QATs - Wikispacesgscpolitics.wikispaces.com/file/view/Practice test AOS2.pdf...Quality Assessment Tasks UNIT 3 Q OUTCOME 2 ... 3 + 3 = 6 marks Question 5 Soft power can come in many

QATsQuality Assessment Tasks UNIT 3 ■ OUTCOME 2

VCE Global Politics

SCHOOL-ASSESSED COURSEWORK

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Introduction

NAME:

Outcome 1Analyse and evaluate types and forms of power as used by a specific Asia-Pacific state in the region in pursuit of its national interest.

TaskTest: Short-Answer Questions

This task will be marked out of 60. It will contribute 60% of the marks (50) allocated for this outcome. A second task will be completed for this outcome.

The task has been designed to allow achievement up to and including the highest level in the Performance Descriptors.

You have 60 minutes. No additional resources, such as texts, notes, cheat sheets etc can be accessed.

Answer in the space provided.

Your teacher will advise you of any variation to these conditions.

The following key knowledge is the focus of this task:• thekeyterms:sovereignty,nationalinterest,power,nation,state,nation-state,security,

idealism, pragmatism;• theelementsofnationalinterestandthefactorsthatshapethenationalinterest;• typesandformsofpower:hard,soft,military,economic,political,diplomaticand

cultural;• themainforeignpolicyinstrumentsusedtotrytoachievedifferingnationalinterests.

The following key skills are the focus of this task:• defineandexplainkeyglobalpoliticstermsandusethemintheappropriatecontext;• useavarietyofsourcematerialtoanalyseformsofpower;• analyseideasanddebatesaboutdifferentinterpretationsofthenationalinterest;• evaluatetherelativeimportanceandeffectivenessofdifferentformsofpowerand

foreign policy instruments in the pursuit of the national interest.

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QATs ■ VCE Global Politics ■ SCHOOL-ASSESSED COURSEWORK, UNIT 3 OUTCOME 2

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TaskPreparation

Below are a series of activities that will assist with preparation for answering the short-answer questions. Note: They are not an exhaustive set and should be supplemented with additional activities in preparation for the task.

ACTIVITY 1: Performance DescriptorsCarefully examine the performance descriptors and the mark ranges relevant to Outcome 2, Unit 3. This information will form the basis of your mark in this task and can be found in the VCAA VCE Assessment Handbook Australian and Global Politics.

ACTIVITY 2: Course OverviewAnna-Louise Simpson’s Global Politics, 1st Edition (Social Education Victoria, 2011) has a detailed section on power in the Asia-Pacific.

ACTIVITY 3: Deconstruct Key Knowledge and Key SkillsDeconstruct the Key Knowledge and the Key Skills for this Outcome by brainstorming possible short-answer questions (ranging from 1 mark to 10 marks) which could come from each of these. The Key Knowledge and Key Skills can be found in the VCAA VCE Australia and Global Politics Study Design pages 37–38. How would you respond to each of these possible questions? What additional knowledge do you require to be able to respond fully to each of these possible questions?

ACTIVITY 4: Key DefinitionsYou need to be able to clearly define and/or use the following terms in the appropriate Global Political context in answering the short-answer questions: Sovereignty Nation-state Soft power Cultural powerNational interest Security Military power TradePower Idealism Economic power AidNation Pragmatism Political powerState Hard power Diplomatic powerUse the Glossary on pages 50–54 of the Study Design to check your understanding of these key terms.

ACTIVITY 5: Some Articles of InterestAustralia• Australianforeignpolicyfutures:Makingmiddle-powerleadershipwork? http://ips.cap.anu.edu.au/ir/pubs/keynotes/documents/Keynotes-8.pdf• TheDefenceWhitePaper,2009 http://www.defence.gov.au/whitepaper/• Australia’sdefenceprioritiesintheAsianCentury http://www.lowyinstitute.org/Publication.asp?pid=1013• DangerousLuxuries http://www.lowyinstitute.org/Publication.asp?pid=1013China• Chinaandtheglobalenvironment:learningfromthepast,anticipatingthefuture http://www.lowyinstitute.org/Publication.asp?pid=1186• Chinaandglobalgovernance http://www.lowyinstitute.org/Publication.asp?pid=1658• China’sForeignAidWhitePaper,2011 http://chinausfocus.com/library/government-resources/chinese-resources/documents/white-paper-

china%E2%80%99s-foreign-aid-april-21-2011/• AnnualreporttoCongress:MilitarypowerofthePRC,2011 http://www.cfr.org/china/annual-report-congress-military-power-peoples-republic-china-2011/p26079



TaskPreparation

United States of America• HillaryClintonspeechaboutEconomicstatecraft http://www.cfr.org/economics/hillary-rodham-clinton-speech-economic-statecraft/p26266• RenewingAmerica’sleadershipintheWorld http://www.cfr.org/united-states/huntsmans-statement-foreign-policy-october-2011/p26168• ThefutureofAmericanpower http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/63394/fareed-zakaria/the-future-of-american-power• TheWaronSoftPower http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/04/12/the_war_on_soft_power

ACTIVITY 6: Visual representation of powerUsing the cartoon below as a prompt, draw your own cartoon to highlight the relative importance and effectivenessofdifferentformsofpower.



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TaskPreparation

ACTIVITY 7Complete the following rubric for your specific Asia-Pacific state. Instructions: - Example 1 is a successful example of the type of power / foreign policy instrument being used to achieve the

national interest.- Example 2 is an unsuccessful example of the type of power / foreign policy instrument being used to achieve

the national interest.- Foreachexampleyouneedtobeabletostatetheaimoftheuseofpower/foreignpolicyinstrumentandthe

extent to which the aim was achieved.

National interest 1: National interest 2: National interest 3: National interest 4:

Type

ofp

ower

/Fo

reig

npo

licy

instr

umen

t

Economic Example 1 Example 1 Example 1 Example 1

Example 2 Example 2 Example 2 Example 2

Political Example 1 Example 1 Example 1 Example 1


Diplomatic Example 1 Example 1 Example 1 Example 1


Cultural Example 1 Example 1 Example 1 Example 1


Diplomacy Example 1 Example 1 Example 1 Example 1


Trade Example 1 Example 1 Example 1 Example 1


Aid Example 1 Example 1 Example 1 Example 1


Military power Example 1 Example 1 Example 1 Example 1



Task


Question 1Define the following terms as they relate to the study of Global Politics: a. Sovereignty

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b. Pragmatism

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c. National interest

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d. Power

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__________________________________________________________________________________2 + 2+ 2 + 2 = 8 marks

Question 2Usingexamplesexplainthedifferencebetweenanation-stateandanation.

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__________________________________________________________________________________4 marks


Task


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Question 3Describe the importance of one factor to shaping the national interest in one specific Asia-Pacific state that you have studied this year.

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__________________________________________________________________________________5 marks

Question 4OutlinetwodifferentinterpretationsonthenationalinterestwithinoneAsia-Pacificstatethatyouhavestudied this year.

National interest: ____________________________________________________________________

Interpretation One: __________________________________________________________________

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Interpretation Two: __________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________________________3 + 3 = 6 marks

Question 5Soft power can come in many forms. List three of these.

Form1: ___________________________________________________________________________

Form2: ___________________________________________________________________________

Form3: ___________________________________________________________________________1 + 1 + 1 = 3 marks


Task


Question 6a. List one example of the use of cultural power since 2000 by one Asia-Pacific state that you

have studied this year.

__________________________________________________________________________________1 mark

b. Outline the objective behind this use of power.

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__________________________________________________________________________________2 marks

c. Assess the extent to which this use of power achieved the objective stated in part b.

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__________________________________________________________________________________6 marks

Question 7a. List one example of the use of political power since 2000 by one Asia-Pacific state that you have

studied this year.

__________________________________________________________________________________1 mark

b. Outline the objective behind this use of power.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________2 marks


Task


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c. Assess the extent to which this use of power achieved the objective stated in part b.

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__________________________________________________________________________________6 marks

Question 8Discusstheeffectivenessofaidasaforeignpolicyinstrumentinthepursuitofthenationalinterest.

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__________________________________________________________________________________6 marks

Question 9Compareandcontrasttherelativeimportanceandeffectivenessoftradeandmilitarypoweras foreign policy instruments in the pursuit of the national interest.

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__________________________________________________________________________________→


Task


__________________________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________________________ 10 marks

Total: 60 marks



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TeacherAdvice

The following table indicates the relationship between the highest level of the Performance Descriptor and the questions in this QAT.

Aspect of Highest Performance Descriptor Question/sComprehensive understanding and explanation of key global politics terms used in the appropriate context.

1 a–d, 2

Insightfulanalysisofideasanddebatesaboutdifferentinterpretationsofthenationalinterest. 3, 4Critical understanding and explanation of the types and forms of power. 5, 6, 7Comprehensive explanation of the main foreign policy instruments. 8,9Thoroughevaluationoftheimportanceandeffectivenessofdifferentformsofpowerandpolicyinstruments in the pursuit of national interest.

8,9

Insightful evaluation of the success of a specific Asia-Pacific state in achieving its national interests.

6,7,8,9

Sophisticated synthesis of a range of evidence to draw conclusions about the types and forms of power used by a state in its pursuit of national interests.

9

Note: This is one of two tasks for this outcome.



SolutionPathway

Below are suggested responses. Teachers should consider the merits of alternative responses.

Question 1 Students define the following four terms.Possible answer Marking allocationa. Sovereignty is the legitimate or widely recognised ability to exercise

effectivecontrolofaterritorywithinrecognisedborders.Statesovereigntycan be challenged internally, for example, by secessionist groups or externally, for example when one state invades another.

1–2 mark definition. 1 mark for appropriate example that supports a weak definition.

Total: 8 marks

b. Pragmatism is a school of thought in which foreign policy is influenced above all else by practical and pragmatic considerations, as opposed to moralprinciples.Forexample,theinvasionofIraqbytheCoalitionoftheWilling can be considered a pragmatic reaction to ensure state security despite it breaking international law.

c. National interest outlines the goals or objectives of foreign policy, and is used as an all-embracing concept to justify policy preferences and actions.Forexample,the2009DefenceWhitePaperreleasedbyAustraliaexplained Canberra’s defence objectives.

d. Power is the ability of one global actor to influence the actions of another globalactor.Powercanbeexercisedinarangeoftypesandforms.Forexample, in 2007 China sought to assert her military power by shooting down a defunct satellite.

Question 2Explainthedifferencebetweenanation-stateandanationusingexamples.Possible answer Marking allocationThe term nation refers to groups of people claiming common bonds based on culture, language and history. Some nations want their own state, such as the Tibetans and Kurds, whilst others have their own state and recognised sovereignty, such as the Japanese. In the case of the latter the term nation-state is used.

Students need to do more than just simply provide two definitions, an explanation of thedifferenceisrequired.

1 mark for correct definition of nation-state.

1 mark for correct definition of nation.

1 mark for explanation of difference.

1 mark for 2 correct examples.

Total: 4 marks



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SolutionPathway

Question 3Describe the importance of one factor to shaping the national interest in one specific Asia-Pacific state that you have studied this year. Possible answer Marking allocationThe creation of a harmonious society is an important factor to shaping the national interest of China. Given the range of national discontents currently present in China, ranging from environmental destruction to spiralling inflation, the government seeks to create a more harmonious society. In doing so the government seeks to abate national criticism and reverse the ever-increasing numbers of mass incidents within the state (foreign reports cite 80–100,000 mass incidents per year). By doing so the government seeks to maintain their position of authority because ultimately ‘Chinese leaders are haunted by the fear that their days in power are numbered’ (Shirk).

Students need explain how one factor has shaped the national interest.

1 mark for correctly identifying a factor that shapes the national interest.

2–4 marks for explanation of hr importance of this factor to shaping the national interest.

Total: 5 marks

Question 4OutlinetwodifferentinterpretationsonthenationalinterestwithinoneAsia-Pacificstatethatyouhavestudiedthis year. Possible answer Marking allocationNational interest: Australia’s environmental security 0 marks for identifying a

national interestInterpretation One: The Australian Labor Party believes that Australia’s climate change environmental security is best achieved through a carbon tax on the biggest producers of carbon in Australia. To this end the Labor Party pushed through a Carbon Tax in October 2011.

1 mark for correctly identifying one interpretation of the national interest.

1 mark for correctly identifying another(different)interpretationof the national interest.

1–2 marks for outline of each interpretation.

Total: 3 + 3 = 6 marks

Interpretation Two: The Liberal Party of Australia interpretation of Australianclimatechangeenvironmentalsecuritydiffersmarkedlyfrom that of the Labor Party. Whilst recognising the threat of climate change, the Liberal Party believes environmental security is best achieved through a‘RealandDirectActionplan’,whichincludesfundingforthecreation ofa$2.55billionEmissionsReductionFund.



SolutionPathway

Question 5Soft power can come in many forms. List three of these.Possible answer Marking allocationForm1:PresidentObama’sJune2009speechinCairo,Egyptwhichsought

to repair the image of America globally.1 mark for correctly identifying one form of soft power.

The three forms listed must beclearlydifferentfromoneanother to attain full marks.

Total: 3 marks

Form2:Theprovisionofoverseasdevelopmentassistance.TheUSAis the world’s biggest spender of overseas development assistance.

Form3:Ratificationofnewnucleararmsreductiontreaty,START, in April 2010.

Question 6Possible answer Marking allocationa. List one example of the use of cultural power since 2000 by one Asia-

Pacific state that you have studied this year.

Since 2004, the Chinese government has funded the establishment of over 270 Confucius Colleges in 75 states globally.

1 mark for correctly identifying one use of cultural power since 2000.

Total: 1 markb. Outline the objective behind this use of power.

The objective behind the establishment of these Colleges is the promotion of learning of Chinese culture and language abroad, and through doing so to encourage commercial and trade cooperation as well as more favourable opinions of the state and her actions.

1 mark for identifying the objective behind the use of this power.

1 mark for providing some additional detail of this objective.

Total: 2 marksc. Assess the extent to which this use of power achieved the objective stated

in part b.

China’s use of cultural power via the establishment of Confucius Colleges is part of a wider strategy to create more favourable markets and opinions of the state. Since the establishment of the first College in 2004, it is estimated 100 million foreigners have learnt Mandarin and the ruling Communist Party’s version of its history, creating in no small part a groundswell of support for the state. However, the Colleges have attracted controversy that they are a propaganda platform for the Communist Party that interferes with academic freedom and free speech. A declassified Canadian intelligence service report argued the Colleges provided China with the ‘means of cementing power’, to which there was a hysterical response by the media. Such incidents highlight that the Colleges whilst promoting the learning of Chinese culture and language have not always created favourable opinions of the state.

Students must look at the extent to which the objective was and was not achieved. The objective under assessment must be the same as the one in part b.

1–4 marks for assessment of the extent to which the objective has been achieved / not achieved.

1–2 marks for some assessment of the converse side.

Total: 6 marks



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SolutionPathway

Question 7Possible answer Marking allocationa. List one example of the use of political power since 2000 by one Asia-

Pacific state that you have studied this year.

ThesigningintolawoftheUSAPATRIOTActin2001.

1 mark for correctly identifying one use of political power since 2000.

Total: 1 markb. Outline the objective behind this use of power.

The Act sought to strengthen American security and reduce the threat posed by terrorism to the state.

1 mark for identifying the objective behind the use of this power.

1 mark for providing some additional detail of this objective.

Total: 2 marksc. Assess the extent to which this use of power achieved the objective stated

in part b.

Since the Act was passed in 2001, no terrorist act has been successfully committed by a global terrorist network on the US mainland thus strengthening some aspects of American homeland security. On the other hand, symbols of US power overseas have been the victim of terrorist attack, such as the attack on a US base and embassy in Afghanistan in October 2011, with a number of attacks such as the American embassy in Syria being foiled in 2006. At the same time the threat of homegrown terrorism within America has increased since the passing of the 2001 Act, as witnessed by the 2009FortHoodattackandtheMay2010TimesSquarefailedattack.

Students must look at the extent to which the objective was and was not achieved. The objective under assessment must be the same as the one in part b.

1–4 marks for assessment of the extent to which the objective has been achieved / not achieved.

1–2 marks for some assessment of the converse side.

Total: 6 marks



SolutionPathway

Question 8Discusstheeffectivenessofaidasaforeignpolicyinstrumentinthepursuitofthenationalinterest.Possible answer Marking allocationAustralia

Australia uses aid as an instrument to maintain regional peace and stability, as well as to reduce poverty. By doing so, Canberra hopes to support these states from failing and thus the spectre of internal instability that could lead to refugees seeking asylum in Australia, a highly contentious domestic political issue. The provision of aid also seeks to elevate Australia’s international profile and improve her international standing.

Totheseendsaidhas,tosomeextent,beenaneffectiveinstrument.Nostatein the infamous ‘arc of instability’ has failed, although there have been a number of major civil disturbances (such as those in the Solomon Islands in 2006) to which Australia has had to respond with military power. But at the same time refugee numbers to Australia from this region have not increased significantly.

However, levels of poverty have not reduced significantly; with poverty incidencesofmorethan25%inmostPacificIslandstates.Furthermorea Parliamentary inquiry into relations with the Pacific reported a sense of disapproval in the region towards Australia’s “big brother” approach. Thus aidasaforeignpolicyinstrumenthasnotbeenaparticularlyeffectiveoneinachieving the national interest.

Students need to discuss theeffectivenessofaidasaforeign policy instrument. The objective/s of aid and the extent to which these have been achieved must be discussed.

1 mark for identifying how aid has been used.

1 mark for identifying the aim of trade’s use.

1–4 marks for the discussion on theeffectiveness.

Total: 6 marks



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SolutionPathway

Question 9Compareandcontrasttherelativeimportanceandeffectivenessoftradeandmilitarypowerasforeignpolicyinstruments in the pursuit of the national interest. Possible answer Marking allocationChinaPower is the ability of one state to make another state do something in its favour. In the case of China seeking to attain the national interests of a peaceful rise, economic development and territorial integrity, trade as a foreignpolicyinstrumentismoreeffectivethanmilitarypower.Beijing has traditionally sought to achieve its aim of territorial integrity using militarypower.Forexample,inresponsetothe2009JuneriotsinUrumqi,Xinjiang by Uighur separatists the Beijing government ordered in the military and imposed a curfew. International condemnation followed, with the Turkish Prime Minister accusing Beijing of completing a ‘near genocide’ and China’s reaction to the riots providing the Uighurs with priceless media coverage for their cause. Whilst Xinjiang has not claimed independence, this military use of power has come at the cost of China’s international standing and Beijing’s desire for a ‘peaceful rise’, a necessary requirement for superpower status. Again the drawbacks of military power were evidenced in Beijing’s response to the Lhasa 2008 March riots, to which the government responded in its usual heavy-handed fashion. International condemnation followed,withFrenchPresidentSarkozythreateningtoboycotttheopeningof the Olympic Games. Importantly, such uses of military power might have stopped any declaration of independence but they have not diminished demands by secessionists for independence. Thus military power as a foreign policy instrument has clear limitations. Tradeasaforeignpolicyinstrumenthasproventobeamoreeffectiveforeignpolicy instrument. It is a condition of establishing and maintaining trade relations with China (which has the world’s second largest economy) that states support Beijing’s One China policy; that is they do not support or recognisesecessionistmovements.TothisendChinahasbeeneffectiveinminimising global political support for separatist regions, with only 23 states recognising the sovereignty of Taiwan and none recognising that of Tibet or Xinjiang. The lure of trade with China is too great for the majority of the global political arena. Through the use of trade Beijing has also sought to create an economic crutchwithseparatistregionssotheycannotaffordtobreakawayfromthemainland; Beijing has planned over 180 infrastructure projects in Tibet worth $10.2 billion and state subsidies account for 75% of Tibetan GDP. In the case of Xinjiang a May 2010 ‘heal Xinjiang’ initiative seeks to achieve long-term social stability through ‘leap frog economic growth’. Importantly the use of trade (a soft form of power) in comparison to military power (a hard form of power) aides the achievement of China’s ‘central task’ of economic development by encouraging growth whilst not openly threatening her ‘peaceful rise’ in the same manner as military power. Tradeasaninstrumentofpowerismoreeffectivethenmilitarypowerintheachievement of China’s national interest.

Students need to compare theeffectivenessoftradeandmilitary power as foreign policy instruments. In doing so students are expected to make an assessment of which type of power is more important relative to achieving the national interest. The discussion on trade and military power should be equal in depth.

1–4 marks for the discussion on trade.

1–4 marks for the discussion on military power.

2 marks for comparative assessment on trade and military power.

Total: 10 marks

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QATs - Wikispacesgscpolitics.wikispaces.com/file/view/Practice test AOS2.pdf...Quality Assessment Tasks UNIT 3 Q OUTCOME 2 ... 3 + 3 = 6 marks Question 5 Soft power can come in many