT am redaqciebis franguli

156

TargmanebiT da berZnuli enidan n. gafrindaSvilis mier Sesrulebuli

`varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ qarTuli TargmaniTac.

Cven gavecaniT apologiis 3 redaqcias: somxurs, berZnuls da siriuls.

ismis kiTxva, am sami wyarodan romeli redaqciaa wamosuli uSualod

aristides originalisgan?

berZnuli varianti adamianebs sam modgmad yofs, siriuli da somxuri

oTxad. berZnulSi adamianTa modgmaze saubari gadazrdilia zogad

diskusiaSi, Semcirebulia adreul qristianul wes_CveulebaTa aRwera. es

ori gansxvaveba axsnilia im faqtoriT, rom berZnul redaqciaSi

`apologia~ adaptirebul iqna indoeTis samefo karTan dakavSirebul

situaciebTan. meore mxriv, roca siriuls vadarebT berZnulsa da

somxurs gverdobrivad, sadac orive redaqcia TanxvedraSia erTmaneTTan,

SeiniSneba, rom siriul variantSi, amxsneli paragrafebia Camatebuli da

bevri nacvalsaxelia CarTuli. germaneli mecnieris, edgar hernekes

azriT, siriul redaqciaSi gvaqvs aristides `apologiis~ substancia

bukvaluri sizustiT (51,12).

`apologiis~ siriuli da berZnuli redaqciebis ganxilvis Sedegad

naTelia, rom siriel mTargmnels xelSi Cavardnia berZnuli `apologiis~

originali da survili hqonia misi gadamuSavebisa sakuTar enaze. avtori

Tavisi surviliT cvlida im winadadebebs, romlebsac ver Targmnida

berZnulidan. Cven gvaqvs damatebiTi wyaro am mtkicebulebis

gasamarTleblad apologiis somxur fragmentSi, romelic moicavs

apologiis dasawyis winadadebebs. sirieli mTargmneli Tavisuflad

iqceva originalTan, amatebs sityvebs winadadebebs da gvTavazobs

mogvianebiT Teologiur debulebaTa wyobas. aseTi frazebi mTargmnelis

gamogonebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. sirieli mTargmnelis mier gamogonili

garkveuli frazebis garda, rCeba mniSvnelovani faqtebis raodenoba,

romelic saerToa orive versiisaTvis (siriuli, berZnuli), romelic

Tavis TavSi moicavs berZnul originals. siriuli redaqciis dasasrulis

didi nawili, berZnul redaqciaSi Semoklebulia. es ukanaskneli,

namdvilad aristidesgan unda modiodes (51,12). sainteresoa, ra kavSirSia

berZnul teqstTan somxuri? somxuri redaqcia siriulidan iTargmna Tu

berZnuli enidan?

157

arsebobs ramodenime paraleli, romlis gacnobis Semdgom SeiZleba

davaskvnaT, rom somxuri berZnuls Seesatyviseba da ara siriuls. mag:

paralelebi RvTiuri bunebis aRweris dros. am SemTxvevaSi siriuli

gansxvavdeba somxurisagan. siriulidan ar unda iyos somxuri redaqcia

Sesrulebuli. sagulisxmoa, rom somxuri nawyveti ufro Selaxulia, misi

interpolaciebi gacilebiT metia (51,13). vfiqrobT, somxuri da siriuli

redaqciebi uSualod aristides originalisgan unda iyvnen warmomdgarni.

`varlaam da ioasafSi~ CarTuli `apologiis~ berZnuli teqsti ki

aRmosavluri wyaroebidan unda iyos Sesrulebuli.

aristides `apologiaSi~ pirdapir araa `wminda wignis~ citireba.

Tumca avtori kargad Slis am Temas. aristidesTan ar gvxvdeba kvali

ebraelebis mtrobisa, ar aris Sexeba logosis doqtrinasTan, arc pavles

ideebTan, is ar exeba saocrebebsa da winaswarmetyvelebebs, eress. aq ar

gvxvdeba Cveneba Cveni RmerTis cxovrebisa, aq ar gvxvdeba pirdapiri

gamoZaxili axali aRTqmidan. apologetis manera kavSirSia saeklesio

mamebis enasTan. avtoris azriT, qristianoba aris Rirseba filosofiuri

mantiisa, radgan is gonivrulia, aZlevs Zalas da impulss adamians

icxovros swori cxovrebiT (51,13).

`apologiis~ redaqciebidan cnobilia, rom `apologiis~ teqstis

dasasruls, aristide sTavazobs imperators gaecnos qristianTa nawerebs,

saidanac avtors masalebi aqvs amoRebuli. (amis Sesaxeb sruladaa

naTqvami siriul redaqciaSi). nawarmoebidan Cans, rom avtori iyenebs

`saxarebas~, masSi moxmobil faqtebs, iesos cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis

Sesaxeb. Cans, rom `saxareba~ gansazRvravs mraval adgilas mis samwerlo

meTodsa da enas. aseve Cans, rom is davalebulia naSromisagan, romelic

dakargulia da romelmac, didi gavlena iqonia II saukunis nawerebze. es

nawarmoebi mecnierTa azriT `petres qadagebaa~. (es ukanaskneli

dasaxelebulia da daxasiaTebuli istorikos eusebiosis mier,

`saxarebasa~ da `apokalifsTan~ erTad im adgilas, sadac is saubrobs

eklesiis mier Sewynarebul literaturaze. eusebiosi aqve mogviTxrobs

sxva mwerlebzec, Tumca maTi Semoqmedebidan magaliTebi ar mohyavs,

gansxvavebiT `petres qadagebisa~) (51,13).

dReisaTvis arsebobs aristides `apologiis~ teqstis 5 redaqcia:

158

1. papirusze Sesrulebuli somxuri redaqcia( Semcirebuli redaqcia)

2. siriuli redaqcia( vrceli redaqcia)

3. berZnuli metafrasuli redaqcia

4. qarTuli redaqcia (mokle, nawilobrivi _ `evstaTi mcxeTelis

martvilobaSi~ CarTuli)

5. somxuri fragmenti

unda iTqvas isic, rom aristides `apologia~ pirveli nawarmoebia,

sadac mxardamxaraa warmodgenili qristianuli eklesia da sinagoga.

avtori qristianobas warmogvidgens, rogorc uzenaes religias,

iudaizmTan da kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan mimarTebaSi (51,47).

159

Tavi III. Tavi III. Tavi III. Tavi III.

warmarTobis kritikis Setana qarTulis gziT bizantiur mwerlobaSiwarmarTobis kritikis Setana qarTulis gziT bizantiur mwerlobaSiwarmarTobis kritikis Setana qarTulis gziT bizantiur mwerlobaSiwarmarTobis kritikis Setana qarTulis gziT bizantiur mwerlobaSi

qarTuli qarTuli qarTuli qarTuli `̀̀̀balavarianidanbalavarianidanbalavarianidanbalavarianidan~~~~ berZnul berZnul berZnul berZnul `̀̀̀varlaam da varlaam da varlaam da varlaam da ioasafamdeioasafamdeioasafamdeioasafamde~~~~

sazogadod, qarTul_berZnul literaturul urTierTobaTa kvlevis

xangrZliv procesSi mravali problema wamoWrila. bevr sakiTxs mohfenia

naTeli, zogic dRemde ar aris bolomde garkveuli. maT Sorisaa uamravi

Tema, romlis mniSvneloba scdeba sakuTriv berZnul_bizantiuri da

qarTuli mwerlobis farglebs da gacilebiT didi datvirTvis

matarebelia zogadkulturuli TvalsazrisiT. amgvar Temebs miekuTvneba

`varlaamisa da ioasafis cxovreba~, xolo qarTul mwerlobaSi _

`sibrZne balavarisa~ (ix. 7,5).

Cven ukve visaubreT qarTuli `balavarianis~ Sesaxeb. `varlaam da

ioasafis cxovreba~ qarTuli `balavarianisgan~ gansxvavebiT, ufro didi

zomis hagiografiul_moralur da dogmatikur xasiaTis Txzulebad

gvevlineba, romelic aseve warmoadgens budas cxovrebis qristianul

interpretacias, umTavresad aristides `apologiis~ safuZvelze.

zogierTi sxva wyaros gamoyenebiTac, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `cxovreba

da wameba ekaterinesi~, `trofimesi~, `filipe heraklielisa~ da aRapite

konstantinopolelis `samefo qarta anu tomari~ (VI s) (7,4).

nawarmoebSi asaxulia erT warmarTul qveyanaSi (indoeTSi)

qristianobis gavrcelebis ambavi. qveyanaSi, romelSic, warmarTul

kerpTaTvis samsxverplod Sesawiris cxovelebis sisxliT da damwvari

qonis suniT, garemo Sebilwuli iyo. iq, sadac umecari xalxi

eTayvaneboda usulgulo, mouwesrigebel da ugrZnob kerpebs da devnidnen

qristianebs. isini ar scnobdnen qristianTa ufals, romelic dausabamo

da maradiulia. varlaami kerpTayvanismcemlebs adarebs frinvelebze

monadire im kacs, romelic cicqna WivWavs moinadirebs da Semdgom es,

cicqna, frinveli Tavis Wkuaze atarebs mas. swored aseT umecrebad

moixseniebs varlaami kerpTayvanismcemlebs, romlebmac sakuTari xelebiT

Seqmnes kerpebi da TavianT Seqmnil qmnilebebs eTayvanebian. amqveyniuri

160

miwieri garTobis araraobas exeba kacisa da martorqis igavi. RvTis mier

movlenili varlaami auwyebs ioasafs, romelic gaqristianebis SiSiT

gamouketavs mamas calke sasaxleSi, rom iesos religiaa WeSmariti

religia: `sjulman sulisa cxovrebisaman qriste iesos mier

ganmaTavisufla me sjulisagan misgan codvisa da sikudilisa~. agreTve:

`gancdai xorcisa ars sikudili, xolo gancdai sulisa_ sicocxle da

mSvidoba~ (7,111). meudabnoe varlaami qristianobis upiratesobis

maCvenebel uamrav igavs uambobs warmarT ufliswuls, aseve mohyavs uxvad

pasaJebi bibliidan, uyveba samoTxisa da jojoxeTis Sesaxeb, sadac xvdeba

adamianis suli sikvdilis Semdeg. sagulisxmoa: `mTesvaris~ araki, `vinme

mefis da sikvdilis sayviris~ igavi, `aTi qaliSvilis~ igavi. varlaami

iodasafs am igavebis saSualebiT esaubreba: ufalze, samebaze, adamsa da

evaze, akritikebs sxva religiebs, saubrobs: abraamze, egviptelebis

ltolvaze, qristes gankacebisa da misi dedamiwaze movlenis Sesaxeb, mis

moRvaweobaze, jvarcmasa da aRdgomaze. rodesac ioasafi xvdeba `Zvirfasi

qvis~ daniSnulebas, sTxovs varlaams uambos yvelaferi: naTlobaze,

keTil dasasrulze, momaval zeciur samefoze da samsjavroze. mas

uamravi citata moyavs “saxarebidan”. mag: “asi cxvris” igavi. varlaami

esaubreba iodasafs yovelive amqveyniuris amaoebaze da samoTxis

maradiulobaze (`mzis igavi~, `mefe erTi wliT~), esaubreba asakze,

sikvdilis da sicocxlis raobaze, xorcieli da sulieri sikvdilis

Sesaxeb. varlaami saubrobs religiuri arCevanis Tavisuflebazec. mag:

`wyaros igavi~, `Wkviani vezirisa da moxuci col-qmris~ igavi, `mdidari

Wabukis da Raribi moxucis qaliSvilis Sesaxeb~ igavi. varlaami bevrs

saubrobs RmerTismowyalebis ganuzomelobasa da siuxveze, sasworis

pinaze, dedamiwaze dacemul wylis wveTze da sxva mravali. varlaamis

mier moTxrobili brZnuli igavebis Semdgom, ufliswuli qristianad

inaTleba. amis paralelurad, mefe abenesi im xalxs, vinc emoneboda

warmarTul RmerTebs, pativs miagebda; xolo maT, romelTac ar surdaT

maTTvis msxverplis Sewirva, sjida. amiT is abuCad igdebda qristianul

rwmenas, kerpebs ki aqebda da adidebda. ufliswulis gaqristianebis

Semdgom, mas mere rac naqori qristianobis gansadidebel sityvas

warmosTqvams mefis mier gamarTul sajaro diskusiaze, mefe erTis mxriv

161

amreziT uyurebda Tavisi rwmenisa da RmerTebis uZlurebas, meores mxriv

ki mas aSinebda saxarebis mcnebaTa siZnele da amave dros ugunur

CveulebaTagan iyo dapyrobili misi goneba da suli (7,200). warmarTi

Tevda cdilobs daanaxos mefes warmarTuli religiis upiratesoba

qristianobasTan SedarebiT. Tevdas azriT, maT religias maRali

sazogadoeba: msoflios mefeebi, mbrZaneblebi aRiareben, xolo

qristianobas, mxolod gaWirvebulTa fena. qristianobis gzaze iodasafs

uamravi sirTulis da cdunebis gadalaxva mouxda. miuxedavad yvela

gansacdelisa, qristiani iodasafi axerxebs mTeli samefos

gaqristianebas. ioasafi gaxda ra mefe, aRmarTa jvari da

kerpTayvanismcemlobis taZrebi da sakerpoebi mTlianad gaanadgura.

mogvianebiT, warmarTi Tevda, mefe da mTeli samefo qristianad inaTleba

da ispoba maTSi warmarTuli rwmena. anu sabolood, mZafri polemikis

Semdgom, qristianoba imarjvebs warmarTobaze.

Znelia moiZebnos gviandel Sua saukuneebis msoflio literaturaSi

ufro popularuli Zegli, vidre `varlaam da ioasafis~ sulismargebeli

istoriaa. es sasuliero romani, Tavisi Rrmaazrovani igavebiT da

saintereso fabuliT, iTargmna TiTqmis yvela saqristiano mwerlobis

enaze. aRmosavleTSi: arabulad, eTiopiurad, somxurad, ebraulad.

dasavleTSi ki misi versiebi mraval enazea, inglisuris CaTvliT. 1204

wels norvegiis mefem Tavad Targmna es Txzuleba islandiurad.

dReisaTvis dadasturebulia am romanis 147 Targmani da gadamuSaveba.

uxvi igavebiT da parabolebiT, romlebic aRmosavleTidan modis, Zegli

gvabrunebs antikurobaSi (17,477).

`varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli redaqciis genezisis sakiTxi

Tanamedrove bizantinistikis mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens. aq aris

gasaidumloebuli is gza, ramac Sua saukuneebis evropaSi yvelaze metad

popularuli qristianuli romani moitana da romlis gavliTac budizmis

apologetebi `balahvari~ da `budasfi~ qristian wmindanebad da

qristianobis mociqulebad `varlaamad~ da `ioasafad~ iqcnen. am gziT

gadmodioda evropaSi, Sua saukuneebSi, Zveli induri kultura.

dReisaTvis gamovlenilia am mimarTulebis MmTavari sayrdeni enebi.:

sanskriti, fehlevi, arabuli, berZnuli da laTinuri. rogorc `varlaam

162

da ioasafis~ problema avlens, am transformaciis kulturul jaWvSi

Cabmuli unda yofiliyo Sua saukuneebis qristianuli kavkasiac (7,5).

2500 welze meti gavida mas Semdeg, rac pirvelad Seiqmna is birTvi,

romlidanac Semdeg qristianul samyaroSi popularuli nawarmoebi

`varlaam da ioasafis cxovreba~ warmoiSva. am xnis ganmavlobaSi xdeba am

siuJetis araqristianuli enebidan qristianulze, erTi araqristianuli

Tu qristianuli enidan meoreze Targmna_gadakeTeba da yoveli Targmanis,

gadakeTebisa da gadawerisas misi agebulebis, Sinaarsis, saTaurisa da

avtoris Sesabamisi, metnaklebi cvalebadoba. XI saukuneSi ki, mas Semdeg

rac nawarmoebi evropul literaturaSi gamoCnda berZnul_laTinuri

versiis saxiT, saRmrTo wignebidan moxmobili mravali citatiTa da

pasaJiT gajerebuli, qristianobis apologiamde ayvanili formiT, iwyeba

misi arsebobis triumfaluri periodi. es xana gulisxmobs daaxloebiT

cxra (XI-XIX) saukunes, vidre daiwyeboda misi arsebobis kidev erTi

periodi, misi mecnierulad Seswavla da mwvave diskusiebi misi berZnuli

versiis avtoris vinaobisa da misi wyaroebis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb.

kerZod, rac berZnul xelnawerebSi gaCnda warwera imis maCveneblad, rom

is qarTuli `balavarianidan~ berZnulad Targmna efTvime aTonelma,

mTargmnelTa Tu gadamwerTa umravlesoba sxvadasxva mizeziT cdilobda

Seecvala rogorc nawarmoebis saTauri, ise misi avtor_mTargmnelis

vinaobac (7,12).

XIX-XX saukuneebSi msoflios TiTqmis yvela mowinave qveynis

cnobil mecniers Soris gaimarTa mwvave diskusia `varlaam da ioasafis

cxovrebis~ berZnuli versiis avtoris, Tu mTargmnel_gadamkeTeblis

vinaobis Taobaze. didi xani ainteresebda mecnierebas am, `bibliis~

Semdeg upopularulesi qristianuli nawarmoebis warmoSobis,

gavrcelebis da saboloo srulyofis gzebi: rogor moxda, rom indoeTis

sanapirodan Seqmnilma mcire siuJetma, i. kraCkovskis sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, `Tovlis agorebuli gundasaviT igora aRmosavleTidan

dasavleTisken da berZnul-romaul samyaroSi udides zomas miaRwia?~

(ix. 7,13).

mecnierebaSi,A Zalze mniSvnelovani sakiTxia `balavarianis~ pirveli

qristianuli gadamuSaveba da berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ Seqmna,

163

radganac Txzulebis popularoba, ZiriTadad, misi berZnuli redaqciidan

unda yofiliyo wamosuli. am sakiTxis gadasawyvetad ki qarTuli

wyaroebi da Txzulebis qarTuli versiebi specialistebis

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxureben. ase rom, bizantinistikis

erT_erTi udidesi problemis, berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~

warmoSobisa da avtorobis sakiTxi, amavdroulad, qarTuli filologiis

erT_erTi umTavresi sakvlevi sakiTxicaa (38,268).

`varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli teqsti beWduri saxiT sakmaod

mogvianebiT, XIX s-Si, 1832 wels gamoica (I.F. boissonade, Anecdota Graeca, Paris).

aseTma dagvianebam bizantinistikaSi erTgvari gakvirvebac gamoiwvia. amave

saukuneSi, Txzulebam aRidgina Tavisi odindeli popularoba. Tumca,

Txzulebis mimarT, romelSic moTxrobilia erTi warmarTuli qveynis

gaqristianebis ambavi, aseTi interesi amjerad mxolod wminda

mecnieruli xasiaTisa iyo. berZnuli teqstis pirvelma gamomcemelma

boisonadem Tavisi gamocema daafuZna 4 xelnawerze da parizis

nacionalur biblioTekaSi 16 sxva berZnuli xelnaweris arsebobaze

miuTiTa. mogvianebiT 1886 wels, h.zotenbergic uTiTebs ramodenime aTeul

xelnawerze, qmnis 60 xelnaweris saWiro nusxas da agebs zogierTi

pasaJis kritikul teqsts (37, 263). xelnawerTa es mozRvaveba izrdeboda

da erT_erT aRnusxvaSi 14 aTeulsac miaRwia. `varlaamisa da ioasafis~

berZnul xelnawerTa gamovlineba kvlavac grZeldeba. 1968 wels am

Txzulebis uZvelesi TariRiani berZnuli xelnaweri aRmoaCina fonkiCma,

daTariRebuli 1021 wliT (38,264).

sanam mecnierebisaTvis cnobili gaxdeboda qarTuli `balavariani~,

qarTul variants ver iTvaliswinebdnen im grZel gzaze, rac berZnulma

`varlaam da ioasafma~ gaiara indoeTidan xmelTaSua zRvamde. XI

saukuneze adre, rogorc sxvadasxva wyaroebze dayrdnobiT adastureben

mecnierebi, `balavarianis~ kvali, berZnul da saerTod evropul

literaturaSi, ar Cans. im droidan moyolebuli ki, rac gaCnda pirveli

berZnuli xelnaweri da mis lemaSi aRiniSna imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin Seqmna

igi berZnul enaze, dRemde ar damcxrala diskusia am pirovnebis

vinaobaze. Tu berZnul_laTinur xelnawerebs da maT lemebs

davakvirdebiT, vnaxavT, rom am avtorTa vinaoba drodadro icvleba (7,14).

164

berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorobis sakiTxSi erTmaneTs

bolo dromde ori hipoTeza upirispirdeba. pirveli moicavs Sua

saukuneebis berZnuli da laTinuri samyaros tradiciul azrs imis

Sesaxeb, rom nawarmoebis avtori ioane damaskelia da misi yvelaze

seriozuli argumentebi mogvca f. delgerma. meore Tvalsazrisi

eyrdnoba Sua saukuneebis qarTul literaturaSi da am Txzulebis

ramdenime berZnul da laTinur xelnawerSi dacul cnobas da berZnuli

redaqciis avtorad efTvime aTonels miiCnevs. am Teoriis avtorebi,

berZnuli romanis wyarod qarTul redaqcias miiCneven. (im garemoebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom efTvime qarTveli moRvawea da rom X saukunidan

dawyebuli qarTul enaze ukve dasturdeba arabulidan Targmnili

balahvarisa da budasfis ambis wignis _ `balavarianis~ arseboba.) es

Teoria yvelaze srulyofilad evropeli mecnierebidan, p. peetersis

gamokvlevaSia warmodgenili (7,12). azrTa es sxvadasxvaoba, nawarmoebis

avtorobis da misi genezisis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gaCnda sakmaod

bevri faqtobrivi masalis Znelad asaxsnelobisa da xSirad gaugebrobis,

an erTgvari tendenciurobis gamo.

`varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ avtoris Ziebis procesSi, udaod

SesamCnevia qarTvel da evropel mecnierTa gansxvavebuli midgoma am

problemisadmi, rasac aqvs Tavisi mizezebi. kerZod, `varlaam da ioasafi~

bizantiuri literaturis saukeTeso qmnilebaa da amitom, bunebrivia,

bizantinistika mis avtorad eZebs Sesaferis kandidats, anu bizantiuri

mwerlobis TvalsaCino moRvawes. f.delgeris azriT, aseTi mxolod ioane

damaskelia. Tu h. zotenbergisaTvis 1886 wels efTvime aTonelis

pirovnebisa da am periodis qarTuli mwerlobis saTanadod arcodnis

gamo efTvTime aTonelis kandidaturis ganxilva nawarmoebis avtorad

warmoudgenelia, f. delgeri, flobs ra efTvime mTawmindelze garkveul

informacias, misi pirovnebis wamoyenebas `varlaam da ioasafis~

avtorobis erT_erT savaraudo pretendentad, mTlad SeuZleblad ar

Tvlis.

qarTvelologTa damokidebuleba efTvime aTonelis pirovnebisadmi

sxvagvaria. vinc kargad icnobs Zveli qarTuli literaturis istorias,

bizantiur_qarTul literaturul urTierTobas da konkretulad ki,

165

aTonis iverTa monastris literaturul saqmianobas, efTvime da giorgi

aTonelebis moRvaweobasa da literaturul Semoqmedebas, man ar SeiZleba

eWvi Seitanos efTvime aTonelis literaturul SesaZleblobebSi, an

Seufereblad miiCnios misi kandidatura `varlaam da ioasafis

cxovrebis~ Sesaferis avtorad. bizantinistikam ki ioane damaskelis

saxeli `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorad tradiciiT imemkvidra, rasac

saukuneebis manZilze akanoneben laTinuri, Tu berZnuli xelnawerebi.

rogorc cnobilia, Cvenamde moRweuli xelnawerebis lemebiT ioane

damaskeli `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ avtorad laTinur

TargmanSi XII saukunidan ixsenieba, berZnul originalSi XIII saukunidan.

qarTvelologiaSi tradicia efTvimes saargeblod metyvelebs. XI

saukunidan dawyebuli qarTuli literaturis TvalsaCino Zegli `iovane

da efTvime aTonelebis cxovreba~ berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~

mTargmnelad efTvimes aRiarebs. isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom am

cnobas gvawvdis giorgi aToneli, rogorc qarTuli eklesiis, ise

qarTuli literaturis istoriis udidesi avtoriteti, romlis mier

Targmnil bibliur wignebs, qarTuli eklesia XI saukunidan moyolebuli

dRemde vulgatur redaqciad Tvlis. unda gaviTvaliswinoT erTi

faqtoric. rodesac problemuri sakiTxia gadasaWreli, yuradReba eqceva

mkvlevaris avtoritets. Tu f.delgeri, miunxeneli didi bizantinisti da

1930-1967 wlebSi didi saerTaSoriso Jurnalis `bizantiniSe caitSriftis~

redaqtoria da mis sityvas didi avtoriteti aqvs, aseve didi

avtoritetia bolandinistTa cnobili orientalisti, `analeqta

bolandianas~ redaqtori paul peetersi. mecnieri e. xinTibiZe Tvlis, rom

f.delgeri, msjelobda ra efTvTime aTonelze, mis samwerlobo

moRvaweobis dasawyisze msjelobisas, daeyrdno ara k.kekeliZis

specialur gamokvlevebs aTonis literaturuli skolis da efTvimes

Sesaxeb, aramed n. adoncis werils `Tornike beri~. es ukanasknelic Tavis

mxriv eyrdnoba d. baqraZis zepir gancxadebas, rac mecnierul

Rirebulebas moklebulia (38,265).

qronologiurad mivyveT da ganvixiloT evropel da qarTvel

mecnierTa Sexedulebebi, raTa maT safuZvelze Cveni daskvnebi gavakeToT.

166

h.zotenbergma mecnieruli argumentaciiT eWvis qveS daayena berZnul

xelnawerTa tradiciiT naanderZevi da `varlaam da ioasafis~ laTinurad

mTargmnelis, biliusis, mier, Txzulebis laTinuri Targmanis SesavalSi

gatarebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtori VII-VIII

saukuneebis didi saeklesio moRvawe ioane damaskeli iyo. swored aq

daisva pirvelad sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin SeiZleba yofiliyo am

Txzulebis berZnuli redaqciis avtori (38,264). zotenbergma ioane

damaskelis avtoroba Semdegi argumentebiT uaryo: 1. ioane damaskelis

avtorobaze ar miuTiTebdnen `varlaam da ioasafis~ adrindeli

manuskriptebi. 2. `varlaam da ioasafSi~ dasmuli ZiriTadi polemikuri

problemebi _ qristes pirovnebaSi ori bunebis da ori nebis sakiTxi,

miuTiTebs VIII saukuneze ufro adrindel droze. TxzulebaSi araa

asaxuli polemika mahmadianobasTan, rac VIII s_is ZiriTadi mimarTuleba

iyo. 3. h. zotenbergis azriT, es nawarmoebi damaskelis Txzulebebs

stilisturad ar hgavda. (zotenbergma yuradReba miaqcia `varlaam da

ioasafis~ erT_erTi Zveli xelnaweris lemas, romelSic Txzuleba

qarTulidan berZnul enaze efTvime aTonelis Targmniladaa

gamocxadebuli. Tumca, man miiCnia, rom SesaZloa es cnoba aTonis mTis

berebis nayalbevi yofiliyo. misi azriT, aseTi daxvewili Txzuleba ver

Seiqmneboda Tavdapirvelad iseT mouqnel enaze, rogoric maSindeli

qarTuli ena iyo). zotenbergma dauSva, rom Txzulebis avtori iyo VII

saukunis sabawmindeli ucnobi beri ioane. misi Tezisebi ar iqna

gaziarebuli. ioane damaskelis avtorobis damcvelTa argumentebi

zotenbergis winaaRmdeg Camoyalibda g. vuduardisa da h. metinglis mier.

es mecnierebi Tvlian, rom is sabawmindeli beri ioane, romelsac

uZvelesi xelnawerebi miakuTvneben am Txzulebis motanas, SesaZlebelia

iyos swored ioane damaskeli, radganac is cnobili unda yofiliyo

`ioane beris~ zedwodebiT. meore maTi argumenti aseTia: `varlaamisa da

ioasafis cxovrebaSi~ ZiriTadi polemikuri xazi mimarTulia

xatmebrZoleobis winaaRmdeg, riTac es Teosofia emsgavseba ioane

damaskelis polemikur memkvidreobas. mahmadianobasTan polemikis

pasaJebis ararseboba da qristes ori bunebis mtkiceba, mecnierTa azriT

damaskelis avtorobas ar gamoricxavs. rac Seexeba zotenbergis mesame

167

arguments. es mecnierebi miiCneven, rom `varlaamisa da ioasafis~

doqtrinul nawilSi stili aSkarad damaskeliseulia; xolo naratiulSi,

miuxedavad gansxvavebebisa, zogierT mis homiliasTan aris aSkara

msgavseba.NTavismxriv, v. rozenma da n. marma, h. zotenbergis gulgrili

gamokidebuleba efTvime aTonelis `varlaam da ioasafis~ SesaZlo

avtorobasTan dakavSirebiT, mecnieris literaturis sakiTxebSi

gaurkvevlobad Seafases (38,265).

`varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli versiis avtoris kvlevis procesSi

axali etapi Cndeba 1931 wels, rodesac Jurnal `analeqta bolandianaSi~

(briuseli, parizi), gamoqveynda paul peetersis werili `varlaam da

ioasafis cxovrebis~ pirveli laTinuri Targmani da misi berZnuli

dedani~. p. peetersi yuradRebas aqcevs `varlaam da ioasafis~ uZveles

laTinur Targmans, romelic 1048 wels iqna Sesrulebuli berZnuli

enidan ucnobi laTineli mTargmnelis mier. mTargmneli iZleva Targmanis

mokle istorias da aRniSnavs, rom berZnulad es Txzuleba Targmna

efTvTime aTonelma. mecnieri asabuTebs, rom es unda momxdariyo X-XI

saukuneebis mijnaze. amavdroulad, mecnieri, efTvime aTonelis avtorobis

Sesaxeb azrs anviTarebs XI s-is sam sxvadasxva enaze arsebul cnobaze

dayrdnobiT:

1. laTinuri cnoba_XIs-is, romelic wamZRvarebuli aqvs 1048 wlis

laTinur Targmans da albaT is mas berZnuli dednidan gamohyva.

neapolis nacionaluri biblioTekis XIV saukunis xelnawerSi

moTavsebulia “varlaam da ioasafis” pirveli laTinuri Targmani,

romelsac win uZRvis lema, romelic warmomdgaria im kategoriis

berZnuli lemidan, romelic Txzulebis mTargmnelad efTvime aTonels

acxadebs. garda am lemisa, Targmans SesavalSic da dasasrulSic erTvis

mTargmnelis anderZi, romelSic berZnuli `varlaamisa da ioasafis~

Seqmna dakavSirebulia efTvime aTonelis saxelTan. (es xelnaweri

pirvelad swored mecnierma peetersma Seiswavla). am anderZidan

vgebulobT, rom: ucnobma laTinelma mTargmnelma 60 wlis asakSi, 1048

wels, konstantinopolSi, misi am qalaqSi cxovrebis 30 wlis Semdeg,

xeli mohkida `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli romanis Targmnas

laTinurad. es wigni manamde ar iyo Targmnili am enaze. am mTargmnels

168

wignis Targmna daJinebiT sTxova vinme keTilSobilma kacma _ leo ioanes

Zem, xolo es wigni berZnulad Targmna vinme efTvime berma, tomiT

abazgma. mecnieri e. xinTibiZe miiCnevs, rom es leo ioanes Ze unda

Camosuliyo konstantinopolSi aTonidan, magram gansxvavebiT f.delgeris

varaudisa, es kaci iyo laTineli da ara qarTveli. SesaZloa misi

identifikacia movaxdinoT aToneli qarTvelebis megobar, did

leonTanac, romelmac ioane aTonelis winamZRvrobisas aTonis mTaze

hpova TavSesafari 6 mowafesTan erTad. aToneli qarTvelebis daxmarebiT

laTinelma monazvnebma aages benediqtelTa ordenis laTinuri monasteri.

qarTvel da laTinel berebs Soris Zalze megobruli urTierToba iyo.

giorgi aTonelic mogviTxrobs didi leonisa da qarTveli beri

gabrielis megobrobis Sesaxeb. efTvTimem niSnad pativiscemisa laTinTa

ordenis mimarT, Targmna `dialoRoni~. amitomaa, rom qarTvelebs mZime

periodSi laTinelma megobrebma gauwies daxmareba. qarTvelebi

zrunavdnen, rom efTvimes Txzuleba ar dakarguliyo da amitom is

saswrafod aTargmnines laTinurad, raTa masac ar gaeziarebina

`abukuras~ bedi. e. xinTibiZis azriT, swored amis Sedegia XIV saukunis,

neapolis biblioTekis xelnaweri, romelSic moTavsebulia `varlaam da

ioasafis cxovrebis~ pirveli laTinuri Targmani (38,330).

2. aRsaniSnavia XI s-is pirveli naxevris berZnul xelnawerSi (daculi

veneciis wm. markozis biblioTekaSi) arsebuli lema. am lemis mixedviT,

`varlaam da ioasafis~ sulismargebeli istoria eTiopelTa qveynidan

wminda qalaqSi moitana sabas monastris berma ioanem, xolo berZnuli

enaze iberiulidan metafrasireba gaukeTa pativcemulma da saTno kacma

efTvimem, iberad wodebulma. am lemis monacemebs mxars uWers sxva

berZnuli xelnaweric. lemis am variants ewinaaRmdegeba lemis sxva

saxeobebi, romelTa mixedviTac am ambis wminda qalaqSi momtani aris

pativcemuli da rCeuli kaci, sabas monastris beri ioane, xolo mis

berZnul enaze Targmnaze araferia naTqvami. p. peetersis azriT, lemebSi

pirveladia is, romelSic mTargmnelad efTvime ixsenieba da Semdgomia

is varianti, sadac mxolod ioanes mier ambis motanazea saubari.

ZiriTadad lemebis ganxilvisas miiCneven, rom uZvelesia is varianti,

sadac efTvimes Sesaxeb aris saubari, radgan is veneciis xelnaweri,

169

romelSic efTvTime ixsenieba mTargmnelad, adreulia, XI saukunisaa.

lemis pirveli variantidan naxevris Camocileba, aToneli berZnebis

qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg mimarTul moqmedebadaa miCneuli. qarTvelTa

devnas aTonze ki, marTlac hqonda adgili XI saukunis meore meoTxedSi.

1975 wels, e. xinTibiZem eWvi Seitana lemis cvlilebis zemoT naCveneb

variantSi da gamoTqva azri, rom uZvelesi lemis am saxeobebidan iyo is,

romelSic mxolod ambis momtan ioaneze iyo saubari, xolo efTvimes

avtorobis Sesaxeb cnoba, anu lemis meore nawili, Seqmnili unda iyos

efTvimes gardacvalebis Semdgom, aToneli berebis qarTul-laTinur

wreSi, sakmaod naCqarevad da damatebuli unda iyos lemaze daaxloebiT

1048 wels. (amiT SeiZleba aixsnas is Secdomebi, rasac mkvlevarebi

xedaven swored lemis am nawilSi. an SesaZloa, es Secdomebi gamowveuli

iyo mTargmnelis mier berZnuli enis arcTu kargi codniT). es faqti

unda yofiliyo pasuxi im gaafTrebul brZolaze, rac berZnebma wamoiwyes

efTvime mimarT.

3. 1042 w. giorgi aTonelis cnoba, romelic CarTulia mis mier

daweril `ioanesa da efTvimes cxovrebaSi~. p. peetersis azriT, giorgi

aToneli Secdomas ar dauSvebda, radgan mas monasterSi hyavda

mowinaaRmdegeebi, romlebic mas ar apatiebdnen efTvimesaTvis miewera

iseTi nawarmoebis Seqmna, rac efTvimemde iyo cnobili.

p. peetersi miiCnevs, rom am romanis berZnuli legendis tradicia

swored XI s-Si iwyeba. 1048 wlis laTinur Targmanamde es romani

dasavleTSi jer kidev ar yofila popularuli. is agreTve erT-erTi

pirveli aRniSnavs, rom berZnuli Txzulebis gamoCenamde qarTul enaze

arsebobda arabulidan Targmnili `balavariani~. peeterss specialuri

gamokvlevebiT daeTanxmnen amerikeli mecnierebi: r. vulfi, r. bleiki.

aTeuli wlebis manZilze misi argumentebi TandaTan iwyebda damkvidrebas

bizantinistikaSi (38,299).

unda aRiniSnos erTi garemoebac. berZnul xelnawerTa lemebSi,

`varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorobis kandidatad saxeldebian: ioane

sabawmindeli, ioane sineli, ioane tabenisieli da efTvime aToneli.

uZvelesi tradicia am saxelTagan mxars uWers ioane sabawmindels.

Semdgom etapze iwyeba am pirovnebis dazusteba da XIII saukunis berZnul

170

xelnawerebSi es pirovneba xdeba ioane damaskeli. ioane damaskeli

xSirad `damaskel mRvdelmonazonad~ moixsenieboda. e. xinTibiZes miaCnia,

rom `sabawmindel berad~ ioane damaskels ar moixseniebdnen. meorec, am

lemis mixedviT `ioane sabawmindelma~ lema indoeTidan moitana. ioane

damaskelis biografiidan vgebulobT, rom mas am mxareSi ar umogzauria

da saerTod araferi ar Camoutania aRmosavleTidan (38,297). saerTod,

damaskelis gamocxadeba `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ avtorad,

bizantiur samyaroSi, Zalze gvian momxdara. misma saxelma pirvelad

gaiJRera `varlaam da ioasafis~ meore laTinuri Targmanis XII s-is

xelnawerebSi. e. xinTibiZis azriT, swored aqedan iRebs es procesi

saTaves da SemdgomSi gadadis berZnul xelnawerebSic, romlebSic

damaskeli avtorad XIII s-is xelnawerebidan Cndeba. (Tumca unda

gaviTvaliswinoT, rom arc ioane sabawmindeli da Tundac, ioane

damaskeli, Txzulebis avtori ar SeiZleba iyos. is ubralod ambis

momtania eTiopiidan) (38,298).

p.peetersis gasaTvaliswinebeli daskvnebis Semdgom, samecniero

wreebSi axali etapia f. delgeris statiis gamoCena. is aqtiurad icavs

ioane damaskelis avtorobis sakiTxs. igi cal_calke ganixilavs

p.peetersis argumentebs, romlebic efTvimes avtorobis sakiTxs uWeren

mxars da h.zotenbergisas, romelic damasakelis avtorobis Teorias ar

eTanxmeba. mas mohyavs paralelebi `varlaam da ioasafsa~ da ioane

damaskelis Txzulebebs Soris. mecnieri amodis Txzulebis stilidan,

rac misi azriT pirwmindad damaskeliseulia.Aioane damaskelis

avtorobis hipoTezas f. delgeri amyarebs erT Zvel cnobaze dayrdnobiT.

kerZod, 1085 wels monazon miqel antioqelis mier arabul enaze

dawerila `ioane damaskelis cxovreba~, sadac weria, rom ioanem

sicocxlis ukanaskneli wlebi gaatara sabas lavraSi, sadac dawera

`varlaam da ioasafis istoria~. unda aRiniSnos, rom bizantinistebi da

`varlaam da ioasafis~ Txzulebis mkvlevarni, am wyaros mimarT ar arian

ndobiT aRWurvilni. es nawarmoebi miqel antioqelis mier Seqmnilia

ioane damaskelis gardacvalebidan sami saukunis Semdgom, ara

pirvelwyaroebze dayrdnobiT, aramed napovni mokle gamocemebis

safuZvelze, rasac Tavad avtoric aRniSnavs. arabuli teqsti am

171

nawarmoebisa Cvenamde moRweulia ara XI saukunis, aramed XIII saukunis da

Semdgomi periodis xelnawerebiT. am periodSi ki laTinur_berZnul

samyaroSi dominirebda azri, rom `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtori iyo

ioane damaskeli. SesaZloa, arabul TxzulebaSic amitom gaCnda ioane

damaskelis saxeli `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorad. am faqtis

gasarkvevadac qarTul wyaroebs unda davesesxoT. unda aRiniSnos, rom

gamoCenis umal arabuli Txzuleba samuel adanelis mier iTargmna

berZnulad. berZnulidan ki qarTulad efrem mcires mier. samuel

adanelis Targmani araa Cvenamde moRweuli, xolo efrem mcires

TargmanSi ioane damaskelis avtorobaze araferia naTqvami. miqel

antioqelis Txzulebaze dayrdnobiT `ioane damaskelis cxovreba~ XI

saukuneSi dauweria antioqiis patriarqs ioanes. aqac araferia naTqvami

`varlaam da ioasafis~ Zeglis ioane damaskelis avtorobis Sesaxeb.

f. delgers daupirispirda belgieli mecnieri fransua alkeni. misi

azriT, damajereblobas moklebulia delgeris cda nayalbevad

gamoacxados sam sxvadasxva enaze: berZnul, laTinur da qarTul enaze

daculi cnoba efvTime aTonelis avtorobis Sesaxeb.

berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorobis sakiTxis kvleva,

f.delgeris gamokvlevis Semdeg, qarTvel mecnierTa erT-erTi samuSao

problema gaxda. f. delgeris naSromSi arasworad gagebul detalebs

eqvTimes cxovrebidan da moRvaweobidan asworebs m. TarxniSvili Tavis

naSromSi `wm. efTvimes moRvaweobis dasawyisi da barda skliarosis

ajanyeba~.

ukve XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi qarTvelma mecnierebma bevri Sroma

gaswies am Txzulebis redaqciaTa urTierTmimarTebis dasadgenad. 1956

wels k. kekeliZem dawera narkvevi `balavarianis~ romani qristianul

mwerlobaSi~, romelSic mecnieri exeba am romanis sxvadasxva redaqciaTa

urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs. k. kekeliZe Semdeg daskvnebamde mivida. misi

azriT, Tavdapirvelad garkveuli miznebisTvis unda Seqmniliyo

`balavarianis~ siriuli (arabuli) qristianul_nestorianuli redaqcia,

romelic male daikarga. dabejiTebiT rTulia Tqma, iqonia Tu ara am

redaqciam gavlena dRes cnobili qristianuli redaqciebis warmoSobis

saqmeSi. mecnieris azriT, dRes mecnierebis xelTaa Txzulebis

172

araqristianuli arabuli redaqcia da ori qristianuli: qarTuli da

berZnuli redaqciebi. k. kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom vrceli qarTuli

(ierusalimuri) B redaqcia unda daTariRdes IX-X saukuneebiT, xolo

mokle qarTuli (Tbilisuri) A redaqcia, X saukuniT. B redaqcia

momdinareobs arabul_qristianuli redaqciidan, romelic Sedgenili Cans

falauridan momdinare arabuli araqristianuli redaqciis niadagze.

xolo A redaqcia warmoadgens B redaqciis Semoklebasa da damuSavebas

`paterikuli~ Janris literaturis Sesabamisad. efTvime aTonels

qarTulidan berZnulad unda eTargmna qarTuli B redaqcia. Cvens xelT

arsebuli berZnuli redaqcia aris metafrasuli redaqcia, romelic

k.kekeliZis azriT, arc ioane damasakelis naTargmnia da arc efTvime

mTawmindelis. is Sedgenili unda iyos efTvimes Tanamedrovis, svimeon

metafrastis mier, efTvimes mier Sesrulebul berZnul Targmanze

dayrdnobiT da sxva wyaroebis gamoyenebiTac (ix.4,304). amave wels

qveyndeba S. nucubiZis specialuri monografia. Cndeba axali hipoTeza,

rom mokle qarTuli redaqcia aris ara Targmani, aramed originaluri da

dawerilia qarTul enaze VII saukuneSi ioane mosxis mier, romelic

mkvlevaris azriT orenovani mweralia. is wers berZnuladac da

qarTuladac. S. nucubiZis azriT, vrceli qarTuli redaqcia

momdinareobda nawilobriv mokle redaqciidan da nawilobriv berZnuli

`varlaam da ioasafidan~ (38,270). qarTul redaqciaTa urTierTmimarTebis

Sesaxeb sxva mravali Tvalsazrisic arsebobs. 1957 wels il. abulaZem

gamoaqveyna qarTuli `balavarianis~ mokle A da vrceli ierusalimuri B

variantebi da mimoixila maTi urTierTmimarTebis problema. il.abulaZis

azriT, vrceli redaqcia IX-X saukunis Zeglia, mokle redaqcia ki XI

saukunis damlevamde ar SeiZleba warmoSobiliyo. Txzulebis

qarTul_berZnuli teqstebis mimarTebas da `varlaam da ioasafis~ lemis

Seswavlas vrceli gamokvleva miuZRvna s. yauxCiSvilmac. s.yauxCiSvilis

azriT, vrceli redaqcia damokidebulia mokle redaqciaze, mis gavrcobas

warmoadgens. 1958 wels qveyndeba m.TarxniSvilis gamokvleva

`balavarianis~ ori qarTuli redaqciis urTierTmimarTebis Taobaze.

misi azriT, qarTuli redaqciebi ar arian erTmaneTze damokidebuli.

orive damoukideblad modian saerTo ukve dakarguli arabuli wyarodan

173

da orive IX saukuneze adrindeli Zeglia. `balavarianis~ qarTul

redaqciaTa urTierTmimarTebas da maT kavSirs arabul redaqciasTan

ikvlevs r.TvaraZe. r.TvaraZis varaudiT, orive redaqcia dakarguli

qarTuli redaqciidan unda momdinareobdnen. r. miminoSvili efTvime

aTonelis avtorobis sakiTxs icavs Txzulebis qarTul_berZnuli

teqstis mimarTebis safuZvelze, romelTa ganxilvisas mecnierma

saintereso leqsikur da frazeologiur Tanxvedrebs miagno. e.xinTibiZis

azriT, qarTuli mokle redaqcia saqarTveloSi ufro popularuli

yofila. metic, is gauleqsavT kidec (38,232).

qarTvel mecnierTa gasuli saukunis 50-ian wlebSi Catarebuli

kvleva_Ziebis Sedegebi zogadi saxiT gamoCnda d. langis Sesaval

werilSi 1957 wels, romelic darTuli aqvs `varlaam da ioasafis~

vuduardisa da metinglis inglisur Targmans. d.langi kategoriulad

acxadebs, rom `balavarianis~ vrceli (axladaRmoCenili) qarTuli

redaqcia IX saukunisaa. is momdinareobs arabuli araqristianuli

redaqciidan da warmoadgens am arabuli araqristianuli teqstis pirvel,

qarTul, originalur, qristianul damuSavebas. mas ar sjera arabuli

qristianuli versiis arsebobis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, `balavarianis~

qristianuli versia Tavdapirvelad swored qarTul enaze damuSavda. (am

kuTxiT i.abulaZec d. langs uWers mxars). metic, d.langs miaCnia, rom

arabebs qristianuli versia rom hqonodaT, berZnulidan qristianul

redaqcias aRar Targmnidnen. qarTulidan berZnulad `balavariani~

Targmna efTvime aTonelma X saukunis bolos. misi azriT dRevandeli

berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafi~ gaxlavT efTvime aTonelis Targmanis

gametafrasebuli varianti, romelic SesaZloa TviT svimeon loRoTetis,

an misi romelime mowafis namoRvawari iyos. xolo misi Semoklebaa

Tbilisuri, qarTuli redaqcia `sibrZne balavarisa~, romelic imave

saukuneSi unda damuSavebuliyo. d. langma inglisur enaze Targmna orive

qarTuli redaqcia. am TvalsazrisiT, man mxari dauWira efTvime

aTonelis avtorobis sakiTxs. mecnierebi: anri greguari da glenvil

daunic aseve efTvime aTonelis avtorobasAuWerdnen mxars. d. Jimarem

gamoaqveyna `varlaam da ioasafis~ arabuli versiis sakuTari Targmani

da teqsti, Tan daurTo miTiTebebi. erTmaneTTan Seadara `varlaam da

174

ioasafis cxovrebis~ qarTuli, berZnuli da arabuli redaqciebi da

daadastura, rom berZnuli redaqcia qarTulze aSkara damokidebulebas

amJRavnebda. is aRniSnavs rom qarTuli misdevs arabuls, berZnuli

qarTuls. man daaskvna, rom qarTuli redaqcia aris `varlaam da

ioasafis cxovrebis~ Sualeduri redaqcia.

mecnierebma labulem da librextma daasabuTes `varlaam da ioasafis

cxovrebis~ teqstis aSkarad budisturi warmoSoba. amave dros

dadasturda, rom berZnuli teqsti amJRavnebda ukiduresad zust

msgavsebebs orTodoqsul_qristianul dogmatikasTan, radgan, masSi

gamoyenebulia: gr. nazianzelis, basili didis, aristides, ioane

damaskelis doqtrinuli nawerebi da xSir SemTxvevaSi msgavseba ioane

damaskelTan sityvasityviT identurobamde adis.

gasuli saukunis 60_ian wlebSi, kvlav aqtualuria ioane damaskelis

avtorobis delgeriseuli hipoTeza. albaT imitom, rom bizantiuri

literaturis saukeTeso qmnilebis avtorad, damaskelis garda sxva

avtori ver warmoedginaT. cnobili bizantinisti hans bekic eTanxmeba

ioane damaskelis avtorobis hipoTezas (38,267-283). rusi mecnieri fonkiCi

`varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnul teqsts aTariRebs XII saukuniT, xolo

masSi moTavsebuli lemas XV saukunis CanarTad miiCnevs. (am

TvalsazrisiT mas saerTod eWvi Seaqvs am Txzulebis avtorobis

mxardamWer arsebul versiebTan dakavSirebiT). 70-iani wlebis

bizantinistikaSi xdeba im argumentebis kritikuli gadasinjva, romlebic

am TeoriaTa dasamtkiceblad, an uarsayofadaa moxmobili.

`varlaam da ioasafisa~ avtorobis sakiTxis kvlevam XIX s.

damlevidan ramdenime mniSvnelovani etapi ganvlo. Tavdapirvelad es

kvleva ZiriTadad xasiaTdeboda Zvel wyaroebSi `varlaam da ioasafis~

SeqmnasTan dakavSirebuli gadmocemebis mopovebiT da interpretirebiT.

SemdgomSi es procesi gadaizarda `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli

teqstis SeswavlaSi, raSic lomis wili miuZRvis f. delgers.

Tanamedrove etapze ki aqcenti ZiriTadad gadadis `balavarianis~ romanis

Cvenamde moRweuli sxvadasxva redaqciis urTierTmimarTebis da berZnuli

`varlaam da ioasafis~ warmomavlobis dadgenaze.

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`varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ mecnierul kvlevasTan

dakavSirebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia qarTveli mecnieris e. xinTibiZis

gamokvlevebi. 1976 wels parizSi gamoqveynda e. xinTibiZis gamokvleva

`balavarianis~ qarTuli da berZnuli teqstebis mimarTebis Taobaze.

naSromSi gaTvaliswinebulia am Txzulebis arabuli redaqciac. misi

daskvniT, arabuli redaqcia romanisa berZnuls ar hgavs, berZnuli ufro

qarTuls emsgavseba. misi azriT, qarTuli Sualeduri redaqciaa.

berZnul redaqciaSi ar Cans arc erTi winadadeba, romelic qarTulis

gverdis avliT arabulidan iyos gadmotanili. aqve mecnieri e. xinTibiZe

gamoexmaura S. nucubiZis Tvalsazris `balavarianis~ redaqciebis

urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. e.xinTibiZe miiCnevs, rom

S.nucubiZis varaudi arasworia, radgan am ukanasknelis azriT, qarTuli

teqsti amJRavnebs damokidebulebas `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~

berZnul redaqciaze, romelic efTvimem XI s-is pirvel meoTxedSi Seqmna.

dReisaTvis ki specialistebi aRiareben, rom “iodasafis cxovreba” IX-X

saukuneebis Zeglia (54,13). e. xinTibiZe Tvlis, rom `varlaam da ioasafis~

warmoSobis problemis gadasawyvetad mniSvnelovani roli berZnuli

teqstis sxva _ arabul da qarTul redaqciebTan mimarTebam unda

Seasrulos. misi azriT, xSir SemTxvevebSi gaugebroba gamowveulia imiT,

rom ar aris Seswavlili saTanadod arabuli redaqciis mimarTeba

qarTul da berZnul redaqciebTan. am TvalsazrisiT mecnieri

damoukideblad mivida d. Jimares msgavs daskvnebamde (38,281). e. xinTibiZis

azriT, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom berZnuli `varlaam da

ioasafis~ gamoCenemde `balavarianis~ redaqciebi mxolod qarTul da

arabul enebzea SemorCenili, romlebic ar arian Targmnili berZnuli

enidan. `balavarianis~ arabul redaqciaTa Soris berZnuli `varlaam da

ioasafis~ savaraudo dednis Ziebisas sayuradReboa arabuli

araqristianuli redaqcia, romelic VIII-IX saukuneebSia Seqmnili

abisidebis epoqaSi. es teqsti liTografiulad gamoica q. bombeiSi 1889

wels. misgan Sesrulebul zust rusul Targmans daeyrdno mecnieri

e.xinTibiZec am redaqciaze saubrisas. man Seadara berZnuli, qarTuli da

arabuli versiebis ramdenime saerTo pasaJi erTmaneTs da darwmunda, rom

Txzulebis qarTuli teqsti arabulidan modis, xolo berZnuli

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qarTulidan. berZnul redaqciaSi ar aris arc erTi winadadeba, romelic

qarTulisagan gverdis avliT arabuls emsgavsebodes; maSin, roca

arabulisgan qarTulis gansxvavebas xSirad imeorebs berZnuli. mecnierma

miiCnia, rom qarTul enaze daculi `balavarianis~ ori,Amokle da vrceli,

redaqciidan, vrceli redaqcia, rogorc dRes ukve dadgenilia, IX-X

saukuneebSi unda iyos Seqmnili. `balavarianis~ vrceli qarTuli

redaqcia warmoadgens arabuli araqristianuli redaqciis Semoklebas da

qristianul damuSavebas. is ar aris damokidebuli berZnul `varlaam da

ioasafze~. amas adasturebs Semdegi garemoebani: 1) `balavarianis~ vrceli

qarTuli redaqcia Tavisi eniT ar tovebs berZnulidan naTargmnis

STabeWdilebas. masSi ar Cans arc berZnuli sintaqsis arc berZnuli

leqsikis gavlena. am TvalsazrisiT Zegli aSkarad arabul enasTan

amyarebs kavSirs. 2) ZiriTad gansxvavebas `balavarianis~ vrcel qarTul

redaqciasa da `varlaam da ioasafs~ Soris qmnis berZnuli teqstis

moWarbebuli qristianuli dogmatikur_polemikuri elementi. qarTuli

redaqcia am elementisgan carielia. masSi mxolod ambavi, siuJetis

ganviTareba da igavuri stili emTxveva berZnuls. qarTuli redaqcia

aSkarad gardamavali safexuria `balavarianis~ aRmosavlur

araqristianul fabulasa da berZnulis Rrmad dogmatikur

`sulismargebel moTxrobas~ Soris. qarTuli redaqcia rom berZnulidan

yofiliyo Targmnili, is qristianuli sulismargebeli elementisagan

Tavisufali ar iqneboda. gansxvavebaa igavebSic. e. xinTibiZe miiCnevs, rom

berZnul `varlaam da ioasafSi~ Setanili igavebi ori wyarodan _

saxarebidan da sakuTriv `balavaridanaa~. berZnul redaqciaSi

`balavarianis~ igavebi amokrebilia qarTulidan da ara arabulidan.

arabul redaqciaSi, qarTulze orjer metia igavia. sakuTari saxelebi

berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafisa~ amJRavnebs kavSirs qarTuli redaqciis

sakuTar saxelebTan da ara arabuli redaqciisa. `balavarianis~ romanis

fabula ambis ZiriTad nawilSi TiTqmis yvela redaqciaSi metnaklebad

erTmaneTs emsgavseba. gansxvaveba ambis dasarulSia. qarTuli redaqcia

Seicavs yvela arabuli versiisagan gansxvavebul dasasruls, xolo

berZnuli aqac qarTuls misdevs (38,282).

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gavecaniT ra `balavarianis~ qarTul da berZnul redaqciebs, Cvenc

viziarebT e. xinTibiZis mosazrebas, rom qarTuli redaqcia berZnulsa da

arabuls Soris dgas Tavisi zomieri qristianuli elementiT. igi

gardamavali safexuria aRmosavlur araqristianul ambavsa da berZnul

Rrmad dogmatur da hagiografiul `cxovrebas” Soris. es Tviseba

qarTuli redaqciisa sxva evropeli mkvlevarebis mierac iqna

gaziarebuli. migvaCnia, rom `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli teqsti

qarTuli `balavarianis~ vrceli versiis Targmnisa da gavrcobis gziTaa

Seqmnili da amitomac mis avtorad eqvTime aToneli unda CaiTvalos. unda

xazgasmiT aRiniSnos, rom bolo periodis bizantinistika berZnuli

`varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ genezisis problemis gadawyvetaSi

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs arabul, qarTul da berZnul

versiaTa urTierTmimarTebas. dReisaTvis warmoebuli teqstologiuri

Sedarebis doneze ki, es mimarTebani udaod berZnuli redaqciis qarTul

redaqciaze damokidebulebaze metyveleben (38,305).

`varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorobis kvlevis procesSi, rac Cveni

interesis sagania, Txzulebis xelnawarebSi gvxvdeba uamravi iseTi

detali, romelic Zalze mniSvnelovani da gasaTvaliswinebelia am

procesisaTvis. e. xinTibiZis mecnieruli gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, erTi

aseTi detali, romelic `varlaam da ioasafs~ efTvimes kalams miawers,

arasworad iqna gaazrebuli rigi mkvlevarebis mier. es gaxlavT “varlaam

da ioasafis cxovrebis” berZnul enaze Sesrulebuli erT_erTi

veneciuri xelnaweris lema, romelSic weria: `sulis margebeli

moTxroba, eTiopelTa uSinaganesi qveynidan wminda qalaqSi motanili

wminda sabas monastris beris ioanes mier, xolo gadmoTargmnili iberTa

enidan elinur enaze pativdebuli da keTilsaTno kacis efTvimes, iberad

wodebulis mier~.(ase Targmnis am abzacs berZnulidan s.yauxCiSvili)

(38,309).Fam lemaSi gvxvdeba gamoTqma “ΰπέρ Ευθυµίου”, rac e. xinTibiZis

azriT arazusti formaa. motanil konteqstSi is unda niSnavdes

`efTvimes mier~, rac berZnulad, wesiT unda yofiliyo “ΰπό da ara ΰπέρ ”.

am faqtze dayrdnobiT, h.zotenbergma miiCnia, rom lemis avtori iyo

qarTveli beri, romelmac nacionaluri interesiT miawera es romani

efTvimes. rogorc e. xinTibiZe fiqrobs, zotenbergma am gamoTqmaSi

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sworad amoikiTxa `efTvimes mier~, Tumca windebulis uadgilo xmarebam

is daafiqra da man es lema qarTvel bers miawera da misi azris

WeSmaritebaSi eWvi Seitana. f. delgeri am sakiTxs sxvagvarad miudga. man

miiCnia, rom gamoTqma unda niSnavdes mxoloddamxolod `eqvTimesaTvis~.

delgeri miiCnevs, rom es sityvebi lemaSi Sesula sxva berZnuli

xelnaweridan, romelic efTvimesaTvis iyo gadawerili, raTa mas

berZnulidan qarTulad eTargmna es Txzuleba. h. bekic mas daeTanxma.

yvelaze mTavari ki is aris, rom h.beki mTel tradicias efTvimes

avtorobis Sesaxeb, “ΰπέρ Ευθυµίου”-ze dafuZnebulad acxadebs, romelic

berZnulis cudad mcodnem “ΰπό”-Si auria. e. xinTibiZe ar eTanxmeba am

varaudebs da is ase xsnis am faqts: 1. f.delgeris varaudebi `varlaam da

ioasafis cxovrebis~ kvlevis irgvliv, ZiriTadad arcerTi ar gamarTlda.

2. e.xinTibiZes miaCnia, rom delgeris varaudi rom swori iyos, maSin

aTonis mTaze unda Sesuliyo xelnaweri, romelsac Tavze ewereboda

“gadawerilia efTvimesaTvis” _“µεταγραφείσα ΰπέρ Ευθυµίου”, rac arcerT

xelnawerSi arsad ar dasturdeba. 3. pirveli xelnaweridan unda

gadaweriliyo meore xelnaweri, sadac iqneboda aseTi warwera “ΰπ

Ευθυµίου”. aseTi xelnaweri da warwera dReisaTvis daculi ar aris. 4. es

varianti unda Cavardnoda xelSi konstantinopolel laTinel avtors,

romelze dayrdnobiTac warmoiSveboda laTinuri versia efTvimes

avtorobisa. esec ase ar momxdara. 4. savaraudo berZnuli xelnaweris

erTi piri unda gaCeniliyo iberTa lavraSic, raze dayrdnobiTac unda

warmoSobiliyo efTvimes mier `balavarianis~ Targmnaze giorgi aTonelis

cnoba, romelic `ioanesa da efTvimes cxovrebaSia~ Senaxuli. giorgi

aToneli efTvimes literaturuli memkvidreobis ubadlo mcodnea da es

rom ase momxdariyo, es faqti mas ar gamoepareboda. igi efTvimes

gardacvalebidan 15 wlis mere aRwers `ioanesa da efTvimes cxovrebas~

imave sazogadoebaSi, sadac ioane da efTvime moRvaweobdnen. e. xinTibiZis

azriT, f. delgers surs dagvarwmunos, rom: 1. `varlaam da ioasafis

cxovreba~ ioane damaskelis nawarmoebi iyo, romelic berZnul samyaroSi

X saukunis dasasruls aTonis mTis qarTvelebma gaxades popularuli. is

Tvlis, rom arc qarTvelTa damsaxureba amaSi da arc is faqti, rom

`varlaam da ioasafis cxovreba~ ioane damaskelis dawerilia ar icoda

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giorgi mTawmindelma. 2. qarTvelTa dakveTiT aTonze mivida `varlaam da

ioasafis cxovrebis~ berZnuli xelnaweri, romelic efTvimem Targmna

berZnulidan qarTulad da es faqti mxedvelobidan gamorCa giorgi

aTonels. 3. giorgi aTonelma, romelic ikvlevda efTvimes namoRvawars

aTonze, ver miagno im xelnawers, romelic efTvimesTvis iyo gadawerili

da romelsac Tavze ewers “ΰπέρ Ευθυµίου”. am xelnaweris misia TiTqos iyo

is, rom misgan meore xelnaweri warmoSobiliyo “ΰπ Ευθυµίου”. 4. giorgi

mTawmindels xelSi Cauvarda f. delgeris navaraudevi meore berZnuli

xelnaweri, romelsac Tavze ewera `gadaTargmnilia efTvimes mier~

(“µεταγραφείσα ΰπέρ Ευθυµίου”), da ise daujera am cnobas, rom saWirod ar

CaTvala gaerkvia saqmis viTareba. vinc giorgi aTonelis pirovneba icis,

delgeris am varaudebs ver daeTanxmeba. e.xinTibiZe Tvlis, rom “ΰπέρ

Ευθυµίου”-s warweriani berZnuli xelnaweridanaa warmoSobili XII

saukunis cnobili veneciuri xelnaweri, romelic efTvimes miiCnevs

`varlaam da ioasafis~ qarTulidan berZnul enaze gadmomtanad, Tumca ar

asworebs windebuls “ΰπέρ”. es windebuli lemaSi darCa, Tumca mis

gverdiT gaCnda `Targmnilia qarTuli enidan berZnulze~, romelic

e.xinTibiZis SexedulebiT, namdvilad ver iqneboda delgeris

navaraudebel dedanze dayrdnobiT. unda dauSvaT is faqtic, rom XII

saukunis cnobil veneciur xelnawerze dayrdnobiT gaCnda XIV (f.

delgeris varaudiT XV) saukunis meore berZnuli parizuli xelnaweris

lema, sadac gaugebari “ΰπέρ” gasworda “παρά” windebuliT, riTac teqsti

aSkarad efTvime aTonels miewera. es daSvebac xinTibiZis azriT,

miuRebeli unda iyos. parizuli xelnaweri efTvimes miawers nawarmoebis

Targmnas eTiopuri (induri) enidan, rasac ar gadmogvcems veneciuri

xelnaweris lema. parizul xelnawers Tavisi wyaro unda hqondes. aseTia

Txzulebis parizuli xelnaweris, pirveli laTinuri Targmanis lema,

romelic s. yauxCiSvilis mieraa Targmnili qarTulad: `sulis margebeli

moTxrobebi eTiopelTa uSinaganesi, romaelTa (samflobeloSi Semavali)

qveynidan, gadmotanili eTiopelTa kilodan elinur enaze efTvime iberis,

uwmindesi monazonis mier, romelic iyo wminda aTanasis didi lavris

winamZRvari aTonis mTaze~. e. xinTibiZes miaCnia, rom ar SeiZleba

veneciuri xelnaweris “ΰπέρ Ευθυµίου” gavigoT mniSvnelobiT

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`efTvimesaTvis~, radgan iqve vkiTxulobT `gadmoTargmnilia…. . .

gadametafsrasebulia efTvimes mier~. f.delgeri aqac Tavisebur versias

iZleva. is Tvlis, rom veneciuri xelnaweris dedanSi iyo `gadawerilia~

da ara `gadaTargmnilia~( iyo µεταγραφείσα, µεταφρασθείσα-s magivrad), Tumca

is teqstualuri kvlevis araswor gzaze idga. is ver xedavs gaugebar

adgils, metic, amarTlebs lemaSi gaugebari windebulis arsebobas.

umatebs frazas da xsnis winadadebas. e. xinTibiZisTvis gaugebaria

f.delgeris azri, vinaidan, Tu romelime gadamwerma f.delgeris

navaraudevi “ΰπέρ Ευθυµίου”-iani lema Seaswora raime mosazrebiT, sadac

“eqvTimesTvis gadaweraze” iyo saubari, maSin ratom datova “ΰπέρ” da ar

Secvala “ΰπό” formiT?! “ΰπέρ” yvela SemTxvevaSi unda miuTiTebdes

efTvimes mier, saSualebiT Sesrulebaze. amgvari lemiani berZnuli

xelnaweri 1048 wels iTargmna laTinur enaze. laTinuri Targmanis lemac

miuTiTebs, rom Txzuleba `efTvimes mier~ iTargmna. es lema e. xinTibiZis

azriT, berZnul samyaroSic gaazrebuli iyo, rogorc efTvimes mier

Sesrulebul Targmanze miTiTeba. amitomaa, rom XIV saukunis berZnul,

parizul xelnawerSi ukve pirdapiraa aRniSnuli, rom Txzuleba

Targmnilia efTvimes mier. ar arsebobs arc erTi miniSneba imaze, rom

“ΰπέρ Ευθυµίου” berZnul, laTinur da qarTul samyaroSi gaegoT, rogorc

`efTvimesaTvis~. e. xinTibiZes miaCnia, rom h.beki cdeba, roca miiCnevs, rom

berZnulis cudad mcodnem auria yvela xelnawerSi windebuli “ΰπέρ” _

“ΰπό”-Si. es daskvna naCqarevia. berZnulis ucodinrobaSi ver

davadanaSaulebT XI_XIV saukunis bizantiuri Zeglebis mTargmnelebsa da

gadamwerlebs _ berZnebs, laTinelebs da qarTvelebs. e. xinTibiZes

mohyavs ramodenime pirovneba, visac h.bekis azriT SesaZloa daeSvaT es

Secdoma. 1. XII_XIV saukuneebSi moRvawe ucnobi berZeni gadamweri,

romelmac gaaswora “ΰπέρ” “παρά”-d da es forma miviReT XIV saukunis

xelnawerSic. aseTi gadamweri qarTveli namdvilad ar unda iyos, rom mas

berZnulis ucodinroba dabraldes. man ar unda icodes, rom efTvimem

qarTulidan berZnulad Targmna `varlaam da ioasafi~, amitom is ar

asworebs araswor versias, rom eqvTimem `varlaam da ioasafis

sulismargebeli moTxroba~ Targmna eTiopiuridan (induridan). es

gadamweri berZnuli enis kargi mcodne unda yofiliyo. 2. laTineli

181

mTargmneli, romelic XI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi 30 wlis manZilze

konstantinopolSi cxovrobda da berZnul wignebs Targmnida laTinurad.

1048 wels man “varlaam da ioaafis cxovrebis” sruli teqsti Targmna

berZnulidan laTinurad. 3. giorgi aToneli, romelic h.bekis varaudiT

Tavis cnobas aagebda “ΰπέρ Ευθυµίου” araswor gagebaze, rac gamowveuli

iyo berZnuli enis ucodinrobiT. am samive avtors didi gamocdileba

aqvT samwerlobo moRvaweobis, gansakuTrebiT giorgi aTonels, romelic

gamorCeuli pirovneba iyo da berZnulic ubadlod icoda. amrigad

e.xinTibiZis azriT, yovlad dauSvebelia XI saukunis berZnuli

xelnaweris lemaSi arsebul windebulze “ΰπέρ” dayrdnobiT, efTvime

aTonelis avtorobis tradicia yalbad gamovacxadoT. lemis damaxinjeba

“ΰπ-ΰπό-ΰπέρ” unda mieweros lemis Semdgenels, an gadamwers. SesaZloa es

gadamweri romelime aToneli qarTveli beric yofiliyo, romelmac

saTanadod ar icoda berZnuli gramatika. SesaZloa am lemaSi

moxseniebuli sityva “eladac” qarTuli gziT iyos motanili, radgan im

periodis qarTvelebi saberZneTs eladas eZaxdnen. SesaZloa laTinel

avtorsac emuSava mis Sedgenaze da amitom, e. xinTibiZis azriT, am lemis

Seqmna aTonis mTis qarTul an laTinur ber_monazonTa wres ukavSirdeba.

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTi ram unda iTqvas. SesaZloa,

lemis Semdgenels surs Tqvas, rom es Zegli (metafrasirebulia) efTvimes

mier da am niuanss, is gadmoscems “ΰπέρ” windebulis saSualebiT. radgan

es windebuli gvxvdeba ara “έρµηνεΰθέισα”-sTan kavSirSi, rasac zotenbergi

varaudobda, aramed “µεταφρασθείσα”-sTan. es ukanaskneli ki niSnavs ara

marto gadmoTargmnas, aramed metafrasirebas, gansxvavebulad gadmocemas,

parafrazirebas. metafrasirebis Teorias da praqtikas ki XI saukunis

rogorc bizantieli, ise qarTveli mwerlebic kargad icnobnen. amitom,

SesaZloa maT avtoris “mier”-is magivrad, exmaraT termini, avtoris

`meSveobiT~. radgan zogadad, metafrasti Sekrebda Zvel masalas da mis

mier xdeboda masalis Semdgomi damuSaveba. aqedan gamomdinare, e.

xinTibiZis azriT, rasac Cvenc viziarebT, berZnuli xelnaweris lemis

CvenTvis saintereso punqti ase unda gavigoT: `metafrasirebul iqna

efTvimes mier~ (38,ix.308-318).

182

unda SevexoT kidev erT mniSvnelovan detalsac. es gaxlavT sityva

eTiopia, `varlaam da ioasafis romanis~ berZnuli versiis lemidan. es

aris lemaSi naxsenebi erTaderTi geografiuli dasaxeleba. veneciuri

xelnaweris lemis mixedviT (Venet. marc vii), es Txzuleba eTiopiis Sida

qveynidan aris motanili. amave lemis meore varianti, romelsac Cvenamde

moRweuli SedarebiT Zveli xelnawerebi inaxavs, ufro azustebs am

dasaxelebas. eTiopia aq indoeTis qveynadaa gamoyvanili: `sulismargebeli

moTxroba motanili eTiopiis Sida qveynidan, egreT wodebuli indoeTis

qveynidan~. es lema ase ikiTxeba 60-ze met berZnul xelnawerSi,

romelTagan 14 ekuTvnis XIV saukunes. sami maTgani ki delgeris azriT X

saukunisaa. riTi SeiZleba avxsnaT, rom romanis dasawyisSi, romelSic

moTxrobilia indoeTSi qristianobis gavrcelebis ambavi, indoeTis

identifikacia xdeba eTiopiasTan, razec araferia naTqvami berZnuli

redaqciis gamoCenamde arsebul qarTul da arabul redaqciebSi. e.

xinTibiZe fiqrobs, rom am kiTxvas SesaZloa vupasuxoT Zvel qarTul

bibliur teqstebze dayrdnobiT. mag: berZnuli bibliuri teqstis,

`mociqulTa moRvaweobis~ Sesaxeb, VIII TavSi saubaria eTiopiis

dedofalze da erT eTiopze. yvela evropul TargmanSi es citata ase

JRers. `mociqulTa moRvaweobis~ Sesaxeb giorgi mTawmindelis XI

saukunis qarTul TargmanSi ki eTiopiis da eTiopis magivrad saubaria

indoeTze da indusze. eTiopia sxva Zvel qarTul TargmanebSic indoeTad

xSiradaa Targmnili. sainteresoa XI saukunis xelnaweriT Cvenamde

moRweuli `pateriki~, romelsac am kuTxiT yuradReba miaqcies bibliuri

teqstebis mkvlevarebma. Zvel qarTul bibliur teqstebSi, xSir

SemTxvevebSi, sityva eTiopia, qarTveli mTargmnelebis mier gaazrebulia,

rogorc miTiTeba zangze, Savkanianze. antikur wyaroebSi eTiopeli

Savkanians niSnavda. rogorc dadgenilia, hindo, ZvelqarTulSi aramarto

induss aRniSnavda, aramed Savkanians zogadad. SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna:

identifikacia indoeTisa eTiopiasTan, romelic damaxasiaTebelia

mxolod `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli redaqciisaTvis, unda modiodes

berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorisagan. avtorma Tavad uwoda

indoeTs eTiopia. mis win mdebare masalebSi mas indoeTi erqva. e.xinTibiZe

miiCnevs, rom es identifikacia unda moexdina adamians, romelic kargad

183

erkveoda berZnul da qarTul bibliur teqstebSi, radganac berZnuli

bibliis eTiopia bibliuri teqstebis qarTul TargmanSi indoeTia. aqedan

gamomdinare, am tradiciebze aRzrdil avtors, qarTulidan indoeTi

gadmoaqvs berZnul TargmanSi eTiopiad. am mizeziTac, e.xinTibiZis azriT,

`varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorad efTvime mTawmindeli unda miviCnioT

(49,70-73).

1991 wels, bizantinistTa me-18 saerTaSoriso kongresze, moxda

`oqsforduli bizantinistikis leqsikonis~ samtomeulis prezentacia. am

samtomeulis Seqmna dakavSirebulia cnobili bizantinistis, a.kaJdanis

saxelTan. leqsikonis pirvel tomSi moTavsebulia a. kaJdanis statia

bizantiuri romanis `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorobis Sesaxeb. aq

vkiTxulobT, rom berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ Seqmnis TariRi da

avtoroba azrTa sxvadasxvaobis sagania. mecnieruli tradicia mxars

uWers or saxels: ioane damaskelsa da efTvime iberiels. a.kaJdani ki

miiCnevs, rom arc erTi maTgani ar SeiZleba iyos avtori da naSromi unda

miekuTvnos, ucnob, ioane sabawmindels da daTariRdes IX saukuniT.

a.kaJdanis es Tvalsazrisi TiTqmis gameorebaa pirveli mecnieruli

Tvalsazrisisa, romelic h.zotenbergs ekuTvnis. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom

zotenbergi kaJdanisagan gansxvavebiT miiCnevda, rom es ioane

sabawmindeli unda yofiliyo VII saukunis ucnobi beri. rogorc Cans,

kaJdanma gaiTvaliswina zotenbergis Teoriis winaaRmdeg arsebuli

mecnieruli Tvalsazrisebi da daaskvna, rom VII-VIII saukuneebiT

daTariRebas teqstobrivi niuansebic ar uWers mxars da ucnobi beri IX

saukuneSi gadmoiyvana. a.kaJdanis statias gamoexmaura qarTveli mecnieri

e.xinTibiZe. is miiCnevs, rom kaJdanis Tvalsazrisi imiTaa saintereso, rom

masSi gvxveba axali argumentebi, romlebic abaTilebs ioane damaskelis

avtorobis sakiTxs da wyals asxams efTvime mTawmindelis avtorobis

wisqvilze.

a. kaJdanma yuradReba miaqcia im garemoebas, rom `varlaam da

ioasafis~ berZnuli teqstis da misi paraleluri inglisuri Targmanis

gamomcemlebs _ g. vuduardisa da h. metinglis SeniSnuli aqvT, rom

Txzulebis avtori erTgan Zveli aRTqmis teqstis citirebisas Secdomas

uSvebs. a. kaJdanis azriT, es Secdoma damaskelisTvis moulodnelia,

184

Tumca ara SeuZlebeli. Aa. kaJdani am TvalsazrisiT ufro mniSvnelovan

arevad miiCnevs `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnul teqstSi indoeTis

eTiopiaSi arevas, rasac adgili aqvs rogorc Txzulebis zedwarweraSi

(lemaSi), ise sakuTriv teqstSi, nawarmoebis SesavalSi. a. kaJdans miaCnia,

rom damaskeli aseT Secdomas ar dauSvebda, is rom nawarmoebis avtori

iyos. a. kaJdanis azriT, Txzulebis avtori eTiopiaSi arabeTis xalifats

gulisxmobs da arabeTs urevs indoeTSi. amitom, kaJdanis varaudiT,

Txzulebis avtori sabawmindeli beri unda iyos, romelsac arabeTi

eTiopiaSi advilad aereoda. argumentad moyvanilia epizodi sabawmindel

mamaTa cxovrebis amsaxveli erT-erTi hagiografiuli teqstidan, sadac

aRwerilia, Tu rogor daesxa Tavs wminda sabas lavras eTiopelTa brbo.

kaJdanis Tvalsazriss Sua saukuneebis wyaroTmcodneobaSi paraleli ar

moeZebneba. (eTiopia areulia arabeTSi, arabeTi ki indoeTSi). maSin roca

Sua saukuneebis literaturul da geografiul wyaroebSi III s. mwerlis

filostrate aTenelis `apolonios tianelis cxovrebidan~ moyolebuli

eTiopiisa da indoeTis aseT aRrevas mravali analogi eZebneba.

miuTiTeben, rom am faqts adgili aqvs elinisturi da bizantiuri

periodis sxva literaturul Tu saistorio wyaroebSic. p. peetersmac

SeniSna, rom XII-XIV ss. evropeli geografebi eTiopias uwodeben

indoeTis erT nawils da a.S.

e. xinTibiZis azriT, kaJdanis gamokvlevaSi `varlaam da ioasafis~

faqtobrivi masala mcdaradaa mowodebuli. mag: mimoixilavs ra kaJdani

`varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorobis ioane damaskelisa da efTvime

aToneliseul Teoriebs, askvnis, rom orive Teoria arsebobda ukve XI s-

Si, magram orive Teoria arsebobs am berZnuli Txzulebis xelnawerisgan

mowyvetiT, mxolod damaskelisa da efTvime aTonelis biografiebSi.

e.xinTibiZis azriT, es varaudi mcdaria, radgan ioane damaskelis

avtorobis Teoriis XI s-iT daTariReba samecniero literaturaSi eWvis

qveSaa dayenebuli. cxadia, a. kaJdani am mosazrebas ayalibebs daaxloebiT

1085 wels, antioqieli beris, miqelis mier arabul enaze daweril `ioane

damaskelis cxovrebaze~ dayrdnobiT, romelsac Tavis droze rogorc

viciT, yuradReba miaqcia delgermac, Tumca cnobis faseulobaSi ar

yofila darwmunebuli. am arabuli cnobisadmi skeptikurad arian

185

ganwyobili rigi mecnierebi: m. TarxniSvili, d. langi, p. devo,S. nucubiZe.

sagulisxmoa, rom es Txzuleba Cvenamde XIII s-is xelnaweriTaa moRweuli,

romelSic arcerTi damaskelis mier Sesrulebuli nawarmoebi naxsenebi

araa. e. xinTibiZe mxars uWers d. langisa da p. devos varauds imis

Taobaze, rom `varlaam da ioasafis~ ioane damaskelis Txzulebad

gamocxadeba `cxovrebis~ XIII s. arabul xelnawerebSi im tradiciebze

dayrdnobiT aris Sesuli, romelic XII-XIII ss. laTinur-berZnul

samyaroSi Seiqmna. rogorc Cans, romeliRac gadamwerma Caamata ioane

damaskelis avtorobis Sesaxeb cnoba, radganac `varlaam da ioasafis~

avtoroba XII-XIII ss. xelnaweris lemis mixedviT, swored sabawmindel

bers, ioane damaskels, miewereboda. e.xinTibiZis azriT, mcdaria a.kaJdanis

varaudi imis Sesaxebac, rom ioane damaskelisa da efTvime mTawmindelis

avtorobis Sesaxeb cnobebi, mxolod maT biografiebSia daculi da es

varaudebi arsebobs berZnuli Txzulebis xelnawerTagan damoukideblad.

cnobilia, rom yvelaze adre damaskelis avtorobas miuTiTeben

Txzulebis laTinuri da berZnuli xelnawerebis lemebi. pirvelad

damaskeli `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorad gamocxadebulia `varlaam da

ioasafis~ meore laTinuri Targmanis XIIs. xelnawerebSi. Semdgom XIII s-

Si Cndeba igive Tvalsazrisi berZnuli xelnawerebis lemebSi, rac imave

xelnawerebSi XV s-dan ufro popularuli xdeba. rac Seexeba efTvime

aTonelis avtorobis sakiTxs, berZnul da laTinur enaze is daculia

swored `varlaam da ioasafis~ xelnawerebSi: laTinur enaze am

Txzulebis pirvel laTinur TargmanSi, romelic Cvenamde XIV s-is

xelnaweriTaa moRweuli. berZnul enaze or xelnawerSi: XIV s-is

parizul xelnawerSi da XI-XII s-is veneciur xelnawerSi. am ukanasknelSi

lema, romelSic efTvimes avtorobis Sesaxebaa naTqvami, fonkiCis

gamokvlevis Tanaxmad XIV-XV ss-Si unda iyos CarTuli. es imas ar

niSnavs, rom cnoba efTvimes avtorobis Sesaxeb berZnul xelnawerebSi

XIV s-dan gaCnda. viciT, rom aseTi saxis lema wamZRvarebuli aqvs

Txzulebis pirvel laTinur Targmans, romelic 1048 welsaa

Sesrulebuli da am TargmanSi Cans, rom lema im berZnuli

xelnaweridanaa gadaRebuli, romlisganac laTinuri Targmani Sesrulda.

186

a. kaJdanis gamokvlevaSi aSkarad SeiniSneba pirvelwyaros

monacemebis saTanadod Seufasebloba. magaliTad, Cven ukve viciT, rom

`varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorobis kvlevaSi mTeli etapi Seqmna p.

peetersis gamokvlevam, sadac pirvelad iyo miTiTebuli am Txzulebis

uZveles laTinur Targmanze (neapolis xelnaweri) da Seswavlili

gaxldaT am xelnaweris lema da anderZi. es laTinuri lema aSkarad unda

momdinareobdes berZnul xelnaweTa im tipis lemisagan, romlebic

efTvimes avtorobaze miuTiTeben. mTargmnelis anderZi ki, rogorc viciT,

iZleva unikalur cnobebs. a. kaJdans miaCnia, rom am laTinuri Targmanis

lema bundovania. e. xinTibiZe Tvlis, rom es sazogadod berZnuli lemis

bundovanebiTaa gamowveuli. laTinur enaze gadatanili unda iyos lemis

erTi varianti, romelic winaaRmdeg sxva mkvlevarTa Tvalsazrisisa

p.peetersi, p.devo, s.yauxCiSvili, a.greguari), xinTibiZis azriT ufro

gviandeli variantia. kaJdani erTmaneTs upirispirebs neapolis

manuskripts, rogorc erTaderTs da gviandels, amave Txzulebis sxva

mraval xelnawers, romlebic XII da Semdgomi saukuneebiT

TariRdebian.Eis ambobs, rom im erTaderT da gviandel xelnawerSi

efTvimea gamocxadebuli avtorad, danarCen mraval da ufro adrindel

xelnawerSi ki ioane damaskelio. Aa. kaJdani ar ukvirdeba im garemoebas,

rom neapolis XIV s-is xelnaweri warmoadgens `varlaam da ioasafis~

pirvel laTinur Targmans. danarCeni xelnawerebi ki iZlevian Txzulebis

sxva laTinur Targmans. kaJdani Tvlis, rom monacemebi winasityvaobasa

da epilogSi areulia. mkvlevars uWirs irwmunos am monaTxrobis

Rirebuleba. misi azriT, mTargmnels informacia efTvimes avtorobis

Sesaxeb, ar aqvs am ukanasknelis Tanamedrovisgan gagebuli. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi, rTuli asaxsneli iqneboda efTvimes mier Txzulebis induri

enidan Targmna. e. xinTibiZis azriT, a. kaJdans Ralatobs istorikosis

alRo roca Tvlis, rom am tipis Secdoma miuTiTebs gviandel

gamyalbebelze, romelic efTvimes saxels Segnebulad rTavs TxzulebaSi.

es rom ase iyos, Tu vinme Segnebulad daukavSirebda nawarmoebs efTvime

qarTvelis saxels, mas is faqtic kargad ecodineboda, rom Txzuleba

qarTulidan unda eTargmna efTvimes da ara induridan. e. xinTibiZis

azriT, es areuloba SesaZloa ucnob laTinel mTargmnels davabraloT,

187

romelmac cota ram Tu icis efTvimes Sesaxeb. man icis, rom Txzuleba

`wminda kacma efTvimem~ Targmna berZnulad da aseve icis is faqtic, rom

es ambavi berZnulad mTargmnels Soreuli indoeTidan moutanes. am

monacemTa safuZvelze, gulubryvilod wers ucnobi laTineli

mTargmneli, rom efTvimem Txzuleba induridan Targmnao.

rac Seexeba eqvTimes abazgur stilsa Tu mTargmnelis abazgur

warmoSobas. eqvTimes abazgad moxseniebac kaJdans gviani gadamweris

Secdoma hgonia. e. xinTibiZis azriT, is aqac cdeba, radgan eqvTime

aTonelis qarTuli, anu iberiuli warmoSobis aRsaniSnavad, termini

abazgi berZnul-laTinur wyaroebSi X_XII ss-Si gaCndeboda. saqme imaSia,

rom dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTulad `afxazeTi~, berZnulad misi

Sesatyvisi `abazgia~ ewodeba VIII s-dan. XI s-dan ki qarTvelTa

gaerTianebuli samefos, xelisuflebis tituli afxazTa (abazgTa)

saxeliT iwyeboda.

e. xinTibiZe miiCnevs, rom kaJdanis narkvevSi, `varlaam da ioasafis~

problematikis kvleva damyarebulia moZvelebul Sexedulebebze da

samecniero Sromebze. mag: `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorad efTvimes

gamocxadebis sasargeblod erT_erTi yvelaze Zveli cnoba gaxlavT

efTvimes mamis, ioanes `anderZi~, Sedgenili daaxloebiT 1002 wels. am

anderZSi mocemulia nusxa efTvimes mier dawerili wignebisa. nusxaSi

mexuTe adgilas moxseniebulia `TargmanebaÁ balavarisi~. es xelnaweri

Cvenamde moRweulia 1048 wlis xelnaweriT (quTaisis muzeumis #20;

yofili gelaTis 20). Aa.kaJdani am Zvirfas wyaros ar ganixilavs, magram

cdilobs mis faseulobaSi mkiTxveli daaeWvos. is miuTiTebs, rom ioanes

`anderZi~ Cvenamde 3 xelnaweriTaa moRweuli da “varlaam da ioasafi”

mxolod erT-erT maTganSi ixsenieba. a. kaJdanis azriT, masSi am

Txzulebis moxsenieba gadamweris CanarTad miaCnia efTvimes avtorobis

erT-erT damcvels r.volfs. e.xinTibiZe am uzustobas Semdegnairad xsnis:

1. ioanes `anderZis~ Cvenamde moRweul xelnawerTa Soris yvelaze Zvelia

gelaTis XI s-is xelnaweri, sadac `varlaam da ioasafi~ efTvimes

TxzulebaTa Soris saxeldeba. 2. r. volfis gamokvleva 1937 welsaa

dawerili da emyareba am cnobis iseT interpretirebas, romelic im dros

arsebobda qarTul samecniero wreebSi. es interpretacia emyareboda im

188

Tvalsazriss, rom `anderZSi~ CamoTvlilia efTvimes mier berZnulidan

qarTulad naTargmni Txzulebani da maTSi Tavdapirvelad adgili ar

unda hqonoda `varlaam da ioasafs~, radgan is qarTulidan berZnuladaa

naTargmni efTvimes mier. 3. dRes ioanes `anderZi~ sxvagvaradaa

gaazrebuli. anu miiCneva, rom aq moyvanilia zogadad efTvimes

TxzulebaTa nusxa da ara mxolod berZnulidan qarTulad naTargmni

Txzulebebisa. gviandel xelnawerebSi `balavarianis~ amoRebis faqti

unda gamowveuliyo im mizeziT, rom ucnobma redaqtorma Tu gadamwerma

ar icoda, rom `TargmanebaÁ balavarisi~ efTvimes mier berZnulad

dawerili Txzulebaa. amave dros mas unda scodnoda, rom qarTulad

arsebuli `balavariani~ (`sibrZne balavarisa~ da `iodasafis cxovreba~)

efTvimes mier dawerili Txzuleba ar yofila. Ee. xinTibiZes ukvirs, Tu

ratom ver moipova a. kaJdanma ioanes `anderZis~ axali interpretaciis

Sesaxeb cnoba, romelic qarTul, germanul da rusul enebzec

gamoqveynda. a. kaJdani aseve martivad cdilobs gaaufasuros eqvTimes

avtorobis damadasturebel meore cnobac. 1042_1044 wlebSi didi

qarTveli mwerlis, aTonis iverTa monastris winamZRvris,

marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mier wmindanad Seracxuli giorgi

aTonelis mier daweril `ioanes da efTvimes~ cxovrebaSi garkveviTaa

miTiTebuli, rom efTvimem qarTulidan berZnulad Targmna

`balavarianio~. es Txzuleba Cvenamde moRweulia ara gviandeli, aramed

XI saukunisave, kerZod 1072 wlis, aTonis mTaze gadawerili

xelnaweriT.Aam SemTxvevaSi, a. kaJdani amodis J.garitis mosazrebidan,

romelic Tvlis rom ucnobia, Tu romel wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, Tu

aseTebi arsebobda, gvawvdis efTvimes biografi informacias

`balavarianis~ Targmnis Sesaxeb. (J. garitis azriT, peetersis TargmanSi

Secdomebia daSvebuli da iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom giorgim es

gancxadeba gaakeTa anderZebze dayrdnobiT). e. xinTibiZe miiCnevs, rom

J.garitis mier peetersis Targmanis Tavisebur interpretacias, aranairi

saerTo ara aqvs wm.giorgi aTonelis cnobis mniSvnelobasa da

faseulobasTan. mecniers miaCnia, rom Taviseburia is konteqsti,

romelSic es cnoba ikiTxeba. is SeiZleba peetersis msgavsad iqnas

gaazrebuli. kerZod, wm. efTvimes mier Targmnil TxzulebaTa anderZebi

189

miuTiTeben, rom man qarTulidan berZnulad Targmna `balavariani~. es

konteqsti: `viTarca wameben mis mier TargmnilTa wignTa Sina aRwerilni

anderZni~. SesaZloa gaazrebul iqnas isec, rom es ukanaskneli miTiTeba

ekuTvnodes ara `balavarianis~ Targmnas qarTulidan berZnulad, aramed

sazogadod, sxva wignebs, romlebic efTvimem berZnulidan qarTulad

Targmna. vfiqrobT, es garemoeba ar ukargavs fass giorgi mTawmindelis

cnobis pirvelxarisxovan mniSvnelobas. Tanac, dRes specialur

literaturaSi ukve damtkicebulia, rom giorgi aTonels, werda ra

`iovanesa da efTvimes cxovrebas~, xelSi eWira werilobiTi dokumentebi,

romelSic miTiTebuli iyo eqvTimes mier qarTulidan berZnul enaze

naTargmni literatura. giorgi mTawmindelis, rogorc eqvTimes

biografis erT-erTi ZiriTad wyaroa `wm.efTvimes svinaqsaruli cxovreba~,

romelic dawerilia 1928-29 wlebSi aTonis mTaze, efTvimes

gardacvalebidan mokle droSi. savaraudoa, rom am Txzulebis avtori

iyos basil bagratis Ze, romelsac cota mogvianebiT am svinaqsaruli

cxovrebis safuZvelze, wm. efTvimes sagalobelic dauweria. sviqsarul

cxovrebaSi efTvimeze naTqvamia, rom mas ara mxolod berZnulidan

uTargmnia qarTulad Rrma da Znelad saTargmni wignebi, aramed

ramodenime maTgani, qarTulidan berZnulad uTargmnia. cnobilia, rom wm.

efTvimes gardacvalebis Semdeg, giorgi mTawmindelis Txzulebis

daweramde, aTonis mTaze, qarTvel moRvaweTa wreSi iwereba himnebi wm.

efTvimeze. amave dros aqve iwereba qarTuli himni wm.iodasafze. cota

ufro adre, qarTveli moRvaweebi himns weren wm. iodasafze, sabawmindis

qarTul literaturul wreSic. dRevandel specialur samecniero

literaturaSi miCneulia, rom efTvimesa da iodasafze paralelurad

qarTveli moRvaweebis mier himnebis wera unda aixsnas im faqtiT, rom

qarTvelebma icodnen, rom rom `varlaam da ioasafi~ berZnulad

aRwerili iyo efTvimes mier da am orive wmindanis saxelis damkvidrebas

cdilobdnen msoflio saeklesio praqtikaSi.

a. kaJdani, sagangebod exeba samecniero literaturaSi aseve adre

SeniSnul mimarTebas `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebisa~ `Teodore

edeselis cxovrebasTan~. is darwmunebulia, rom am Txzulebebs aqvT

erTmaneTTan msgavseba, rac gamoixateba xan erTnairi motivebis

190

aqcentirebaSi, xan indoeTis erTnairad lokalizebaSi, xanac erTnair

citatebSi. mkvlevari grZnobs im faqts, rom am `cxovrebis~ Seqmnis

sakiTxi sakmaod burusiTaa moculi, magram is mainc cdilobs Txzuleba

IX s. sabawmindis literaturul wreebTan daakavSiros, sadac misi

saboloo daskvniT, `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebasac~ moeZebneba

adgili. e. xinTibiZe ki Tvlis, rom `Teodore edeselis cxovrebiT~

`varlaam da ioasafis~ warmoSobis sakiTxis kvleva TiTqmis uperspeqtivo

cdaa, ramdenadac erTi ucnobiT meore ucnobis amocnoba SeuZlebelia.

miuxedavad amisa, am or Zeglze msjelobisas gasaTvaliswinebelia

Semdegi garemoebac. `Teodore edeselis cxovrebis~ Cvenamde moRweuli

redaqcia aSkarad atarebs gviandeli kompilaciis niSnebs. am Txzulebis

Cvenamde moRweuli uZvelesi xelnaweri aTonis mTazea gadawerili 1023

wels cnobili kaligrafis, Teofanes mier. Teofanes mier aRweril am

berZnul manuskriptSi, garda am cxovrebisa sxva Txzulebebicaa

Setanili. erT-erTi maTgani _ `wm. bagrat tavromenielis cxovreba~ wm.

efTvime aTonels uTargmnia qarTulad X s. 80-ian wlebSi. aqedan Cans,

rom Teofaneze adre, im Txzulebebze, romelsac es ukanaskneli arCevda

gadasanusxad, efTvimesac miuwvdeboda xeli. mecnieri kategoriuli

daskvnebisagan Tavs ikavebs. Tumca, is varaudic ar iqneba gamoricxuli,

romelic qarTul mecnierebaSia gamoTqmuli. kerZod, `Teodore edeselis

cxovrebaSi~ zogierTi siuJetis CarTva swored aTonis mTaze unda

momxdariyo Teofanes kaligrafiuli moRvaweobis wina periodSi. saqme

exeba am `cxovrebaSi~ CarTul miqel sabawmindelis wamebis epizods. saqme

is aris, rom `miqel sabawmindelis wameba~ qarTul enaze arsebobs

damoukidebeli Txzulebis saxiT. is qarTulad dawerilia, an

Targmnilia arabulidan IX s. bolos, an X s. dasawyisSi da Cvenamde

moRweulia aTonis mTaze daculi xelnaweri, romelic X s. TariRdeba.

qarTul wyaroebSi daculia sarwmuno cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom efTvime

mTawmindelma `balavarianTan~ erTad, es Txzulebac Targmna berZnul

enaze. da bolos, teqstualuri SedarebiT mtkicdeba, rom `Teodore

edeselis cxovrebis~ berZnul TxzulebaSi Setanili siuJeti miqel

sabawmindelis wamebis Sesaxeb warmoadgens, aTonis mTis qarTul

xelnawerebSi daculi, `miqel sabawmindelis wamebis~ Targmans.

191

a.YkaJdanis TvalsazrisiT, `varlaam da ioasafis~ Seqmnis qronologiuri

sazRvrebia VIII s. meore naxevridan XI s. dasawyisamde. misi azriT, is

monakveTi, romelSic lokalizdeba `varlaam da ioasafis~ Seqmna aris IX

saukune. am daSvebas is amyarebs im garemoebaze dayrdnobiT, rom VIII-IX

ss. sabas lavraSi mimdinareobs intensiuri literaturuli muSaoba

arabul, berZnul da qarTul enebze. `balavariansac~ am kuTxiT aTavsebs

mecnieri drois am periodSi.

msjelobs ra a. kaJdani `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorobis sakiTxTanA

dakavSirebiT, is, iseve rogorc sxva misi winamorbedi mkvlevarebi,

yuradRebas aCerebs Txzulebis lemaSi moxseniebul sabas monastris ber

ioaneze, romelmac es ambavi moitana wminda qalaqSi. is cdilobs, rom

erT-erT sabawmindel ioanes miaweros am Txzulebis Targmna berZnulad,

romlis zusti identifikacia rTulia. leontiusis `stefane

sabawmindelis cxovrebaSi~ moixsenieba vinme ioane, stefanes mowafe,

romelic erTxans damaskels usmenda da mere episkoposic gaxda. kaJdani

Tvlis, rom SesaZloa es ioanea avtori, radgan leontiusi mas

TxzulebaSi axasiaTebs, rogorc ambebis momTxrobs da SesaZloa

`varlaam da ioasafis~ legendac misi motanili iyos. e. xinTibiZes

miaCnia, rom amgvari axsna nawarmoebis Seqmnis periodisa da avtorobis

sakiTxisa ar aris marTebuli. am mimarTulebiT SeuZlebelia raRac

daskvnebi gakeTdes, Tu ar iqneba gaazrebuli: p. peetersis, p. devosa da

f.alkenis argumentebi. esenia: XI s. dasawyisamde (xinTibiZis dazustebiT

X s. damlevamde), ar Cans berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ arc

xelnawerebi, arc damowmeba svinaqsarebSi saxelebisa _ varlaami da

ioasafi; berZnul enaze ar Cans arc raime miniSneba am Txzulebisa.

delgeri uTiTebs, rom svinaqsarebSi, romlebic Ziridadad XII-XIII ss-Sia

Seqmnili, ukve ikiTxeba zogierTi axali wmindanis saxeli. ase rom, maTSi

mosalodneli iyo orive wmindanis xseneba miuxedavad imisa XIs.

dasawyisSi iyo es Txzuleba dawerili Tu ufro adre. alkenma daadgina,

rom es svinaqsarebi mTlianad efuZnebian Xs. prototipebs da maTSi

wmindanebis _ varlaamisa da ioasafis mouxseniebloba miT ufro

sakvirveli da moulodnelia, Tu maTi `cxovreba~ berZnul enaze daiwera

da gavrcelda Xs-mde. Txzulebis Seqmnis adgilad sabawmindis

192

gamocxadeba ki Zveli varaudia, romelic Tavidan Camoayalibes

f.zotenbergma da f.delgerma. es varaudi, romelic efuZneboda

Txzulebis lemaSi, sabawmindeli beris, ioanes moxseniebas, SemdgomSi

uaryofil iqna. SedarebiT axal samecniero literaturaSi SeniSnulia,

rom faqtobrivi masala `varlaam da ioasafis~ Seqmnis adgilad aTonis

mTas uWers mxars. Cvens dromde am Txzulebis 140-ze meti xelnaweria

moRweuli. maTi didi umravlesoba aTonis mTas ukavSirdeba. oTxive

uZvelesi xelnaweri, romelTac f.delgeri Xs. dasasrulisad miiCnevda,

delgerisve azriT warmoSobiT aTonis mTidanaa. aTonis mTas unda

ukavSirdebodes am Txzulebis uZvelesi TariRiani, 1021 wlis kievis

xelnaweri. aTonis lavridan yvelaze meti xelnaweri, “ivironidan”,

wm.eqvTimes monastridan momdinareobs. amas unda daematos is cnobac, rom

XIs. pirveli naxevridan aTonis mTidan momdinareobs ramdenime cnoba,

romelic am Txzulebas aTonis mTaze Seqmnilad Tvlian da wminda

efTvimes ukavSireben.: ioane aTonelis `anderZi~ (daaxloebiT 1001w.),

wm.giorgi aTonelis Txzuleba (1042-1044), berZnuli xelnawerebis lema

wm.efTvimes avtorobaze miTiTebiT, romelic 1048 wels ukve laTinuradaa

Targmnili. es argumentebi miuTiTeben imas, rom Txzuleba im adgilasaa

Seqmnili, saidanac daiwyo misi gavrceleba da sadac pirvelad iwyeba

misi xseneba. es ki aTonis mTaa.

rac Seexeba kaJdanis Tvalsazriss `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorTan

dakavSirebiT, rom es unda iyos sabawmindeli ioane, igive leontiosis

`stefane sabawmidelis cxovrebaSi~ moxseniebuli stefanes mowafe,

saintereso ambavTa mTxrobeli ioane. ukve iTqva, rom es varaudi unda

momdinareobdes amave Txzulebis uZvelesi variantidan, sadac

dasaxelebulia am ambis momtani, wminda sabas monastris beri ioane. es

ioane an ambis momtania erTi adgilidan meoreze, an ambis momTxrobi.

amave ioane sabawmindelSi Txzulebis avtoris Ziebis gziT midiodnen

uZveles berZnul da laTinur xelnawerTa gadamwerlebi. maT es ambis

momtani ioane gaaigives ioane damaskelTan, sxva xelnawerebSi ioane

sinelTan da ioane tabenisielTan. aseTi gaigiveba kidev ufro logikurad

gveCveneba, vidre kaJdanis cda hagiografiuli nawarmoebis gmiri ioane

miiCnios nawarmoebis avtorad. e. xinTibiZis azriT, `varlaam da ioasafis~

193

lemis ioane ufro sarwmunoa, rom iyos Txzulebis avtorTan wignis,

xelnaweris mimtani, romelic Semdeg uTargmnia da gadaumuSavebia avtors.

amaze metyvelebs Txzulebis Sesavalic. Tu vin SeiZleba iyos es ioane,

amaze mravali varaudi SeiZleba gamoiTqvas imis mixedviT, Tu vis

miviCnevT nawarmoebis avtorad. vTvliT ra efTvimes avtorad,

SesaZlebelia am ioaneSi vigulisxmod ori RvTismosavi kacidan erTi:

eqvTimes mama an biZa, romlebic axalgazrda efTvimes saTargmnelad

wignebs urCevdnen, romlebsac marTlac mohqondaT wignebi

aRmosavleTidan da romelTac orives iovane erqvaT.

ukanaskneli wlebis gamokvlevebi Cven ufro saintereso varaudebze

migvaniSnebs. Zveli qarTuli mravalTavebis mkvlevarma miSel van

esbrokma erT-erT uZveles palimfsestur mravalTavSi (xelnawerTa

institutis _ 737) miagno wm. stefanes sagalobels zedwarweriT:

`povnebaÁ wmidisa stefanesi pirvel diakonisa da pirvel mowamisa.

Tqmuli sifarisa iovane sabanelisaÁ~. mkvlevarma erT Tavis gamokvlevaSi

es iovane `varlaam da ioasafis~ lemis ioanes daukavSira, ramdenadac,

misi varaudiT, `sifari~, arabuli `safaridan~ unda momdinareobdes da

mogzaurs, Sikriks niSnavdes.

e. xinTibiZem yuradReba miaqcia elene metrevelis erT gamokvlevas

`siaxleni ioasafis himnis Sesaxeb~. kerZod, X s. dasasruls Tu XIs.

dasawyisSi sabawmindis qarTul skriptoriumSi mimdinareobs Zveli

qarTuli eklesiis saeklesio praqtikis Sesabamisad Seqmnili

liturgiuli krebulis gadamuSaveba da Sexameba axal, konstantinopolis

saeklesio praqtikasTan. aq Seqmnili Tu gadamuSavebuli krebulebi

SemdgomSi Cans aTonis qarTul saliteraturo skolaSi. maTze Semdgom

muSaobas agrZeleben aToneli qarTveli mwignobrebi. am gziT mivida

`iodasafis himni~ ierusalimidan aTonze. sabawmidis qarTvel moRvaweTa

skriptoriums ki xelmZRvanelobda ioane golgoTeli, romlis Sesaxeb

erT-erT anderZSic ikiTxeba. SesaZloa, es ioane golgoTelic

vigulisxmod ambis momtan ioaned, romlis brZanebiT gadawerili wignebi

da Sedgenili krebulebi SemdgomSi aTonis mTaze Cans.

vfiqrobT, rom berZnuli redaqciis avtoris kvlevis procesSi

gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi garemoebebi: erTmaneTTan unda Sejerdes

194

`varlaam da ioasafis~ yvela berZnuli xelnaweri. unda dazustdes yvela

maTganSi Txzuleba zustad erTi da imave Semadgenlobisaa, Tu

gamosayofia redaqciebi da variantebi. unda dadgendes, Tu ra saxis

cvlilebebi ganicada teqstma saukuneTa manZilze. (mag: dasturdeba, rom

“varlaam da ioasafis” erTi XI s-is xelnaweri, romelic moTavsebulia

moskovis yofil sinodalur biblioTekaSi, romelic erT dros aTonis

iberTa monastris kuTvnilebas warmoadgenda, inaxavs minis gamocemasTan

SedarebiT sagrZnoblad mokle teqsts.). unda dadgindes berZnuli

`varlaam da ioasafis~ teqstualuri mimarTeba qarTuli `balavarianis~

or redaqciasTan _ mokle Tbilisur A redaqciasTan (“sibrZne

balahvarisa”), romelic X-XI saukuneebs unda miekuTvnos da vrcel,

ierusalimur, BBredaqciasTan, romelsac SesaZloa, xelnaweris

tradiciis Tanaxmad, `iodasafis cxovrebac~ ewodos( IX-Xss.). dRes

kvlevis aqcenti esaa teqstis filologiuri analizi, kerZod, Txzulebis

Cvenamde moRweuli berZnuli, qarTuli da arabuli redaqciebis

urTierTmimarTebis kvleva (36, ix.52-78). e.xinTibiZem, romelmac Seadara

erTmaneTs qarTuli, arabuli da berZnuli redaqciebi, safuZvlianad

daasabuTa, rom qarTuli mokle redaqcia warmoadgens vrcelis

Semoklebas da rom savsebiT SesaZlebelia, arabuli wyarodan modiodes

A ierusalimuri redaqcia, aqedan ki B Tbilisuri. xolo berZnuli

redaqcia, qarTuli vrceli redaqciidan umda momdinareobdes.

Sesabamisad, redaqciebis analizis Sedegi, efTvime aTonelis

sasargeblod metyvelebs da ara IX s. sabawmindeli beris ioanesi,

romelic mxolod efTvimesTvis indoeTidan ambis mimtanad unda

vivaraudoT (38,333).

`varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorisa da Seqmnis periodis kvlevis

procesSi, sainteresoa erTi faqtoric, rac amavdroulad Cveni interesis

sagans warmoadgens. kerZod, bizantiis socialur-politikursa da

kulturul cxovrebaSi sad da rodis iyo saWiroeba, pirobebi, mizezebi

imisa, rom gaCeniliyo iseTi hagiografiuli romani, rogoricaa `varlaam

da ioasafi~, romlis siuJetia warmarTuli qveynis gaqristianebis ambavi,

romelic qarTuli literaturisTvisac ucxo ar yofila, radgan berZnul

`varlaam da ioasafamde~ arsebobda qarTuli `balavariani~. arasworia

195

a.kaJdanis varaudi imis Taobaze, rom `balavariani~ Tavisi berZnuli,

arabuli da qarTuli mimarTebiT srulyofilad Tavsdeba VIII_IX ss.

sabawmindis monastris intensiur literaturul saqmianobaSi. sworia is

faqti, rom X s. sabawmindaSi marTlac gansakuTrebuli literaturuli

urTierTobaa berZen, arab da qarTvel qristian moRvaweTa Soris.

`balavarianis~ romans am urTierTobasTan garkveuli mimarTebac aqvs,

magram faqtia, rom `balavarianis~ arabuli, qarTuli da berZnuli

redaqciebi sami sxvadasxva epoqis, ideologiisa da literaturuli

formis nawarmoebebia da samive maTgani IXs. sabawmindis qristian mamaTa

literaturuli urTierTobis interesebSi ver Tavsdeba. samecniero

literaturaSi miTiTebulia, rom dasaxelebuli literaturuli

ureTierTobis garemocvaSi unda yofiliyo Seqmnili am Txzulebis

qarTuli versia. es niSnebi ikveTeba nawarmoebis zomier qristologiur

ideologiaSi. arabuli redaqciac am wreSi ver Seiqmneboda radgan, mas

sxva garemocvidan moaqvs am wreSi aRmosavluri igavuri da romanuli

siuJeti, Serwymuli mahmadianobis zomier apologetikasTan. sabawmindis

kulturuli garemo religiuri SemwynareblobiTa da literaturuli

TanamSromlobiT xasiaTdeba. berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafi~ ki,

gansxvavebiT misi winamorbedi arabuli da qarTuli redaqciebisagan,

aZlierebs polemikur da dogmatur stils. Zveli _ Semwynarebluri

literaturuli stilidan mas auRia bevri elementi, magram e. xinTibiZe

amas imiT xsnis, rom berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafi~ gadaTargmna da

gadamuSavebaa swored dasaxelebul garemocvaSi Seqmnili qarTuli

`iodasafis cxovrebisa~. magram amas miuRia axali literaturuli forma,

romelic swored X saukunis dasasrulis kvals atarebs. esaa swored is

metafrasuli hagiografiuli stili, romelic aSkarad SeiniSneba

romanSi. Cvenamde moRweuli es Txzuleba aSkarad metafrasuli Zeglia,

amas TviT avtoric afiqsirebs. misi TqmiT, nawarmoebi `sarwmuno

Canawerebis metafrasirebas~ warmoadgens. metafrasuli stili ki X

saukunis 80-iani wlebidan mkvidrdeba bizantiur mwerlobaSi da isic

konstantinopolis literaturul garemocvaSi. swored amitom, `varlaam

da ioasafi~ aTonis mTis kuTvnilebaa (34,ix.125-136).

196

CvenTvis sainteresoa, ra iyo is stimuli, rac biZgs miscemda X

saukunis dasasruls, aTonis mTaze, bizantiuri samonastro korporaciis

centrSi, im literaturuli saqmianobis wamowyebas, romelic bizantiuri

literaturis Sedevris, `varlaam da ioasafis~ SeqmniT dagvirgvinda?

e. xinTibiZe am stimuls ori garemoebiT xsnis. pirveli, es aris

qarTvelebis SeWra aTonis mTis samonastro korporaciis cxovrebaSi,

maTi uzado saqmianoba aTonis qarTul saliteraturo skolaSi X

saukunis gasuls, ramac bizantiis saero da sasuliero wreebis

yuradReba miiqcia. es erTis mxriv gamowveuli iyo qarTveli

didgvarovnebis daxmarebiT konstantinopolis samefo karisadmi, rodesac

barda skliarosi ajanyda da meores mxriv, maTi simdidriT, rac

qarTvelTa mier aTonis mTis berZenTa monastrebis uxvad dasaCuqrebaSi

gamoixata. meore garemoeba, sadac qarTvelebs pretenzia aucileblad

eqnebodaT, rom Tavi gamoeCinaT, es iyo sulieri da inteleqtualuri

sfero. aTonis monastris damaarseblis wminda ioanesa da misi Svilis,

eqvTimes mTavari devizi iyo literaturuli saxis sasuliero moRvaweoba.

am literaturuli skolis saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba iyo

qarTuli RvTismsaxurebis axal, konstantinopolis saeklesio

praqtikasTan daaxloeba da dogmatikuri, kanonikuri da liturgikuli

wignebis axali redaqciebis Seqmna. es saqme sabawmindaSi iyo dawyebuli,

magram gagrZeleba aTonze xdeboda. am saqmianobaSi naTlad gamoCnda, rom

qarTuli saeklesio praqtika icnobda zogierTi iseTi wmindanis saxels

da qarTulad arsebobda iseTi `wmindanTa~ cxovrebanic da sagaloblebi,

romlebic ucnobi iyo berZnuli eklesiisaTvis da aseTebi pirvel rigSi

iyvnen wmindanebi _ varlaami da ioasafi. da maT saxelebTan

dakavSirebuli literaturuli Zeglebi. savaraudoa, rom es garemoeba

qarTvel mwignobrebs miscemda stimuls SeevsoT berZnuli kalendris es

xarvezi da amiT berZenTa winaSe warmoeCinaT rogorc qarTuli eklesiis

praqtikisa da literaturis simdidre, aseve sakuTari inteleqtualuri

SesaZleblobani. meore momenti, rac gamoiwvevda im epoqaSi `varlaam da

ioasafis cxovrebis~ berZnuli redaqciis Seqmnas aris is, rom romanis

fabula savaraudod Zalze popularuli unda yofiliyo imdroindel

saero da sasuliero wreebSi. e. xinTibiZis azriT, a. kaJdani am sakiTxTan

197

dakavSirebiTac cdeba, roca Tvlis, rom aTonis mTaze, efTvime aTonelis

dros, es problematika aqtualuri ar iyo. e. xinTibiZis azriT, sworedac

rom X saukunis dasasrulisaTvis, `varlaam da ioasafis~ gadamuSavebis

dros, bizantiis socialur-politikur da kulturul cxovrebaSi Cans

saWiroeba imisa, rom gaCeniliyo es romani.

naTelia, rom `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ ZiriTadi idea aris

propaganda qristianobis gasavrceleblad. am Txzulebis fabulis

safuZveli mefis vaJis mier warmarTuli qveynis qristianobaze moqcevaa.

sayurdReboa rom, berZnuli versiis avtors, aqcenti warmarTobasTan

polemikasa da qristianobis gavrcelebaze gadaaqvs. e. xinTibiZis azriT,

amgvari Txzulebis Seqmna X saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasasrulisaTvis

bizantiis samefo karisa da qristianuli eklesiis interesebis

gadaudebel saWiroebas warmoadgenda. saqme is aris, rom bizantiuri

diplomatiis yvelaze didi problema am droisaTvis iyo moRvaweoba

imperiis Crdiloeli didi da mZvinvare mezoblis _ ruseTis

gaqristianebisaTvis. rogorc bizantiis saistorio wyaroebi miuTiTeben,

CrdiloeTis warmarT mezoblebTan, paWanikebTan, bulgarelebTan da

rusebTan saerTo enis gamonaxva bizantiis diplomatiis umTavresi

sakiTxi gaxldaT. am diplomatiis mTavari iaraRi ki qristianobis

gavrceleba iyo.

Bjer kidev adrindel Sua saukuneebSi bizantiis imperiis samefo

karis politika gaxldaT, imperiis CrdiloeTiT mcxovreb warmarT da

eretikos xalxTaA qristianobaze moqceva. wyaroebi miuTiTeben, rom

imperatori basili I (867-886) rusebs arwmunebda naTlisRebis gziT sulis

saukuno xsnaSi da ugzavnida maT mTavarepiskopossac. SesaZlebelia aq

slavur tomebze iyos laparaki. AZalze rTuli da tragikuli iyo

bizantiis urTirTobebis peripetiebi bulgareTis samefoebTan. Bbizantiis

diplomatiam moaxerxa da 864 wels bulgarTa mefe borisma miiRo

qristianoba, iwoda mixailad da monaTla Tavisi xalxi. miuxedavad amisa,

mainc iyo bulgareTsa da bizantias Soris xangrZlivi SuRli da

dapirisapireba, rac sabolood dasrulda bulgareTis damarcxebiT. 1018

wels es samefoc imperias SeuerTda provinciis statusiT. bizantielebi

did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen aseve CrdiloeT mravalricxovan

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mezobelTan, paWanikebTan urTierTobas. bizantia Tvlida, rom

paWanikebTan megobruli urTierToba gadawyvetda maT damokidebulebas

rusebTan da bulgarelebTan. M mas Semdeg rac bizantiam bulgareTi

daipyro, paWanikebi ufro axlo mezoblebad iqcnen bizantiis imeriisTvis.

axali mezobeli Zalze mravalricxovani, Zlieri da agresiuli iyo.

imperia uZluri iyo misTvis winaaRmdegobis gasawevad. paWanikebTan da

bulgareTTan urTierTobis aseTma ganviTarebam ganapiroba is, rom XI s.

Sua wlebidan ruseTis problema bizantiis diplomatiis umTavres

sakiTxad iqca. am diplomatiis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba ki is iyo, rom

ruseTi bizantias megobrad unda gaexada.

xangrZlivi perepetiebis Semdgom, imperator basilisa da ruseTis

mTavris, vladimiris, mmarTvelobis dros, es moxerxda. diplomatiuri

garigebis Tanaxmad, vladimirma colad SeirTo imperatoris da, princesa

ana da TviTon ki qristianad moinaTla. amas mohyva ruseTis

qristianobaze moqceva. es iyo 988 Tu 989 weli. amiT daiwyo Zalze

xangrZlivi megobroba da ekonomikuri urTierToba ruseTsa da bizantias

Soris. rodis unda yofiliyo ufro drouli da popularuli bizantiis

samefo karsa da saeklesioo wreebSi “varlaam da ioasafis

sulismargebeli romanis” mimzidveli fabula _ ambavi gaqristianebuli

ufliswulisa, qristianobasa da warmarTobas Soris dapirispirebis,

samyaros qristianul da araqristianul nawilebad gayofis, qristianobis

absoluturi triumfis Taobaze: Tu ara swored X saukunis bolo

aTaswleulSi _ kievis ruseTis gaqristianebis rogorc uSualod wina

wlebSi, aseve ufro metad momdevno aTwleulSi?! e.xinTibiZe miiCnevs, rom

am garemoebisaTvis efTvimes avtorobis damcvel medievistebs aqamde

yuradReba ar hqondaT miqceuli. `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnul romans

didi popularoba moupovebia TviTon kievis ruseTSi sakmaod adre.

sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom am Txzulebis uZvelesi berZnuli TariRiani

xelnaweri dResac kievis wignTsacavebSi inaxeba da gadawerilia 1021

wels, jer kidev efTvimes sicocxleSi. Daris meore faqtoric, am

berZnul Txzulebas adreve upovia gza berZnul literaturaSi. `varlaam

da ioasafis~ Cvenamde moRweuli Zveli rusuli Targmani Sesrulebulia

uSualod berZnuli enidan kievis ruseTSi ara ugvianes XII s. Ppirveli

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periodisa. aTonuri warmoSobisaa agreTve am Txzulebis ori slavuri

redaqcia-serbuli da bulgaruli, XIII_XIV ss. TariRdebian. unda iTqvas

isic, rom Zvel rusul mwerlobaSi, yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli

Txzuleba swored `varlaam da ioasafi~ iyo. Cvenamde moRweuli Zveli

rusuli xelnawerebi am Txzulebis daaxloebiT 1000 egzemplaramde

aRwevs (sruli Tu fragmentuli) (35,ix.174-177).

amgvarad, evropeli da qarTveli mecnierebis gamokvlevebze da

Sexedulebebze dayrdnobiT migvaCnia, rom `varlaam da ioasafi~ qarTuli

`balavarianidan~ berZnulad Targmna da metafrasireba gaukeTa efTvime

aTonelma X saukunis bolos, ruseTis gaqristianebis periodSi, aTonis

mTis monasterSi. qarTuli redaqciis wyaroa arabuli araqristianuli

redaqcia. qarTuli vrceli redaqcia, `iodasafis cxovreba~, gaxlavT

Sualeduri redaqcia aRmosavlur araqristianul Txzulebasa da Rrmad

dogmatikur _ polemikur, berZnul, `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebas~

Soris.

200

aristides aristides aristides aristides `̀̀̀apologiapologiapologiapologiaaaa~~~~ da ioane damaskelis dogmatika da ioane damaskelis dogmatika da ioane damaskelis dogmatika da ioane damaskelis dogmatika `̀̀̀varlaam da varlaam da varlaam da varlaam da

ioasafSiioasafSiioasafSiioasafSi~~~~ da efTvime mTawmindelida efTvime mTawmindelida efTvime mTawmindelida efTvime mTawmindeli

cnobilia, rom Zveli qarTuli literatura msoflio qristianul

mwerlobaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda. es garemoeba ki imiT iyo

ganpirobebuli, rom qarTuli kultura Taviseburi damakavSirebeli xidi

iyo aRmosavlur da dasavlur samyaros Soris. sparsuli da arabuli

gziT mosuli aRmosavluri azrovneba qarTul sinamdvileSi erwymoda

did bizantiur kulturas da erovnul qarTul niadagze originalur

gadamuSavebas da gaazrebas poulobda. aman ganapiroba is faqti, rom

bizantiuri mwerlobis gziT, qarTul samyaros Tavisi wvlili Seutania

Sua saukuneebis zogad_qristianuli literaturuli da sazogadoebriv

filosofiuri azris ganviTarebaSi. swored am Tezisis erT_erTi

damadasturebeli faqtia Sua saukuneebis Zalze popularuli romani

`varlaam da ioasafis cxovreba~ (39,288).

am nawarmoebis gamoCenam berZnul enaze, romlis genezisis, avtorobis

da Seqmnis periodis Sesaxeb Cven ukve vrclad visaubreT da uamravi

qarTveli Tu ucxoeli mecnieris Tvalsazrisi mimovixileT, kidev erTi

dadebiTi Sedegi mogvca. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom nawarmoebis SesaZlo

avtors, berZnul `varlaam da ioasafSi~ gamoyenebuli aqvs II saukunis

berZeni apologetis, aristides `apologia~ TiTqmis sruli saxiT,

romelic VI saukunidan moyolebuli berZnul mwerlobaSi dakargulad

iyo miCneuli. (`varlaam da ioasafSi~ CarTuli `naqoris sityvis~ didi

nawili aristides `apologiis~ berZnuli originalia).

rogorc ukve zeviT iTqva, am `apologiis~ sakuTar enaze migneba

dakavSirebulia mecnier a. robinsonis saxelTan. eZebda ra a. robinsoni

`wminda perpetuas martvilobas~ laTinurenovan martvilobaTa Soris,

SemTxveviT waawyda `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ nawilebs laTinur

enaze. misi yuradReba miiqcies sityvebma, romlebmac mas gaaxsenes

aristides weris stili da azrovneba, rac misTvis cnobili gaxda

`apologiis~ siriuli redaqciis meSveobiT, romelic r. harisma aRmoaCina

sinas mTaze. amiT dainteresebulma a. robinsonma naxa `varlaam da

iodasafis~ berZnuli teqsti, romelic dabeWdili iyo “Patrologia Graeca”-s

201

cnobil seriaSi. igi dabrunda kembrijSi da `varlaam da ioasafis”

berZnuli teqsti Seadara aristides `apologiis~ siriul redaqcias da

darwmunda, rom saqme berZnul originalTan hqonda. berZnuli `varlaam

da ioasafis cxovrebis~ es monakveTi, anu `naqoris sityva~, amoRebul iqna

a.robinsonis mier `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebidan~ da dabeWdili

kembrijis `teqstebsa da gamokvlevebSi~ (53,14).

mas Semdeg, rac gamovlinda efTvime aTonelis damsaxureba berZnuli

mwerlobis winaSe masSi `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ Setanis saxiT,

saWiro gaxda axsna sakiTxisa, Tu ra wyaros unda dayrdnoboda efTvime

aToneli aristides `apologiis~ gamoyenebisas da ra periodSi moxda

aristides `apologiis~ TiTqmis sruli teqstis Setana `varlaam da

ioasafSi~?! am SemTxvevaSi berZnuli wyaro moxsnili iqna im motiviT,

rom berZnul mwerlobaSi is jer kidev VI saukuneSi daikarga, xolo

qarTvel mwerals qarTuli `balavariani~ wyarod ver gamoadgeboda,

radganac TviTonaa `apologiis~ Semtani berZnul samyaroSi. Tumca,

mecnierebaSi SeniSnulia, rom qarTuli `balavarianic~ apologias

Seicavda garkveulwilad. S. nucubiZe miiCnevs, rom efTvime aToneli

iyenebs qarTul wyaroebs, radgan, berZnulisagan gansxvavebiT, aq iyo

sruli kulturuli winapiroba aristides `apologiis~ gasacnobad; misi

azriT, bakuris biografiidan moyolebuli, evstaTisa da abibosis

`wamebaTa~ da qarTuli `balavarianis~ gavliT, gza berZnuli

`balavarianisaken~ midis (18,206).

e. xinTibiZis varaudiT, amaod fiqrobda f. delgeri, rom aToneli

qarTvelebisaTvis gamoricxuli unda yofiliyo am teqstis xelSi

Cagdeba, radganac igi mTeli berZnuli samyarosaTvis dakargulad Cans

ukve V saukunidan. am faqtisAgaTvaliswinebiT, Tu berZnul mwerlobaSi

aristides `apologiis~ teqsti ukve V s-dan aRar Cans, moulodnelia, rom

igi hqonoda VIII saukunis avtors ioane damaskels, romelic `varlaam da

ioasafis cxovrebis~ avtorobis erT-erT pretendentad iyo miCneuli.

meore mxriv, sulac ar aris warmoudgeneli, rom aTonel qarTvel

literatorebs moepovebinaT aristides `apologia~, radgan berZnul

mwerlobaSi V_VI saukunidan gamqrali Zegli, Sua saukuneebs ar

daukargavT. Tu, VI–dan XI saukunemde Zveli berZnuli samyarosaTvis

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aristides `apologia~ dakargulad iTvleba, igi Semoinaxa aRmosavleTis

araberZnulenovanma qristianulma samyarom (38,301). (rogorc zeviT

visaubreT, dReisaTvis am Txzulebis sruli teqsti daculia siriul

enaze. r. harisis mier 1889 wels sinas mTaze napovni teqsti moRweulia VI

s-is xelnaweriT. maSasadame, berZnuli samyarosaTvis VI saukunidan XI

saukunemde dakargulad miCneuli ,,apologiis” arseboba VI saukunis

siriaSi faqtia. r.harisis aRmoCenamde veneciel mxiTaristebs ukve

gamoqveynebuli hqondaT ,,apologiis” somxuri fragmentebi 941 wlis

xelnaweris mixedviT. SemCneulia (zeebergi, raabe) somxuri teqstis

TiTqis sruli msgavseba siriulTan da gamoTqmulia azri am

ukanasknelidan misi momdinareobis Sesaxeb. deeteris azriT, `apologias~

icnobs mesrof_maStocis mowafe eznik kolbelic. SesaZloa, somxuri

Targmanic am dros iyos Sesrulebuli. b. kilanavas azriT, `apologias~

unda icnobdes eRiSec (ix. II Tavi). berZnulenovani samyaro ki, aristides

`apologias~ xelaxla gaecno `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~

meSveobiT XI saukuneSi.

SeeZlo Tu ara efTvime aTonels aRmosavleTis araberZnulenovani

qristianuli samyarodan daebrunebina es Zegli berZnuli qristianuli

samyarosaTvis? migvaCnia, rom es mas SeeZlo. miT umetes, rom VI s-dan

moyolebuli, qarTul qristianul literaturaSi aristides `apologiis~

gamoyenebis uwyveti xazi Cans. qarTul hagiografiul literaturas ki,

aTonis saliteraturo skola udaod iqneboda naziarebi. imis

gaTvaliswinebiTac, rom efTvime aToneli aTonis saliteraturo skolis

erT_erTi yvelaze nayofieri moRvawe da mamamTavari iyo. Tanac,

`apologia~ arsebobda VI_s.AaRmosavlur wyaroebSi, riTac aseve SeeZlo

efTvimes esargebla.E

migvaCnia, rom aristides `apologiis~ CarTva `varlaam da ioasafSi~

gamowveuli iyo sxvadasxva mizezebiT. jer erTi, vfiqrobT, rom

berZnuli Txzulebis avtors, efTvime mTawmindels, unda scodnoda, rom

es nawarmoebi berZnul mwerlobaSi didi xnis manZilze dakarguli iyo.

vfiqrobT, rom man icoda is faqtic, rom aristides `apologiis~

gamoyenebis uwyveti kvali Canda VI saukunidan moyolebuli qarTul

hagiografiul ZeglebSi. `apologia~ icoda saqarTvelom (somxuri an

203

siriuli wyarodan). maSasadame, aristide arsebobda aRmosavleTSi maSin,

rodesac dasavlur mwerlobaSi misi `apologia~ gamqralia. efTvime

aToneli, aristides `apologiis~ CarTviT berZnul `varlaam da

ioasafSi~, mniSvnelovan xarvezs uvsebs bizantiur mwerlobas, rac

gamowveuli iyo VI s-dan berZnul mwerlobaSi aristides `apologiis~

gaqrobis faqtiT. nawarmoebis, romelSic naCvenebia warmarTobasTan

polemika da romlis Tematikac Zalze aqtualuri iyo X s-is bolos

berZnul_bizantiuri mwerlobisaTvis. rogorc Cans, efTvime mTawmindeli

garkveuli miznebisTvis aRadgens `apologias~ berZnul enaze aRmosavlur

wyaroebze dayrdnobiT da Seaqvs `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnul

TxzulebaSi. `apologiis” TiTqmis sruli saxiT Setanas berZnul

`varlaam da ioasafSi~, viqrobT, unda hqondes mniSvnelovani motivi.

migvaCnia rom, efTvime am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs bizantielTa interesebis

dasacavad saerTaSoriso asparezze. kerZod, rogorc ukve viciT, im

periodSi (Xs.), bizantiam moaxerxa ruseTis gaqristianeba. am faqtis

gasamyareblad, saWiro iyo iseTi Txzulebebis arseboba bizantiur

mwerlobaSi, romlebic axladgaqristianebuli ruseTis sarwmunoebriv

pozicias gaamyarebda da did STabeWdilebas moaxdenda. naTelia, rom

`varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ berZnul TxzulebaSi, romelSic

moTxrobilia erTi warmarTuli qveynis gaqristianebis ambavi, romelic

Txzulebis avtors (efTvime mTawmindels) qarTuli `balavarianidan~

gadmouRia X s-is bolos, efTvime mTawmindeli `varlaam da ioasafis~

Txzulebis meSveobiT, srulad aRadgens aristides dakargul nawarmoebs

sakuTar enaze. Mmas ostaturad CaurTavs `varlaam da ioasafSi~

aristides `apologia~, rogorc warmarTobasTan sapolemiko saSualeba,

romelic vfiqrobT, rom mas aRmosavluri wyaroebidan (somxuri,

qarTuli) moupovebia. marTlac, `apologias~ Tavisi misia Seusrulebia.

aristides `apologiis~ meSveobiT, misi polemikuri debulebebis

wyalobiT, romelsac warmosTqvams naqori `varlaam da ioasafSi~,

warmarTuli qveyana xdeba qristiani. Sesabamisad, myardeba

axladgaqristianebuli ruseTis sarwmunoebrivi poziciac, rac im

droisTvis bizantiis didi gamarjveba iyo.

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migvaCnia, rom efTvime aTonels aristides dakargulad miCneuli

`apologia~, romelSic polemikaa warmarTobis winaaRmdeg, sWirdeba, raTa

daasabuTos ruseTis warmarTobidan qristianobaze gadasvla.

rogorc vxedavT, efTvime mTawmindeli ara mxolod `varlaam da

ioasafis~ Semqmnelia bernuli samyarosaTvis, aramed is kidev erTi

berZnuli Txzulebis, aristides `pologiis~ xelmeored Semqmneli da

aRmdgenelia berZnul enaze. sxvas Tu ara, efTvime mTawmindels unda

scodnoda, rom qarTul literaturaSi ukve arsebobda

warmarTobasTanAkritika `balavarianis~ saxiT. romlis aTviseba da

gamoyeneba im drois bizantiur mwerlobaSi, marTlac rom saWiro iyo.

efTvime mTawmindeli, `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ berZnul

TxzulebaSi aqtiurad iyenebs ioane damaskelis bizantiur dogmatikasac.

esec, vfiqrobT, rom mas bizantiis mokavSire axladgaqristianebuli

ruseTis sarwmunoebis gasamyareblad dasWirdeboda.

`varlaam da ioasafis~ doqtrinaluri pozicia saocar damTxvevas

amJRavnebs ioane damaskelis SemoqmedebasTan. es gavlena vlindeba

rogorc azrobriv, ise sityvier formulirebebSic. swored amitom miaCnda

delgers, rom ioane damaskeli iyo am Txzulebis avtori. f.delgeri

gvTavazobs uamrav paralels `varlaamisa da ioasafis~ teqstsa da ioane

damaskelis naSromebs Soris. is miiCnevs, rom ioane damaskeli am

nawarmoebSi iyenebs nawyvetebs Tavisi doqtrinaluri Txzulebebidan da

xSirad sayvarel avtorebsac esesxeba. Tumca, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom

am nawarmoebis Semqmneli yofiliyo ara TviT ioane damaskeli, aramed

nebismieri, vinc kargad icnobda mis Sromebs. Cven migvaCnia, rom efTvime

aToneli iyo swored is pirovneba, vinc ioane damaskels farTod

SemouZRva qarTul literaturaSi. qarTuli eklesia SemdgomSi swored

mis mier gakvalul gzas gahyva. rogorc efTvime aTonelis, ise XI

saukunidan dawyebuli qarTuli eklesiis dogmaturi xazi, esaa ioane

damaskelis orTodoqsuli xazi. d. langmac daamtkica, rom im wyaroTa

umravlesoba, rasac `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtori iyenebs, umetesoba

Tavad avtoris, efTvime mTawmindelis, mier iyo Targmnili da

gavrcelebuli qarTul samyaroSi. is erTgulad exmaureboda

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saqarTvelos saliteraturo wreebis moTxovnebs da qarTul enaze

awvdida maT didi raodenobis berZnul, sasuliero literaturas.

f. delgeri miiCnevs, rom damaskelis TxzulebaTagan `varlaam da

ioasafSi~ ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia `gardamocema~. e. xinTibiZis da

r.miminoSvilis azriT, es gasakviri araa, radgan swored efTvime

aTonelma gadaamuSava ioane damaskelis `gardamocema~ im saxiT, ra

saxiTac CarTulia `varlaam da ioasafSi~. efTvimem `gardamocema~

Seamokla, Seavso sxva wyaroebiT da qarTul enaze gadmoitana

saxelwodebiT `winamZRvari~. mecnierebaSi SeniSnulia, rom `varlaam da

ioasafSi~ moxmobili ioane damaskelis citatebi ufro axlos dgas

efTvimeseul gadamuSavebasTan, vidre sakuTriv damaskelis berZnul

redaqciasTan (38,302).

sainteresoa kidev erTi garemoeba. rogorc specialur literaturaSia

SeniSnuli, `varlaamisa da ioasafis~ qristologia efuZneba

antimonofizitur, antimonoTelitur da xatTmebrZoleobis sawinaaRmdego

doqtrinas, rac arcTu bunebrivi iqneba ioane damaskelis avtorobis

SemTxvevaSi. efTvime mTawmindelis moRvaweobis dros ki, qarTuli

eklesia mezobel monofizitur eklesiasTan polemikaSi swored aseT

poziciaze idga. gansxvavebiT bizantiuri polemikuri literaturis

istoriisgan, qarTuli eklesiisTvis: antimonofizitur, antimonoTelitur

da xatTmebrZoleobis sawinaaRmdego qristologias aqtualuri

mniSvneloba arasodes daukargavs. efTvime aTonelis, rogorc

polemikosis orTodoqsuli poziciac swored am Sinaarsis matarebelia.

sainteresoa is faqti, rom ZiriTad gansxvavebas qarTul `iodasafis

cxovrebasa~ da berZnul `varlaam da ioasafs~ Soris qmnis berZnul

TxzulebaSi arsebuli dogmatur_polemikuri elementi. berZnuli teqsti

aSkara kavSirs avlens bibliasTan da wminda mamaTa nawerebTan. qarTuli

`iodasafis cxovreba~ mxolod siuJetis ganviTarebiT da igavuri

elementiT emsgavseba berZnuls, dogmatur_polemikuri elementisgan

sruliad daclilia. `varlaam da ioasafis~ dogmatur polemikuri nawili

avtoris naazreviT ar unda iyos gavrcobili. teqstSi Setanilia mTeli

Txzulebebi, abzacebi, paragrafebi da debulebebi cnobili Teologebisa:

ioane damaskelis, nemesios emeselis, grigol nazianzelis, basil didis,

206

grigol noselis, ioane oqropiris, maqsime aRmsareblis, grigol

sakvirvelmoqmedis, ioane sinelis, aristides da ucnobi avtorebis sxva

Txzulebebisa. es faqtic metyvelebs imaze, rom qarTuli versia

gardamavali safexuria aRmosavlur araqristianul fabulasa da

berZnul, Rrmad dogmatur `sulismargebel moTxrobas~ Soris.

vfiqrobT, rom efTvime aTonels, berZnul `varlaamisa da ioasafis

cxovrebaSi~, Segnebulad unda CaerTo aristides `apologia~ da ioane

damaskelis `gardamocema~. rogorc iTqva, mas aristides `apologia~

sWirdeba axladgaqristianebuli ruseTis sarwmunoebrivi poziciis

gasamyareblad da amisaTvis is iyenebs aristides polemikur maneras.

amavdroulad, efTvimem aristides `apologiis~ CarTviT berZnul

`varlaam da ioasafSi~, berZnul mwerlobas daubruna dakarguli Zegli.

xolo, ioane damaskelis dogmatikis CarTviT berZnul `varlaam da

ioasafSi~, berZnuli Txzulebis avtori mxars uWers qristianobis

bizantiur, orTodoqsul mimarTulebas, radgan rogorc iTqva,

damaskelis bizantiur dogmatikas misdevs Semdegdroindeli qarTuli

eklesia da sasuliero mwerloba. es SeiZleba moexerxebina iseT did

moRvawes, rogoric gaxldaT efTvime mTawmindeli.

Cven mimovixileT berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ genezisisa da

avtorobis ESesaxeb mecnierTa Sexedulebebi. visaubreT aseve X s-is

damlevs bizantiis eklesiisaTvis berZnul enaze warmarTobis

sawinaaRmdego Txzulebis gaCenis aucileblobaze. SevexeT aristides

`apologiis~ sakiTxs. `apologiis~, romelic VI s-dan gamqrali iyo

berZnuli mwerlobidan da romelic, `varlaam da ioasafis~ meSveobiT,

saukuneebis Semdgom, garkveuli aucileblobisaTvis aRadgina sakuTar

enaze nawarmoebis avtorma, romelic Cveni azriT efTvime mTawmindelia.

Cven SevexeT mravali mecnieris arguments, romelic efTvimes avtorobis

sasargeblod metyvelebs. miuxedavad amisa, gvsurs naSromis dasasruls

Tavi movuyaroT efTvimes avtorobis sasargeblod wamoyenebul yvela

arguments, visaubroT misi samwerlo stilis Sesaxeb da kidev erTxel

mxari davuWiroT mravali qarTveli Tu ucxoeli mecnieris Tvalsazriss,

rom `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtori, marTlac efTvime mTawmindelia.

207

Cvenamde moRweulia ramdenime angariSgasawevi cnoba imis Taobaze,

rom `varlaam da ioasafi~ qarTulidan berZnulad Targmna efTvime

aTonelma: 1. giorgi aToneli, Tavis naSromSi `cxovreba ioanesi da

efTvimesi~ wers, rom efTvimem qarTulidan berZnulad Targmna:

`balahvari~ da `abukura~ da sxva ramodenime wigni. 2. erT_erTi uZvelesi

berZnuli xelnaweri, romelic inaxeba veneciaSi, wminda markozis

biblioTekaSi gvauwyebs, rom es nawarmoebi `gadmoTargmnilia iberTa

enidan elinur enaze pativdebuli da keTilsaTno kacis _ efTvimes,

iverad wodebulis mier~. 3. am faqtsve imeorebs SedarebiT gviandeli

(XIV-XV s.) parizSi daculi xelnaweri: `sulismargebeli moTxroba,

eTiopelTa uSinaganesi, romaelTa (saxelmwifoSi Semavali) qveynidan

gadmotanili eTiopelTa kilodan elinur enaze efTvime iveris, uwmindesi

monazvnis mier, romelic iyo wminda aTanases didi lavris winamZRvari

aTonis mTaze.~ 4. efTvimes avtorobaze laparakobs erTi uZvelesi

(p.peetersis daTariRebiT 1048 wlis) laTinuri xelnaweris lemac:

`varlaamisa da ioasafis istoria, Sinagani eTiopiidan motanili wminda

qalaqSi sabas monastris Rirseuli berisagan da Targmnili elinur enaze

wminda kacis _ efTvimes mier~(ix. 4, 306).

im sabuTTagan, romlebic efTvimes avtorobis mowinaaRmdege

mecnierebs (h. zotenbergi, f. delgeri) gaaCndaT, ZiriTadia Semdegi:

erovnebiT qarTveli, araberZeni ver dawerda ase gamarTuli berZnuliT

aseT Txzulebas. xelnawerTa lemebSi ioane damaskelis

avtor_gadamkeTeblad moxsenieba da teqstSi misi citatebis arseboba.

gelaTuri xelnaweris cnoba, rom efTvimem berZnulidan Targmna es

Txzuleba da ara qarTulidan. moculobis TvalsazrisiT didi

gansxvavebaa qarTul `sibrZne balavarisasa~ da `varlaamisa da ioasafis

cxovrebas~ Soris.

am antiTezebis gamabaTilebeli naSromebi sxvadasxva dros

warmoadgines qarTvelma Tu ucxoelma mecnierebma: p. peetersma, d.langma,

a. greguarma, n. marma, k. kekeliZem, S. nucubiZem, s. yauxCiSvilma,

il.abulaZem, iv. javaxiSvilma, al. xaxanaSvilma, e. TayaiSvilma,

m.TarxniSvilma, r. TvaraZem, r. miminoSvilma, n. gafrindaSvilma,

e.xinTibiZem da sxvebma. Seiqmna mravali gamokvleva, romlebic vrcladaa

208

mimoxiluli da kritikulad ganxiluli e. xinTibiZis mniSvnelovan

monografiaSi `qarTul_bizantiuri literaturuli urTierTobis

istoriisaTvis~. aqve dawvrilebiTaa Seswavlili da warmodgenili

“varlaam da ioasafis” romanTan dakavSirebuli problemebi: genezisi,

fabula, lemebi, avtorobis sakiTxi (4,305).

efTvime mTawmindelis avtorobis mowinaaRmdege mecnierTa

argumentebis gabaTileba advilad SeiZleba. literaturis istoriaSi

mravladaa iseTi movlena, roca erTidaigive moRvawe sxvadasxva enaze

qmnis nawarmoebebs. xolo aTonis mTaze mcxovreb or da met enovan

qarTvel berebze, bevri Tqmula da dawerila. bizantiuri literaturis

mkvlevars es garemoeba ar unda gamorCes. ase rom, araviTari safuZveli

ar arsebobs imisTvis, rom efTvime aToneli ver SeZlebda gamarTul

berZnulad daewera es nawarmoebi. Tu gadavxedavT efTvimes

literaturul stils, mis mTargmnelobiT meTods da nawarmoebis

warmoSobis adgils, kidev ufro davrwmundebiT im faqtis WeSmaritebaSi,

rom berZnuli `balavarianis~ avtori, efTvime mTawmindelia.

X saukunis dasasruls, qarTvelebma mZlavri literaturuli centri

Seqmnes saberZneTSi, aTonis mTaze. aTonis literaturulma skolam

arsebiTi cvlileba Seitana qarTuli literaturuli skolis

ganviTarebaSi. Seicvala interesis sfero, aiRo axali orientacia da

myari safuZveli Cauyara im did progress saqarTvelos

kulturul_literaturul cxovrebaSi, romelmac qarTul literaturul

azrs epoqaluri mniSvneloba mianiWa. aTonis skolam daiwyo qarTuli

literaturis istoriaSi axali xana, romelsac Zveli qarTuli

mwerlobis klasikuri periodi hqvia. aTonis skola gaxldaT tao-

klarjeTis literaturuli interesebis ganmaviTarebeli. am skolam

gaagrZela qarTuli mwerlobis erovnuli epoqis kulturuli xazi.

kerZod, aTonis literatorebma SeniSnes xarvezebi bizantiur sasuliero

mwerlobaSi da igi qarTuli masaliT amoavses. aTonis skolis mTavari

devizi gaxda mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba. am saqmem didi erovnuli

mniSvneloba SeiZina. qarTvelebi Seecadnen umokles vadaSi amoewuraT

bizantiuri literatura. eTargmnaT yvelaferi, rac amden xans qarTulad

ar arsebobda.

209

efTvime aToneli, swored aTonis saliteraturo skolis mamamTavari

da Cveni kulturuli warsulis erT_erTi udidesi pirovneba gaxldaT,

romelmac gansakuTrebuli adgili datova qarTuli mwerlobis

istoriaSi. efTvimes xelmZRvanelobiT aTonis literaturulma skolam

ganamtkica qarTuli mwerlobis kontaqtebi bizantiur samyarosTan,

bizantiur kulturasTan, gaamdidra erovnuli saganZuri. swored mis

saxels ukavSirdeba bizantiuri literaturuli tradiciebis Cvens

sinamdvileSi gadmotana da qarTuli mwerlobis msoflio asparezze

gayvana (4,302). efTvimes Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis giorgi mTawmindeli.

efTvimes biografiaSi is dokumenturi sizustiT aRwers aTonis iverTa

monastris aSenebis ambavs ioanesa da efTvimes mier, maT cxovrebas da

monastris Tavgadasavals XII saukunis I naxevarSi. am biografiaSi

vkiTxulobT, rom berZnuli ena efTvimes bavSvobaSive Seuswavlia

safuZvlianad da amiT aixsneba is garemoeba, rom is aramarto

berZnulidan Targmnida, aramed qarTuli enidanac Seudareblad

Targmnida berZnul enaze. mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobisaken efTvimes

mamam, ioanem ubiZga, radgan am ukanasknelis azriT, qarTul enaze ar

iyo Targmnili uamravi saWiro berZnulenovani literatura (4, 301).

Cveni yuradReba unda SevaCeroT efTvimes muSaobis stilze, rac

gamoixata berZnuli enidan qarTul enaze da piriqiT mis mTargmnelobiT

meTodSi. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTi ram, rasac SemdgomSi efrem

mcirec iziarebs, romelic Tavs efTvimes Segirdad miiCnevs, xolo TviT

efTvimes literaturul mefed, bumberazad da lomad. efTvime

mTawmindeli Tavisufali stiliT mTargmnelia. igi berZnul dedans

Targmnida `Semateba_klebis~ meTodiT. es stili dafuZnebuli iyo

maSindeli qarTuli sazogadoebis Zvel literaturul tradiciebze,

romelic swored aseT meTods uWerda mxars. amasTanave, efTvime

cdilobda qarTuli mkiTxvelisaTvis ganzavebuli da ganmartebuli

teqsti miewodebina. mas Sehqonda teqstSi sxvadasxa wyarodan amokrebuli

damatebiTi cnobebi, gansakuTrebiT iseTi, rac qarTvelebs Seexeboda. igi

dedanSi umatebda Tavis komentarebs da a.S. amasTanave yuradRebas

aqcevda im garemoebasac, rom qarTuli literaturis praqtikuli

saWiroebisaTvis, erTbaSad Zalze didi literatura iyo saWiro. amitom,

210

igi upiratesad, Semoklebul redaqciebs Targmnida. is gvTavazobs, ama Tu

im Txzulebis, axal, damoukidebel redaqcias. k. kekeliZes azriT,

efTvimes `Semateba_klebis~ ZiriTadi mizezi unda yofiliyo is, rom

efTvimes dros qarTuli sazogadoeba momwifebuli ar iyo berZnulidan

sityva_sityviTi Targmani aReqva. efTvimes dros, qarTul sazogadoebaSi,

kvlav Zlieri da Seuryeveli iyo Zveli literaturuli tradiciebi da

mogonebani, rac mas nebas ar aZlevda sityva_sityviT eTargmna da

iZulebuls xdida axali Targmani ZvelisaTvis Seefardebina da yovelive

berZnul movlenas sifrTxiliT mokideboda. amave dros, efTvime

mTawmindelia is pirvelTagani, romelmac Searyia qarTul mTargmnelobiT

praqtikaSi gabatonebuli, bibliuri literaturis, Tavisufali Targmnis

principi. man SeniSna, rom qarTuli bibliuri wignebi gansxvavebas

amJRavnebda Sesabamis berZnul redaqciasTan da amitom, berZnulTan

daaxloebis gziT, man Seqmna `saxarebis~ axali redaqcia. efTvimem

moaxerxa, rom saeklesio mwerlobis originaluri gziT ganviTarebidan

gezi aRebuliyo orTodoqsuli qristianuli literaturis aTvisebisaken,

Tavisufali Targmnis stilidan, berZnul dedanTan zustad misvlis

principisaken. am faqtiT, efTvimem, qarTuli mwerloba gverdiT amouyena

did bizantiur mwerlobas da dasavluri gziT ganaviTara (4, 308).

literaturuli moRvaweoba efTvimes 975-977 wlebSi unda daewyos.

giorgi mTawmindeli `ioanesa da eqvTimes cxovrebaSi~ wers, rom efTvime

aTonelma qarTuli enidan berZnul enaze Targmna `balahvari~, `abukura~

da `sxuanica raodennime werilni~ (17, 168). sagulisxmoa, rom `abukura~

pirvelad iTargmna qarTulad IX s-is bolos, Tu X saukunis damdegs

ucnobi piris mier, xolo X s-is bolos am Txzulebis qarTuli Targmani

xelSi Cauvarda efTvime mTawmindels, romelmac is Targmna berZnul

enaze bizantiuri hagiografiisa da liturgikul_kalendaruli xarvezis

amosavsebad. am SemTxvevaSic, Cven saqme gvaqvs mniSvnelovan

literaturul_istoriul faqtTan, rodesac qarTveli mTargmneli

mSobliuri enidan Targmnis Txzulebas da amiT wvlili Seaqvs sakuTriv

bizantiur kulturaSi. efTvimem bizantias daanaxa qarTuli mwerlobis

SesaZlebloba (ix. 4,308). e. xinTibiZis varaudiT, efTvime mTawmindels

`varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnul Txzulebaze unda emuSava X saukuneSi,

211

sanam misi mama ioane cocxali iyo (38,289). unda aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom

ar arsebobs sasuliero mwerlobis arcerTi dargi, romlidanac efTvimes

ar eTargmnos raime Txzuleba. mis mier Targmnili wignebidan dRes

Cvenamde moRweulia 160-ze meti dasaxelebis didi Teologiuri naSromi,

romelic moicavs bizantiuri mwerlobis TiTqmis yvela dargs.

saqarTveloSi Zalze popularuli mis mier naTargmni wignebi gaxldaT:

`avgarozi~, `qebaÁ da didebaÁ mariamisi~, mociqulebis apokrifuli

aqtebi da a.S. eqvTimes uTargmnia: `ioane RvTismetyvelis gamoxadeba~,

`daviTni~, `saxareba oTxTavi~, apokrifuli literatura, egzegetikidan

`ioane maxareblis xilva~, asketika, mistika, homiletika, hagiografia,

saeklesio samarTali da sxva mravali (17,174). efTvimes saxeliT Cvenamde

moRweulia originaluri nawarmoebi, lirikuli Janris locva, saTauriT

`Tqmuli wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa efTÂmi qarTvelisaÁ~. k. kekeliZis

daxasiaTebiT, masSi Tavmoyrilia: `Rrma religiuri gancdebi morwmune

qristianisa, gonebrivi mWvreteloba moazrovne adamianisa da faqizi

aRmafrena poeturi grZnobisa.~ nawarmoebis avtors, kargad Seujamebia

qristianuli evxografiis saukeTeso damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi.

locvasTan erTad, efTvimes saxeliT, aTonis mTis berZnul xelnawerebSi

daculia originaluri nawarmoebebi: tropari, dideba, akoluTia,

auarebdiTi (38,281). efTvimes kalams ekuTvnis agreTve originaluri

Sromebi berZnul enaze. sayuradReboa, Tavisi berZeni mowafisaTvis mis

mier berZnul enaze Seqmnili `wesi cxovrebisaÁ~. mecnier v. asaTianis

azriT, am axlaTaRmoCenili literaturuli faqtis mniSvneloba Zalze

didia. es faqti metyvelebs imaze, rom qarTvelebis urTierToba

bizantiasTan ar iyo calmxrivi. efTvimes xeliT qarTvelebs

mniSvnelovani wvlili SeutaniaT bizantiuri kulturis ganviTarebis

saqmeSi (4,310).

imis gamo, rom efTvime mTawmindeli iyo erovnebiT qarTveli da ara

berZeni, an bizantieli, amitomac ver warmoedginaT rig evropel

mkvlevarebs, rom mas SeeZlo Seeqmna iseTi Rirebuli nawarmoebi,

rogoricaa `varlaam da ioasafis cxovreba~. Tumca im mecnierisaTvis,

vinc icnobs efTvime aTonelis cxovrebas da Semoqmedebas, misi

ucxoelobis arguments ara aqvs aranairi fasi. efTvimes saxiT Cvens

212

winaSe dgas pirovneba, romlis mier berZnuli patristikis codnasa da

saeklesio berZnuli enis dauflebaSi raime eWvis Setana SeuZlebelia.

efTvimem berZnuli ena bizantiis samefo karze Seiswavla im zomiT, rom

mas mSobliuri qarTuli daaviwyda da bavSvobaSive mxolod berZnulad

saubrobda. im dRidan moyolebuli is saqarTveloSi arc yofila da

mTeli cxovreba gardacvalebamde gaatara bizantiuri ber_monazvnobis

centrSi, aTonis mTaze, maRali saeklesio ierarqis TanamdebobiT. is iyo

iveronis monastris winamZRvari, didi lavris sulieri mzrunveli.

berZnul enasTan da patristikasTan ase adreul asakSi ziarebis aseTi

maRali doniT ver daitrabaxebs verc erTi bizantieli mwerali. xolo

ioane damaskeli, romelic evropel mecnierebs miaCndaT `varlaam da

ioasafis cxovrebis~ WeSmarit avtorad, Tavisi mSobliuri eniT, ojaxuri

garemoTi, samsaxuriT da sacxovrebeli adgiliT, mWidrod iyo

dakavSirebuli arabul xalifatTan da qristianul berZnul samyaros

mxolod cxovrebis meore periodSi, axalgazrdobis Semdeg eziara.

efTvimes am kuTxiT is konkurencias ver gauwevs (38,290).

xelnawerTa lemebSi ioane damaskelis moxsenieba mravali iseTi

mizeziTaa gamowveuli, romelTagan arcerTi ar miuTiTebs misi

avtorobis ara Tu aucileblobaze, aramed mis SesaZleblobazec ki:

a)uZveles berZnul xelnawerebSi moxseniebuli iyo vinme ioane monazoni,

romelsac, rogorc daasabuTes : s. yauxCiSvilma, S. nucubiZem, d.langma,

e.xinTibiZem da sxvebma, miewereba ara Targmani, aramed ambis gadmotana

zepirad an werilobiT indoeTidan wminda qalaqSi. b) aTonis mTaze

mcxovreb qarTvel berTa moqiSpe berZen berebs (SesaZloa sxva vinmesac),

qarTvel moRvaweTa damsaxurebis dasamalad, SeiZleba daufiqrebladac

gadaeSalaT xelnawerTa lemebSi efTvime iverielis avtorobis

mauwyebeli sityvebi da darCeniliyo mxolod ioanes damsaxureba,

romelsac, rogorc iTqva, miewereba ambis, an xelnaweris gadmotana da

ara misi Targmna berZnul enaze. g) rodesac Semdgomma gadamwerebma

mxolod ioane monazvnis damsaxureba da lemis teqstis

azrobriv_sintaqsuri uxerxuloba dainaxes, Seecadnen Secdomis

gamosworebas, Secvales lemis Sinaarsi da ioanes miaweres nawarmoebis

ara marto wminda qalaqSi motana, aramed Targmnac romeliRac

213

aRmosavluri enidan berZnul enaze. d) SesaZloa imis gamoc, rom efTvimes

dros aTonis mTaze moRvaweobda ioane qarTvelic, daisva sakiTxi:

eqvTimes avtoroba aRar Canda, magram ioane qarTvelis Targmani rom ar

hgonebodaT, daiwyes iseTi pretendentis Zebna, romelsac ioane erqmeoda

da ioane qarTvels daCrdilavda. aseT pirovnebad maT wamoayenes VII

saukunis marTlac didi saeklesio moRvawe, cnobili RmrTismetyveli da

dogmatikosi ioane damaskeli. e)SesaZloa Semdegdroindelma gadamwerebma

SeamCnies ioanes utituloba, aseve ioane damaskelis citatebis arseboba

teqstSi da es ioane uyoymanod miiRes ioane damaskelad da TavianT

xelnawerTa lemebSi ioanes magier ioane damaskeli Caweres. bevrze

maniSnebelia is faqtic, rom `balavarianis~ berZnuli versiis gamoCenamde

ioane damaskeli sami saukuniT adre gardaicvala. sad iyo damaluli ase

popularuli qristianuli nawarmoebi qristianobis religiis aRmavlobis

sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi?! nuTu vercerTma mwignobarma ver Caigdo

xelSi amdeni xnis manZilze?! (7,18) rac Seexeba teqstSi ioane damaskelis

citatebis arsebobas, is igive mizeziT unda aixsnas, ra mizeziTac

aixsneba sxva saRmrTo wignebidan moxmobili masalis arseboba `varlaam

da ioasafSi~. efTvime mTawmindeli mTargmnelia uamravi sasuliero

wignisa berZnulidan qarTulad. mas naTargmni aqvs agreTve ioane

damaskeli da gasakviri ufro is iqneboda, rom Tavis naSromSi sxvasTan

erTad ar gamoeyenebina misi citatebi, azrebi da Sexedulebebi.

vefuZnebiT ra `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorobis irgvliv Catarebul

kvleva_Ziebebs da viTvaliswinebT ra, ioane damaskelisa da eqvTime

aTonelis epoqebTan da maT cxovrebasa da SemoqmedebasTan dakavSirebul

detalebs, amavdroulad, efTvime aTonelis sawinaaRmdegod da ioane

damaskelis sasargeblod wamoyenebuli argumentebis kritikuli

ganxilvis Sedegebs, aseve vadarebT ra erTmaneTs `varlaam da ioasafis~

berZnul Txzulebas `balavarianis~ qarTul da arabul redaqciebs,

vfiqrobT, rom `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli redaciis VIII saukuneSi

gadatana mcdari varaudia. nawarmoebis Seqmna unda daukavSirdes X-XI

saukunes da mis avtorad efTvime aToneli unda iqnes miCneuli. `varlaam

da ioasafis cxovrebis~ qarTuli versia, igive `balavariani~ gaxlavT is

teqsti, romelic gamoyenebulia berZnuli metafrasuli redaqciis

214

dednad. sagulisxmoa, rom qarTuli `balavariani~ X s-is 70-ian welze

adre ar unda iyos Targmnili berZnul enaze, radgan mecnierebaSi

cnobilia, rom miqael modrekili Tavis sagaloblebis krebulSi,

romelic X saukunis dasawyiss miekuTvneba, arsad ar axsenebs arc

iodasafs, arc balavars. Cvenamde moRweuli XI saukunis `varlaam da

ioasafis cxovrebis~ berZnuli teqsti ki aSkarad metafrasuli

mimdinareobis hagiografiuli Txzulebaa. amas adasturebs, rogorc

nawarmoebis xasiaTi, ise avtoriseuli gancxadeba. metafrasuli stili

Tanamedrove, miRebuli da mowonebuli literaturuli stili iyo

efTvime aTonelis moRvaweobis dros. efTvime aToneli, garda imisa, rom

Targmnis qarTulidan berZnulad `balavarians~, is amavdroulad,

gabatonebuli samwerlo stilis mixedviT axdens teqstis

Targmna_gadakeTebas, kompilacia_komentirebas, is amoklebs an avrcobs

teqsts (38,364).

k. kekeliZe Tvlis, rom miuxedavad berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis

cxovrebis~ teqstis sididisa qarTul `balavarianTan~ SedarebiT,

avtori qarTuli `balavarianisa~ da berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis

cxovrebisa~ gaxlavT efTvime aToneli. Kk. kekeliZis azriT, SesaZloa

vinme mwignobars, SeiZleba TviT svimeon loRoTets, igive metafrasts

gadaekeTebinos SemdgomSi es nawarmoebi berZnul literaturaSi im dros

gabatonebuli mimdinareobis Tanaxmad im saxiT, ra saxiTac is mocemulia

dResdReisobiT cnobil berZnul redaqciaSi, imdenad aSkaraa `varlaam

da ioasafis~ kavSiri metafrasul literaturul mimdinareobasTan. am

azrs iziarebdnen aseve mecnierebi d. langi da m. TarxniSvili. jer kidev

efrem mcire aRniSnavda, rom efTvime mTawmindeli qarTulad Targmnida

misi Tanamedrovis, svimeon loRoTetis, gadametafrasirebul sakiTxavebs

(37,370). gadakeTeba_gadamuSavebis Semdgom xSirad Zveli teqsti

ikargeboda. k.kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom SesaZloa swored aseTi bedi ewia

efTvimes Targmansac, an SeiZleba jer arc iyos mignebuli (17,474).

amavdroulad, unda aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom efTvime mTawmindels

mravali literaturuli mteri hyavda, romlebsac ganzraxuli hqondaT

misi naSromebis garyvna da damaxinjeba. erTi aseTi literaturuli mtris

Sesaxeb gadmogvcems aTonis krebulis Semqmneli miqel daRalisoneli.

215

kerZod, viRac ozans gauryvnia efTvime `saxarebis~ Targmani, mis mier

Targmnili ioane oqropirisa da grigol RvTismetyvelis Txzulebani,

agreTve misi `daviTni~. am faqtze komentars efTvimes biografi, giorgi

mTawmidelic akeTebs (17,169).

e. xinTibiZe miiCnevs, rom efTvimes mTargmnelobiT meTods sruliad

Seesabameba Cvenamde moRweuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ teqsti da amitom,

swored efTvimes kalams da ara svimeon loRoTets unda mieweros

Cvenamde moRweuli metafrastuli redaqciis Seqmna am Txzulebisa,

kerZod, misi Tavdapirveli X saukunis dasasrulis varianti. Tu

k.kekeliZe mxolod Txzulebis Targmnaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas,

e.xinTibiZe Tvlis, rom efTvime mTawmindelma ara marto Targmna

Txzuleba berZnulad, aramed Seaswora, gadaakeTa, misi metafrasireba

moaxdina. nawarmoebis parafrazirebasTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboa

efTvimes mamis, ioane aTonelis `anderZi~, sadac ioane wers, rom mis

sicocxleSi efTvimem aRwera `TargmanebaÁ balahvarisi~. am SemTxvevaSic,

Cven Targmaneba unda gaviazroT ara mxolod erTi enidan meoreze

gadatanad, aramed parafrazirebad, komentirebad (38,369). aseve unda iTqvas

isic, rom efTvimes mier am nawarmoebis berZnulad Targmna, mxolod

SemoqmedebiTi interesiT aRZruli faqti ar SeiZleba yofiliyo. efTvime

moqmedebda berZenTa TvalSi qarTvelTa inteleqtis, SemoqmedebiTi

potencialis warmosaCenad. vinaidan svimeon metafrastis stili im dros

bizantiur mwerlobaSi gabatonebuli literaturuli stili iyo,

efTvimec aucileblad Seecdeboda berZenTaTvis miewodebina ukanaskneli

literaturuli stiliT Seqmnili Txzuleba (ioanes urTierToba

svimeonTan udao unda iyos X saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi).

bunebrivia, ioane Tavis Svils efTvimes aucileblad aziarebda im

literaturul stils, rasac svimeoni qmnida. ase rom, aTonze moRvawe

qarTvelebi ra Tqma unda berZnul umaRles literaturul wreebs,

swored imdroindeli gabatonebuli stiliT Seqmnil naSromebs

SesTavazebdnen. aseTi ki, mxoloddamxolod, iqneboda `balavarianis~ ara

pirdapiri Targmani, aramed swored metafrasuli gadamuSaveba (38,372).

sadisertacio naSromis am TavSi ganxiluli mosazrebebis

gaTvaliswinebiT vakeTebT aseT daskvnas: berZnul mwerlobaSi VI_ dan XI

216

s_mde dakargulad miCneuli aristides `apologia~, romelSic polemikaa

warmarTobis winaaRmdeg, aRmoCnda aRmosavlur qristianul mwerlobaSi:

siriulSi srulad, xolo somxurSi fragmentebis saxiT. rogorc Cans, mas

icnobdnen qarTveli avtorebic. es xdeba maSin, roca berZnul enaze igi

ukve gamqralia. amitom araa gasakviri, rom berZnul mwerlobaSi

dabrunda qarTulis gziT. rogorc dReisaTvis damtkicebulad iTvleba

da raSic Cvenc davrwmundiT, SevadareT ra `apologiis~ redaqciebi

erTmaneTs, `apologiis~ berZnuli teqsti TiTqmis sruli saxiT aris

CarTuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnul romanSi, romlis uZvelesi

xelnawerebi XI saukunis dasawyisiT TariRdeba da romelSic

moTxrobilia warmarTuli indoeTis gaqristianebis ambavi. Tu

gaviziarebT am ukanaskneli Txzulebis avtorobis yvelaze metad

dasabuTebul versias, rom is Seqmnilia aTonis mTaze moRvaweAqarTveli

mwerlis, wminda efTvime aTonelis mier, `iodasafis cxovrebaze~ anu

`varlaam da ioasafis~ qarTul versiaze dayrdnobiT, bizantiis

maSindeli problemis aqtualobidan gamomdinare, maSin advilad aixsneba

is garemoebac, rom aristides `apologiis~ adrindel SuasaukuneebSi

dakarguli teqsti, berZnul mwerlobas SeiZleboda dabruneboda

qarTuli, an zogadad aRmosavleTis qristianuli mwerlobidan, rac

qarTuli kulturis saamayo faqtia.

217

ddddaskvnaaskvnaaskvnaaskvna

Cveni sadisertacio naSromis mizani iyo Segveswavla warmarTobasTan

polemikis kvali Zvel qarTul hagiografiul literaturaSi. naSromSi

Cven gverdi avuareT filosofiur polemikas warmarTobasTan. kerZod, ar

SevexeT antikuri miTologiis detalebs. ar ganvixileT warmarTobasTan

polemikis iseTi faqtebi, rac SesaZloa gamoyenebuli iyos qarTuli

mwerlobis berZnulidan Targmnil Teologiur an neoplatonur

literaturaSi an ioane petriwis originalur filosofiur naSromSi.

Cven SemovifargleT warmarTobasTan dakavSirebuli im faqtebis

ganxilviT, romlebic qarTul wyaroebSi Cans.

SevecadeT gveCvenebina iseTi qarTuli literaturuli Zeglebi,

romlebsac met_naklebad, warmarTul samyarosTan qronologiurad

hqondaT Sexeba. anu, ganvixileT qristianobis polemika warmarTobasTan

im qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebis mixedviT, romlebic dakavSirebuli

iyo qarTul warmarTul samyarosTan. am mizniT, mimovixileT iseTi

qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebi, romlebSic aSkarad igrZnoba rogorc

warmarTobasTan, ise cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan polemikis kvali.

qarTul (ZirZvel) warmarTobasTan polemikis TvalsazrisiT aseTi

nawarmoebebi upirvelesad gaxlavT: `ninos cxovreba~, uZveles qarTul

martirologiur Txzulebad miCneuli Zegli `cxra kolael yrmaTa

martviloba~, romelSic asaxulia saqarTveloSi qristianobis arsebobis

uZvelesi periodi da `sibrZne balahvarisi~. Cven SevecadeT, dawvrilebiT

Segveswavla aRniSnuli Txzulebebi warmarTobasTan polemikis kuTxiT.

vecadeT gamogvekvlia maTSi aRwerili istoriuli periodi. SevexeT

Zeglebis avtorobis sakiTxs da maTSi asaxul sxvadasxva mniSvnelovan

istoriul faqtsa Tu detals.

nawarmoebebis mixedviT CvenTvis naTeli gaxda, rom saqarTveloSi

qristianoba istoriulad Semodis garkveuli religiuri warmodgenebis

fonze. es warmodgenebi ormxrivia. es gaxlavT qarTuli warmarToba

kerpTayvanisamcemloba Tu mnaTobTa Tayvaniscema, romelic Tavis mxriv

gadajaWvulia cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan, mazdeizmTan. im faqtze, rom

qristianobis Semosvlis dros, qarTlis saxelmwifo karis oficiauri

218

religia mazdeizmi gaxldaT, metyvelebs, “ninos cxovrebaSi” qarTul

warmarTul RmerTTa panTeonis arseboba, romlebic sparsul

zoroastrul RvTaebebs Seesatyviseba da romelTa arsebobac qarTul

sinamdvileSi adreuli droidan dasturdeba.

sagulisxmoa, rom qristianoba saqarTveloSi erTdroulad

daupirispirda orive saxis religiur warmodgenebs: qarTul warmarTobas

da sparsul mazdeanobas. amitomac, polemikis elementebi orive religiis

mimarT erTad da erTnairad iCenda Tavs.

Cveni sadisertacio naSromis mizani iyo gveCvenebina, rom

qristianoba saqarTveloSi martivad, daubrkoleblad ar Semosula. man

grZeli, ekliani da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse gza ganvlo, sanam Tavs

daimkvidrebda. misi aRiareba ar undodaT qarTvelebs, romlebic

warmarTul kerpebs eTayvanebodnen da isini RmerTebad miaCndaT.

sadisertacio naSromSi, qarTul warmarTobasTan qristianobis

polemikis Sesaxeb wyarod viyenebT ara mxolod qarTuli literaturis

Zeglebs, aramed mogvaqvs arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis Sedegebi, rac

zoroastruli religiis saqarTveloSi arsebobis da misi gavrcelebis

utyuar matianed gvevlineba.

sadisertacio naSromis meore TavSi ganvixilavT iseT qarTul

hagiografiul Txzulebebs, romlebSic gvxvdeba polemikis kvali

cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan, igive mazdeizmTan. es nawarmoebebia:

`evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~, `abibos nekreselis martviloba~,

`raJden pirvelmowamis martviloba~. am Zeglebis mixedviT, qristianoba

ara RvTaebrivi saswaulebiT da fizikuri dapirispirebiT, aramed ukve

filosofiurad upirispirdeba warmarTobas (mazdeanobas) da am procesSi

is principul Teologiur arguments iyenebs berZnuli Teologiidan,

romelic mimarTuli iyo berZnuli warmarTuli panTeonis winaaRmdeg.

moxmobil nawarmoebebSi filosofiuri firmulireba xdeba imisa, rom

mazdeanTa mTavari RvTaeba cecxli ar aris RmerTi, rom igi RmerTis

qmnilebaa mxolod da rom WeSmariti RmerTi, qristianTa ufali, ieso

qristea.

aRniSnuli nawarmoebebis dawvrilebiTi ganxilvis Sedegad miviCnieT,

rom qristianobam saqarTveloSi erTianad gailaSqra orive saxis

219

warmarTobis: qarTuli (ZirZveli) warmarTobis da sparsuli mazdeanobis

winaaRmdeg. swored amiT iyo motivirebuli is faqti, rom polemikis

elementebi orive religiis mimarT erTad da erTnairad iCenda Tavs

qarTuli sinamdvilis amsaxvel literaturul ZeglebSi. naTelia, rom

qarTul hagiografiaSi mazdeur RvTaebasTan qristianobis polemika,

zogadad warmarTobis polemikis WrilSia Semotanili.

Cvens mier sadisertacio naSromSi moxmobili literaturuli masala

naTlad gviCvenebs, rom qarTveli hagiografebi warmarTobasTan

(kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan, mazdeanobasTan) polemikis TviTmxilveli da

mematianeebi arian. qarTuli literatura isrutavda qristianobis da

warmarTobis dapirispirebis yvela mniSvnelovan moments da am polemikas

Tavis furclebze asaxavda. swored am faqtorma ganapiroba is garemoeba,

rom Cvens naSromSi es polemika gavaerTianeT erTi saTauris qveS

_polemika warmarTobasTan. warmarTobis cnebis amgvarad gaazreba ra

Tqma unda pirobiTia.

qarTul hagiografiul TxzulebebSi warmarTobasTan polemikis kvlevam,

Cveni interesis sferoSi Semoitana bizantiuri mwerlobis polemikuri

Txzuleba, romelic qarTuli literaturis Zegli ar aris. es gaxlavT II

s. berZeni apologetis, aristides `apologia~. sagulisxmoa, rom

erTmorwmune bizantiasTan saqarTvelos Zalze mWidro urTierToba

hqonda. Sesabamisad, maT Soris aqtiuri literaturuli TanamSromloba

arsebobda. miuxedavad imisa, rom bizantiis (antikuri) warmarToba da

saqarTveloSi arsebuli warmarToba (cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan

Serwymuli) erTmaneTisgan ZiriTadad gansxvavdeboda, qarTuli

qristianuli mwerloba, qarTul warmarTobasTan polemikis

literaturuli masalisaTvis xSirad mdidar bizantiur mwerlobas

daesesxeboda xolme. berZnul_bizantiur mwerlobaSi iyvnen apologetebi,

romlebic TavianT `apologiebSi~ qristianobis uzenaesobas usvamdnen

xazs. rogorc Cans, imdroindeli qarTveli mwerlebi ise srulfasovnad

iyvnen naziarebi bizantiuri literaturis Sedevrebs, rom xSirad maT

SemoqmedebaSi CarTuli aRmoCndeboda xolme iseTi Zegli, an nawyveti

iseTi Txzulebidan, romelic berZnul enaze ukve gamqrali iyo. swored

erT-erTi aseTi Zegli aRmoCnda Zveli qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis II s.

220

berZeni apologetis aristides `apologia~, romelic VI saukunidan

moyolebuli originalis enaze ukve aRar Canda. aristides `apologiiT~

Cveni daintereseba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom adrindeli qarTuli

hagiografiuli Zeglebi warmarTobasTan polemikis procesSi im

Teologiur_filosofiur debulebebs emyarebian, rac qristianobaSi

aristides am nawarmoebiTaa Semosuli. aristides `apologiiT~

gaJRenTilia Cvens mier sadisertacio naSromis II TavSi ganxiluli

hagiografiuli Zeglebi.

naSromSi sakmaod didi adgili davuTmeT aristides “apologias” da

mis Cvenamde moRweul redaqciebs. es garemoeba imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom

es nawarmoebi bizantinologiis iseTi Rirebuli Zeglia, romlis

bizantiur mwerlobaSi aRmoCenis Sesaxeb mravali samecniero kvlevaa

Catarebuli. rogorc irkveva, berZnul mwerlobaSi VI s-dan gamqrali

`apologia~, sakuTar mwerlobas daubruna qarTvelma mweralma efTvime

mTawmindelma, Tavis berZnul enaze Sesrulebuli TxzulebiT

`wm.varlaamisa da wm.ioasafis sulismargebeli moTxroba~. im faqtma, rom

aristides es nawarmoebi qarTvelma mweralma, efTvime mTawmindelma

aRadgina `varlaam da ioasafSi~, romelic Tavis mxriv qarTuli

`balavarianis~ safuZvelzea Seqmnili, kidev ufro metad saWiro gaxada

aristides `apologiis~ problemis ufro dawvrilebiT kvleva da qarTul

samecniero literaturaSi am Txzulebis teqstologiuri problematikis

srulyofili Semotana, ramac Cveni interesis sfero ufro ganavrco.

aucilebeli gaxda im faqtis komentireba, namdvilad efTvimem Seqmna Tu

ara `wm.varlaamisa da wm.ioasafis sulismargebeli moTxroba~ qarTuli

hagiografiuli teqstebis berZnul enaze gadaTargmnis safuZvelze.

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom VI s_dan berZnuli mwerlobisTvis

dakarguli aristides `apologiis~ siriuli redaqcia gvxvdeba VI s.

siriul xelnawerSi da daaxloebiT amave periodisaa Cvenamde moRweuli

`apologiis~ somxuri fragmentic; amavdroulad `apologiis~ gamoyenebis

aSkara kvali Cans VI saukunidan moyolebuli qarTul hagiografiul

ZeglebSi, maT Soris garkveulwilad qarTul `balavarianSic~,

CavTvaleT, rom efTvimem aristides es dakarguli nawarmoebi qarTuli

an zogadad aRmosavluri wyaroebidan moipova (X saukunis qarTvel

221

inteligentebs SeeZloT aRmosavluri _ somxuri da siriuli wyaroebiT

sargeblobac) da garkveuli miznebisTvis moaxdina misi restavrireba

berZnul `varlaam da ioasafSi~. es ukanaskneli ki efTvime mTawmindelma

Seqmna qarTuli `balavarianis~ berZnulad metafrasuli literaturuli

stiliT gadaTargmna_gadakeTebiT. amiT, man didi xarvezi Seuvso

bizantiur mwerlobas, romelsac im periodSi Zalze esaWiroeboda aseTi

siuJetis Txzulebebis arseboba berZnul enaze. mecnierTa gamokvlevebis

safuZvelze miviCnieT, rom berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~

avtori iyenebs aristides `apologias~ im konkretuli mizniT, rom

daasabuTos bizantiis Crdiloeli mezoblis, axladgaqristianebuli

ruseTis sarwmunoebrivi pozicia. kerZod, am ukanasknelis warmarTobidan

qristianobaze gadasvla.

ase rom, Cvenma sadisertacio naSromma qarTul hagiografiul

literaturaSi warmarTobasTan polemikis sferoSi sakiTxTa aseTi rigi

Semoitana: warmarTobis asaxva da masTan polemika (saswaulebrivi,

materialuri) uZveles qarTul hagiografiul literaturaSi (`ninos

cxovreba~, `cxra yrma kolaelTa wameba~, `balavariani~), warmarTobisa da

mazdeanobis filosofiur_Teologiuri kritika qarTul hagiografiaSi

(`abibos nekreselis martviloba~, `evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~,

`raJden pirvelmowamis martviloba~), warmarTobasTan polemikis gadatana

qarTuli hagiografiidan bizantiur mwerlobaSi (efTvime aToneli da

berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~), warmarTobasTan polemikis klasikuri

Zegli _ aristides `apologia~ qristianuli aRmosavleTis literaturul

wyaroebSi.

vrclad mimovixileT ra berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ warmoSobis

sakiTxi, misi avtorobis irgvliv Camoyalibebuli uamravi samecniero

Tvalsazrisi da Txzulebis Cvenamde moRweuli redaqciebi (qarTuli,

berZnuli), mecnierTa gamokvlevebis safuZvelze da hagiografiul

teqstebze Cveneuli dakvirvebebis Sedegad miviCnieT, rom warmarTobis

kritika, romelic Tavis droze, VI saukuneSi, berZnuli mwerlobis

meSveobiT Sevida qarTul da zogadad aRmosavlur mwerlobaSi

aristides `apologiis~ saxiT, ukve XI saukuneSi, qarTuli an zogadad

aRmosavluri gziT, ukan daubrunda bizantiur mwerlobas efTvime

222

mTawmindelis meSveobiT. efTvime mTawmindelma ori mniSvnelovani

Txzuleba SesZina berZnul mwerlobas: berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafi~ da

II s. berZeni apologetis, aristides, restavrirebuli `apologia~.

`varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli Txzulebis avtori da aristides

`apologiis~ aRmdeni sakuTriv berZnul enaze rom efTvime mTawmindelia,

es garemoeba qarTul_bizantiuri kulturul_literaturuli

kontaqtebis erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtia.

223

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229

danarTi I.1

ix. aristides `apologiis~ somxuri fragmenti

(veneciis redaqcia, eCmiaZinis xelnaweri)

Zalauflebis mqone(avtokrat) keisar adrianes, aTeneli filosofosis

aristidesagan

me, o mbrZanebelo, movevline ra samyaros, movixible RmerTiT,

romelmac Seqmna da niSanTvisebebi misca adamians samyaroSi, romelsac

emorCileba zeca da dedamiwa, zRva, mze da mTvare da varskvlavebi da

yvela qmnileba. gavocdi da movixible am wyobiT. me aseve Rrma fiqris

Sedegad Sevimecne, rom samyaro da yvela es sagani masSi, aucileblobis

ZaliT arian marTulni da moZravni. maT akontrolebT da nebas rTavT

RmerTi, romelic aris imaTze Zlieri, rac kontroldeba da rac

moZraobs. gaigo mamoZravebelze yvelaferi, Caswvde mis arss, aris Zalze

rTuli, scildeba fiqrisa da metyvelebis sazRvrebs da ar iZleva

aranair Sedegs, radgan misi buneba usasrulo da miuwvdomelia da

SeumCneveli da miuRweveli yvela qmnilebisTvis. erTi ramea cxadi, rom

is, vinc winaswarganWvretiT marTavs yvela qmnilebas, aris RmerTi da

yvelafris Semqmneli, romelic moiTxovs dainaxon misi kacTmoyvareoba

da RvTiurad ajildovebs maT adamianuri modgmiT. ase xdeba, rom Cven

vemsaxurebiT mas rogorc RmerTs da erTmaneTi ki gviyvars, rogorc

sakuTari Tavi. es ki calsaxa midgomaa, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac Cven

masze viciT. rom is ar Seiqmna raime zeciuri arsebisgan, TavisTavi

TviTon ar Seqmna, raRacisgan araa Semdgari, aramed is Tavad moicavs

yvelafers, misi sibrZne ukvdavia, dausabamo da usasruloa. is

srulyofilia, mas araferi ar unda, Tavad asrulebs yvela survils. is

dausabamoa, radgan isaa yvelafris dasabami dedamiwis zurgze da

srulyofilia. mas ar aqvs saxeli, radgan rac saxeldebulia, is aris

gamoZerwili da Seqmnili sxvisagan.

1 vaqveynebT aristides `apologiis~ somxuri redaqciis qarTul Targmans. ,,apologiis~

somxuri redaqcia qarTulad vTargmneT n. eminis mier Sesrulebuli rusuli Targmanidan. agreTve

visargebleT “apologiis” somxuri redaqciis: inglisuri da franguli TargmanebiT.

230

sxva qmnis mis fers da mis formas, radgan yvelaferi misganaa, rasac

feri da forma gaaCnia. mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi, am bunebisaTvis ar

arsebobs, radgan es vnebaTa sakiTxia. rac Seexeba zecas, mas zeca ver

moicavs, radgan Tavad igi aRemateba mas. arc zeciuri Zalebi arian masze

didebi. masSi yvela zeciuri da ara zeciuri qmnilebaa Tavmoyrili. mas

aravin ganikiTxavs da aravin ewinaaRmdegeba. Tu vinme mas ganikiTxavs, is

aRmoCndeba masTan asocirebuli. es ki SeuZlebelia, radgan is aris

uZravi da ganuzomeli da ar gamoxatavs arafers. is aris is, rac

yvelafers avsebs, awesebs, yvelafers xdis dasanaxs da daunaxavs. risxva

da agresia ar aris masSi, radgan araa masSi sibrmave. magram is

yvelanairad racionaluria da am TvalsazrisiT igi dasabams aZlevs

mZebnel, mosurne, srulyofil qmnilebebs naxon kargi sargebeli.

msxverplSewirva sicarielea, radgan RmerTi Tavad axorcielebs yvelas

survilebs da jildod araferi sWideba. is gamarjvebulia yvela droSi.

misi didbunebovaneba maZlevs Zalas da uflebas masze visaubro.

rwmeniTaa SesaZlebeli misi Tayvaniscema da aRzeveba.

modiT davubrundeT adamianTa modgmas. vis xelewifeba gaigos am

naTqvamis WeSmariteba da vin aris gzidan gadasuli. es aris manifesti. o,

mbrZanebelo, arsebobs amisaTvis oTxi kategoria adamianTa modgmisa:

barbarosebi, berZnebi, ebraelebi da qristianebi. barbarosebi iTvlian

warmomavlobas kronosidan, heradan da sxva mravali RmerTidan, berZnebi

zevss miiCneven TavianT sawyisad. maTi STamomavlebi arian helenosi da

qsuTosi. Semdeg STamomavlobas agrZeleben: helasi, inaqosi da poroneusi.

sabolood danaos egvipteli, sidonieli kadmosi da Tebeli dionise.

ebraelebi TavianT dasabams iTvlian abraamidan, isaakidan, iakobidan.

maTi STamomavlebi migrirebulebi iyvnen asiriidan egvipteSi, sadac maT

daerqvaT ebraelTa saxeli, ebraelTa STamomavlebad iwodebodnen.

aRTqmul miwaze maT miiRes iudevelTa wodeba.

qristianebi dasabams iReben ieso qristesgan, romelic RmerTis vaJia,

romelSic aris wminda suli, Camovida zecidan miwaze da misi sxeuli Sva

ebraelma qalwulma da gamoCnda RmerTis Ze kacobriobisaTvis,romelic

Tavisi qadagebebiT cdilobda samyaro gaexada saTno. misi sxeuli gaCnda

ebraelTa modgmaSi, RmerTis morwmune qalwulis, mariamis mier. iesom

231

airCia 12 mociquli, mowafe, romelTac aswavlida sibrZnes, WeSmaritebas,

RvTis siyvaruls. amis gamo ieso lursmnebiT gaakres jvarze. Semdgom igi

mkvdreTiT aRsdga da amaRlda zecad. Tavisi mowafeebi ki gaagzavna

mTeli qveynis garSemo. isini axdendnen RvTiur saswaulebs. maTi

qadagebebi dRemde ayvavebs da badebs nayofs da mTels samyaros

mouwodebs ganaTlebisken. Aai, oTxi kategoria erebisa: barbarosebi,

berZnebi, ebraelebi da qristianebi, romlebic Cven Tqven wargidgineT, o

mefeo! (48,252-254)/(51,5-7).

232

danarTi II.2

ix. Aaristides `apologiis~ berZnuli da siriuli redaqciebi

2 vaqveynebT Aaristides `apologiis~ siriuli da berZnuli redaqciebis qarTul Targmanebs, romlebic Sesrulebulia Cvens mier inglisuri enidan. r. harisis da a. robinsonis mier Sesrulebuli inglisuri Targmanebi moviZieT internetis meSveobiT. amavdroulad visargebleT siriuli da berZnuli redaqciebis franguli TargmanebiT da berZnuli enidan n.gafrindaSvilis mier Sesrulebuli “varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis” qarTuli redaqciiT.

berZnuli

siriuli

es varianti iwyeba sityvebiT,

romelsac filosofosi aristide mimarTavs

imperator adrianes RmerTis pativsacemad.

yovlad Zliero keisaro titus

adrianius antonius, pativcemulo da

keTilsindisiero, aTeneli filosofosis

marsianus aristidesagan.

I. me, o mefeo, RmerTis

winaswarmetyvelebiT

movevline samyaros; roca

davfiqrdi caze da

dedamiwaze, mzeze da

mTvareze da sxva

danarCenze, me gamaoca

maTma mowesrigebulma

ganlagebam da rodesac me

davinaxe samyaro da is, rom

yvelaferi masSi moZraobda,

aucilebeli saWiroebis

gamo me SevigrZeni, rom

mamoZravebeli da

makontrolebeli iyo

RmerTi.

yvelaferi, rac

I. me, o mefeo, RmerTis surviliT movedi am

qveynad da roca me gadavxede zecas da

dedamiwas da zRvebs, gamovikvlie mze da

danarCeni qmnilebebi, gamaoca samyaros

silamazem da me SevigrZeni, rom samyaro da

yvelaferi, rac masSia, arian amoZravebulni

sxva ZaliT da me mivxvdi, rom maTi

mamoZravebeli aris RmerTi, romelic maTSi

imaleba da dafarulia maTiT. es imis

maCvenebelia, rom is, vinc moZraobis

mizezia, aris ufro Zlieri masze, romelsac

amoZravebs. amitom me unda gamovikvlio

yvelaferi yvelafris mamoZravebelze,

rogoria misi buneba, radgan me meCveneba,

rom es aris marTlac saidumloebiT

moculi Tavisi bunebiT da rom me SemiZlia

vikamaTo, rom misi mmarTveloba

233

moZraobis mizezia, ufro

Zlieria moZrav sagnebze da

makontrolebeli metad

Zlieria masze, rasac

akontrolebs.

yovlis Semqmneli,

romelic pirveli sawyisia

da akontrolebs samyaros .

. . damtkicebiT vityvi, rom

aris RmerTi, romelic

dausabamoa, ukvdavia da

damoukidebeli, maRla dgas

yvela vnebasa da

uZlurebaze, risxvaze da

gulmaviwyobaze,

ucodinrobaze da

dasvenebaze.

is moicavs yvela

sagans. is ar moiTxovs

msxverplSewirvas, eqstazs.

yvela kacs sWirdeba is.

Seucvlelia. is bolomde Seucnobelia,

SeuZlebelia kaci srulad Cawvdes mis

bunebas. me vambob, rom miuxedavad

yvelafrisa is aris RmerTi, romelic qmnis

yvela sagans kacobriobisaTvis da me

meCveneba, rom marTlac yvelas unda

eSinodes RmerTis da ar unda daCagros

adamiani. me vityvi, rom RmerTi ar aris

dabadebuli, Seqmnili. is yovelTvis

Seucvleli bunebaa dasawyisisa da

dasasrulis gareSe. ukvdavia, srulyofili

da amoucnobi. roca vambob, rom is aris

srulyofili, es imas niSnavs, rom masSi ar

aris aranairi defeqti da mas araferi ar

sWirdeba. piriqiT, sxvas yvelas sWirdeba is.

roca mas dausabamos veZaxi, es imas niSnavs,

rom yvelafers, rasac aqvs dasawyisi, aqvs

dasasrulic, rasac aqvs dasasruli, midis

dasasrulamde. mas ar aqvs saxeli. radgan

yvelafers, rasac saxeli aqvs misganaa. mas

ar aqvs aranairi forma, is yvela sagans

aZlevs formas, is arc mdedria da arc

mamri. zeciuri Zalebi mas ar zRudaven,

magram zeciuri Zalebi da yvela sagnebi,

SesamCnevi da SeumCneveli, misgan iReben

TavianT sazRvrebs. mas ar yavs mteri,

radgan masze Zlieri aravinaa. is ar

brazdeba da ar SfoTdeba. araferia, rac

mas win aRudgeba. mas araferi ar aviwydeba.

man yvelaferi icis, radgan is ubrZenesia.

masSi aris udidesi daTmena,

TavSekavebuloba. is arc msxverplSewirvas

moiTxovs, arc eqstazs. is arafers iTxovs,

234

II. amgvarad vbedavT

laparaks miuwvdomel

RmerTze, amis Semdgom

gadavideT adamianTa

modgmaze. Cven SegviZlia

vnaxoT, romeli maTgania

axlos WeSmaritebasTan,

romeli SecdomasTan.

CvenTvis gasagebia, o mefeo,

rom am samyaroSi aris

adamianTa sami klasi. arian

ucodinarni, RmerTebis

mimdevarni, ebraelebi da

qristianebi. maTSic,

romlebic mraval RmerTs

eTayvanebian, gamoiyofa:

qaldevelebi, berZnebi da

egviptelebi. isini iyvnen

maswavleblebi sxva erebisa

mravali RmerTis

kerpTayvanismcemlobaSi.

piriqiT, is sWirdeba yvela cocxal arsebas.

II. imis Semdgom, rac gavbedeT da

mogawodeT informacia RmerTze, gadavideT

adamianTa modgmaze, raTa mivxvdeT, romeli

maTgania WeSmaritebasTan axlos, romeli

gzidan gadaxveuli. o,mefeo, TqvenTvis

naTelia, rom am samyaroSi arsebobs

adamianTa oTxi modgma: barbarosebi,

berZnebi, iudevelebi da qristianebi.

barbarosebi TavianT religiis saTaves

iReben kronosidan da readan da sxva

berZnuli panTeonis RmerTebisgan; berZnebi

helenosidan, romelTa saTavea zevsi.

helenosma gaaCina aiolosi da qsuTosi;

iyvnen sxva STamomavlebi inaqosis da

poroneusis da sabolood egvipteli

danaosisgan, kadmosisgan da dionisesgan.

iudevelebi TavianT dasabams iReben

abraamidan, romelic Sobs isaaks da iakobs.

maT hyavdaT 12 vaJi, romlebic siriidan

egvipteSi wavidnen da iq maT miiRes

iudevelTa naciis wodeba da Seqmnes

TavianTi kanonmdebloba. qristianebi

TavianT dasabams iReben mesia iesosgan, mas

hqvia RmerTis Svili, umaRlesia. naTqvamia,

rom RmerTi Camovida miwaze zecidan da

ebraeli qalwulisgan miiRo forma da

daifara sxeuliT; RmerTis Svili iyo

235

adamianis qaliSvilSi. amazea swored

laparaki saxarebaSi, anu rogorc mas

uwodeben, evangeleSi, razec

nawinaswarmetyvelevi iyo. misi wakiTvis

Semdgom SeigrZnobT mis Zalas. ieso

daibada ebraelTa modgmaSi, daimowafa 12

mociquli, im mizniT, rom misi aRdgomis

misia droulad unda aRsrulebuliyo. is

Tavad ewama ebraelTa mier, mokvda,

daasaflaves, sami dRis Semdeg is aRsdga,

amaRlda zecad. am saocrebis Semdgmom misi

mociqulebi wavidnen sxvadasxva qveynebSi

raTa yvelasTvis moeTxroT misi sidiadis,

ubraloebis da patiosnebis Sesaxeb. aqedan

moyolebuli dRemde, vinc irwmuna maTi

qadagebebi, maT daerqvaT qristianebi da

gaxdnen cnobilni. rogorc zeviT vTqvi

oTxi klasia adamianTa modgmis:

barbarosebi, berZnebi, ebraelebi da

qristianebi. unda davZinoT, rom qari

emorCileba RmerTs, cecxli angelozebs,

wylebi demonebs da dedamiwa adamianTa

III. modiT axla

ganvsazRvroT, romeli

maTgania axlos

WeSmaritebasTan da

romelia mcdari.

qaldevelebi, ar icodnen

ra RmerTis Sesaxeb

araferi, gzaareulad

modgmas.

III. modiT daviwyoT barbarosebidan da

gadavideT miyolebiT sxva xalxebze, raTa

vnaxoT romeli emsaxureba WeSmarit RmerTs

da romelia Seyvanili SecdomaSi.

barbarosebi, vinaidan ar aRiareben RmerTs,

gzaabneulad mihyvebian elementebs da

iwyeben ara Semqmnelis, aramed Seqmnili

sagnebis msaxurebas da sabolood isini

236

gayvnen raRac elementebs

da daiwyes emsaxuraT ukve

SeqmnilebisTvis da ara

maTi SemqmnelisTvis. maT

Camoayalibes Taviseburi

warmodgenebi da ca,

dedamiwa, zRva, mze da

mTvare miiCnies RmerTebad.

Tavad gaakeTes maTi xatebi,

Caketes akldamebSi da

emsaxurebodnen maT da

eZaxdnen RmerTebs. Tan

icavdnen maT, raTa qurdebs

ar moeparaT. isini ver

xvdebodnen, rom, is Zala

romelic yvelafers icavs,

aris imaze didi, rasac

icaven. Semqmneli Seqmnilze

didia. Tu maT RmerTebs

sakuTari Tavis dacva ar

SeuZliaT, sxvebis

usafrTxoebas rogor

daicaven? mcdarni arian

qaldevelebi, aRmerTeben

ra usicocxlo

gamousadegar kerpebs. da me

maocebs, o, mefeo, rogor

xdeba, rom, maTi e.w

filosofosebi ver

mixvdnen, rom elementebi

aramdgradni arian. da Tu

elementebi arian

aramdgradni,

qmnian maT xatebs, ketaven salocavebSi da

ai! Tayvans scemen maT da darajoben didi

yuradRebiT mudmivad, raTa yaCaRebma ar

gaitacon maTi RmerTebi. ver xvdebian, rom,

is vinc maT icavs metia imaze, rasac icaven.

rom yvela vinc qmnis metia masze, rac

Seqmnilia. Tu maTi RmerTebi Tavs ver

icaven, rogor SeZleben kacTa usafrTxoebis

dacvas. did Secdomas uSveben barbarosebi,

emsaxurebian ra usicocxlo warmosaxvebs,

romlebsac araferi SeuZliaT maT

dasaxmareblad. me Tavs vTvli marTlad,

vifiqro, o mefeo, rom cdebian maTi

filosofosebi, sTavazoben ra RmerTebis

warmosaxvebs, romlebic Seqmnilni arian

stiqiebis sapativsacemod; isini arian

ubralo elementebi, xsnadni da aramyarni.

Tu am elementis patara nawili gaixsneba an

daingreva, maSin is mTlianad gaixsneba da

daingreva. ratom eZaxian am warmosaxvebs

RmerTebs? am SecdomiT filosofosebs

SecdomaSi SeyavT maTi mimdevrebi.

237

aucileblobaze

damokidebuli obieqtebi,

rogor arian isini

RmerTebi. Tu elementebi ar

arian RmerTebi, maSin

rogor SeiZleba maTi

gamomsaxveli xatebi,

Seqmnilni maT pativsacemad,

RmerTebad miviCnioT?

IV. modiT axla, o,

mefeo kvlav elementebze

gavagrZeloT saubari, Cven

vaCvenebT, rom isini

RmerTebi ki ar arian,

aramed male gafuWebadi

nivTebi. naTelia, rom isini

emorCilebian WeSmariti

RmerTis brZanebas,

romelic Seuryevelia,

Seucvleli da uxilavi. is

xedavs yvelafers da

rogorc mas unda, sagnebis

iseT transformacias

axdens. meti raRa unda

iTqvas? mcdaria vinc

miiCnevs, rom ca aris

RmerTi. radgan Cven

vxedavT, rom is trialebs

da brunavs aucileblobiT

da Sedgeba mravali

IV. modiT axla gadavideT, o, mefeo,

elementebze, raTa mivxvdeT, rom isini ar

arian RmerTebi, aramed, Seqmnili sagnebi,

advilad dasangrevi da Sesacvleli,

adamianis bunebis msgavsni. RmerTi ki myaria

da Seucvleli, uxilavi, Tumca is xedavs da

batonobs da axdens yvela qmnilebis

transformacias. isini, vinc miiCneven, rom

dedamiwa RmerTia, cdebian. dRemde is

iTxreba, irgveba nargavebi, irwyveba, mas

aWuWyianeben adamianebi, mxecTa jogebi. is

SeiZleba erTxelac gaxdes unayofo. Tu is

Caiferfleba, sacxovreblad gamousadegari

gaxdeba, radgan araferi ixarebs miwis

mtverze da sapirispirod, Tu mas zedmeti

wyali moxvdeba, is erTmaneTSi aireva Tavis

produqtebTan erTad. da ai, is iTeleba

adamianTa da cxovelTa fexqveS da iRebeba

adamianTa da cxovelTa sisxlis laqebiT. is

Riaa da ivseba mkvdrebiT da iqceva

micvalebulTa saflavad. Tu buneba RmerTis

238

nawilisagan, amitomac hqvia

kosmosi, mowesrigebuli

samyaro. samyaro agebulia

amgeblis mier. rac

Seqmnilia, mas aqvs

dasawisi da dasasrulic.

ca Tavisi mnaTobebiT

aucileblobiT brunavs.

varskvlavebi modian

rigrigobiT fiqsirebul

intervalebSi, zogi Cadis,

sxva amodis. isini ori

sezonis ganmavlobaSi

axorcieleben TavianT

marSruts. raTa, rogorc

RmerTma daadgina,

gansxvavdes zafxuli da

zamTari. mihyvebian ra

Seucvlel aucileblobas,

isini arRveven ara TavianT

sakuTar SesaZleblobebs,

aramed inarCuneben jgufs

zeciuri wesrigiT. amgvarad

axsnilia, rom ca ar aris

RmerTi, aramed ufro

RmerTis namuSevaria. aseve

cdebian isini, visac

qmnilebaa, SeuZlebelia, rom dedamiwa iyos

qalRmerTi. isic misi qmnilebaa.

sjeraT, rom dedamiwa

qalRmerTia.. radgan Cven

vxedavT, rom mkacradaa

gamoyenebuli da

tiranizebuli is adamianis

239

mier. aris daRaruli,

areuli. Tu is daiwveba

cecxliT, dakargavs

sicocxles, radgan

ferflze araferi

gaizrdeba, Tu wvimiT

moirwyveba, walekavs mTel

modgmas da TviTonac

wailekeba. xSirad is

iTeleba adamianebisa da

sxva qmnilebebis fexqveS.

iRebeba moklulTa

sisxliT. is iTxreba da

ivseba mkvdari sxeulebiT

da xdeba sasaflao. amis

Semdgom, dauSvebelia

vTqvaT, rom dedamiwa

qalRmerTia. is aris

adamianTa mosaxmarad

Seqmnili RmerTis qmnileba.

V. aseve mcdarni arian

isini, romlebic miiCneven,

rom wyalia RmerTi. radgan

isic aseve adamianTa

mosaxmarad Seimna da

kontroldeba adamianebis

mier. is Zalas kargavs da

irRveva da ganicdis

cvlilebebs xarSvisas da

icvlis fersac, iyineba

yinvisas da WuWyiandeba

sisxliT da recxavs WuWys.

V. aseve cdebian isini, romlebic wylebs

RmerTad miiCneven, radgan wylebi adamianTa

gamosayenebladaa Seqmnili da maT

emorCilebian. isini icvlebian da

WuWyiandebian, irRvevian da kargaven TavianT

bunebas, roca sxvadasxva substanciaSi

ixarSebian, isini iReben sxvadasxva fers,

iyinebian yinviT, iReben adamianTa da

cxovelTa WuWys da moklulTa sisxls.

mowmdebian wylis mcodneTa mier,

moedinebian, Semdeg mimarTulebas icvlian,

gadadian baRebSi da sxva adgilebSi, im

240

amitom SeuZlebelia, rom

wyali iyos RmerTi. is

RmerTis qmnilebaa. aseve

cdebian isini, vinc cecxls

miiCneven RmerTad, radgan

cecxli adamianTa

mosaxmarad Seiqmna, isini

akontroleben mas, gadaaqvT

adgilidan adgilas,

mosaxarSad an Sesawvavad,

sxvadasxva saxis xorcis an

mkvdari sxeulebis

dasawvavad. is Cndeba

mizniT, rom Segrovdnen. isini dezinfeqcias

ukeTeben adamianebs. amitom, warmoudgenelia

wylebi RmerTebi rom iyon. wyalic RmerTis

qmnileba da samyaros nawilia. WeSmaritebas

moklebulni arian isinic, romlebic

amboben, rom cecxli RmerTia, radgan isic

adamianebisTvis Seiqmna da aris maTi

mosaxmari mravali kuTxiT: saWmlis

mosamzadeblad, metalebis gamosadnobad da

sxva niSniT, rac icis Tqvenma

aRmatebulebam. is qreba sxvadasxvagvarad.

kvlav cdebian isini, visac sjera, rom

qarebis qrolva RmerTia, radgan CvenTvis

mravalnairad, qreba

adamianTa mier. cecxli

araa RmerTi, is adamianis

qmnilebaa.

gzidan arian

gadaxveulni isinic,

romlebic miiCneven, rom

qari qalRmerTia. faqtia,

rom qaris dabervac sxvisi

karnaxiT xdeba. adamianebs

is RmerTma Seuqmna, raTa

sworad imoZraon gemebma,

gaaniavos xorbali da sxva

saWiroebebisTvis. ase rom,

qrolva qarisa ar aris

qalRmerTi, aramed isic

RmerTis qmnilebaa.

VI. cdebian isinic,

kargadaa cnobili, rom es qarebi arian

sxvisi mmarTvelobis qveS. drodadro metad

uberaven, drodadro naklebad da Cerdebian.

Cerdebian misi brZanebiT, vinc maT

akontrolebs, radgan isini RmerTis mieraa

Seqmnili adamianebisaTvis, imisaTvis, rom

Camoyaros xidan mwife nayofi, gadaadgilos

zRvaze gemebi, romelTac gadaaqvT

adamianebisTvis saWiro sagnebi adgilebidan,

sadac maT moipoveben, iq, sadac isini ar

iSoveba. isini drodadro Zlierdebian,

drodadro ki Cawynardebian. erT adgilas

damxmarea, sxvagan katastrofis gamomwvevi,

misi meoxebiT, vinc mas marTavs. maT Tavad

araferi SeuZliaT. SeuZlebelia qarebs

RmerTebi vuwodoT, isini RmerTis

qmnilebani arian.

VI. aseve cdebian isinic, vinc fiqrobs,

241

vinc mzes miiCneven

RmerTad, radan Cven

vxedavT, rom is

aucileblobiTaa

ganpirobebuli, trialebs

da brunavs niSnidan

niSnamde, Cadis da amodis,

raTa mcenareebi gazardos

adamianTa mosaxmarad. aseve,

mas Tavisi adgili aqvs

varskvlavebs Soris da

ufro pataraa caze. is

anaTebs raRaca drois

manZilze da ar aris Tavisi

sakuTari survilebis

Semsrulebeli. aqedan

daskvna, rom, mze ar aris

RmerTi, is RmerTis

qmnilebaa mxolod. aseve

Semcdaria isic, vinc

mTvares qalRmerTad

moiazrebs. radgan Cven

vxedavT, rom misi moZraoba

savaldebuloa da

trialebs da brunavs

niSnidan niSnamde, Cadis da

amodis adamianis

sasikeTod. is mzeze

naklebia da ganicdis amas.

aqedan gamomdinare, arc

mTvarea qalRmerTi, aramed

rom mze RmerTia. radgan Cven vxedavT, rom

is brunavs sxvisi direqtiviT, brunavs da

asrulebs Tavis mogzaurobas da gadadis

niSnidan niSanSi, amodis da Cadis yovel

dRe, raTa gazardos mcenareebi da xeebi,

radgan mzis naTeba gansazRvravs yvela

amosul qmnilebas, rac dedamiwazea. is erT-

erTi varskvlavTagania bunebiT,

axorcielebs adamianebis moTxovnilebebs,

ara Tavisi surviliT, aramed misiT, vinc mas

marTavs. SeuZlebelia mze iyos qalRmerTi.

is RmerTis qmnilebaa, asevea mTvarec da

sxva varskvlavebic.

242

RmerTis qmnileba.

VII. cdebian isinic, vinc

adamians miiCneven RmerTad.

radgan, Cven vxedavT, rom

adamiani moZraobs

aucileblobiT da ibadeba,

raTa gaizardos da

daberdes, Tanac winaaRmdeg

Tavisi survilisa. mas

zogjer uxaria, zogjer

dardobs, roca moakldeba

saWmeli, sasmeli da

Casacmeli da Cven vxedavT,

rom igi brazdeba,

eWvianobs, icvlis vnebas,

mizans, aqvs mravali nakli.

kvdeba mravali faqtoriT,

cxovelebis mier,

Cveulebrivi sikvdiliT.

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom

adamiani ki araa RmerTi,

aramed misi qmnileba.

cdebian qaldevelebi,

romlebic hyvebian TavianT

vnebebs. isini eTayvanebian

aramyar elementebs,

usicocxlo

gamosaxulebebs da ver

fiqroben, rom isini Tavad

aqceven am sagnebs

RmerTebad.

VII. romelnic fiqroben, rom adamianebi

RmerTebi arian, aseve Semcdarni arian.

radgan, o, mefeo, adamiani Sedgeba oTxi

elementisgan da sulisa da xasiaTisagan.

esaa misi mikrokosmosi. amaT gareSe, is ver

iarsebebs. mas aqvs dasawyisi da dasasruli.

is ibadeba da kvdeba. magram RmerTi

ukvdavia, is bunebiT dausabamoa da myari.

SeuZlebelia, kaci RmerTs SevadaroT.

adamiani xan tiris, xan icinis, xan mrisxanea,

xan Zunwi, xan eWviani, aqvs uamravi nakli.

mas mxecebi nawil-nawilad glejen. aqedan

gamomdinare vxvdebiT, rogor cdebodnen

barbarosebi. maT ver upoviaT WeSmariti

RmerTi, isini Tavad gaurbian WeSmaritebas

da misdeven frTian warmosaxvebs

survilisas, emsaxurebian ra aramyar

elementebsa da usicocxli gamosaxulebebs.

isini ver xsnidnen WeSmariti RmerTis

bunebas.

243

VIII. modiT axla gadavideT

berZnebze, raTa vnaxoT

SeuZliaT Tu ara maT

Seicnon RmerTi. berZnebi

miiCneven TavianT Tavebs

Wkvianebad, magram ufro

metad cdebian, vidre

qaldevelebi. amtkiceben,

rom arseboben RmerTebi,

zogi mamri, zogi mdedri,

gamocdili xelovanebi,

yvela saxis uazrobis

mravalsaxeobani. berZnebi

Tavad qmnian warmodgenebs

maTze. maTi RmerTebi

sinamdvileSi iyvnen: ojaxis

erTgulebis damrRvevebi,

VIII. modiT berZnebs davubrundeT, raTa

gavigoT, ra Sexeduleba hqondaT maT

WeSmarit RmerTze. berZnebi, romlebic viTom

barbarosebze Wkvianebi arian, ufro metad

daSordnen swor gzas, vidre barbarosebi,

radgan maT SemogvTavazes mravali fiqtiuri

RmerTi, romlebic dayves mdedrobiTebad

da mamrobiTebad. zogierTi maTi RmerTi iyo

moRalate, zogi mkvleli, motyuebuli,

mtruli, mrisxane, vnebiani, mamismkvleli,

qurdi da yaCaRi. zogi iyo maxinji, natanji,

dasaxiCrebuli, zogi jadoqari. zogi

ukravda liraze, zogi mTebSi iyo, zogi

kvdeboda Cveulebrivad, zogi ki zRvis

talRebiT. zogi adamianTa msaxuric

xdeboda. zogi garboda Sors, zogs

adamianebi iparavdnen, zogs adamianebi

mkvlelebi, mrisxaneni,

mtrobiT da vnebebiT

savseni, mamis da Zmis

mkvlelebi, yaCaRebi,

qurdebi, jadoqrebi, giJebi.

zogi mokvda, radgan misi

rigi movida, zogi daixrCo

talRebSi, zogi adamianTa

monebad iqca, zogi

gadaixvewa. isini

glovobdnen da

itanjebodnen, zogi

cxovelad iqca. amitom, o,

mefeo, isini sasaciloni da

glovobdnen. zogi mogzaurobda

jojoxeTSi, zogierTebi iyvnen daWrilni,

zogma ganicada transformacia da cxovels

daemsgavsa qalTa mosaxiblad. zogma

Seircxvina Tavi, daqorwinda ra sakuTar

dedaze, daze da qaliSvilebze. maTi

RmerTebi mruSobdnen adamianTa modgmis

qalebTan. aqedan warmoiSvao WeSmariti

modgma, romelic aseve ukvdavi iyo. berZnebi

ambobdnen sisuleeebs TavanT RmerTebze,

eZaxdnen ra RmerTebs imaT, rac ar iyvnen

RmerTebi, aqedan kacobrioba iRebda

stimuls CaedinaT danaSauli, arakanonieri

urTierTobani. adamianebi Tu Tavad

244

absurdulni arian. es

mxolod zRaprebia, rac

berZnebma SeTxzes, daarqves

ra RmerTebis saxelebi maT,

vinc ar arian RmerTebi,

raTa raRaciT

gaemarTlebinaT TavianTi

uwminduri zraxvebi, raTa

damcvelebad hyolodaT

isini. maT RmerTebs

SeeZloT CaedinaT qurdoba,

mkvleloba, Ralati da sxva

cudi qmedebebi. aqedan

gamomdinare, Tu maTi

RmerTebi yvelafer amas

sCadiodnen, ratom maT ar

unda CaedinaT? am araswori

magaliTebiT kacobrioba

moicva xSirma omebma,

mkvlelobebma da mwvave

aneqsiebma.

IX. Tu maT RmerTebs Cven

cal-calke davaxasiaTebT,

Tqven naxavT, ra

absurdulia maTi

RmerToba. rogor

daasaxeles kronosi yvela

RmerTis mTavrad da rogor

swiravdnen mas sakuTar

Svilebs. mas hyavda bevri

vaJi reasagan da rom misi

AaZlevdnen maT rCevebs, rogor unda

mieCniaT isini RmerTebad. am Secdomis gamo

iyo didi omebi, SimSilobebi, tyveobebi.

TavianTi Secdomebis gamo daitanjnen isini.

A

IX. modiT gavyveT maTi RmerTebis

CamonaTvals, raTa frTxilad davamtkicoT

zemoT naTqvami. pirvel yovlisa unda

iTqvas, rom berZnebma win wamoswies RmerTTa

Soris kronosi. misi Tayvanismcemlebi mas

Svilebs swiravdnen da zogi maTgani

cocxladac ki wvavda maT. amboben, rom

reasgan gaaCina mravali Svili, maT Soris

zevsi. Semdgom kronosi gagiJda da

orakulis winaswarmetyvelebis SiSiT

245

SeSlilobis mizezi iyo

misi sakuTari Taoba.

ambobdnen, rom zevsma

moiWra Tavisi nawilebi da

daiwyo Tavisi Svilebis Caylapva. zevsi

gadarCa da bolos, zevsma is daaba, moaWra

mas aso da gadaagdo zRvaSi. Semdgom,

rogorc TqmulebaSia naTqvami, iqidan

zRvaSi gadaagdo. zevsma

SeboWa sakuTari mama da

Caagdo tartarozSi.

TvalSisacemia is Secdoma,

rac maT mosdiodaT

RmerTebTan dakavSirebiT.

SeiZleba RmerTis

dapatimreba? ra

absurdulobaa! romelma

gonierma SeiZleba es

moigonos odesme? Semdeg

warmodgenilia zevsi da

isini amboben, rom is iyo

maTi RmerTebis mefe da

rom man Tavisi Tavi

cxovelad gadaiqcia, raTa

mokvdavi qalebis gulebi

daepyro. isini amtkiceben,

rom man Tavisi

transformacia moaxdina:

gadaiqca xarad

evropesaTvis, oqrod

danaesTvis, satirad

antiopesTvis da talRad

semeles mosaxiblad.

SemdgomSi am samisagan

iSvnen Svilebi: dionise da

ZeTosi da amfinoe,

warmoiSva afrodite, zevsma Seborkili

kronosi Caagdo sibneleSi. es iyo yvelaze

didi Secdoma da sircxvili, rac berZnebma

moigones da Tqves TavianT pirvel RmerTze.

masze, o, mefeo. SeuZlebelia RmerTis

borkilebiT Sekvra, is am dros sacodavia.

kronosis mere, maT win wamoswies sxva

RmerTi - zevsi da masze Tqves, rom man

miiRo suvereniteti RmerTebis panTeonSi. is

iyo yvela RmerTis mefe da Tqves, rom man

Tavi mxecad gadaiqcia da sxva formebi

miiRo, raTa moexibla Cveulebrivi mokvdavi

qalebi da gaeCina maTgan Svilebi. pirvelad,

man Tavi xarad gadaiqcia evropesa da

persefones siyvaruliT aRtkinebulma.

Semdeg oqrod, danaes siyvarulis gamo,

gedad ledas siyvarulisTvis, kacad

antiopes gamo, manaToblad lunas gamo da

Sesabamisad, mas hyavda bevri Svili.

antiopesagan _ ZeTosi da amfinoe, lunasgan

_ dionise, alkmenesgan _herkulesi,

letosgan _ apoloni da artemide, danaesgan

_persevsi da ledasgan _ kastori da

polidevke da elene da paladosi,

mnemosinesgan 9 asuli, maT muzebi uwoda,

evropesgan _ minosi, radamanTisi da

sarpedoni. mogvianebiT, man angelozad

icvala saxe, raTa moexibla ganimede,

246

herakle, apoloni da

artemide, persevsi,

kastori, elene, polidevke,

minosi, radamanTisi,

sarpedoni da cxra asuli,

romelTac muzebs eZaxda

igi. aseve maT moitanes

kanonebi ganimedes

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

es moxda, o mefeo,

rom kacobriobam mibaZa

yovelive amas. kacebi

gaxdnen moRalateni, qalebi

dabneulni da gaxdnen

saSineli ganukiTxaobis

msxverplni, gamoigones ra

TavianTi RmerTi. aqedan

gamomdinare, SeiZleba

RmerTi iyos moRalate,

uxeSi da mamismkvleli?!

mwyemsi gogo. am zRaprebis wyalobiT, o,

mefeo, bevri boroteba warmoiSva kacTa

Soris.

berZnebi dRemde imeoreben TavianTi

sayvareli RmerTebis saqcielebs: Ralats,

tyuils, zogi klavs mSobels da a.S, im

martivi mizeziT, rom, Tu maTi RmerTebis

meTauri amas akeTebs, ratom maT ar unda

Caidinon igive? es sisuleleebi wamoswies

win berZnebma TavianT TqmulebebSi. arada

warmoudgenelia RmerTma danergos Ralati,

mamrebis da mdedrebis motyueba, mSoblebis

mokvla; Tu es sxvagvaradaa, is ufro

saSinelia, vidre destruqciuli demoni.

X. masTan erTad, agreTve

hefesto miiCnies RmerTad

da Tqves, rom is iyo

koWli da xelSi eWira

CaquCi da Rvedebi da Tavs

irCenda mWedlobiT. ra

sacodavia? SeiZleba

X. berZnebma RmerTad mogvivlines hefestoc.

masze isini ambobdnen, rom iyo koWli da

Tavze exura xelosnis qudi, xelSi eWira

cecxlis Rvedebi da CaquCi da

xelmZRvanelobda rkinis gamodnobis

xelobas, amiT Soulobda gasamrjelos.

nuTu aseTi gaWirvebuli SeiZleba iyos

247

RmerTi iyos koWli da Tan

adamianebze damokidebuli.

isini gvaCveneben hermessac,

rogorc RmerTs, gviCveneben

mas, rogorc vnebis amyols,

qurds, Zunws da jadoqars,

daWrils, Tarjimans.

SeiZleba aseTi RmerTad

aRviqvaT? maT aseve win

gamohyavT asklepiosi,

rogorc RmerTi, romelic

iyo eqimi da amzadebda

wamlebs, adebda TabaSirs

motexilobebze, radgan mas

uWirda. bolos is zevsis

mier iyo mokluli talRiT,

tindareosis, lakedaimonis

vaJis gamo. Tu asklepiosma

Tavisi RvTiurobiT Tavi

ver gadairCina talRisgan,

sxvas rogor uSvelida?

warmodgenilia RmerTad

aresi, Cxubis da

cxovelebis moyvaruli,

Suriani. qrTamavda

afrodites. is iyo

gzaareuli axalgazrda

erosis da hefestos mier.

vnebiani rogor SeiZleba

yofiliyo RmerTi?

mebrZoli, patimari da

moRalate? isini

dionisesac miaweren

RmerTi? ar SeiZleba RmerTi iyos

gaWirvebuli an koWli, metic, Zalian

ususuri. Semdeg maT sxva RmerTi moyavT da

mas eZaxian hermess da masze amboben, rom is

qurdia, xarbia, momxveWelia, jadoqaria,

aTletia, daWrili da Tarjimania.

SeuZlebelia RmerTi aseTi iyos. Semdeg

RmerTad warmoaCenen asklepioss. amboben,

rom is aris eqimi da amzadebs wamlebs,

salbunebs da amiT Soulobs fuls.

sabolod is kvdeba zevsisgan gamogzavnili

mexiT, tindarevsis gamo. Tu is RmerTia,

ratom ver ixsna Tavi ? asevea aresis

SemTxvevaSic. masze amboben, rom is aris

mebrZoli da Suriani, ZaliT isakuTrebs

gemebs da nivTebs, rac misi ar aris. masze

amboben, rom afroditesTan Ralatis gamo,

is daiWres mcirewlovanma erosma da

afrodites qmarma hefestom da daabes.

SeuZlebelia RmerTi iyos mebrZoli,

dabmuli da moRalate. isini dionisezec

amboben, rom is namdvilad RmerTia. igi

RamiT seirnobs, loTobs da itacebs qalebs,

romlebic mas ar ekuTvnis. Semdeg is

giJdeba, uSvebs msaxurebs da garbis

udabnoSi. iq is Wams gvelebs. sabolood mas

klavs titani. Tu is RmerTi iyo, ratom ar

ixsna Tavi sigiJisagan, sikvdilisgan. aseTi

RmerTi sxvebs rogorRa uSvelida? Semdgom

win weven herakles da amboben, rom is aris

RmerTi, romelic amavdroulad aris tirani,

mebrZoli da Savi Wiris mmusvreli. aseve

maszea Tqmuli, rom is gagiJda da mokla

248

RmerTobas, romelic

marTavda Ramis nadimebs,

loTobda da stacebda

mezoblebs colebs, mere

gagiJda da gaiqca. bolos

is mokvda titanebis mier.

Tu dionisem Tavi ver

gadairCina sikvdilisgan,

ranairi RmerTia? berZnebi

Svilebi. Semdgom Tavi daiwva cecxlze. Tu

is RmerTia, ratom ar daixsna Tavi

winaaRmdegobebisagan? SeuZlebelia RmerTi

iyos giJi, mTvrali, Svilebis mkvleli da

cecxlze damwvari.

weren, rom herakle daTvra

da gagiJda da yelebi

gamoWra sakuTar Svilebs,

Semdeg is cecxlSi Cavarda

da daiwva. rogor SeiZleba

RmerTi iyos mTvrali,

Svilebis mkvleli da

sasikvdilod damwvari?

sxva rogor SeZlebda mis

daxmarebas, rodesac Tavs

ver daexmara?

XI. berZnebi apolons

warmoaCenen Surian

RmerTad,amasTan mSvild-

isris srolis

specialistad, zogjer

liraze da fleitaze

damkvrelad. is wyalSi

yvinTavda fulisTvis.

uWirda? SeuZlebelia

RmerTs uWirdes da iyos

XI. amis Semdeg berZnebi win weven apolons,

masac RmerTs uxmoben. amboben, rom is aris

Suriani, mas ver endobi. zogjer igi flobs

mSvild-isars, ukravs lirasa da fleitaze.

is misnobs adamianTaTvis da maTgan iRebs

jildos amis safasurad. es RmerTi jildos

molodinSia. sircxvilia es gadaxdes

RmerTs. Semdeg isini warmoaCenen

qalRmerTad artemides, apolonis das,

amboben rom is aris monadire da atarebs

249

Suriani da damkvreli

poeti. Semdeg isini

warmoaCenen artemides, ise,

rogorc apolonis das,

romelic aris monadire da

isvris mSvild-isars. is

daexeteba farTo tyeebSi

ZaRlebTan erTad, raTa

moinadiros iremi da

gareuli taxi. rogor

SeiZleba monadire,

ZaRlebiani qali, iyos

saRvTo bunebis?

afroditesac miiCneven

qalRmerTad, miuxedavad

imisa, rom moRalatea. erT

dros mas hyavda sayvarlad

aresi, mere anqizesi,

adonisic, romelsac

Semdgom dastiris kidec.

amboben, rom is hadesSic ki

Cavida, raTa persefonesgan

gamoesyida adonisi. odesme

aseTi sisulele

gagigoniaT mefeo, rom

RmerTad CavTvaloT

moRalate, mtirali qali?

isini warmoaCenen adoniss,

isars da daborialobs mTebSi ZaRlebTan

erTad, raTa moinadiros irmebi da veluri

taxebi. sircxvilia, qaliSvili mTebSi

marto borialobdes ZaRlebTan erTad da

nadirobdes. SeuZlebelia is iyos

qalRmerTi. aseve afroditesac miiCneven

qalRmerTad. zogjer is cxovrobs

RmerTebTan, zogjer mokvdav kacebTan. mas

hyavda sayvarlebi: aresi, adonisi.

afroditem mkvdari adonisis gamo bevri

itira da hadesSic ki Cavida mis

dasaxsnelad persefonesgan, hadesis

qaliSvilisgan. Tu is qalRmerTia, rogor

ver daexmara sayvarels, ratom tiris da

ratom aris ususuria an moRalate? ar

SeiZleba RvTaeba aseTi iyos. adoniszec

amboben, rom is aris RmerTi. is aris

monadire da moRalate, amboben rom

gareulma taxma daWra da amis Sedegad

mokvda. Tu RmerTia, ratom ver daixsna

Tavi? sxvas rogorRa uSvelis aseTi RmerTi?

aseve amboben reazec, rom is maTi

RmerTebis dedaa. masac hyavda Turme

erTxel sayvarlad atisi da eZleoda masTan

gancxromas. is Semdgom glovobs atiss. Tu

RmerTebis deda ver daexmara sayvarels da

ver gadaarCina, sxvis daxmarebas rogorRa

rogorc monadire RmerTs,

romelic sastikad kvdeba

gareuli taxisgan. man Tavi

ver gadairCina. rogor

SesZlebs? SeuZlebelia qalRmerTi iyos

binZuri da mtirali. asevea qoros

SemTxvevaSic. is motacebul iqna plutosis

mier da Tavs ver uSvela. Tu RmerTi Tavs

250

SeiZleba is iyos misabaZi

kacobriobisaTvis. aseT

saSinel da Semarcxvenel

ambebs hyvebian berZnebi, o,

mefeo TavianT RmerTebze.

es ambebi sainteresod

gamaxsovrdeba. aqedan

moyolebuli, kacobrioba

iRebs cud impulss

TavianTi RmerTebidan,

axorcielebs ukanonobas

da uRmerTobas da Tavisi

qmedebiT aWuWyianebs miwas

da haers.

XII. egviptelebi yvelaze

metad sulelebi

aRmoCndnen, radgan sxva

xalxebze metad gadauxvies

swori gzidan. isini

berZnebisa da

qaldevelebisagan

gansxvavebiT, RmerTebs

uwodebdnen miwisa da

wylis cxovelebs,

mcenareebsa da balaxebs.

am TavianTi ucodinrobiT,

isini yvela sxva xalxebze

metad Semarcxvenlebi

iyvnen dedamiwis zurgze.

isini aseve Tayvans

ver Svelis, sxvas rogorRa daexmareba?

am yovelives igoneben isini, o, mefeo,

TavianT RmerTebze. aqedan xalxi iRebda

cud impulsebs. cxovrobdnen uRmerTod da

mTeli dedamiwa, maTi mibaZvis Sedegad,

gaxada namusgarecxili, momxveWeli da

WuWyiani.

XII. egviptelebi, yvela sxva xalxze metad

ityuebdnen Tavs. barbarosebisa da berZnebis

religiuri warmodgenebi da RmerTebi maT

ar akmayofilebdaT da amitom, isini

gvTavazobdnen RmerTebad: cxovelebs,

mcocavebsa da frinvelebs da ambobdnen,

rom swored isini iyvnen RmerTebi.

egviptelebi yvelaze metad sulelebi da

binZurni iyvnen, vidre sxva xalxebi. Zveli

droidan moyolebuli, isini aRmerTebdnen

isidas, da ambobdnen, rom is aris

qalRmerTi da misi qmari aris osirisi,

romelic amavdroulad misi Zmaa. roca

osirisi mokla tifonma, misma Zmam, isida

gaiqca Tavis vaJTan orosTan erTad

biblosSi da iq iyo manam, sanam misi vaJi ar

gaizarda. Semdgom orosi SeebrZola biZa

251

scemdnen da aRmerTebdnen

isidas, romelsac osirisi

hyavda rogorc Zma da

rogorc qmari. osirisi

mokluli iqna Tavisi

sakuTari Zmis, tifonis,

mier. amis gamo, isida Tavis

vaJTan orosTan erTad

gaiqca biblosSi, siriaSi

da dastiroda osiriss

mwared, manam, sanam orosi

ar gaizarda da ar mokla

tifoni. ase rom, isidas

arc imis Zala hqonda, rom

tifons da mokla igi. amis mere isida

dabrunda da eZebda osirisis gvams da

mosTqvamda mis sikvdilze mwared. Tu isida

qalRmerTi iyo, ratom ver daexmara osiriss,

mis Zmasa da batons? sxvas ra daxmareba

unda gauwios aseTma RmerTma? SeuZlebelia

RvTiuri arseba iyos SeSinebuli, gaqceuli

da mtirali. osiriszec ambobdnen, rom is

iyo mSromeli RmerTi. is mokvda tifonis

mier da Tavs ver uSvela. cnobilia, rom

RvTiuri bunebisaTvis es miuRebelia. mis

Zmaze tifonzec ambobdnen, rom RmerTia. is

iyo Zmis mkvleli da moklul iqna

ZmisSvilis da Tavisi sacolis mier. ratom

Tavis Zmasa da qmars

daxmareboda. verc osirisma

gadairCina Tavi, roca

tifonma mokla. verc

Zmismkvlelma tifonma,

roca is orosisa da isidas

xeliT kvdeboda, ver

daixsna Tavi

sikvdilisagan. aseTi

ubeduri SemTxvevebiT

vlindeba maTi WeSmariti

buneba. egviptelebs isini

WeSmarit RmerTebad

miaCndaT. isini ar iyvnen

kmayofilni sxva xalxebis

RmerTebiT. zogierTi

maTgani Tayvans scemda

taxs, zogi cxvars, zogi

ver ixsna Tavi? maSin ranairi RmerTia is?

egviptelebi kidev ufro metad sacodavni

iyvnen, vidre sxva xalxebi. ubralo

egviptelebi ki, kidev ufro sulelebi

iyvnen. metic, isini RmerTebad moiazrebdnen

cxovelebs. zogierTi maTgani Tayvans scemda

cxvars, zogi xbos, zogi Rors, zogi Tevzs,

zogi niangsa da Zeras, Tevzebs, svavsa da

arwivs, yorans, zogi katas, zogi ZaRls,

zogi Sxamian gvels, zogi kobras, zogi

niorsa da xaxvs, zogi loms, zogi vefxvs da

a.S. es sacodavebi ver xvdebian, rom cdebian,

rom maT RmerTebs yoveldRiurad Wamen

adamianebi. zogi iwveba, zogi WuWyiandeba,

zogi fuWdeba. ase rom egviptelebi ver

xvdebian, rom iseTi sagnebi, romlebic maT

ver ixsnian safrTxisagan, ar arian

RmerTebi. egviptelebis Secdoma ufro

252

xarTa toms emsaxureboda,

zogi Rors, zogi yorans,

zogi Zeras, zogi svavsda

da arwivs, zogi niangs,

katas, ZaRls, mgels,

maimuns, drakons da kobras,

zogi xaxvs, zogi niors. es

sacodavebi ver xvdebodnen,

rom maTi RmerTebi

ususurebi iyvnen. maT

Wamdnen sxva tomis kacebi.

isini nadgurdebodnen

tanjviT. egviptelebi ki

mainc ver isazrebdnen, rom

es qmnilebebi ar iyvnen

RmerTebi.

XIII.ase rom, egviptelebmac,

qaldevelebmac da

berZnebmac, dauSves didi

Secdoma, daarqves ra

RmerTebi da Tayvans

scemdnen uazro

qmnilebebis kerpebs.

sainteresoa, rogor iyvnen

isini RmerTebi, roca

yoveldRe xedavdnen es

adamianebi, Tu rogor

Cexavdnen maT RmerTebs

mSromeli kacebi, Wridnen

naWrebad, adnobdnen da

mainc RmerTebad miaCndaT.

didia, vidre sxva xalxebis Secdoma

dedamiwis zurgze.

XIII. mefeo, saswaulia pirdapir,

miuxedavad berZnebis mimarT didi

pativiscemisa, romlebmac yvela sxva xalxs

gaaswres cxovrebis stiliTa da gonierebiT,

rogor gadauxvies gzidan mkvdari kerpebis

da usicocxlo warmosaxvebis TayvaniscemiT.

xedaven ra TavianT RmerTebs: daWrilebs,

amosvrilebs, marTulebs, gadakeTebulebs

TavianTi nebiT sxvadasxvanairad. Tu rogor

berdebian isini droTa ganmavlobaSi, rogor

dnebian da iqcevian fxvnilad. sainteresoa,

rogor ver iazreben isini, rom eseni ar

arian RmerTebi? vinc sakuTar Tavs ver

Svelis, rogor uSvelis adamianTa

ubedurebas? TviT maTi mwerlebi da

253

es RmerTebi Tavs ver

icavdnen da adamianebs

rogor daexmarebodnen?

Semdgom berZeni da

egvipteli poetebi da

filosofosebi,

qaldevelTa msgavsad,

Seecdebian leqsebiT da

moTxrobebiT win wamoswion

TavianTi RmerTebi. amiT

metad warmoaCenen maT

sasircxvilo saqmeebs. Tu

adamianis sxeuli, romelic

mravali nawilisgan

Sedgeba, ver Seeleva

vercerTi organos

dakargvas da rom misi

mTlianoba, swored, yvela

am nawilis harmoniulobiT

miiRweva, maSin rogor

SeiZleba Cxubi da

uTanxmoeba idos

yovlismomcveli RmerTis

bunebaSi? Tu erTianoba da

harmoniuloba devs

RmerTis bunebaSi, maSin

rogor SeiZleba erTi

RmerTi klavdes meores,

asaxiCrebdes an devnides?

Tu RmerTs dasdeven,

asaxiCreben, axrCoben

RmerTebi, es araa

erTianoba. es uazro

filosofosebic SecdomiT fiqrobdnen,

rom maTi RmerTebi umaRlesi RmerTis

msgavsad arian Seqmnilni da isini cdebian,

eZeben ra gzebs, rom isini RmerTs

miamsgavson, im RmerTs, romelic adamians

arasdros ar unaxavs. isini cdiloben

aCvenon maTi RvTiuri buneba,Tumca maT

uamravi nakli aqvT. roca isini amboben, rom

is RmerTi iTxovs msxverplSewirvas,

dalevas, adamianTa Sewirvas msxverplad,

taZrebs. RmerTi ki araa gaWirvebuli. mas

araferi sWirdeba. ase rom xalxs eSleba

sakiTxebi, rasac warmoidgenen. amis garda,

maTi mwerlebi da filosofosebi

warmoadgenen da yvebian, rom yvela maTi

RmerTis buneba erTia. Tumca isini ar

icnoben RmerTs, Cvens batons, romelic

vinaidan erTia, yvelaferSia. isini

Zirfesvianad cdebian. magaliTad, adamianis

sxeulSi yvela misi organo harmoniulia,

erTmaneTs eTanxmeba. RmerTi erTia Tavisi

bunebiT da arsiT. mas TavisTavis ar eSinia.

Tu berZnebis RmerTebis bunebac erTia, maSin

ar aris marTebuli, rom RmerTma RmerTi

moklas, moiparos, daWras, rame dauSavos

vinmes. Tu es asea, maTi RmerTebis buneba ar

aris srulyofili da Secdomaa o, mefeo,

rom isini TavianTi RmerTebis bunebas

srulyofilad Tvlian. Tu ase xdeba, rom

Cven unda Tayvani vceT RmerTs, romelic

dasanaxia da Tavad ver xedavs, rogor

SeiZleba kvlavac iyos imis SegrZneba, vinmes

sjerodes, rom maTi RmerTebis buneba

254

gadawyvetilebebia, yvela

maTgani sazianoa.

realurad, arcerTi

maTgani ar SeiZleba

iwodos WeSmarit RmerTad.

naTelia, rom mTeli maTi

saubari RmerTebis bunebaze

Secdomaa. magram rogor

moxda, rom iseTma Wkvianma

da erudirebulma berZenma

kacebma ver gaiazres, rom,

Tu isini TavianTTvis

ikeTebdnen kanonebs, isini

isjebodnen sakuTari

kanonebiT? Tu kanonebi

marTebulia, maSin maTi

RmerTebi arian Semcdarni,

radgan isini arRvevdnen

uxilavi da yvelafris damnaxavia. vinmem xom

unda adidos xelosnis Semqmneli?

modiT SexedeT, rodesac RmerTebma

Seqmnes TavianTi kanonebi, isini ar

fiqrobdnen, rom TavianTi kanonebiT, isini

asamarTlebdnen TavianT RmerTebs. Tu maTi

kanonebi aris utyuari, maSin maTi RmerTebi

arian Semcdarni, arRveven ra maT:

mkvlelobiT, jadoqrobiT, RalatiT,

qurdobiT, yaCaRobiT, kacebis motyuebiT da

a.S. ase rom, Tu maTi RmerTebi iyvnen

marTlebi am sisaZagleebis CadenaSi,

berZenTa kanonebia mcdari maSin, radgan ise

araa Seqmnili, rogorc RmerTis survilia

da aseT SemTxvevaSi, mTeli samyaro gzasaa

acdenili. maTi RmerTebis Sesaxeb

Tqmulebebi zogi miTis saxiTaa, zogi

leqsad, zogic himnia da elegiebi. es

kanonebs:erTmaneTis

mokvliT, jadoqrobiT,

RalatiT, qurdobiT da

sqesobrivi urTierTobebiT

mamakacebTan. Tu RmerTebi

am yvelafris CadenaSi

marTlebi iyvnen, maSin

kanonebi ar iyo marTebuli.

RmerTebis qmedebas aSkarad

upirispirdebodnen

kanonebi. Tu kanonebi

kargi da marTebulia,

miviRoT, rac kargia da

avkrZaloT rac cudia.

carieli sityvebi da xmauria mxolod.

magram Tu es bunebrivi leqsebia, rogorc

amboben, maSin ar arian RmerTebi isini,

romlebic aseT saqmeebs sCadian, itanjebian

da iTmenen. maTze miTebi mxolod

zedapiruli zRaprebia, yovelgvari siRrmis

gareSe. D

255

magram maTi RmerTebis

qmedebebi kanonis

sapirispiroa, isini

arRveven kanons.

ganwirulni arian

sikvdiliT dasjisaTvis. is

adamianebi, romlebic aseT

RmerTebs gvTavazoben,

arian upatiosnoni. Tu

moTxrobebi maTze

ubralod miTebia, maSin

maTi RmerTebi araferia,

Tu ara ubralod saxelebi

da Tu aseTi moTxrobebi

gvxvdeba bunebaSi, vinc amas

akeTebs, is ar aris RmerTi.

Tu moTxrobebi

alegoriulia, isini

miTebia da sxva araferi. o,

mefeo, naTelia, rom yvela

es poliTeisturi

Tayvaniscemis sagnebi, aris

Secdomisa da wyevlis

nayofi. ar aris marTali

RmerTis saxeli vuwodoT

sagnebs, romlebic

SegviZlia davinaxoT.

mxolod erTs unda

vemsaxuroT, uxilavs da

yvelafris damnaxavs,

yvelafris Semqmnels-

RmerTs.

256

XIV. modiT maSin mivyveT,

o, mefeo da vnaxoT aris

Tu ara WeSmariteba im

XIV. modiT axla gadavideT o, mefeo,

iudevelTa istoriaze da vnaxoT, Tu ra

Sexeduleba aqvT maT RmerTze. iudevelebi

SexedulebaSi, rac

iudevelebs aqvT RmerTis

mimarT. iudevelebi arian

abraamis, isaakis da

iakobis STamomavlebi,

romlebic migrirebulni

iyvnen egvipteSi da iqidan

RmerTis ZaliT da moses

saSualebiT, romelic maTi

kanonmdebeli iyo, gamosul

iyvnen mravali

saswaulebiTa da xilvebiT.

RmerTma aCvena Tavisi Zala,

magram isini iyvnen jiutni

da umadurni da xSirad

sxva erebis kerpebsac

msaxurobdnen. sasikvdilod

imetebdnen

winaswarmetyvelebsa da

adamianebs,romlebic maTTan

igzavnebodnen. maSin roca

RmerTis vaJma ineba

dedamiwaze mobrZaneba, maT

is uzneo ZaladobiT

Seipyres da xelSi Caugdes

romael mmarTvel pilates.

arad Caagdes misi

keTilSobili qmedebebi da

amboben, rom RmerTi erTia, yvelafris

Semqmneli da yovlisSemZle da ar aris

marTali, rom sxva qmnilebebsac undaT

msaxureba, garda erTisa RmerTisa. aq Cans,

rom sxva xalxebze metad isini

dauaxlovdnen WeSmaritebas. konkretulad ki

imiT, rom isini Tayvans scemdnen RmerTs da

ara mis qmnilebebs. maT RmerTis gagebis

imitacia moaxdines filanTropiiTac, rac

maT Soris gamefda: Seicodes Raribebi,

gauSves tyveebi, damarxes micvalebulebi da

akeTes iseTi saqmeebi, rasac RmerTic

moiwonebda da adamianebic. danerges kargi

Cvevebic, rac winaparTagan mosdgamdaT. da

mainc, isinic Secdnen WeSmariti codnis

miRebaSi. isini Tvlian, rom maTi msaxureba

TiTqos ufro angelozebis winaSea da ara

RmerTis. mag: roca isini aRniSnavdnen

dasvenebis dReebs, Tveebis dasawyisebs,

dapresili puris dResaswaulebs,

didmarxvas, marxvas da ziarebas, isini

srulyofilad ver xvdebodnen maT arss.

257

saswaulebi da mas

gamoutanes jvarze gakvris

sasikvdilo ganaCeni. am

faqtma daRupa isini. iqamde

isini Tayvans scemdnen

erTaderT yovlisSemZle

RmerTs, magram iyvnen

ucodinarni, radgan isini

uaryofdnen im faqts, rom

qriste iyo RmerTis Svili.

isini warmarTebs gvanan,

Tumca WeSmaritebas sxva

xalxebTan SedarebiT ufro

metad miuaxlovdnen.

XV. axla rac Seexeba

qristianebs. isini dasabams

iReben ieso qristesagan.

ieso cnobili iyo Tavisi

wminda suliT. is iyo

umaRlesi RmerTis Ze,

romelic Camovida zecidan

adamianTa modgmis

XV. qristianebi, o mefeo, eZebdnen da ipoves

WeSmariteba. rogorc Cven gavigeT maTi

nawerebidan, isini sxva xalxebze metad

miuaxlovdnen WeSmaritebas da genialur

sibrZnes, radgan maT swamT da sjeraT

RmerTis,zecisa da miwis Semqmnelis.

romlisganac aris warmoqmnili yvelaferi

da romelic moicavs yvela arsebas. mas ar

gadasarCenad. am

qveyanas moevlina erTi

Raribi qaliSvilis

meSveobiT; is dausabamo da

umwikvloa. man miiRo

sxeuli da gamoCnda

adamianTa Soris, raTa

aResrulebina RvTiuri

Canafiqri da adamianebi

hyavs sxva RmerTi. mis moZRvrebebs iReben da

ibeWdaven gonebaSi. Semdgom axorcieleben

didi rwmeniT da meored mosvlis

molodiniT, romelic swamT rom dadgeba.

amitom isini ar sCadian Ralatsa da

ukanonobas. ar tyuian. ar iTviseben sxvis

qonebas. isini pativs scemen mamas da dedas

da sikeTes sCadian. sjian mxolod

samarTlianad. isini ar eTayvanebian kerpebs,

258

WeSmaritebisaken moeqcia.

is mokvda jvarze gakvris

Sedegad da amiT aRsrulda

zeciuri neba. sami dRis

Semdeg is aRsdga da

amaRlda zecad. Tu Tqven

waikiTxavT amis Sesaxeb, o,

mefeo, wminda saxarebis

nawerebSi, Tavad gansjiT

misi arsebobis didebas. mas

hyavda 12 mociquli,

romlebic misi zecad

amaRlebis Semdgom wavidnen

mTeli qveynis nawilebSi da

qadagebdnen mis sidiades.

mag: erT-erTma maTganma

Cvens qveyanaSic iqadaga

WeSmariti religia. swored

isini iwodebian

qristianebad, vinc TavianTi

qadagebebiT axorcieleben

marTal saqmeebs. isini

mieaxlnen WeSmaritebas

metad, vidre sxva xalxebi

dedamiwis zurgze. radgan

isini aRiareben RmerTs,

yvela sagnis Semqmnelsa da

formis mimcems

mxolodSobili Zisa da

suli wmindis meSveobiT; da

mis garda isini arcerT

sxva RmerTs ar

eTayvanebian. ;

romlebic adamianTa xeliT keTdeba. sxvas

ar gaukeTeben imas, rac ar undaT rom Tavad

gadaxdeT. xatebisTvis Sewirul sakvebs ar

Wamen, radgan isini wmindanni arian. mtrebs

amarTleben da imegobreben. wmindanni arian,

o mefeo, rogorc qalwulebi. maTi

qaliSvilebi arian Tavmdabalni, xolo maT

kacebs Tavi Sors uWiravT yvela ukanono

kavSirisa da usufTaobisagan im mizniT, rom

sxva samyaroSi miiRon jildo. metic, Tu

maT hyavT msaxuri kacebi da qalebi,

arwmuneben maT gaxdnen qristianni da Tu

isini amas akeTeben, maT Zmebad miiCneven.

isini ar eTayvanebian ucxo RmerTebs da

isini midian TavianT gzaze ubraloebiT da

mxiarulebiT. ar cruoben. maT uyvarT

erTmaneTi, qvrivebisgan ar iReben Sesawirs.

Tu iReben, oblebs aZleven. vinc uqonelia,

mas aZleven yovelgvari keklucobis gareSe.

Tu ucxos naxaven, saxlSi miyavT da alxenen

rogorc sulier Zmas. Tu erT-erTi Raribi

kvdeba, TiToeuli maTgani SesaZleblobidan

gamomdinare exmareba mis ojaxs da aRavlens

misi dakrZalvis process. Tu qristianebi

Seityoben, rom romelime maTgani

Sepyrobili an tanjulia mesiis saxelis

aRiarebis gamo, yvela maTgani cdilobs mis

gamoxsnas. Tu maT Soris vinme Raribi da

gaWirvebulia da maT ar aqvT damatebiT

saWmeli, isini ori-sami dRe marxuloben,

raTa TavianTi dazogili sakvebiT

gaWirvebulebs daexmaron. isini mesiis

moZRvrebebs misdeven yuradRebiT, cxovroben

259

isini asruleben

iesosagan miRebul

mcnebebs, romlebic

gulebSi aqvT CabeWdili.

asruleben da elodebian

mkvdreTiT aRdgomas da

sicocxlis dabrunebas

dedamiwis zurgze. isini ar

arian moRalateebi. arc

patiosnad da TavSekavebulad, rogorc maTi

mbrZanebeli ufali aswavlis maT. yovel

dilas da yovel saaTSi isini madlobas

uZRvnian da adideben RmerTs im

siyvarulisaTvis da sikeTisaTvis, rac

ufals maT mimarT aqvs. saWmel-

sasmelisaTvis, rac maT eZlevaT uflis

mier, isini pativs miageben mas. Tu vinme

marTali kaci tovebs qveyanas, isini xaroben

ukanonod cxovroben,

arc tyuian, arc wamglejni

ar arian. isini pativs

scemen mamas da dedas da

uyvarT TavianTi moyvasni.

isini sworad sjian da

arasdros ar sCadian iseT

rames, rac Tavad ar undaT

rom gadaxdeT. isini

umegobrdebian mtrebs da

maTTvis cdiloben kargis

keTebas. isini zrdilebi

arian da ubraloni, Sors

uwmindurebisagan. ar

Cagraven qvriv-obols da is

visac aqvs, aZlevs mas,

visac ara aqvs saSualeba

hqondes. ucxo stumari

Tavis WerqveS miyavT da

sakuTar ZmasaviT uvlian,

radgan isini erTmaneTs

uxmoben Zmebs ara sxeuliT,

aramed sulierad. isini

da RmerTs madlobas uZRvnian. isini

acileben mis sxeuls. Tu vinmes Svili

uCndeba, RmerTs madlobas uZRvnian. Tu vinme

pataraobaSi kvdeba, metad uxdian RmerTs

madlobas, radgan is ucodveli wava am

qveynidan. Tu vinme uRmerTobiT da codvebiT

damZimebuli datovebs qveyanas, misTvis isini

glovoben mwared, rogorc adamianze,

romelsac ufali gamoutans swor ganaCens.

260

mzad arian sicocxle

dasTmon qristes

xsnisaTvis. amitom

asruleben mis moZRvrebebs

srulyofilad da

cxovroben wminda da

namdvili cxovrebiT.

yvelafrisaTvis

madlobelni arian, rasac

RmerTi aZlevT. mas yovel

saaTSi, yvela saWmel-

sasmlisaTvis da sxva

sikeTisaTvis, madlobas

miageben locvebiT.

XVI. swored es aris

WeSmaritebisaken savali

gza, romelsac adamiani

miyavs mudmiv

sabrZanebelSi, rasac

rogorc ieso qadagebs,

saiqio hqvia. Tqven unda

icodeT, o, mefeo, rom am

yvelaferze mxolod Cemi

surviliT ar vsaubrob. Tu

Tqven inebebT da CaixedavT

qristianTa nawerebSi, Tqven

XVI. aseTia, o mefeo, qristianebis

moZRvrebis arsi da maTi cxovrebis stili.

Tu adamianebi, romlebic RmerTs aRiareben,

aRavlenen mis mimarT locvebs, raTa ufalma

miiRos maTi Txovna da ausrulos da amiT

arian isini dakavebuli mTeli sicocxlis

manZilze, isini grZnoben im did siyvarulsa

da sikeTes, rac ufals aqvs maT mimarT.

marTlac swored isini arian, vinc Seimecna

WeSmariteba didi xnis Ziebis Semdeg. aqedan

gamogvaqvs daskvna, rom mxolod isini

miuaxlovdnen WeSmaritebis arss. isini ar

aRmoaCenT, rom me arafers

ar vambob simarTlis

garda. amis mere SeuZlia

kacs winaswar igrZnos

afiSireben im mraval karg saqmeze, rasac

akeTeben. malaven TavianT gakeTebul karg

saqmeebs, rogorc is, vinc ganZs poulobs da

malavs. arian frTxilni, raTa SeumCnevelni

261

WeSmaritad cocxali

RmerTis arseboba da

emsaxuros mas iqamde, sanam

TviTon ar waiyvans mas

imqveynad. didi da

mSvenieria qristianTa

nawerebi da qadagebani,

radgan isini amboben

RmerTis sityvebs da ara

Tavisas. danarCeni xalxebi

ki gzas scdebian da

tyuvdebian, dadian

sibneleSi da mTvrali

kaciviT barbaceben.

XVII. amgvarad, o, mefeo,

cota gamigrZelda saubari,

Tumca es yvelaferi Cems

gonebas WeSmaritebam

ukarnaxa. rogor bedaven

suleli berZnebi uflis

winaaRmdeg laparaks?

TqvenTvis sasargebloa

mefeo emsaxuroT

iyvnen. isini ibrZvian simarTlisaTvis, raTa

iqiTa samyaroSi Sexvdnen ufals

pirnaTelni, miiRon misgan cxoneba. maTi

rwmenis, uflis siyvarulis gamo, o, mefeo,

isini kompensacias iqiTa samyaroSi eZeben.

Tqven am yvelafris Sesaxeb, maTi

nawerebidan SeityobT. mgoni sakmarisia,

raTa Tqven CawvdeT qristianTa rwmenisa da

WeSmaritebis arss. es aris RvTaebrivi

doqtrina, es aris RvTaebriobiT anTebuli

axali xalxi. aiReT maTi nawerebi da

waikiTxeT da naxavT, rom me es ar

momigonia. me ar var maTi damcveli. es

yvelaferi wavikiTxe da davrwmundi

yvelaferSi da am mizniT, me valdebuli

viyavi meTqva simarTle, raTa pirnaTeli

warvsdge uflis samsjavros winaSe. CemTvis

eWvgareSea, rom samyaro qristianTa locva-

kurTxeviT gadarCeba. sxva xalxebi cdebian.

sanam Cven mogvZebnian da Seicnoben

WeSmaritebas, isini ivlian wyvdiadSi da

rogorc mTvrali kacebi, ise ibarbaceben da

daetakebian erTmaneTs.

XVII. amgvarad, o, mefeo, me giambeT imaze,

rac xdeba. rogorc zemoT vTqvi, rac

ikiTxeba qristianTa nawerebSi. rac sakmaod

rTuli aRsaqmelia. rac aramxolod

sityvebiT gamoiTqmis, aramed aisaxeba maT

qmedebebSi. berZnebi, o, mefeo, erTobodnen

ra mamakacebTan gancxromaSi, aseve sakuTar

dedasTan, dasTan, qaliSvilTan sCadiodnen

amgvar uxamsobebs, TavianT uwmindurebebs

262

Semomqmeds-RmerTs da yuri

daugdoT mis marTal

sityvebs, raTa ascdeT

gansjasa da sasjels da

gaxdeT saukuno

sasufevlis memkvidre.

qristianebs abralebdnen.

qristianebi ki arian marTlebi, kargebi.

maTi suli mravaltanjulia. amitom isini

xvdebian berZnebis Secdomebs. qristianebs

ecodebaT isini. isini xom SecdomaSi arian.

isini maT sTavazoben ilocon, moinanion. Tu

romelime maTgani inaniebs, maT rcxveniaT

qristianebis winaSe im saqmeebisaTvis, rac

CaudeniaT. is aRsarebiT inaniebs RmerTis

winaSe im cudi saqmeebis gamo, rac Caudenia,

vinaidan is ucodinrobaSi iyo. aRsarebiT is

iwmends suls da mas codvebi mieteveba,

radgan isini mas adre aqvs Cadenili,

ucodinrobisas, roca borotad saubrobda

qristianTa WeSmarit codnaze.

qristianTa modgma metadaa kurTxeuli

yvela sxva xalxze dedamiwis zurgze.

modiT, vinc qristianobas augad ixsenebs

dadumdnen da momavalSi WeSmarit gzas

daadgnen. kargi saqme iqneba, Tu isini

WeSmarit RmerTs scemen Tayvans, radgan esaa

namdvili doqtrina. rac qristianebis piriT

iTqmis, is RmerTisganaa wamosuli.

ucodinarni, RmerTisgan ganze mdgomni,

SeiZleba aRmoCndnen sastiki ganaCenis

winaSe, romelic mesia iesos saSualebiT

SeemTxveva kacobriobas)(51,10-22),(52,7-45)/(7,184-

196).

263