qarTvelebi - ortakfikir.com · saxelwodebebis istoria-etimologiebi... saqarTvelos gareT naklebad icnoben saqarTveloSi Seq-mnil qarTvelologiur kvlevebs, amitomac, qarTulis ar-mcodneTaTvis

quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis dialeqtologiis

samecniero-kvleviTi instituti

tariel futkaraZe

qarTvelebi

nawili I

qristianobamdeli epoqa

2005

Temi, tomi, eTnosi, eri

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istoriuli sacxovrisi

dedaena

dialeqtebi


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Akaki Tsereteli Kutaisi State University

Dialectology Research Institute

Tariel Putkaradze

Section 1.01 The Georgıans

Section 1.02 The Kartvels

Historical Home

Mother Tongue

Dialects

Part I

Pre-Christian Period

2005


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AKAKİ TSERETELİ KUTAİSİ DEVLET ÜNİVERSİTESİ

DİYALEKTOLOJİ BİLİMSEL ARAŞTIRMA ENSTİTÜSÜ

Tariel Putkaradze

Gürcüler Kartveller

Tarihsel Yerleşim

Anadili

Lehçeler

1. Kısım

Milattan Önceki Dönem

2005


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Kitabın birinci kısmında, Kartvellerin (Gürcülerin)* eski tarihiyle ilgili

konular, dilbilimi, arkeoloji ve etnoloji alanlarındaki araştırmaların ve belge-

sel kaynakların karşılaştırmalı tahlilleri yapılarak

Tarih öncesi Kartveli (Gürcü) kavimlerinin ve Kartvellerin tarihsel yer-

leşim alanları;

Kartvel (Gürcü) edebi dilinin dilbilimsel temeli olarak, ortak Kartvelgil

dil;

Kartvellerin (Gürcülerin) ana dilinin - Kartvelgil edebi dilin ve

lehçelerin ses bilgisi, yapı bilgisi ve cümle bilgisi ile sözcük hazinesi

arasındaki ilişkiler;

Çeşitli Gürcü bölgelerinde oturan Gürcü kavimlerin (Megrel-Lazlar,

Svanlar, Meshler, Acaralılar, Kartlililer v.s) tarihi ortak edebi dilin

oluşmasına, nasıl katkıda bulunduklarına dair kaynaklar;

Kartvelgil halkların kendilerini kime, niçin ve hangi millete ait ettikleri

konular;

Gürcü ulusunu ifade eden terimlerin etimolojisi ve tarihi: Kartvel, Kolh,

Mosok, İber, Virk, Gürcü, Gurgan, Abhaz, Obez, Gruzin gibi terimler;

Özel Kartvelgil kabileler ve toplulukların isimleri;

Bununla birlikte topluluk, kabile, etno, ulus, edebi dil, sözlü dil (yazılı

olmayan dil), lehçe, resmi dil, ulusal dil, anadil, yabancı dil, lehçe gibi

terimler incelenmiştir.

Kartvelgil kavimlerin bir kısmının (Megrel, Svan, Lazlar, Acaralılar,

Meshler v.s.) yazısı olmayan halklar oldukları ileri sürülerek, bu halklar

Kartvellerin atalarının kurduğu büyük yazı kültüründen koparılmak isten-

mektedir. Kitabımızda bu konudaki iddialara ilişkin belgelere dayalı

cevaplar bulunmaktadır.

Gürcüstan’daki Kartveloloji çalışmaları, Gürcistan dışında az bilindiği

için bu kitapta İngilizce ve Türkçe kısa bilgiler sunulmaktadır.

*Etnonimler olan "Kartvel" ve "Gürcü" kelimeleri sinonimlerdir, bu

nedenle metnin esas kısmkında "Kartvel" kelimesi kullanılmıştır.

“KUTAİSİ DEVLET ÜNİVERSİTESİ ” Yayınları

© T.Putkaradze

ISBN-99928-79-64-X


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wignSi ganxilulia qarTvelTa enobrivi da eTnikuri is-

toriis sakiTxebi, kerZod: - winareqarTveluri tomebisa da sakuTriv qarTvelebis

istoriuli sacxovrisis sazRvrebi; - saerToqarTveluri ena, rogorc samwignobro qarTuli

enis sabazo enobrivi struqtura;

- qarTvelTa dedaenis - qarTveluri samwignobro enisa da qarTveluri kiloebis fonematur-morfologiur-sin-taqsur-leqsikuri mimarTebebi;

- mravalsaukunovani qarTveluri samwignobro enis qmna-dobis procesSi sxvadasxva kuTxis qarTvelTa (megrel-laz-Ta, svanTa, mesxTa...) monawileobis amsaxveli masala;

- qarTveluri mosaxleobis TviTaRqma; - qarTveli eris aRmniSvneli eTnonimebisa (qarTveli,

kolxi, mosoqi, iberi, virqi, gurji, gurgani, georgian, afxa-zi, obezi, gruzini...) da calkeul qarTvelur tomTa/TemTa

saxelwodebebis istoria-etimologiebi... saqarTvelos gareT naklebad icnoben saqarTveloSi Seq-

mnil qarTvelologiur kvlevebs, amitomac, qarTulis ar-mcodneTaTvis wigns axlavs SedarebiT mokle inglisureno-vani da Turqulenovani variantebi; Sesabamisad, naSromi bevr siaxles Seicavs misTvis, visac sakmarisi informa-ciis verflobis gamo hgonia, rom qarTvelTa nawils - me-

grelebs, lazebs, svanebs, mesxebs - ara aqvT istoriuli samwignobro ena.

gamomcemloba ”quTaisis saxelmwifo universiteti” © t.futkaraZe ISBN-99928-79-64-X


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The present book deals with the questions of the linguistic-

ethnic history of the Georgians (/the Kartvels), in particular:

- The boundaries of the historical home of the proto-Kartvelian

tribes and the Georgians proper;

- The common Kartvelian language, as the basic linguistic structure

of the Georgian literary language;

- Phonemic, morphological, syntactic and lexical relations of the

mother tongue of the Georgians – the Kartvelian literary language

and the Kartvelian dialects;

- The material demonstrating the participation of the Georgians of

various provinces (Megrels, Laz, Svans, Meskhs, etc.) in the process

of the formation of the centuries-old Kartvelian literary language;

- The identity of the Georgians/Kartvels;

- History and etymologies of the ethnonyms denoting the Georgian

Nation (Kartvel, Colchian, Mosoch, Iberian, Virk, Gurj, Gurgan,

Abkhazian, Obez, Gruzin, etc.) and individual Kartvelian tribes and

communities.

The Kartvelological studies written in Georgia are little

known abroad; therefore, the book is accompanied by comparatively

brief versions in English and Turkish, for persons not speaking

Georgian. The study will hopefully help those who, due to lack of

relevant information, think that the mother tongues of the Megrels,

the Laz and the Svans are unwritten continua.

Press “Kutaisi State University“

© T.Putkaradze

ISBN-99928-79-64-X


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inglisuri Targmani - irine kucia; Turquli - abdulah zorlu (arCil zoiZe), giga qa-

muSaZe; pativiscemiT aRvniSnavT, agreTve, lela

gaCeCilaZis, iasin msxalaZisa da roin yavreliSvilis Rvawls.

naSromis gamoqveynebis procesSi Tanadgomas miwev-dnen: eka dadiani, ia vaSakiZe, levan vaSakiZe, Salva kirTaZe, buba kudava, Teimuraz futkaraZe, fahredin CiloRlu, em-zar WanturiZe, xaTuna javaxaZe.


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sarCevi

Contents İ Ç İ N D E K İ L E R

qarTuli asoniSnebis satransliteracio sqema................. transliteration diagram.................................................................................

Gürcüce, Inglizce, Almanca, Türkçe, Rusça ve

Uluslararası harflar..........................................................................

winasityvaoba ….............................................................................. 25-32 Preface …………………………………………............................... Önsöz ...................................................................................................

Tavi I - terminologiuri problemebi …………….............. 33-200 Chapter I - Terminological problems ……........................................... I Bölüm - Terminolojik Sorunlar…………………..............................

1.1. enisa da kilos mimarTebis sakiTxi da eri.................. XXX 33-78 The relation of language and dialect and nation...................... XX

Dil ile Lehçe arasındaki ilişki ve ulus......................................

1.1.1. Temi, tomi, eTnosi, eri....................................................... 33-41 Community, tribe, ethnos, nation............................................. Topluluk, kabile, etno, ulus......................................................

1.1.2. samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti; saxel-mwifo ena, erovnuli ena, dedaena, ucxo ena..............

42-70

Literary language, unwritten language, dialect; state

language, national language, mother tongue, foreign

language...................................................................................

Edebi dil, sözlü dil (yazısız), lehçe, resmi dil, ulusal dil,

anadil, yabancı dil, lehçe..........................................................

1.1.3. qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajg-ufebis sakiTxi......................................................................

71-78

Towards the grouping of modern linguistic units of the

Georgians.................................................................................

Kartvellerin çağdaş dilsel birimlerinin sınıflandırılması....

1.2. qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli Zveli da axali saxelebi.. 79-185 Old and new names denoting the Georgians........................... Kartvelileri tanımlayan eski ve yeni isimler............................


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1.2.1. winareqarTvelur (iberiul-kavkasiur-winaaziur) da qarTvelur tomTa aRmniSvneli saxelebi................

79-159

The names denoting proto-Kartvelian (Iberian-Caucasian-

Western Asian) and Kartvelian tribes......................................

Proto-Kartvelgil (İberylı-Kafkasyalı-Ön Asyalı) ve Kart-

velgil kavimleri tanımlayan isimler.........................................

1.2.2. qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba – qarTveli................. 160-181 The self-designation of the Georgians – Kartveli.................. Kartvelilerin kendilerine verdikleri isim - “Kartveli”..............

1.2.3. qarTvelebis aRmniSvnel eTnonimTa da TemonimTa lingvisturi mimarTebis amsaxveli sqema.......................

182-185

The diagram of the linguistic relations of the ethnonyms and

themonyms denoting the Georgians.........................................

Kartvelleri tanımlayan terimlerin dilbilimsel şeması...............

1.3. sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva

istoriuli epoqa …..........................................................

186-200

Choronyms of different languages and various historical

periods......................................................................................

Çeşitli tarihi çağlar ve ülkelerin çeşitli dillerdeki

adlandırılmaları………………………………………………

Tavi II - qarTvelebi uZvelesi droidan qristianobamde; saerToqarTveluri enis Teoriuli modelisa da

daTariRebis sakiTxebi....................................................

201-322

Chapter II - The Georgians from the ancient times to Christianity;

towards the theoretical model and dating of the common

Kartvelian language.............................................................

II. Bölüm - Milattan Önce Kartveller; Ortak Kartvelgil dilin

tarihlendirilmesi ve kuramsal modeli ..............................

2.1. kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli

sacxovrisis sakiTxi..........................................................

201-259

The original home of the Caucasian-Kartvelian ethnos.......... Kafkas-Kartvelgil etnonun anayurdu.......................................

2.1.1. bibliuri da miTologiuri TvalTaxedva …............... 201-209 Biblical and mythological viewpoints................................. Kitabı Mukaddes’te ve mitolojide görüşler.........................


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2.1.2. mecnieruli mosazrebani............................................... 210-236 Scholarly views. ................................................................. Bilimsel görüşler.................................................................

2.1.2.1. migraciis Teoria ........................................................... 210-220 The theory of migration ..................................................... XX Göç kuramı.......................................................................... 2.1.2.2. amierkavkasiaSi avtoqTonobis Teoria ...................... 220-225 The theory of autochthony in Transcaucasia ...................... Transkafkasya'da yerli topluluklarla ilgili kuramlar ........... 2.1.2.3. kavkasia-winaaziaSi avtoqTonobis Teoria …........... 225-236 The theory of autochthony in Caucasia – western Asia....... Kafkasya-Ön Asya'da yerli topluluklarla ilgili kuramlar.... 2.1.3. winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-

kavkasiuri (iberiul-kavkasiuri) enobrivi veli; winaaziur-kavkasiur monaTesave enaTa mimarTebis sqema....................................................................................

237-258

The cultural world of western Asia and the Kartvelian-

Caucasian (Iberian-Caucasian) linguistic field; the

diagram of the relation of the kindred western Asian –

Caucasian languages...........................................................

Ön Asya'nın kültürel dünyası ve Kartvelgil - Kafkasylı

(İberyalı-Kafkasyalı) dil alanı, Ön Asyalı-Kafkasyalı

akraba dillerin ilişki şeması.................................................

2.2. aietidan farnavazamde: kolxuri kultura; ai-

etis qveynis SesaZlo oficialuri enis - saer-ToqarTveluri enis - Teoriuli modeli da ar-

sebobis dro.....................................................................

259-297

From Aeetes to Parnavaz: the Colchian Culture; the theo-

retical model and time of existence of the probable official

language of the country under Aeëtes - the common Kart-

velian language....................................................................

Aieti'den Parnavaz'a kadar: Büyük Kolh uygarlığı; Aie-

ti'nin ülkesinin olası resmi dili olan ortak Kartvelgil dilin

var olduğu dönem ve bu dilin kuramsal modeli...... ...........

2.2.1. kolxuri kulturis sazRvrebis sakiTxi arqeolo-


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giuri monacemebis mixedviT.......................................... 259-263 The boundaries of the Colchian culture according to

archeological evidence.........................................................

Arkeolojik bulgulara göre Kolh uygarlığının sınırları......... 2.2.2. kolxuri kulturis Semqmneli eTnosis enis

sakiTxi................................................................................ 264-279

The language of the ethnos creating the Colchian

culture..................................................................................

Kolh uygarlığını yaratan etnonun dili…….......................... 2.2.3. saerToqarTveluri enis Teoriuli modelis saki-

Txi da misi arsebobis dro........................................... 280-297

The question of the theoretical model of the common

Kartvelian language and the time of its existence...............

Ortak Kartvelgil dilin kurumsal modeli ve var olduğu

dönem..................................................................................

2.3. qujisa da farnavazis saqarTvelo; 23 saukunis

winandeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena da qar-Tveluri dialeqtebi; qarTvelTa asomTavr-

uli damwerloba............................................................

298-322

Georgia under Kuji and Parnavaz; the state language of

Georgia and the Kartvelian dialects 23 centuries ago; the

Georgian alphabet................................................................

Kuci ve Parnavaz döneminde Gürcistan, 23 yüzyıl önce

Gürcistan'ın resmi dili ve Kartveli lehçeler, Gürcü alfab-

esi.........................................................................................

2.3.1. istoriuli realiebi .................................................... 298-302 Historical realia.................................................................... Tarihsel olgular.................................................................... 2.3.2. qarTuli anbani da farnavazisdroindeli saxel-

mwifo enis fonematuri modelis sakiTxi................ 303-307

The Georgian alphabet and the phonemic model of the

state language in the period of Parnavaz ............................

Parnavaz döneminde resmi dilin sesbirimsel

modeli ve gürcü alfabesi.................................................

2.3.3. Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibe-


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bis dro.............................................................................. 308-322 The problem of dating the formation of the modern Kart-

velian dialects......................................................................

Çağdaş Kartvelgil lehçelerin oluşması ve tarihlen-

dirilmesı...............................................................................

daskvnis nacvlad .......................................................................... XX 323-329 By way of a conclusion ...................................................................... Sonuç olarak .........................................................................................

a. naSromSi warmodgenili ZiriTadi debulebebi 323-327 Main propositions of the study............................................ Kitapta yer alan genel düşünceler.......................................

b. iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis, saerToqarTveluri enis, samwignobro qarTulisa da qarTvelTa Tanamedrove dialeqtebis mimarTebis amsaxve-li sqema..........................................................................

328-329


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winasityvaoba

eris werilobiT wyaroebamdeli warsuli SeuZlebelia SeviswavloT am xalxis enis istoriis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe; garda amisa, bibliidan moyolebuli dRemde, eri (eTniuri ga-gebiT) da ena lamis sinonimur cnebebad iTvleba; magaliTad, qarTvelur saazrovno sivrceSi, ZvelTaganve, ena, eri da sa-xelmwifo erTmaneTis ganmsazRvrelad miiCneva:

giorgi merCule: "qarTlad (saqarTvelod) friadi (mrava-li) queyana~ (mxare) aRiracxebis (iTvleba), romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva~ yoveli aResrule-bis”;

grigol orbeliani: "ra ena waxdes, eri daeces"; ilia WavWavaZe: "ena istoriaa erisa… pirveli niSani eris

vinaobisa - enaa"; vaJa-fSavela: “eri dedaa enisa"; zviad gamsaxurdia: "…qarTulSi, iseve rogorc sxva Zvel

enebSi, ena mxolod enas ki ar niSnavda, aramed xalxs, erovne-bas, modgmas"…

Sdr.: v.humboltis, l.vaisgerberis, g.ramiSvilisa da mra-val sxvaTa mixedviT, eri ganimarteba, rogorc enobrivi er-

Toba; Sdr., agreTve, g.ramiSvili, 2000, gv.172: "ena sxva arafe-ria, Tu ara eris msoflxedva".

erisa da enis mimarTebis sakiTxs sxva mxriTac SevxedoT: rogorc wesi, msoflioSi arsebuli enobrivi erTeulebi

enad Tu kilod iwodeba ara sakuTriv lingvisturi (fonematu-ri, morfologiuri, sintaqsuri, leqsikuri, semantikuri) pa-rametrebis, aramed mocemuli xalxis eTnokulturul-erovnu-li TviTaRqmis mixedviT; kerZod, Tuki konkretuli sazogadoe-ba Tavs damoukidebel erad/naciad, an naciis Semadgenel erTe-ulad Tvlis, misi metyvelebac, Sesabamisad, enad an kilod ga-nisazRvreba; sazogadoebis TviTaRqmas (meobas, TviTobas) gan-sazRvravs ara mxolod genetikuri kodi, aramed codna Tavisi tradiciuli (werilobiTi Tu umwerlobo) kulturis isto-riisa... Sesabamisad, mocemuli xalxis istoria enisa da kul-turis istoriasTan SepirispirebiT unda miewodos momaval


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Taobas Tu ucxoels, rac sulac ar aris iolad gadasaWreli probleba.

SeniSvna: Tanamedrove gamokvlevebSi erad iwodeba moce-muli saxelmwifos mTeli mosaxleoba; aseT SemTxvevaSic ki gverds ver avuvliT qveynis ZiriTadi mosaxleobisa da sa-xelmwifo enis istoriis urTierTmimarTebiT ganxilvas. sakuTari erisa da enis istoriis codna arsebiTia pirovne-

bis TviTaRqmis TvalsazrisiTac: pirovnebis erovnuli meobis (TviTobis) ganmsazRvrel

faqtorTagan, rogorc wesi, ZiriTadia dedaenis codna; dedae-nis flobaSi vgulisxmobT an samwignobro enis, an misi romeli-me kilos (mag., qarTvelis SemTxvevaSi: aWarulis, lazuris, me-grulis, laSxuris, lentexuris, imerxeulis, samcxur-javaxu-ris, livanuris da sxv.) bazaze azrovnebasa da, sul mcire, sao-jaxo komunikacias. dedaenis floba TavisTavadi, imanenturi

codnaa sakuTari erovnulobisa. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom individis erovnuli meobis ganmsazRvrel waxnagTa (de-daena, tradiciuli sarwmunoeba, eTnikuri fesvebis codna...) Zala erTgvarovani ar aris samSobloSi mcxovreb, samSoblos gareT mcxovreb da sakuTari miwa-wyliTurT sxva saxelmwifos iurisdiqciaSi moxvedril pirTa TviTaRqmaSi; mag., TurqeTis respublikis iurisdiqciis velSi mcxovreb SavSel Tu izmiTel qarTvelTa nawils aRara aqvs arc dedaena (daviwyebu-li aqvs qarTuli samwignobro enac da mSobliuri kiloc), arc istoriuli sarwmunoeba, magram Tavs mainc TurqeTis moqalaqe qarTvelad aRiqvams Tavisi qarTuli warmomavlobis codnis

gamo: dedaenis verflobis pirobebSi sakuTari eT-nokulturulri fesvebis codna didwilad gansazRvravs erov-nul TviTmikuTvnebas, Sesabamisad, erovnul meobas. Sdr., qar-Tvel muhajirTa nawili, mSobliuri miwa-wylisa da dedaenis daviwyebis pirobebSi, sxvebs emijneba Tundac mxolod Tavisi cekvis stiliT, ojaxSi SemorCenili qarTuli tradiciuli kerZebiTa Tu TviTobis ganmsazRvreli sxva niSniT maSin, roca aWaraSi (saqarTvelos amJamindel sazRvrebSi) mcxovrebi aWa-relisTvis Tavisi qarTvelobis mTavari niSani dedaenis flo-baa.

yvela adamians ufleba aqvs, icodes sakuTari enobriv-eT-


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nikuri istoria, magram sxva eTnosis saxelmwifoSi mcxovreb individs yovelTvis ara aqvs obieqturi codna sakuTari

fesvebis Sesaxeb (mag., TurqeTSi mcxovreb lazebs). obieqturi swavlebis process arTulebs isic, rom yoveli

eris istoriis ramdenime varianti iqmneba; kerZod, istorias qmnian JamTaaRmwerni, mocemuli qveynis saxelisuflebo struqturebis rogorc obieqturi, ise medrove mematianeni da sxvadasxva xedvis mqone istorikosebi; agreTve, Soreuli war-sulic ki aRbeWdilia xalxis mexsierebaSi, vinaidan ambavTa cikli, gadadis ra Taobidan Taobaze, legendur-fragmentuli saxiT eZleva STamomavlobas... Tqmulebeb-gadmocemebidan, do-kumenturi wyaroebidan Tu miwas SemorCenili arqeologiuri monacemebidan mkvlevarni aRvadgenT savaraudo warsuls, Tum-ca, Tavisi konkretuli erovnul-enobrivi Tu erTdargobrivi xedvis gamo, samwuxarod, mecnierTa nawilic Tavs ver aRwevs mikerZoebas (rac yovelTvis maqsimalurad unda daiZlios)...

sinamdvilis kvlevas didad uSlis xels samecniero aspare-zis politizebac, rac, rogorc wesi, imperiuli saxelmwifoe-bis nebisamebr xorcieldeba. samwuxarod, bolo 80 wlis gan-mavlobaSi, roca mecnieruli azri mTel msoflioSi STambeW-davad ganviTarda, qarTveli eris cxovrebis, kulturis Tu enis istoria, ZiriTadad, sabWoTa imperiis sqemiT iwereboda; mag., "ratomRac" naklebperspeqtiulad iTvleboda: qarTvelu-ri da Zveli winaaziuri kulturebis mimarTebis hipoTeza, iva-ne javaxiSvilisa da arnold Ciqobavas mier naloliavebi iberi-ul-kavkasiuri enebis naTesaobis Teoria da sxva; samagierod, metismeti subieqturobiTa da intensivobiT Suqdeboda ru-seT-saqarTvelos "megobruli" Tanacxovreba; umwerlobo ene-bad miCneuli qarTveluri dialeqtebis bazaze, ruseTis impe-riis ideologiuri mrwamsis (dasapyrobi teritoriis mflob-eli eris daSla-daqucmaceba!) Sesabamisad, kulturuli qvelmoqmedebis niRbiT, daCagrul "xalxebs" uqmnidnen "samwignobro enebs" (iwyebdnen mocemul kiloze saxarebis TargmniT); am gziT cdilobdnen qarTvelTa erTi nawilisTvis gaeucxoebinaT ara mxolod sakuTari istoriuli mwignobroba, aramed sxva qarTvelebic:

qarTveloba warmoidgineboda ramdenime damoukidebel


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naciad: sakuTriv qarTvelebad, xevsurebad, TuSebad, svanebad, lazebad, megrelebad, aWarlebad, mesxebad... sabWouri inercia dResac arsebobs; gareSe Zalebi dResac cdiloben

saqarTveloSi enobriv umciresobad gamoacxadon da am gziT

did samwignobro kulturas mowyviton: lazebi, megrelebi, svanebi (amgvari enobrivi diversia zogsac uneburad gamosdis sakmarisi samecniero informaciis verflobis gamo; ix., mag., "evropis enebis centris" grifiT 2002 wels espaneTSi gamo-qveynebuli wigni "Europe of the Peoples"); maTi mizani ucvlelia: qarTvelobis jer enobrivad daSla, Semdeg

eTnikurad, bolos ki - teritoriulad. mecnierebis politizebis TvalsazrisiT, saintereso msje-

loba aqvs g.meliqiSvils: “qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSegneba Zlierdeba XIX sauku-

nis bolos; amave periodSi gamoqveynda f.homelis axali samec-niero Teoria, romlis mixedviTac qarTvelobis winaprebad mi-iCneoda kavkasiaSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da evropis did nawil-Si ganfenili winareindoevropuli mosaxleoba - “xalxTa

alarodiuli ojaxi: elamelebi, kasitebi, urartuelebi (maTi STamomavlebi arian qarTvelebi), pelazgebi, etruskebi, baske-bi... f.homelis samecniero Teoriam gaaZliera qarTvelTa kon-solidacia, magram am dros qarTvelobis winaaRmdeg antago-nisturad ganewyvnen ruseTis imperiis mesveurni da amierkavka-siaSi arsebuli Zlieri somxuri burJuazia…” (g.meliqiSvili, narkvevebi, I, gv.329)… qarTvelTa istoriis mimarT Tvisobri-vad amgvari (“gaTiSe da ibatone”) dapirispireba gagrZelda sa-bWoTa imperiis periodSi da sazRvargareTul garkveul wreeb-Si grZeldeba dResac (ix., mag., j.hiuitis, i.zeirekisa da v.foi-rStainis Semoqmedeba).

sabWoTa imperiis daSlis Semdeg saqarTveloSic SesaZle-beli gaxda mecnieruli azris bunebrivi da Tavisufali ganvi-Tareba; gaiolda sazRvargareTul (evropul, amerikul, azi-ur) centrebTan Tavisufali TanamSromloba. gansakuTrebuli keTilganwyobiT aRsaniSnavia is, rom TurqeTisa da iranis xe-lisuflebam qarTvel mkvlevrebs ufleba mogvca, dagvewyo maT


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saxelmwifoebSi mcxovrebi qarTveluri warmoSobis mosaxleo-bis metyvelebis, eTnografiisa da folkloris Seswavla; am-gvari kulturul-samecniero TanamSromloba gadaarCens did kulturul memkvidreobas da Cveni qveynebis keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis myari safuZvelic gaxdeba (am mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia evropuli orientaciis TurqeTi)...

ukanaskneli wlebis lingvisturi, kulturologiuri, ar-qeologiuri, istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi, eTnografiuli da anTropologiuri gamokvlevebis SejerebiT, agreTve, zogi problemis, cnebisa Tu terminis kritikuli gaazrebiT, sa-fuZveli momzadda, sabWouri "tradiciisgan" gansxvavebulad - arapolitizebulad, mecnierul debulebebze dayrdnobiT - ganvixiloT qarTvelTa enobrivi erTeulebis istoriuli urTierTmimarTeba da qarTvelTa istoriis zogadi qarga; Se-sabamisad, naSromSi "qarTvelebi" miznad davisaxeT qarTveli

eris istoriis logikuri sqemis ageba (Sdr., a.toinbi: enis istoria, eris istoriis konspeqti).

sagangebod aRvniSnavT, rom warmodgenili naSromis xasia-Ti didwilad gansazRvra “quTaisurma saubrebma”:

dialeqtologiuri xasiaTis kvlevebi warmatebuli ver iq-neba istoria-eTnologiis gareSe da, piriqiT; Sesabamisad, is-toriuli dialeqtologiis problemebze muSaobisas Tavidan did sirTuleebs qmnida specialur literaturaSi arsebuli terminologiuri siWrele da momijnave samecniero dargebs Soris informaciis gaucvlelobis xelovnuri, sabWouri tra-dicia; amitomac, Cveni iniciativiTa da reqtoratis aqtiuri xelSewyobiT 1994 wlidan quTaisis ak.wereTlis saxelobis sa-xelmwifo universitetis dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvlevi-Ti instituti organizebas uwevs qarTvelologTa yovelwli-ur saerTaSoriso (Tematur) simpoziums - “quTaisuri saubre-bi”, romelzec viwvevT lingvistebs, eTnografebs, folklo-ristebs, istorikosebs, arqeologebs, kulturologebs, an-Tropologebs; ramdenime simpoziumi mieZRvna terminologiur problemebsac (simpoziumebis masalebi yovelwliuradve ibeW-deba institutis samecniero krebulSi: “qarTveluri memkvid-reoba”). am STambeWdav samecniero forumebze warmodgenili


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diskusiebic aisaxa winamdebare wignSi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom, ramdenadac "qarTvelebi" moicavs momijnave samecniero dar-gebs, misi zogi monakveTi ufro mimoxilviTi xasiaTisaa, mag., zogad StrixebSi warmodgenili winareqarTvelur da qarTve-lur tomTa istoria ufro gankuTvnilia araistorikosTa-Tvis, xolo saxeluri da zmnuri ZiriTadi paradigmebi - ara-lingvistTaTvis.

wignis ZiriTad struqturul modelad Camoyalibda Sem-degi bibliur-miTologiur-istoriuli qarga:

Zvel mematianeTa warmodgeniT, sxva ZirZvel xalxTa msgav-sad, qarTvelTa istoriac saTaves RvTaebrivi kalTidan iRebs; noe-iafet-iavan-TarSiS-Targamosis bibliuri gzis miTologi-ur saxesxvaobad pirobiTad SeiZleba davsaxoT zevsamdeli RvTaebis - iafetis Zis - amiran-promeTeosis - protoiberiuli (winareberZnuli) kulturis periodi; qarTvelTa winareisto-riul xanad vvaraudobT kavkasiasa da wina aziis did nawilSi ganfenil mtkvar-araqsis kulturis qmnadobis periods. vaviTa-rebT azrs, rom kolxuri kultura Seiqmna saerToqarTve-luri enis mqone xalxisgan da igi moicavda:

pitiuntidan (biWvinTidan) sinopimde SavizRvispireTs, anatoliis nawilis, rion-yvirilas, Woroxis, mtkvris zemo we-lis (mcxeTamde) xeobebs, agreTve, cxinvalisa da yobanis regio-nebs; pirobiTad, am kolxur/saerToqarTvelur saxelmwifos aietis qveyanas vuwodebT.

qarTveli mematianeni konkretul mefeTa aRricxvas azos, farnavazisa da qujis istoriiT iwyeben - swored am droidan berZenTaTvis kargad cnobili "oqromravali aia-kolxeTi" isev aRorZinda erTian saxelmwifod, oRond ufro mcire teri-toriaze da ZiriTadi centriT - mcxeTaSi (pirobiTad - far-navazis saxelmwifo).

welTaRricxvaTa mijnidan ukve iolia qarTvelTa samwig-nobro enisa da, zogadad, qarTvelobis istoriis konkretul

monakveTebad warmodgena… uZvelesi periodidan dRemde qarTveli eris savaraudo is-

toriuli jaWvi aseT saxes miiRebs: winareqarTveluri (iberiul-kavkasiur-axloaRmosav-


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luri kulturis) epoqa - Zv.w. V-III aTaswleulebi; kolxuri (saerToqarTveluri) kulturis epoqa - Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua periodidan Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua pe-riodamde; sruliad saqarTvelos aRorZineba azos, qujisa da farna-vazis qarTlad - Zv.w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevari; gardamavali Jami - welTaRricxvaTa mijna; qristianobidan gorgasalis mkvlelobamde - ax.w. IV-V sa-ukuneebi; arabobidan qarTul mesianizmamde - VII-IX saukuneebi; daviT aRmaSenebeli da Tamari - oqros xana; dro laSa-giorgidan giorgi brwyinvalemde; spars-Turqobis didi periodi - patar-patara saqarTve-loebad daSla; rusobis periodi - mefe giorgi meTormetedan - prezi-

dent zviad gamsaxurdias mkvlelobamde. warmodgenil istoriul qargasTan mimarTebiT ganxilu-

li qarTvelTa enobrivi istoria, vfiqrobT, adekvaturad da argumentirebulad warmoaCens erTiani eTnokulturuli sis-temisa da mravalsaukunovani samwignobro enis mqone qarTve-li eris - mravalwaxnagovani eTnografiuli Taviseburebebisa da mravalferovani dialeqtebis patroni xalxis - mozaikur

saxes.

qarTveli eris istoria da awmyo TviTgadarCenisTvis

brZolaa; rogorc wesi, momxdurni agresiis or ZiriTad for-mas iyeneben: xalxis fizikuri mospobisa Tu gadasaxlebis Sem-deg imkvidreben cariel teritorias, an TavianTi enisa da re-ligiis TavsmoxveviT TandaTanobiT imsgavseben adgilobriv mosaxleobas... dapyrobis orive saxe agresiuli globaliza-

ciis gamovlinebaa. istoria adasturebs, rom xalxis fizikur-genetikuri mospoba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia: erisTvis yvelaze did safrTxes agresiis meore saxeoba - enobriv-kulturuli (cnobieri) asimilacia warmoadgens; erovnul-kulturuli Ta-visTavadobis (erovnuli meobis, TviTobis) SenarCunebisaTvis imeddaukargavi brZolis kargi magaliTia qarTveli eris isto-


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ria, Tumca qarTvelobam Tavisi teritoriis didi nawili da-karga... kvlevis am etapze qarTvelTa qveyanaSi semitebis, xeTe-bis, Zveli berZnebis Tu bizantielebis, sparsebis, arabebisa da Turqebis imperiuli enobrivi politikis amsaxvel masalaze me-tia is dokumenturi wyaroebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi (kavka-siaSi) imperiuli ruseTis enobriv politikas asaxaven, amde-nad, erT-erT TavSi samagaliTod vrclad ganvixilavT ruseTis enobriv agresias XIX-XX saukuneebis saqarTveloSi.

bolos, xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom wina Taobebis mkvlevar-Ta (m.brose, n.mari, iv.javaxiSvili, s.janaSia, arn.Ciqobava, g.ax-vlediani, a.SaniZe, v.Tofuria, g.meliqiSvili, m.qaldani, g.ra-miSvili, g.rogava, o.jafariZe, o.lorTqifaniZe, gr.giorgaZe, b.jorbenaZe, q.lomTaTiZe, T.gamyreliZe, T.uTurgaiZe, i.zica-ri, h.fenrixi...) didi pativiscemiT, magram, garkveulwilad, maTgan gansxvavebuli xedviT Seqmnili Cveni wignis pirveli

gamocema miznad isaxavs diskusiis gaSlas ganxiluli problem-atikis irgvliv. aqve madlierebas gamovxatavT profesorebis: Teimuraz gvancelaZis, qevin TuiTis, manana sanaZis, manana tabi-Zis, giorgi qavTaraZisa da vaxtang jafariZis mimarT, romelTac gamoqveynebamde waikiTxes naSromi; maTi rCeviT ganivrco ram-denime sakiTxi. wignis meore gamocemisas siamovnebiT gaviTva-liswinebT axalaRmoCenil wyaroebsa da sxva specialistTa ar-gumentirebul msjelobebs.


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Tavi I

terminologiuri problemebi

1.1. enisa da kilos mimarTebis sakiTxi da eri

1.1.1. Temi, tomi, eTnosi, eri

gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, eTnikuri erTobis,

eTnikuri jgufis, eTnosis, eris ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia: is-toriuli dedaena (erTiani enobrivi xedva-aRqma), istoriuli

kultura (tradiciuli religiur-kulturuli Rirebulebani), istoriuli mexsiereba, istoriuli fsiqikuri wyoba (tradici-ul garemosTan mimarTebiT formirebuli enobriv-kulturuli mentaloba) da istoriuli teritoria/saxelmwifo (Sdr.: didi warsuli - maRali Rirsebis gancda).

mecnierTa erTi nawili terminebSi: eTnosi, eTnikuri jgu-

fi,”eTnografiuli jgufi moiazrebs rogorc ersa da toms, ase-ve, ama Tu im kuTxis mosaxleobasac; sanimuSod SevexebiT qarTu-lad Targmnil erT saxelmZRvanelos:

1991 wels gamocemuli "eTnografiis" SesavalSi vkiTxulobT: "eTnografiuli jgufis qveS igulisxmeba eTnosis garkveuli

nawili, romelic gamoirCeva salaparako enis, kulturisa da yo-fis lokaluri specifikiT, zogjer gaaCnia TviTsaxeli da rogor-Rac gaorebuli TviTSegneba... qarTvelTa eTnografiuli jgufe-bia: qarTlelebi, kaxelebi, xevsurebi, imerlebi, gurulebi, ingi-loebi, megrelebi, raWvelebi da sxva"... samecniero literatura-Si eTnografiuli jgufis paralelurad gamoiyeneba termini - subeTnosic.

winaswarve SevniSnavT, rom amgvari mcdari kvalifikaciebis sa-Tave terminologiuri aRrevaa: termini "eTnografiuli jgufi" rusul samecniero literaturaSic ki "eTnikuri jgufis" parale-


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lurad ixmareba; mag., l. tolstovas tajikebisa da uzbekebis gver-diT gamoyofili aqvs iseTi eTnografiuli jgufebi, rogorebic

arian: Sua aziis boSebi, ironebi, qurTebi, Turqebi, yivCayebi da sxv. (msjelobisaTvis ix. m.gegeSiZe, 1971, gv.117)... eTnografiis sa-xelmZRvanelos Sesavlidan gamodis, rom rogorRac gaorebuli

cnobiereba SeiZleba hqondes qarTlels, kaxels, megrels, aWa-rels, guruls, TuSs... rac TavisTavad gamoricxulia, vinaidan

qarTleli, kaxeli, megreli, guruli, aWareli Tu TuSi imitomaa qarTveli, rom qarTlelia, kaxelia, megrelia, gurulia, aWarelia, TuSia! "gaorebuli cnobiereba" SeiZleba hqondes safrangeTSi

axaldamkvidrebul italiels, TurqeTSi - berZens, saqarTvelos moqalaqe somexs da a.S. Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi kompaqturad

mcxovrebi araqarTvelebi CaiTvlebian eTnikur Tu eTnografiul

jgufad, subeTnosad Tu eTnikosad... terminologiuri TvalsazrisiT, winaaRmdegobani gvaqvs TviT

arn. Ciqobavas redaqtorobiT gamoqveynebul qarTuli enis gan-martebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulSic (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT

calkeul lingvistur, eTnologiur Tu istoriografiul gamo-kvlevebze), romelic, TavisTavad, metad Zvirfas da akademiur

gamocemas warmoadgens; kerZod, leqsikonSi gurulebi, imerle-

bi, fSavelebi, kaxelebi, megrelebi da sxva ganmartebulia, ro-gorc "saqarTvelos erT-erTi kuTxis mkvidrni;" xolo aWarlebi, TuSebi da svanebi - rogorc "erT-erTi qarTveli tomi"...

aq, pirvel rigSi, miuRebelia aWaris, TuSeTisa da svaneTis

Tanamedrove mcxovrebTa mimarT termin tomis gamoyeneba, vinai-dan eTnologiur literaturaSi am cnebis qveS igulisxmeba pir-velyofili eTnikuri ujredi; aseve, gaugebaria svanis, TuSisa da aWarelis gansxvavebuli terminologiuri kvalifikacia xev-surTan, gurulTan, kaxelTan SedarebiT... samwuxarod, zog enaT-mecnierul fundamentur gamokvlevaSic ki dasanani uzustobebia; mag., b.jorbenaZis mier calkeul eTnosebadaa CaTvlili: kaxeli, guruli, qarTleli da sxva; am "eTnosTa" sacxovrisebi miCneulia eTnikur kuTxeebad, xolo metyvelebebi - "eTnikur dialeqtebad" (b.jorbenaZe, 1989, gv.29, 42).


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ucxour Tu zog qarTul gamocemebSic (sainterneto cnoba-rebSi, enciklopediebSi, saxelmZRvaneloebSi, calkeul gamokvle-vebSi), araiSviaTad, saqarTvelo warmodgenilia arabunebrivad

mravalenovan da mravaleTnikur qveynad; zogjer komentarebis sa-xiT damatebulia isic, rom saqarTveloSi sxva eTnosTa uflebebi ilaxeba; garda amisa, zogi politizebuli ucxoeli dResac aqti-urad iRvwis, qarTvelTa nawili, mag., megrel-lazebi, gamocxad-des sxva xalxad/xalxebad (naciad/naciebad) da, Sesabamisad, aris

mcdeloba, megrul da lazur kiloebze Seiqmnas axali salitera-turo enebi (ix. j.hiuiti, 2004; v.foirStaini, 2003). xazgasmiT aR-vniSnavT, rom megrel-lazebs gamorCeulad aqtiuri monawile-

oba aqvT miRebuli saerToqarTvelur enobriv koineze dafuZne-buli mravalsaukunovani qarTuli (qarTveluri) samwignobro

enis SeqmnaSi; vis sWirdeba laz-megrelTa kiloebis mixedviT, ”ga-TiSe da ibatones” principiT Seqmnili saliteraturo enebi? vis aZlevs xels didi qarTveluri kulturis Tanaavtori sazogadoebebis gamocxadeba damwerlobis armqone enobriv umciresobebad?

araiSviaTad, laz-megrelebi araqarTvelebadaa CaTvlili zo-gi evropeli mecnieris mierac. keTilsindisieri ucxoeli avtore-bis mier qarTvelur sinamdvilesTan mimarTebiT daSvebuli amgva-ri Secdomebis saTave, zog SemTxvevaSi, laz-megrelTa istoriis arcodnaa, zogjer ki - qarTvel mecnierTa Sromebi; kerZod, rode-sac adgilobrivi mecnieris gamokvlevaSi uzustodaa gamoyenebu-li lingvistur-eTnologiuri terminebi da qarTvelTa calkeu-li jgufebi - eTnosebad, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva kuTxis qarTvel-Ta kiloebi damoukidebel umwerlobo enebadaa gamocxadebuli, saqarTvelos istoriis armcodne ucxour sazogadoebaSi buneb-rivad Cndeba azri, daexmaro "daCagrul" da "CamorCenil" eTno-sebs: Seuqmna maT damwerloba, saxelmwifo da a.S. magaliTad, ara-qarTvel mecnierTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom vinaidan svaneTis, lazeTisa da samegrelos mcxovrebTa saojaxo-saSinao metyveleba-ni saliteraturo qarTuli enisagan metad gansxvavebulia, vidre sxva qarTveluri dialeqtebi, svanebi, lazebi da megrelebi umwer-lobo enebis mqone damoukidebeli eTnosebia, romelTac kultu-


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ris asparezze "gamoyvana" sWirdebaT; Sesabamisad, cdiloben, am uZvelesi werilobiTi kulturis mqone qarTvelebs (amis Sesaxeb

ix. qvemoT) umwerlobo enebad "monaTluli" kiloebis mixedviT

Seuqmnan anbani, samwignobro ena, uTargmnon saxareba, klasikosTa Semoqmedeba da sxv.

samwuxarod, asea dResac: zogi Tanamedrove qarTveli mkvlevaric ver izRvevs Tavs uneblie Secdomebisgan; mag., k.gabuni-as azriTac, megrelebi, svanebi, lazebi da qarTebi calkeuli qar-Tveluri eTnikuri jgufebia, xolo zanuri da svanuri - umwer-lobo enebi (k.gabunia, 2004, gv.172-177).

pirvel rigSi, aRvniSnavT, rom qarTi xelovnurad Seqmnili terminia (ix. qvemoT), garda amisa, mocemuli sazogadoebis eTno-sad Tu Temad saxeldeba gaumarTlebelia erTi romelime niSniT

(genetikuri, eTnografiuli, lingvisturi Tu religiuri Tavise-burebiT), ramdenadac, eTnosi da eri enobriv-kulturul-fsi-

qikuri istoriuli erTobaa, xolo konkretuli Temi eris, ro-gorc zogaderovnuli erTobis konkretuli variantia (Semadgene-li nawilia); Sesabamisad, mocemuli sazogadoebis statusze msje-lobisas sakiTxs kompleqsurad unda mivudgeT; Cvens SemTxvevaSi, qarTveli eri, rogorc istoriuli superorganizmi, Camoyalibe-bulia ramdenime aTeuli monaTesave tomisgan; qarTveluri erov-

nuli meobis, qarTuli kulturis da qarTuli samwignobro enis

CamoyalibebaSi Tav-Tavisi wvlili Setanili aqvs qarTvelur dia-leqtebze molaparake yvela sazogadoebas - istoriuli Tu Tana-medrove saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis qarTvels, amdenad, roca vla-parakobT dRevandeli qarTveli eris eTnostruqturasa da kul-turaze, TavisTavad moiazreba is zogadqarTveluri fenomeni, romelic samwignobro enisa da erTiani TviTsaxelwodebis Camo-yalibebis Semdeg mainc erTian eTnosad unda ganvixiloT...

qarTul sinamdvileSi eTnikur terminTa araswor gamoyenebas

ramdenime naSromi mieZRvna (g.gegeSiZe, v.iToniSvili), sadac aRi-niSna araqarTvel avtorTa mcdeloba, qarTveli eris Semadgen-lobidan gamoacalkevon svanebi, megrelebi, gurulebi, kaxelebi da sxv... eTnologTagan ukanasknelad am problemas sayuradRebo


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werili uZRvna r. TofCiSvilma (r.TofCiSvili, 1995; r.TofCiSvi-li, 2005); qarTveli eris istoriisa da eTnostruqturis safuZ-vliani analizis Semdeg is samarTlianad askvnis:

"saqarTvelos sxvadasxva istoriul-eTnografiuli mxaris

mosaxleobis _ aWarlebis, gurulebis, megrelebis, imerlebis,

svanebis, TuSebis... moxsenieba ar SeiZleba eTnosad, eTnikur

erTobad, eTnikur jgufad, xalxad, tomad, eTnografiul jgu-

fad, subeTnosad da misT; aseTi aRreva garedanaa Tavs moxveuli. dasaxelebuli terminebi eTnologiur literaturaSi aRniSnaven

ers, erovnebas, an jer erad Camouyalibebel enobriv-kulturuli

TviTSegnebis mqone erTobliobas; eTnosebia: ingliselebi, germa-nelebi, frangebi, qarTvelebi da a.S., xolo tomi mxolod winafe-

odaluri gaerTianebebis aRsaniSnavad SeiZleba iyos gamoyene-

buli da ara Tanamedrove mosaxleobis mimarT."

warmodgenili mniSvnelobiT termin tomis gamoyeneba imito-mac aris gaumarTlebeli, rom Zvel qarTul originalur Tu Tar-gmnil ZeglebSi saSualo sparsulidan nasesxebi es sityva damou-kidebel eTnoss aRniSnavda (ix., mag., "SuSanikis wameba", saxarebis Targmanebi da sxv.; terminis istoriisaTvis ix. d.meliqiSvili, 1998). termini "tomi" unda damkvidrdes, rogorc mxolod pir-velyofili sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis - winareeTnosis - aR-mniSvneli sityva.

saqarTvelos istoriul-geografiuli provinciebis mosaxle-Ta aRsaniSnavad Tanamedrove avtorebi inerciiT mainc iyeneben arazust terminebs. magaliTad, v.iToniSvilTan dafiqsirebulia: eTnografiuli jgufi, eTnolingvisturi jgufi, eTnote-

ritoriuli jgufi... r.TofCiSvili gvTavazobs axal termins - eTnografiul-dialeqtologiuri erTeuli; Cveni azriT, mis damkvidrebasac ramdenime garemoeba SeuSlis xels: a) mouxerxebe-lia samsityviani termini; b) cneba “"eTnografiul-dialeqto-logiuri" mainc ver gamoricxavs eTnikurobis gagebas...

aRniSnuli mniSvnelobiT iseTi erTsityviani termini unda gamoviyenoT, romelic ufro teqnikuri xasiaTisa iqneba da Tavis-TavSi ar moiazrebs eTnikurobas; garda amisa, vinaidan, saqarTve-los ama Tu im mxaris mosaxleoba aris qarTveli eris erTi kerZo


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saxe (rogorc, magaliTad, aWaruli kilo aris qarTuli enis erTi mikrovarianti), terminma xazi unda gausvas swored am aspeqts: Ta-namedrove qarTveloba ar warmoadgens megrelTa, gurulTa, svan-Ta, aWarelTa, imerelTa da sxvaTa meqanikur jams; mag., megreli Tu

kaxeli qarTvelis kerZo gamovlinebaa; zogadad, qarTveli, ro-gorc eTnofsiqikur-enobrivi erTeuli, konkretulad ganxorcie-lebulia sxvadasxva Taobis svanad, megrelad, aWarelad, guru-lad, kaxelad, TuSad, imerelad, taoelad... da, amdenad, TiToeu-li es jgufi iseve miemarTeba qarTvelis cnebas, rogorc saerTo

enas misi regionaluri nairsaxeobani - kiloebi... am da sxva mizezebis gamo, Cveni azriT, sxvadasxva kuTxis qar-

Tvelebis: aWarlebis, gurulebis, svanebis, kaxelebis da a.S. aRsa-niSnavad mizanSewonilia, gamoviyenoT istoriuli termini Temi.

Temi berZnulidanaa Semosuli; dasavlur-qarTul dokumen-tebSi XIII saukunis ukanaskneli meoTxediTaa damowmebuli (T. be-raZe, 1976, gv.225) ); sabasTan Temi ganmartebulia, rogorc "qveynis

erTi nawili," d.CubinaSvilTan - rogorc "xalxi erTi Temisa" ("народ одной области"); CvenTvis saintereso mniSvnelobiT damowme-bulia qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSic: "am TveSi guriis

Temi Seiyris Tavs Cvens sofelSi" (e.ninoSvili). saqarTvelos is-toriul-geografiuli provinciebis mosaxleobis aRsaniSnavad

Tems iyenebs mixako wereTelic, ivane javaxiSvilic da niko berZe-niSvilic...

qarTulSi Tems sxva mniSvnelobebic aqvs: is, rogorc teqniku-ri termini, niSnavs sazogadoebis erT socialur-ekonomikur

mTlianoba; gamoyenebulia "xevis" Tu "erTi gvaris" xalxis aRsa-niSnavadac da a.S. magaliTad, svaneTSi termini "Temi" gulisxmobs

rogorc dasaxlebul punqts (magaliTad, lenjeris Temi, latalis

Temi) aseve, mTel xeobas: Cube Tem /Cube xeE (qveda Temi /qveda xevi - igulisxmeba balsqvemo svaneTi), Jibe Tem /Jibe xeE (zeda Temi /ze-da xevi - igulisxmeba balszemo svaneTi)... al.WinWaraulis cno-biT, xevsureTSi gamoiyeneba Temwyali: "Cveni Temwylisa aris," e.i. Cveni xeobis, Cveni Temis kacia (Sdr.: makroTemi - kuTxis, mxaris mo-saxleoba, mikroTemi - xeobis mosaxleoba).


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amgvarad, eTnikuri terminebiT: "eTnosi", "eTnikuri jgufi", "subeTnosi" da misT. unda aRiniSnos damoukidebeli eTnostruq-turisa da enis mqone adamianTa erTobebi; teqnikuri terminiT: Temi ki - erTi eTnosis SigniT arsebuli lokaluri jgufebi

(Sdr.: eTnosi - Temi - pirovneba ise miemarTeba erTmaneTs, ro-gorc ena - kilo - idioleqti); mag., eTnologiuri Tu lingvis-turi aspeqtiT, qarTveli eris calkeuli Temebia: aWarlebi, gu-rulebi, CaRmaTuSebi, wovaTuSebi, imerlebi, herebi (ingiloebi), megrelebi, lazebi, mTiulebi, imerxevelebi, maWaxlelebi, samcxe-lebi, SavSelebi, livanelebi, taoelebi, moxeveebi, svanebi, fere-idnelebi, javaxebi, xevsurebi, qarTlelebi, fSavelebi, kaxelebi, raWvelebi, leCxumlebi...

SeniSvna: warmodgenili sityvebis (eri, tomi Temi...) myar terminebad qcevas garkveulwilad xels uSlis maTi polisemanturoba...

istoriulad qarTveli eris erT-erT Temad moiazreba afxa-zebic, magram ruseTis imperiis zewoliT maTi erTi nawili Tavs qarTvelad aRar aRiqvams (metic, maTs gaorebul cnobierebas

dResdReobiT antiqarTuli mimarTuleba aqvs; afxazTa TviTaR-qmisa da erovnuli meobis gaorebis istoriisaTvis ix.: z.papaskiri, 1994; z.papaskiri, 1998; T.gvancelaZe, 2000; T.gvancelaZe, m.tabiZe, r.Serozia, r.Wanturia, 2001 da sxv.).

evropul saxelmwifoebSi, eTnikuri warmomavlobis miuxeda-vad, sxva kontinentidan Camosulic ki, Tuki is mocemuli qveynis moqalaqe gaxdeba, saxelmwifos ZiriTadi (saxelmdebeli) eris Semadgenel nawilad iTvleba, ramdenadac is ukve flobs saxel-mwifo enas da emorCileba saxelmwifo kanonebs. saqarTveloSi

Camosaxlebuli eTnikuri jgufebis: osebis, TaTrebis, rusebis, somxebis (da sxv.) erTi nawili istoriis am etapze qarTveli eris

nawilad ver miiCneva, vinaidan es adamianebi ver floben saqarTve-los saxelmwifo enas, ar aRiareben saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobas

da saxelisuflebo struqturebTan dRemde rusuli politikis interesebis Sesabamisad urTierToben. damoukidebeli saqarTve-los Semdgomi ganviTareba swored im mimarTulebiT unda wari-marTos, rom saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqes, eTnikuri warmomav-


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lobis miuxedavad, hqondes patriotuli grZnoba Tavisi samSob-los - saqarTvelos - mimarT, SeeZlos Tavisufali urTierToba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eniT da gaaCndes moTxovnileba, dae-morCilos saqarTvelos konstitucias. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi iqneba is Tavisufali sazogadoebis srulfasovani wevri saqar-TveloSi... mxolod amis Semdeg SegveZleba Cven vTqvaT, rom, msgav-sad frangi, germaneli, espaneli… erebisa, qarTvel nacias, Ziri-Tad - qarTul (qarTvelur) eTnosTan erTad qmnian sxva zemoT da-saxelebuli eTnikuri jgufebic...

bevr seriozul Secdomas udebs saTaves, agreTve, termin eT-

nonimis araswori gamoyeneba; specialur literaturaSi "eTnoni-mad" CaTvlilia ara mxolod eris/naciis aRmniSvneli sityvebi

(qarTveli, rusi, osi...) aramed, TemTa saxelebic; mag.: kaxeli, qar-Tleli, megreli, imereli da sxva (v.iarceva, l.tolstova, p.cxa-daia, n.xazaraZe, T.oCiauri, b.jorbenaZe, g.Tofuria, v.iToniSvili

da mravali sxva); Cven mier zemoT warmodgenili msjelobidan lo-gikurad gamomdinareobs, rom eTnonimad CaiTvalos mxolod is

istoriuli leqsika, romelic eris, eTnosis, eTnikuri jgufis, tomis aRmniSvnel sakuTar saxelad damkvidrda (samecniero li-teraturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa eTnonimis sakuTar saxelad mi-Cnevis Sesaxebac: zogi mas Tvlis onimad, zogi nomenad).

Temis aRmniSvnel saxels SeiZleba vuwodoT Temonimi; igi

sxva enebSic SeiZleba gamoviyenoT (temonym), an axali termini

SevqmnaT inglisuri sityvidan community "Temi", "erToba", "mxa-ris mosaxleoba". Sdr.: qomiunonimi/komunonimi... Tuki moveride-biT axali terminis SemoRebas, aseT SemTxvevaSi, umjobesi iqneba, gamoviyenoT sintagma warmomavlobis saxeli da ara - eTnonimi; gurulis, mesxis, svanis, kaxelis, qarTlelis... mimarT eTnonimis

gamoyeneba aSkarad gaumarTlebelia. amgvarad, ramdenadac qarTveli eris Temebad anu qarTveli

eris Semadgenel nawilebad erTnairad ganixilebian: svanebic, me-grelebic, lazebic, aWarlebic, gurulebic, kaxelebic, qarTle-lebic, raWvelebic, imerlebic, fSavlebic, xevsurebic, TuSebic, ingiloebic, taoelebic, SavSelebic, imerxevelebic, fereidnele-


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bic… maTi aRmniSvneli saxelebi erTnairad unda CavTvaloT ara "eTnonimebad", aramed warmomavlobis saxelTa gansakuTrebul

jgufad - Temonimebad. zog lingvistur leqsikonSi "eTnonimebis" gverdiT ganxilu-

lia aramxolod Temonimebi, aramed - regionebis mcxovrebTa aR-mniSvneli saxelebic da lokalur jgufTa saxelwodebebic; Sdr., magaliTad: "К энтонимам близки названия жителей, образующиеся от разл.

типов топонимов. Это могут быть этнохоронимы - названия от имен обширных

регионов (хоронимов): "Европа - европейцы" и т. п. - или названия жителей

крупных или малых поселений: "Москва - москвичи" и т.п. а также неофициальные,

исторически сложившиеся прозвищные обозначения групп насселения, напр.,

"Казаки", "москали", "чалдоны"... (Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь,

М., 1990, gv.598).

Cveni azriT, aseTi gaudiferencirebeli masala erTi termi-nis qveS ver gaerTiandeba; dasaxelebuli sityvebis erTi nawili

warmomavlobis saxelia, xolo meore nawili (kazakebi, moskalebi) ki - Temonimebi.

calke samsjeloa qarTul lingvonimTa (ena-kiloebis saxel-Ta), eTnonimTa, TemonimTa, qoronimTa da warmomavlobis saxelTa ucxoenovani dawerilobac; gansakuTrebuli tradiciis arar-sebobis SemTxvevaSi daculi unda iyos qarTulisTvis damaxasia-Tebeli ZiriTadi mimarTeba eTnonimsa (Temonimsa) da qoronims Soris; Sdr.: qarTulSic zogjer Temis/tomis saxelia amosava-

li kuTxisTvis (svani - svaneTi), zogjer ki - qoronimisgan iwarmo-eba sazogadoebis saxeli (aWara - aWareli). garda amisa, geogra-fiuli saxelebis ucxourad dawerilobisas daculi unda iyos qarTuli sityvis struqtura (sqema ix. gv. 567-575).

SeniSvna: wignis daskvniT nawilSi warmodgenil TemonimTa, eTnonimTa, qoronimTa da lingvonimTa leqsikinSi zogjer mocemulia fuZis erTze meti varianti (mag., Бальсземойский / Верхнобальский...), rac aixsneba imiT, rom Cven miznad ar dagvisaxavs qarTveluri eTnonimebis, qoronimebis... ucxouri Sesatyvisebis sarekomendacio

variantebis warmodgena: pirvelad vwerT CvenTvis misaReb

variantebs. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom wignis SesavalSi mocemuli satransliteracio sqemis (gv. 23-24) laTinuri variantebi SevarCieT

kompiteruli simboloebis mixedviT.

samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...

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1.1.2. samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti;

saxelmwifo ena, erovnuli ena, dedaena, ucxo ena

Tanamedrove saxelmZRvaneloebsa da enciklopediebSi msof-lioSi arsebul enaTa raodenoba meryeobs 4000-dan 7000-mde. daax-loebiT sami aTasi enobrivi erTeulis statusi specialistebis

mier sxvadasxvagvaradaa warmodgenili; Sdr., arn.Ciqobava, 1952, gv.119: "msoflioSi ori aTasze met enas iTvlian; es cifri udavod

gadaWarbebulia: bevri dialeqti enadaa miCneuli, radgan bevri

ena Tu dialeqti jerovnad ar aris Seswavlili”… mravali enobrivi erTeulis statusis gansazRvras dResac

abrkolebs: enisa da kilos gasamijn sakvalifikacio kriteriumTa sxvadasxvaoba, msjelobisas gamoyenebuli terminebis (cnebebis) siWrele, eTnosis istoriis sxvadasxvagvari gaazreba da sxv. (saki-Txis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. m.tabiZe, 2000).

warmodgenil problemaze msjelobisas, Cveni azriT, termine-bis mkafio ganmartebis Semdeg, arsebiTia, erTmaneTisagan mkveT-rad gansxvavdes problemis xedvis ori aspeqti:

_ istoriulad (tradiciulad) ra principebis mixedviT mo-xda ukve arsebuli enobrivi erTeulebis saxeldeba enebad Tu ki-loebad;

_ Tanamedrove mecnierTagan ra kriteriumebia SemoTavazebu-li enisa da dialeqtis gasamijnavad.

aseve, sxvadasxva ganzomilebis mixedviT, gansakuTrebuli yu-radRebiTaa Sesaswavli is enobriv-eTnikuri da istoriul-poli-tikuri viTareba, sadac mZafri kamaTia lingvisturi erTeulis

enad Tu dialeqtad miCnevis gamo. msoflios tradiciul enebze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom enad

kvalificireba xdeba "sistemuri igiveoba-sxvaobebis" miuxedavad, kerZod, eTnikur-politikuri niSniT enebadaa kvalificirebu-

li analogiuri fonematur-gramatikuli sistemis mqone er-

Teulebi (belorusuli da rusuli, ruminuli da moldovuri, azerbaijanuli da Turquli da sxv.) da piriqiT, fonematur-gra-


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matikuli sistemis mixedviT sagrZnoblad gansxvavebuli buxaru-li da alJiruli, prusiuli da bavariuli (da sxv.) erTi enis ki-

loebadaa miCneuli. rogorc wesi, monaTesave enobrivi erTeu-

lebis erTi enis variantebad Tu sxvadasxva enebad CaTvla uSu-

alod ukavSirdeba mocemuli sazogadoebis (sazogadoebebis) miCnevas erTi istoriuli kulturis mqone eTnosad (Tu naci-ad). araiSviaTad, enis statusi ganisazRvreba religiuri an poli-tikur-saxelmwifoebrivi midgomis mixedviTac (sakiTxis mimoxil-visaTvis ix. m.tabiZe, 1999; m. tabiZe, 2002; m.tabiZe, 2003); es ukanas-kneli ki mWidro kavSirSia saxelmwifoTa Soris sazRvrebis prob-lemasTan da qveynebis saSinao Tu sagareo politikur orienta-ciebTan; kerZod, eTnikur-politikuri konfliqtebi zogjer "en-obrivi konfliqtebidan" iwyeba (p.h.nelde); Sdr., g.ramiSvili, 2000, gv.172: "gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erTa Soris

konfliqtis mizezi, agreTve, lingvisturia". araiSviaTad, agre-sori qveynebis mesveurni TviTmiznur enobriv politikas ideo-logiur iaraRad iyeneben (globalizaciis enobrivi aspeqti!):

dasapyrobi teritoriis mcxovrebTa erTiani erovnuli

cnobierebis dasaSlelad dialeqtebs acxadeben enebad; am e.w. enebisTvis qmnian anbans, saliteraturo enas da aseTi formiT

axal ”erad” Sobil xalxs ubiZgeben kulturul-saxelmwifoebri-vi damoukideblobisaken; paralelurad, imperia am ”damoukideb-el” xalxs Tavs axveves imperiul enasa da kulturas. mag., sabWoTa imperiis mSeneblobis dasawyisSive i.stalinis mier daixvewa mefis

ruseTSi SemuSavebuli imperiuli koncefcia, romelic TiTqosda emyareboda enebisa da erebis Tanasworobisa da "Cagruli" "erebi-sadmi", "enebisadmi" daxmarebis ideas; sinamdvileSi, erTi romel-ime kuTxis mosaxleobis damoukidebel eTnosad, xalxad, xolo mi-si dialeqtis enad gamocxadebiT imperiis mesveurni miznad isaxav-dnen istoriuli eris (enis) da axalwarmoqmnili "xalxis" ("enis") "gaTanasworuflebianobas", Sesabamisad, dasapyrobi qveynebis is-toriuli mosaxleobis warmodgenas eTnikur-enobriv konglomer-


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atad - mcire imperiebad (ruseTis politikis SedegebisaTvis afx-azeTSi, CeCneT-inguSeTSi, daRestanSi... ix., T. gvancelaZe, m. tabi-Ze, r. Serozia, r. Wanturia, 2001).

sakuTriv qarTul sinamdvileSi i.stalinma Tavisi ”enis" mqo-ne erovnebebad gamoacxada ara mxolod megrelebi, lazebi da sva-nebi, aramed - aWarlebic, qobuleTlebic, ingiloebic; misi azriT, jer unda ayvavebuliyvnen am patara "daCagruli" erebis enebi, Sem-deg ki yvelas gza unda daeTmo erTi msoflio enisTvis - TavisTa-vad cxadia, didi rusi eris enisTvis (ix. i.

i.stalinis naSromebi: "marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi", "nacionaluri sakiTxi da leninizmi"; msjelobisaTvis ix., agreTve, a.nikoleiSvili, 2000, gv.34-35). i.stalinma daiwyo kidec erTa da, Sesabamisad, enaTa daaxloeba-Serwymis politikis ganxorcieleba, romelic momavalSi enaTa sruli SerwymiT unda dasrulebuliyo

(T.bolqvaZe, 2003, gv.9). sastiki sabWouri ideologiuri wnexis pi-robebSi saxelganTqmuli mecnierebic ki veRar bedavdnen am saki-Txebze profesionaluri azris gamoTqmasa Tu msjelobas...

i.stalinis sabWoTa epoqis suliskveTebis gagrZelebasa da re-cidivs warmoadgens j.hiuitis, v.foirStainis da sxvaTa msjeloba (j. hiuiti, 2004; v. foirStaini; 2000; kaCkari, 2003…) lazuri da me-gruli saliteraturo enebis Seqmnis aucileblobis Sesaxeb; ne-bsiT Tu uneblieT, es ucxoelebi megrelebsa da lazebs arTme-

ven sakuTar udides werilobiT kulturas - qarTvelur mwig-

nobrobas, romelsac, ax.w. V saukunis moRvawe ioane laziT dawye-buli dRemde, sxva qarTvelebTan erTad qmnian Woroxisa da rion-enguris auzebSi mosaxle laz-megrelebic.

monaTesave enobriv erTeulTa SefardebiTi gansazRvra-kva-lifikacia, rogorc wesi, iolad xerxdeba erTi istoriuli naci-is/erovnebis farglebSi (sabWoTa periodSi xelovnurad garTul-da qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebis kvalifikaciis sakiTxi); me-tic, adrec da Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSic, xan-grZlivi Tanacxovrebis Sedegad gaCenili msgavsebebis gamo, aramo-naTesave lingvisturi erTeulic ki mocemuli enis dialeqtad kva-lificirdeba; kerZod, samecniero literaturaSi aramonaTesave


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enobrivi erTeulis dialeqtad qcevis gansasazRvravad SemuSave-bulia e.w. gadafarvis kriteriumi (ix. i.gosensi, 1977); sanimu-Sod ganvixilavT prusiuli metyvelebis istorias:

1230-1284 wlebSi germanelebma daipyres litvuri modgmis to-mebi – prusielebi; droTa ganmavlobaSi prusiis mosaxleoba ga-germanelda (g.tivaZe, 1970, gv.101-102); me-17 saukunemde arsebuli

Zveli prusiuli enis - litvuris monaTesave baltikuri enis - "memkvidre" axali prusiuli metyveleba dRes ukve ramdenime ger-manul (brandenburgul) dialeqtad ganixileba; Sdr., aseve, v. Jirmunskis pozicia slavTa teritoriaze - saqsoniis miwaze - Camoyalibebuli aRmosavlur Suagermanuli dialeqtebis Sesaxeb

(v.Jirmunski, 1956, gv.24); Sdr., a.onianis Sefaseba: germanuli eni-

sa da dialeqtebis specialistebi zemogermanul da qvemoger-

manul enebs, erovnul-politikuri interesebidan gamomdina-

re, dialeqtebs uwodeben (ix. a.oniani, 2003, gv.139-140). mecnierTa mier enisa da dialeqtis problemis araarsebiTad

CaTvla an politikis interesebis sferod miCneva kacobriobisa-Tvis zianis momtani SeiZleba gaxdes. garkveviT unda iTqvas, rom enisa da dialeqtis mimarTebis TiTqosda uwyinar lingvistur

problemasTan dakavSirebulia ara mxolod erTi konkretuli

qveynisa da eris bedi, aramed sxvadasxva erTa mSvidobiani Tana-cxovrebis perspeqtivac.

Cveni azriT, enisa da dialeqtis mimarTebis problema sinqro-nuladaa gansaxilveli sazogadoebriv-istoriuli, eTnikur-kul-turuli, religiuri da sakuTriv lingvisturi aspeqtebiT; aseve, saWiroa mecnierTa kvlevis Sedegebis gasazogadoebrioba, vinai-dan, aseT SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli gaxdeba mocemuli sazogadoe-bis mowyveta Tavis kulturul warsulTan: xalxs eqneba gacnobie-rebuli arCevani TviTidentifikaciisaTvis da, rac mTavaria, da-culi iqneba adamianis Tu eTnosis ufleba, icodes Tavisi war-

suli; samagaliTod moviyvanT TurqeTSi mcxovrebi lazi gogonas

werils, romelic daibeWda Jurnal mJoraSi (Sdr.: laz. mJo-ra/bJora, megr. bJa, svan. miJ da samwign. qarT. mze) da 2002 wlis oq-


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tomberSi internetiTac gamoqveynda (Lazebura.com); werilis saTa-uria: "erTi qalaqeli gogonas ”egoisturi" siyvaruli"; moviy-vanT werilis ZiriTad fragmentebs:

"wlebis manZilze megona, rom me musikis armqone kulturis Svili vi-yavi, radganac, lazur garemocvas mowyvetili, erTi Soreuli qalaqis kulturis pirobebSi gavizarde...

rizes findiklis raionis sofeli pizxala Cemi sofelia. me pizxalas xeobis Svili var. dedaCemic imave raionis sofel derbentidanaa. ese igi, me orive mxridan lazi var. magram 1972 wels izmiTis goljuqis raionSi davbadebulvar. Tvramet wlamde iqve, Semdeg ki, universitetis wlebis gamoklebiT, sul stambolSi vcxovrobdi da vcxovrob.

vxedav, rom lazebi, rogorc eTnikuri koleqtivi, viSlebiT da sada-caa im wertilze mivalT, roca aRar viarsebebT.

Cemi mSoblebi sakmaod axalgazrdul asakSi, rogorc yvela, realur

sinamdviles gamoeqcnen da movidnen ucxo qalaqSi... deda - saswavleblad, mama ki - samuSaod.

yovel zafxuls davdiodiT sofelSi. Cemi mSoblebis iq yofna da ga-CaRebuli keria axlac maxsovs. yvavilian da msxlis xeebian baRs, viwro

arxiT orad gayofil ezosa da ded-mamisagan uCumrad gasaxmobad gafeni-li Txilis moparvas roca vigoneb, Tvalebi cremlebiT mevseba xolme...

1992 wlis 10 ivliss ded-mama davkarge. ori wlis Semdeg ki 90 wlis da CemTvis ”mosiarule biblioTekad” miCneuli babuac mivabareT miwas... maT didi monatrebiT vixseneb...

maTTan gamomSvidobebis Semdeg arc sofeli SemrCa da aRarc saxli. qalaqma ufleba ar momca, maT davpatronebodi. ukve aRarc moxucebi myavs, aRarc yanebi da baRebi maqvs da arc sofelSi wasvlis SesaZlebl-oba. 1997 wlis oqtombris TveSi, roca bolos Cavedi sofelSi, saxlis Weridan cis kamara moCanda ukve. arada, sityva mqonda micemuli, rom ro-ca gavizrdebodi, aRvadgendi. diax, gavizarde, magram me saxli aRar dame-loda. Cavikece Sua oTaxSi da vitire Cveni daqcevis gamo.

yvela es Cemi ubedoba da naRveli cota xniT daviviwyoT da imas mogi-TxrobT, Tu dRevandel Segnebamde rogor mivedi.

1994 wels Jurnal OGNI-s saSualebiT Sevityve zugaSi berepes musi-kaluri moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. xazis radioTi lazuri programebisa da zo-gierTi gadacemis, aseve birol TofaloRlus "HEYAMO"-s wyalobiT Seg-nebam imisa, rom me lazi var, mTlianad momicva.

gudastviris sulSi Camwvdomi xma, lazur enaze siamovnebiT mosmeni-li nawarmoebebi, maTSi gamoTqmuli arsi da Sinaarsi me TiTqmis Tavs ma-


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kargvinebs... mixaria, rom Cvenc gvqonia desTanebi da Setirebebi, musika-luri kultura; bolo or weliwadSi lazurs kargad daveufle. nawar-moebebis sityvebis gagebac daviwye da ukve lazurad SemiZlia laparaki.

axla lazuri Jurnali MJORA-c gvaqvs. me mjera, rom, misi wyalobiT, erTmaneTis Sesaxeb ufro meti informacia gveqneba, erTmaneTs ufro ga-vuwvdenT daxmarebis xels.

uwinares yovlisa, mimaCnia, rom, iseve rogorc yvela xalxma, lazebmac

TavianTi warsulisa da warmomavlobis Zieba unda daiwyon. amisaTvis Ta-nadgoma da mxardaWera aucilebelia, radganac Tanadgomis gareSe darCe-nili koleqtivi TandaTan mcirdeba, degradirdeba da evropis qveynebis universitetebSi "mkvdar enaTa kaTedrebze" mxolod sakvlevad iyeneben. Cvenc aseve SeiZleba dagvemarTos, magram, sabednierod, varsebobT da nab-ij-nabij win mimavali kultura varT.

me, siyvaruliTa da pativiscemiT, rwmeniTa da enTuziazmiT savse er-Ti lazi gogona, uaxloes momavalSi Sexvedris da azrTa gaziarebis sur-viliT yvelas gesalmebiT". pativiscemiT: refika yadioRlu (Turqu-

lidan Targmna giga qamuSaZem).

aSkaraa, rom TurqeTSi mcxovreb lazTa udidesi nawilisa-Tvis jerjerobiT miuwvdomelia ara mxolod TavianTi istoriuli

warsulis, samwignobro enis Tu mSobliuri literaturis, ara-med sakuTriv lazuri folkloris arsebobis codnac. mag., refika qadioRlum ar icis, rom ioane lazi, stefane sananoisZe, iovane minCxi, iovane petriwi, giorgi Wyondideli, iovane maruSisZe da mravali sxva lazi Tu megreli didi qarTveluri werilobiTi kulturisa da saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis burjni arian; aseve, mas ara aqvs informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor xdeboda lazTa dagegmili asimilacia: ra gulmodginebiT cdilobda qemalistu-ri TurqeTi lazTaTvis sakuTari warsulis daviwyebas - lazTa ga-Turqebas. am sakiTxs mravali naSromi mieZRvna, mag., davimowmebT wa-Te bawaSis mimoxilvis vrcel fragments (w.bawaSi, 1988, gv.13-15):

"sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom sulTnis "qveSevrdomni" Tavis Tavs mkveT-rad ganasxvavebdnen eTnikuri gagebiT. bunebrivia, rom qarTvelebi (lazebi), albanelebi, arabebi da sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi arasodes uwodebd-nen Tavs Turqebs. amasTan erTad, lazeTis mTavrebi, ramdenadac es SesaZ-

lo iyo, inarCunebdnen erTgvar damoukideblobas. amas isini axerxebdnen XIX saukunis Sua wlebamde, Tumca evalebodaT, omis SemTxvevaSi gamoeyvanaT


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laSqari osmaleTis dasaxmareblad, magram lazTa razmebi Turquli jarisa-gan yovelTvis gancalkevebiT idgnen da masTan arasodes hqondaT urTierTo-ba" (АКТЫ КАК, t. 3 gv.53)...

miuxedavad didi survilisa, rom waSalon yvelaferi, rac miuTiTebs lazebis (qarTvelebis) araTurqul warmoSobaze, TurqeTis mmarTveli wree-bi iZulebulni arian aRiaron, rom lazebi miekuTvnebian kavkasiuri jgufis xalxebs da warmoadgenen erT-erT qarTvel toms. amasTan, cdiloben, es problema moaqcion wminda lingvistur CarCoebSi. yvela Turquli leqsiko-ni erTxmad amtkicebs, rom "lazebi arian lazurad molaparake, patara kavka-siuri tomis warmomadgenlebi, xolo stambolSi miRebuli azri, aRmosav-leT SavizRvispireTis yvela mcxovrebs ewodos lazi, mcdaria" (Turquli enis didi leqsikoni, stamboli, 1977, gv.786; axali Turquli leqsikoni, sta-mboli, 1980, gv.649; Turqul enaze).

oficialur Turqul istoriografiaSi lazi moRvawis lazad xseneba miRebuli ar aris da Turqi erisaTvis mavned aris miCneuli. rogorc i.da-niSmendi wers, "saxelwodeba "laz"-s akuTvnebdnen trapizonelebs. iqauri mosaxleoba amayad iCemebda lazobas. am cudi Cvevis bevri magaliTi gvaqvs" (i.daniSmendi, osmaleTis istoriis ganmartebiTi qronologia, IV tomi, 1955, gv.492; Turqul enaze). magram imave istorikoss ratomRac aviwydeba imis Tqma, Tu ratom iCemebdnen ase amayad lazebi lazobas da ara albanel-obas, arabobas da a.S.; meore mxriv, islamis enciklopediaSi garkveviT weria, rom "lazebi" arian samxreT kavkasiuri (qarTuli) tomis warmomadgenlebi da istoriulad ukaviaT Savi zRvis sanapiros samxreT-aRmosavleTi" (isla-mis enciklopedia, VII tomi, stamboli, 1955, gv.25; Turqul enaze). doRan av-jioRlu Tavis "Turqul istoriaSi" pirdapir uTiTebs, rom "XI saukunis da-sawyisSi Turqmenebis (seljukebis - w.b.) mosvlamde, Crdilo-aRmosavleT

TurqeTSi Warbobdnen qarTvelebi da lazebi, maT enaze laparakobda mosax-leobis umravlesoba" (d.avjioRlu, Turqebis istoria, wigni I, stamboli, 1979, gv.44, 144; Turqul enaze).

fars TuRlajis enciklopediur leqsikonSi vkiTxulobT: "lazuri ena axloa qarTulTan da warmoadgens megruli enis kilos" (f. TuRlaji, encik-lopediuri leqsikoni "okeane", IV tomi, me-2 gamocema, gamomcemloba "jemnie-Ti", 1978, maisi, gv.1776; Turqul enaze). "ena, romelzec laparakoben lazebi, miekuTvneba kavkasiuri enebis samxreTul jgufs da Zalian axloa qarTulTan" (i.a.govse, axali leqsikoni da enciklopedia ilustraciebiT, gv.1954; Tur-qul enaze). qemal qaradenizli Tavis "trapizonis istoriaSi" ambobs: "tra-pizonis, giresunis, rizes, Torulis da sxva adgilebis mosaxleoba Sedgeba lazebisagan, romlebic cxovroben qarTuli wes-CveulebebiT da aqvT saerTo

warmoSoba, rjuli da adaTi" (q.qaradenizli, trapizonis istoria, stambo-


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li, 1877, gv, 68; Turqul enaze). avtori iZulebulia aRiaros: "es qveyana da-saxlebuli iyo WanebiT, lazebiT da qarTvelebiT, romlebic, marTalia, sulTnis qveSevrdomebad iTvlebodnen, magram ar cnobdnen centralur xel-isuflebas da eqvemdebarebodnen mxolod Tavis begebsa da aRebs"...

Turquli istoriografia ver axerxebs, uaryos lazebisa da qarTvele-bis naTesaoba da eTnikuri erToba, magram mainc cdilobs, "mecnierulad" da-amtkicos laz-WanTa Turquli warmoSoba. am sakiTxs garkveul adgils uT-moben saxelmZRvaneloebsa da popularul gamocemebSi. ewevian imis propagan-das, TiTqos laz-Wanebi ganekuTvnebian alTauri warmomavlobis Turqul eT-nikur jgufs".

lazTa sakiTxi ufro da ufro rTuldeba: sakuTari erovnuli istoriis arcodnis gamo, qarTvelobas

Tavisi nebiT emijneba TurqeTSi mcxovreb lazTa erTi nawili; maT

ar ician, rom qarTuli (qarTveluri) samwignobro enis, kultu-risa da saxelmwifoebriobis SeqmnaSi arsebiTi wvlili swored

laz-megrelebisaa; rom, gansxvavebiT germanuli, italiuri, espanuri da sxva enebisgan, qarTvelTa samwignobro ena

saerToqarTveluri enis bazaze Seiqmna (da ara romelime kilos mixedviT); rom maTi winaprebi saukuneebis manZilze sxva qarTve-lebTan erTad saerTo enaze qmnidnen samwignobro kulturas... saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi da ganaTlebuli lazebisTvis cnobilia es istoriuli simarTle; Sdr.: ucxoeTSi myof zog lazs es sinamdvile e.w. qarTuli imperiuli azrovnebis gamovlineba hgo-nia. araiSviaTad, lazTa amgvari ganwyoba marTulia romelime im-periis mesveurTa mierac.

qarTvelur kulturasTan lazTa TviTgaigivebas, TviTident-ifikacias arTulebs saerTo qarTveluri enis divergenciis is

mcdari qronologiebic, romlebic aqamde iyo damkvidrebuli; sa-nimuSod moviyvanT germaniaSi moRvawe lazi gubaz Cibarisis msj-elobis fragments werilidan: "megrel-lazebi da saqarTvelo" (statia Turqulad gamoqveynda Lazebura.com-is gverdebze 2003

wlis martSi): "megreli (? - t.f.) arqeologi da istorikosi lorTqifaniZe aRniS-

navs, rom iberiuli kultura da kolxuri kultura erTmaneTisagan sru-liad gansxvavebuli materialuri kulturis mflobelebi arian. aseTi


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viTareba gviCvenebs, rom am periodSi megrel-lazebsa da iberielebs (qar-Tvelebs) Soris kavSiri an ar arsebobda, anda iseT doneze iyo, rom er-TmaneTze gavlenas ver axdendnen. kolxuri kultura, megrel-lazTa ga-qristianebis periodamde, ese igi, Cv. w. aR-is me-4, me-5 saukuneebamde grZeldeba (afaqiZe). elinuri da romauli kolonizacia da am kulture-bis gavlenaze damokidebuli megrel-lazebi gaqristianebis Semdeg saber-ZneTis marTlmadideblur eklesiaze iyvnen damokidebulni da eklesiis ena berZnuli iyo.

qarTvelebisa da megrel-lazebis SesaZlo pirveli seriozuli kul-turuli Sexeba megrel-lazTa adreul saukuneebSi qarTul orTodoq-sul eklesiasTan dakavSirebiT daiwyo...

qarTvelebi da megrel-lazebi daaxloebiT 3000 weli erTmaneTisagan sruliad damoukideblad viTardebodnen. kolxuri kultura iberiuli (qarTuli) kulturidan daaxloebiT 700 wliT gvian iwyeba.

gnebavT enobrivi, gnebavT istoriuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, na-Tlad Cans, rom megrel-lazebi qarTvelebisagan (qorTuebisgan) gansxva-vebuli eTnikuri jgufia. am ori xalxis fizionomiuri saxeebic ki Tavi-suflad SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT. mokled rom vTqvaT, megrel-lazTa da qarTvelebs Soris yvelaze axlo kavSirebi mxolod am ori enis erTi da imave enaTa ojaxis wevrobaa...

megrel-lazTa, qarTvelTa da svanTa erT xalxad gamocxadeba da "qar-Tvelianebad" saxeldeba istoriulad da lingvisturad alogikuria. Tuki yvelani qarTvelebi varT, ese igi, erTi xalxi varT, maSin mecniere-bisa da literaturis enad qarTulis gamoyeneba faruli asimilaciis tolfasia. aq arsebuli alogikuroba qarTulis Cv. w. aRricxvamde 4000-5000 wlebSi daSlis Sedegad warmoqmnili enis verdanaxva, anda, danaxvis usurvelobaa. lazebi ukve Tavisi nebiT, qarTvelebisa da Turqebis sur-vilebs ar TanaugrZnoben; maTi asimilaciis msurvelTa umarTebuloba cxadia" (Turqulidan Targmna giga qamuSaZem). gubaz Cibarisis msjeloba efuZneba qarTvelur dialeqtTa da-

Slis im mcdar qronologias, romelic pirvelad warmoadgina g.klimovma. aq mokled vityviT (vrclad ix. qvemoT): dRes bunebaSi ar arsebobs Tvisobrivad ucvleli arc erTi ena, romelic arseb-obda 5000 wlis win; raRa svanuri, qarTuli Tu lazur-megruli SemorCa dedamiwas? bevri wyaro da logikuri argumenti arsebobs

saimisod, rom vTqvaT: saerTo qarTveluri enis kiloebad di-

vergenciis ufro logikuri da realobasTan axlo myofi Tari-


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Ria welTaRricxvaTa mijna (t.futkaraZe, 2000, gv.98-100);

garda amisa, am dros saerToqarTveluridan iRebs saTaves sa-

mwignobro qarTulic (Sdr., arn.Ciqobava, 1966, gv.92), megrul-

Wanuric, qarTlur-kaxuric da sxva qarTveluri kiloebic. Se-sabamisad, qarTuli samwignobro kultura isevea lazebis kuTvni-leba, rogorc - aWarlebis, qarTlelebis, raWvelebis, svanebis, ka-xelebisa Tu mesxebisa.

kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT: eTnikur-erovnuli TviTaRqmis

TvalsazrisiT, arsebiTia codna sakuTari fesvebisa; Sdr.: saqar-Tvelos amJamindel sazRvrebSi mcxovrebi Tanamedrove megrel-lazebis mier kargadaa gacnobierebuli, rom maTi winaprebis

Rvawlis Sedegicaa qarTuli/qarTveluri samwignobro kul-

tura; TurqeTSi/ruseTSi mcxovrebTaTvis ki ukve gaucxoebulia ioane lazis, Wyondidlebis, bagrationebis da sxva moRvaweTa mier

naloliavebi samwignobro enac da kulturuli tradiciac (vinai-dan maTi ganaTlebis ena Turqulia/rusulia); Tumca, gubaz Ciba-riss kargad rom Seeswavla Tundac TurqeTis moqalaqe lazTa folkori, is iolad aRmoaCenda, rom lazebisTvis sayvareli winaparia Tamar mefe (ix., magaliTad, i.yifSiZe, 1917):

XII saukunis erTiani saqarTvelos didi mefe Tamari lazuri xalxuri Tqmulebebis gamorCeuli gmiria, msgavsad svanuri, meg-ruli, heruli, taouri, aWaruli, fSav-xevsuruli, qarTl-kaxuri Tu imerxeuli gadmocemebisa; garda amisa, saqarTvelos sxva ku-TxeTa msgavsad, lazeTSic Tamaris saxels ukavSirdeba mravalsaukunovani xidebis, cixesimagreebis, taZrebis mSenebloba da a.S. aqve sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom sofel makrialis (amJamindeli xofis raionis sofeli qemalfaSa) mkvidri memd-ali veziroRli-anCabaZis cnobiT, lazebi Tamar mefes lazad Tvlian; metic, makrialelTa (qemalfaSelTa) rwmeniT, Tamar mefis

saflavi makrialis taZarSia (bagrationTa lazur

warmomavlobas qarTuli saistorio wyaroebic amowmebs; memd-ali veziroRli-anCabaZis Canawerebi daibeWdeba "qarTveluri me-


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mkvidreobis" IX tomSi; teqstebs da gamokvlevas gamosaqveyneblad

amzadebs mixeil labaZe). saukuneebis manZilze romeli xalxi inaxavs "sxvaTa" mefis

saxels aseTi didi siyvaruliT? dampyrobel-asimilatorTa me-fis xotba-dideba imperiis dacemasTan erTad kvdeba... aSkaraa, rom Tamaris saxe erT-erTi arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia qarTvelTa

saerTo istoriuli mexsierebisa, Sesabamisad, qarTvelTa erov-nuli TviTaRqmisa.

megrul-lazur enobriv velSi samwignobro enis saxis Sesaxeb

uTuod sayuradReboa prokopi kesarielis msjeloba quTaisis sa-xelis Sesaxeb; kerZod, is wers: lazebma berZnuli ena ar ician, amitom amaxinjeben da kotiaions quTaTiss/qoTaiss eZaxian (geor-gika, 1965, gv.195). cnobilia, rom megrul-Wanurad quTaiss quTe-

Si hqvia; gamomdinare aqedan, prokopis dros an lazuri (megrul-lazuri) metyveleba CvenTvis cnobili saxiT jer Camoyalibebuli

ar aris, an lazTa ZiriTadi saurTierTo-saxelmwifo ena

iyo samwignobro qarTuli; Sdr., bagrati, giorgi I Tu saqar-Tvelos gamaerTianebeli da qarTuli mwignobrobis amRorZineb-eli sxva mefeebi, aseve, Wyondidlebi da mravali sxva moRvawe la-zeT-klarjeT-egrisidan iyvnen (dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT).

tradiciulad, erTi eris Svilebs erTi ena aqvT, swored ami-tomaa, rom, mag., Zveli mematianeni da Cveni didi moRvaweni (gri-gol xanZTeli, leonti mroveli, vaxuSti, sulxan-saba, ilia WavWa-vaZe, akaki wereTeli, iakob gogebaSvili, konstantine gamsaxur-dia...) arasodes saubroben qarTvelTa ramdenime enis arsebobaze; metic, Cveni mwignobari winaprebi xazgasmiT weren, rom qarTvel-Ta istoriuli kulturis tradiciuli enaa - dedaenaa - samwig-nobro qarTuli, xolo odiSuri (megruli), mesxuri, kaxuri, sva-nuri da qarTvelTa sxva metyvelebani kuTxur-sofluri kiloebia (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. arn.Ciqobava, 1948; b.jorbenaZe, 1989, gv.22-23; a.jafariZe, 1996, gv.58-63, 114-118; ix., agreTve, t.futkaraZe, 2000; t.futkaraZe, n.nakani, 2001; T.gvancelaZe, 2003).


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adreul saukuneebSi enis statusis gansazRvrisa da qarTvel-Ta erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis TvalsazrisiT gansa-kuTrebiT sainteresoa "iverielTa erTobis traqtati", romel-sac 1790 wels xeli moaweres qarTl-kaxeTis, samegrelos, imereTi-sa da guriis mefe-mTavrebma; traqtatSi mkafiodaa naTqvami:

"vinaidan yovelTave iverielTa, msaxlobelTa samefosa Si-

na qarTlisa, kaxeTisa, imerTa, odiSisa da guriisaTa aqvsT erT

morwmuneoba, arian Svilni erTisa kaTolike eklesiisagan So-

bilni da erTisa enisa mqonebelni, aqvsT mavasxelobiTica ( - ur-TierTvaldebulebiTi - t.f.) siyvaruli viTarca sisxliT naTe-

savTa da moyvarobiT SekrulTa urTierTTa Soris.

amisaTvis Cven zemoxsenebulad qveyanaTa iveriisa da mefeni

da mTavarni damamtkicebelni saukunosa amis pirobisa saxeliT

yovlad Zlierisa RvTisaTa aRvsTqvamT mtkicesa amas erTobasa,

romelica TviTeulad SemdgomTa Sina hazrTa cxad iqmnebis..."

sayuradReboa istorikosTa da eTnografTa daskvnac: “da-qucmacebul saqarTveloSi “marto sakuTriv qarTli ar aris sa-qarTvelo, sxva samefo-samTavroebic Tavs saqarTveloebad

warmoadgenen. aseTi mravlobiTi Segnebidan ibadeba uCveulo

forma “saqarTveloni anu saqarTveloebi; aseTi saqarTveloe-bia: mesxeTi, kaxeT-hereTi, qarTli, imereTi, guria, odiS-afxazeTi

(msjelobisa da literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. a.jafariZe, 1996; r.TofCiSvili, 2002); yvela am mcire samefoSi samefo kancelariis ena qarTuli, xolo kultura - zogadqarTuli iyo.

naTelia: tradiciulad, qarTvelebi vTvlidiT, rom mxo-

lod erTi enis mqoneni varT.

ra safuZvlis, kriteriumis Tu mecnieruli argumentis mixed-viT gaCnda mosazrebebi, rom gvaqvs ori Tu sami samwignobro ena (Zveli, axali, saSuali), sami Tu oTxi qarTveluri ena: qarTuli, zanuri (megruli, Wanuri) da svanuri da... ramdenad Seesabameba realur viTarebas amgvari kvalifikaciebi?

qarTvelTa sami sxvadasxva samwignobro enis - Zveli litera-turuli enis, saSualo saukuneebis literaturis enisa da axali


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qarTuli enis - Sesaxeb msjeloba pirvelad warmodgenilia n.maris

naSromSi (n.mari, 1922, gv.5); ak. SaniZem da mecnierTa didma jgufma ukritikod miiRo amgvari Sefaseba. arn. Ciqobavam aCvena, rom saSu-ali qarTuli aris "Zveli" da "axali" normebis Sereva, Sesabami-sad, man ganaviTara mosazreba, rom sinamdvileSi arsebobs mxolod

Zveli da axali qarTuli ena. b.jorbenaZis azriT, qarTuli samwig-nobro enis ganviTarebaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos xuTi an eqvsi etapi

(sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix., t.futkaraZe, 1993). Cveni azriT, gaumarTlebelia samwignobro qarTulis

warmodgena e. w. Zvel, saSual da axal qarTul enebad (an Zvel

da axal enebad) berZnulisa da sxva enaTa msgavsad (Zveli qarTu-li enisa da axali qarTuli enis arsebobis dausabuTeblobis Se-saxeb ix.: r.TvaraZe, 1985, gv.19; z.gamsaxurdia, 1991, gv.534; t. futk-araZe, 1993; t.futkaraZe, 1998; c.bendeliani, 2003...).

Zveli da axali berZnuli marTlac sxvadasxva struqturis

enebia da maT Soris gagebinebac SeuZlebelia; Sdr., qarTvelur

sinamdvileSi Zveli da axali qarTuli enobrivi qvesistemebi er-TmaneTisagan Tvisobrivad ar gansxvavdeba: "gansxvavebul droTa Wrilebsa da horizontalur ganStoebebSi qarTuli ena struq-turul saxes arsebiTad yvela doneze inarCunebs" (T.uTurgaiZe, 2002, gv.19; Sdr., T.uTurgaiZe, 1966, gv.12); garda amisa, saukuneebis

manZilze leqsikuri fondis gasaocari simyaris gamo, arc gagebi-neba gamxdara problema. samwignobro qarTulis amgvari stabilu-roba gansazRvra unikalurma situaciam: igi TiTqmis oci sauku-

nis manZilze erTdroulad aris saxelmwifo enac, saeklesio

enac da samwerlobo enac; amdenad, ufro logikuria, vilapara-koT qarTuli samwignobro enis stilur variantebze; kerZod, sau-kuneebis manZilze gverdigverd funqcionirebda da dResac arseb-obs erTi samwignobro enis saeklesio, saliteraturo, sakancela-rio, samecniero stilebi da xalxuri metyvelebis nairsaxeobani.

ukanasknelad am Temas Seexo g.gogolaSvili (2004, gv.32-37; TandarTuli SeniSvniT, naSromis saboloo varianti Seqmnilia 2000 wels), romelic Seecada daesabuTebina, rom arsebobs sami sa-erTo-saxalxo qarTuli ena (Zveli, saSuali da axali) da ori qar-


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Tuli saliteraturo ena (Zveli da axali). g.gogolaSvilis msje-loba aseTia: "Zveli qarTuli ena da axali qarTuli ena Cvens

warmodgenaSi sxvadasxva donis enobrivi erTeulebia" (gv.35); "ar arsebobs erTiani saSuali qarTuli saliteraturo ena, magram arsebobs saSuali qarTuli ena, rogorc enobrivi rea-loba Tavisi mravalgvari nairsaxeobiT" (gv.37).

vfiqrobT, qarTuli samwignobro enis stiluri variantebi ar

warmoadgenen "klasikuri gagebiT or saliteraturo enas" (Sdr., g.gogolaSvili, 2004, gv.35); isini erTmaneTs arc droSi enacvle-bian: XI saukuneSi ar wydeba "e.w. Zveli qarTuli"; amave stiliT

iwereba saeklesio xasiaTis Sromebi XII-XVIII saukuneebSic da XIX s. pirvel naxevarSic ki; garda amisa, qarTuli marTlmadideb-eli eklesiis RvTismsaxureba amJamadac am eniT mimdinareobs; e.i. qarTuli samwignobro enis saeklesio da saero-samecniero sti-lebi dResac Tanaarseboben saeklesio da saero velebis mixedviT; es stiluri variantebi ar arian sxvadasxva drois enobrivi donee-bi. garda amisa, Tavisi funqcionirebis yvela periodSi qarTuli

saerTo-erovnuli ena warmodgenilia Tavisi "mravalgvari nairsa-xeobiT". Sesabamisad, Cven SeiZleba vilaparakoT qarTuli saer-To-saxalxo erovnuli enis stiluri variantebis funqcionire-

bis periodebze (da ara ramdenime qarTuli samwignobro enis ar-sebobaze), mag.:

damwerlobamdeli periodi: funqcionirebs zogadqarTuli

enobrivi koine, misi oficialuri (saxelmwifo), sakulto saxes-xvaobebi da qarTveluri kiloebi;

V-X saukuneebi: funqcionirebs saeklesio ena da qarTvelTa zepiri metyvelebis oficialuri da xalxuri nairsaxeobebi;

IX-XX saukuneebi: gverdigverd arsebobs samwerlobo enis

normirebuli saeklesio, saliteraturo (saero-sakancelario), samecniero stilebi, teritoriuli da socialuri dialeqtebi, Jargonebi da a.S.

saerToqarTvelurisgan momdinare erTiani qarTveluri

erovnuli samwignobro enis uwyvetad arsebobis pirobebSi, vfiqrobT, naklebargumentirebulia msjeloba sami Tu oTxi qar-


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Tveluri enis (qarTulis, zanuris, svanuris) Sesaxebac. dRes am-gvar daskvnebs akeTeben isini, vinc Tvlis, rom ena-kilos sakvali-fikaciod sakmarisia gagebineba, rogorc lingvisturi kriteri-

umi (bolo amgvari msjelobis Sesaxeb, ix. T.gamyreliZe, z.kiknaZe…

2003, gv.615). Tavidanve aRvniSnavT, rom gagebineba ar aris lingvisturi

kriteriumi (vrclad ix.: t.futkaraZe; 2002, T.gvancelaZe, 2003). garda amisa, sayovelTaodaa cnobili (ix., mag., h.paulis, h.hirtis, v.Jirmunskis, g.t.Sarbatovis, n.v.iuSmanovis, v.a.Jukovskis da sxva-Ta gamokvlevebi), rom gagebinebis ararsebobis Tu sakuTriv lin-gvistur maxasiaTeblebSi didi gansxvavebis miuxedavad, arabTa, germanelTa, sparselTa, CinelTa, espanelTa, italielTa, frang-Ta, iaponelTa da mraval sxva xalxTa "saSinao metyvelebani" saer-Toerovnuli samwignobro enis dialeqtebad iTvleba; metic, ara-iSviaTad, adamianebi ver floben samwignobro enas, magram maT de-daenad mainc zogaderovnuli ena miiCneva. sanimuSod moviyvanT

n.i.konradis daskvnas: "iaponiasa da CineTSi ara mxolod sofelSi, aramed qalaqSic mosaxleobis nawili saerTod ver flobs saerTo

saliteraturo enas da zepiri urTierTobebis dros iyenebs Ta-vis dialeqts" (n.i.konradi, 1960); es sulac ar niSnavs, rom iapo-nels, romelic ver flobs samwignobro enas da mxolod dialeqt-ze metyvelebs, dedaena ara aqvs, an misi dedaena misive dialeqtia: saerTo-samwignobro enis armcodne iaponelisTvisac dedaenaa sa-literaturo iaponuri. swored msgavsi faqtebis aralogikuri

gansjis gamo zogs gauCnda azri, rom SeiZleba arsebobdes ori

dedaena (ix., mag., a.oniani, 2003, gv.143); iqve, erTmaneTSia aRreuli

dedaenisa da samwignobro enis cnebebi. dedamiwaze arsebuli enobrivi erTeulebi, rogorc wesi, ene-

bad da dialeqtebad kvalificirebuli ar aris gagebinebis krit-

eriumis mixedviT; Tumca am faqtors arsebiTi mniSvneloba Sei-Zleba mieniWos werilobiTi tradiciis armqone enobrivi erTeu-lebis statusis gansazRvrisas: Tu monaTesave sazogadoebebs

ar gaaCniaT winaprebisgan Seqmnili saerTo mwignobroba, aseT

SemTxvevaSi, ar arsebobs erovnuli meobis CamomZerwavi, gama-


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erTianebeli kulturul-enobrivi sistema; Sesabamisad,

saerTo eTnokulturuli erTobis codnis ararsebobisa da metyvelebis gagebinebis dabali xarisxis pirobebSi, umwer-lobo monaTesave kontinuumebi am sazogadoebebis mier enebad

SeiZleba iqnen miCneulni.

werilobiTi tradiciis mqone sazogadoebis zepiri (xalxu-ri) metyvelebis statusis gansazRvrisas gagebinebis kriteriums ver daveyrdnobiT, vinaidan, logikaSi gagebineba metad pirobiTi cnebaa da, rac mTavaria, amgvari e.w. araprofesionalur-xalxu-ri midgomiT, iZulebulni gavxdebiT, werilobiTi tradiciis mqone TiTqmis yvela ena ramdenime enad davSaloT: msoflioSi

arsebul TiTqmis yvela enas moepoveba iseTi dialeqti, rom-

lis gageba gauWirdeba sxva dialeqtis mflobels; araTu ki-loebs Soris, aramed kilokavebs Sorisac ki xSirad ara gvaqvs ga-gebineba.

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom msoflios sxva enebisa da maTi kiloebis msgavsad, momijnave qarTvelur kiloebs Soris gagebinebis prob-lema naklebadaa; mag., qvemoimerulsa da megruls Soris abaSis ra-ionSi arsebuli gardamavali zonis metyveleba SemaerTebel xids warmoadgens megrulsa da imeruls Soris (Sdr., v.boederi, 2003 da k.gabunia, 2004, gv.171). saqarTveloSi sustadaa Seswavlili

gardamavali sametyvelo zonebi; samwignobro enis normebis da-woliT amJamad gardamavali zonis metyveleba ufro da ufro ni-velirdeba, Tumca, qsu dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi in-stitutis TanamSromlebis mier mainc moxerxda gardamavali me-tyvelebis saintereso nimuSebis Cawera; ix., agreTve, "qarTul di-aleqtologiaSi" gamoqveynebuli teqstebi (1961, gv.479-480).

momijnave monaTesave enobriv erTeulebs Soris gagebineba rTuldeba mTagoriani landSaftis pirobebSi (samegrelo da sva-neTi, kaxeTi da TuSeTi…): bunebrivi barierebi xels uSlis in-tensiur komunikacias; Sdr., TiTqmis yvela enaSi mkveTrad gansxva-vebulia aramomijnave kiloebic.


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enisa da kilos gammijnavi kriteriumebis Sesaxeb msjelobis ga-grZelebamde, ganvmartavT samecniero literaturaSi gamoyene-bul terminebs - ena, dedaena:

ena. ena aris garkveuli semantikis mqone bgeriT niSanTa - en-obriv niSanTa - istoriulad Camoyalibebuli sistema, romelic

warmoadgens samyaros xedva-aRqmis, azrovnebis, codnis Senaxvis

da komunikaciis saSualebas; Sdr.: calke aRebuli dialeqtic

(rogorc mocemuli enis qvesistema/mikrosistema) bgeriT niSanTa bunebrivad mowesrigebuli sistemaa; dialeqtic warmoadgens sa-myaros xedva-aRqmis, azrovnebis, komunikaciis saSualebas; Sesaba-misad, enis am logikuri definiciis mixedviT ver gavmijnavT enasa da kilos.

enis ganmartebis sxva variantebic ar iZleva saSualebas,

gavmijnoT ena da kilo; Sdr., mag: "ena aris urTierTgagebinebis saSualebaTa sistema: sistema

pirobiTi bgeriTi niSnebisa, romelic azris gamoxatvisa da urTi-erTgagebinebisaTvis gamoiyeneba" (a.oniani, 2003, gv.142-143). bevri qveynis (iaponiis, CineTis, espaneTis, saqarTvelos, arabeTis...) zog raionSi ZiriTadad dialeqtiT xdeba komunikacia; aseve, ur-TierTgagebinebis saSualebaTa sistema SeiZleba iyos morzes

anbani, cxovelis bgeriTi ena, raime pirobiTi bgeriTi niSnebi

da sxv. a.onianis ganmartebaSi sakamaToa bgeriTi niSnebis pirobi-Tobis sakiTxic; saxeldebis motivaciisa da enobrivi niSnis nebis-mierobis - am uZvelesi problematikis - Sesaxeb vrclad sxvagan

vmsjelobT; aq ki sakiTxs mokled SevexebiT (ix., agreTve, t.futka-raZe, 1996):

enobrivi niSnis arsze mecnieruli msjeloba saTaves iRebs

C.persisa da f.sosiuris naSromebidan; mag., f.sosiuri, gulis-xmobs ra aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis mimarTebis pirobiTobas, wers: "aRmniSvneli motivirebuli ar aris; e.i. pirobiTia aRsaniS-nis mimarT" (f.sosiuri, 2002, gv.76). ramdenad zustia amgvari mi-dgoma maSin, roca Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi enobrivi niSnis

cneba moiazrebs: morfemas, damxmare sityvas, damoukidebel si-tyvas, Sesityvebas, winadadebas; esenia pirobiTi bgeriTi niSne-


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bi? aqve moviyvanT g.ramiSvilis mier dasmul kiTxvas (g.ramiSvili, 2000, gv.93):

Tu pirobiTia niSnis kavSiri sityvasa da sagans (warmodgenas) Soris, maSin rogor SeiZleba ena, rogorc pirobiT niSanTa siste-ma, gamodges sagnobrivi viTarebis Sesaxeb codnis mopovebis in-strumentad?

anda: ras niSnavs f.sosiuriseuli motivirebuloba: bgeriTi xati-

sa da cnebis Sepirobebulobas? zogadad, saxeldebis gamWvirva-lobas?

saxeldeba motivirebuli SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod xmabaZvi-Ta da bgerweriT, aramed sagnobrivi mimarTebiTac; mag.:

Seneba: mSenebeli, asaSenebeli, amSenebeli, auSenebeli, aSe-nebs, uSenebs, gadaSenebuli da a.S.

aSkaraa, rom Tanamedrove aglutinaciur enebSi amgvari si-tyvebi umravlesobas Seadgens; garda amisa, f.sosiurive gvaf-rTxilebs, rom uxsovari enobrivi tradicia anu "warsulTan kav-Siri erTTavad abrkolebs arCevanis Tavisuflebas. vambobT "ada-miani" da "ZaRli", radgan Cvenamdec ase ambobdnen" (f.sosiuri, 2002, gv.80).

enobrivi niSnis nebismierobis kritikis TvalsazrisiT, sayu-radRebo daskvna warmoadgina T.gamyreliZem naSromSi: "damatebiTobis principi" da enobrivi niSnis pirobiTobis problema" (T.gamyreliZe, 2000, gv. 246): aRsaniSnTa "horizontalu-ri" mimarTebebi garkveulwilad apirobebs aRmniSvnelT; Sesabami-sad, amgvari motivirebuloba gasaTvaliswinebelia enobrivi niS-nis daxasiaTebisas.

vfiqrobT: morfemebi, frazebi Tu winadadebebi ver miiCneva pirobiT

niSnebad; garda amisa, saxeldebis procesSi sagnobrivi mimarTe-bis arsebiTi rolis gamo, Tanamedrove enebis sityvaTa didi nawi-lic motivirebulad unda miviCnioT (ZiriTadad, nawarmoebi si-tyvebi; mag.: sakace, kacuri, kacoba); Sesabamisad, aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis mimarTebis sxvadasxvawaxnagovani Teoriebis arsebobis


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pirobebSi, enis (rogorc niSanTa sistemis) ganmartebaSi enobrivi

niSnis ucilobeli pirobiTobis moazreba, rbilad rom vTqvaT, uzustobaa...

dedaena. dedaena (Muttersprache; Mather tongue, Native language)

aris winaprebis mier Seqmnili kulturis ena, romelic, rogorc

samyaros xedva-aRqmis sistema, mraval Taobas aerTianebs (magram, Tu mag., romelime afrikeli daibada safrangeTSi da is Tavis ded-aenad franguls Tvlis, bunebrivia, mis dedaenad franguli miiC-neva); dedaena mTavari enaa da ara maincdamainc mxolod biologi-uri dedis ena (Sdr.: dedamiwa, dedaboZi... Sdr., mamazecieri!).

miCneulia, rom erovnuli ena, rogorc konglomerati, aerTi-anebs saliteraturo enasa da dialeqtebs (ix., mag., b.jorbenaZe, 1989, gv.151; Sdr., i. boduen de kurtene, 1963, gv.76: "erovnuli/to-mobrivi ena warmoadgens garkveuli raodenobis individTa metyve-lebebis tolqmeds").

qarTul enobriv sinamdvileSi konglomerati sqematuri, pirobiTi enobrivi sistemaa, romelic samwignobro enis mixedviT

igeba; Teoriulad navaraudevi sxvaenobrivi modelebi naklebad

emTxveva arsebul enobriv erTeuls; is, rac ar aris realuri

enobrivi sistema, rogor SeiZleba iyos dedaena? dedaenad ver mi-viCnevT savaraudo (Teoriul) models. Sdr., amgvarive daSvebiT, oTxi svanuri da ori zanuri kiloebis mixedviT, Teoriulad

warmosaxaven e.w. zogad svanur da zogad zanur enebs da maT deda-enebad (a.oniani, m.qurdiani…) Tu erovnul enebad miiCneven (j.hi-uiti, v.foirStaini…). amave principiT vinmem SeiZleba aRadginos

fxouri "ena" (miT umetes, arsebobs fxouri koine – poeziis ena), mesxuri ena da a.S.

faqtia: qarTvelTa saerTo enis - samwignobro qarTulis - fonze ar-

sebobs fxouri xuTi, svanuri xuTi da zanuri ori kilo, magram bunebaSi ar arsebobs saerTo fxouri, saerTo svanuri da saerTo

zanuri enebi. Tuki, mag., zanuri kiloebis amosaval enobriv siste-mazea laparaki, aseTad SeiZleba aRdges saerToqarTveluri ena,


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misi zanur-svanuri dialeqti, an sakuTriv zanuri dialeqti

(Sdr., kaxuri kilosgan sam saukuneSi kaxelisTvis Znelad gasagebi

fereidnuli kilo warmoiqmna). qarTvelTa Tanamedrove dialeq-

tebica da saliteraturo enac momdinareoben saerToqarTve-

luri enobrivi koinesgan (ix. qvemoT); amosavali viTareba

ZiriTadad daculi aqvs samwignobro enas, Sesabamisad, qar-

TvelTaTvis zogaderovnuli ena, dedaena da samwignobro qarTu-li sinonimebad unda davsaxoT:

qarTvelTa samwignobro ena Tvisobrivad erTnairad iqmnebo-da istoriul lazeTSic, samegreloSic, svaneTSic, mesxeTSic, imereTSic, saqarTvelos mTianeTSic da kaxeT-hereTSic, Sesabamisad, saerToqarTvelur enobriv koineze aRmocenebu-li samwignobro qarTuli yvela am kuTxis qarTvelis dedaenaa,

xolo zanuri, svanuri, mesxuri, heruli, fxouri, raWuli, mesxu-ri da centraluri jgufis dialeqtebi qarTvelTa mSobliuri

kiloebia... Sdr.: iaponiaSi, indoeTsa Tu CineTSi, mravali adamia-ni ver flobs oficialur saxelmwifo enas, magram maT dedaenad

mainc iTvleba samwignobro ena (iaponuri, Cinuri, induri). zoga-dad, dedaena SeiZleba iyos umwerlobo enac, Tuki konkretul

sazogadoebas werilobiTi kultura ar Seuqmnia. Sdr.: qarTu-li enis semantikuri velis mixedviT, sxvaTa enas ucxo ena hqvia (Sdr.: иностранный язык - sityvasityviT: "sxva qveynis ena").

samecniero kvlevebisas, bunebrivia, hipoTezis saxiT unda da-vuSvaT zogaderovnuli enis Teoriuli modeli. vfiqrobT, erovnuli enobrivi modeli arsebobs genetikur kodSic:

z.jafariZis gamokvlevebma daadastura, rom memkvidreobiTia bavSvis saartikulacio Cvevebi (z.jafariZe, i.strelnikovi, 1981); aseve, savaraudoa, rom genetikurad kodirebulia mocemuli enis

(kilos) percefciuli bazac... Tanamedrove neirolingvisturi

kvlevebi daadasturebs, rom dedaenac iseTive memkvidreobiTi fe-nomenia, rogorc adamianis sxva pirovnul-genetikuri maxasiaTeb-lebi (Sdr., gansxvavebuli midgoma: adamians genetikurad eZleva


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"enis niWi" da romel sazogadoebaSic aidgams is enas, im sazogado-ebis enis mixedviT realizdeba misi enobrivi unari).

mocemuli saxelmwifos mTel teritoriaze oficialuri ur-TierTobebis (saxelisuflebo struqturebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis) ena saxelmwifo enaa; mocemuli eTnosisTvis saxel-mwifo ena SeiZleba iyos dedaenac da ucxo enac. araiSviaTad, sa-xelmwifo enis sinonimad dasturdeba termini erovnuli ena;

erovnuli ena am mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, Tuki ter-min ers moviazrebT mocemuli qveynis moqalaqeebis aRsaniSnavad; roca eri erT eTnoss gulisxmobs, maSin erovnuli ena” erTi na-ciis, erTi modgmis xalxis enas aRniSnavs; aseT SemTxvevaSi erov-

nuli enis sinonimad dedaena ufro gamodgeba (dedaenasa da erovnul enas sinonimebad miiCnevs cnobili enaTmecnieri g.ra-miSvili). warmodgenil msjelobaSic da sxvaganac CvenTvis amosava-lia mimarTebani:

eris (eTnosis) metyveleba - ena eris Semadgeneli nawilis (Temis) metyveleba - kilo

rogorc wesi, erT ers (eTnikuri gagebiT) erTi dedaena aqvs (frangebs, qarTvelebs, somxebs…), erT saxelmwifos - erTi an ram-denime saxelmwifo ena, Sesabamisad, erTi saxelwifos moqalaqeebs ramdenime oficialuri enac SeiZleba hqondeT (Sveicarielebs, ka-nadelebs…), xolo erTi ena ramdenime saxelmwifos saxelmwifo

ena SeiZleba iyos (am sakiTxebis garSemo vrclad ix. wignis meore nawilSi).

civilizebuli sazogadoebis kulturis ena (RvTismsaxure-bis, mecnierebis, mwerlobis, TviTSemoqmedebis) da saxelmwifo

ena, rogorc wesi, aris tradiciuli damwerlobis mqone ena. kul-turis an saxelmwifo ena mocemuli xalxisTvis SeiZleba iyos: sa-kuTari ena - dedaena, sxvisi ena - ucxo ena (mag., ukve ramdenime aTeuli welia, afxazebis kulturis enaa Tavsmoxveuli rusuli

ena). bunebaSi ori dedaena ar arsebobs, amdenad, e.w. diglosiis pirobebSi gvaqvs: dedaena da mSobliuri dialeqti; orenovno-


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bis (bilingvizmis) dros ki arsebul or enaTagan erTi dedaenaa, meore - ucxo ena... zogi mkvlevari iswrafvis, mis mier orenovnad

gamocxadebuli qarTvelTa nawilis (megrelebisa da svanebis) er-Ti ena CaTvalos dedaenad, meore ena ki - erovnul enad (ix., mag., m.qurdiani 1999: "svaneTsa da samegreloSi istoriulad damkvid-rebulia orenovneba: svanur-qarTuli da megrul-qarTuli…"; aq-ve, es mimarTebani bilingvur diglosiad cxaddeba). Cveni azriT, igive mkvlevari winaaRmdegobaSi vardeba maSinac, rodesac saqar-TveloSi mcxovreb zanTa (qarTvelTa!) metyvelebas (misi termino-logiiT - "lingvisturad ueWvel enas") ganixilavs qarTulis so-ciolingvistur dialeqtad, xolo TurqeTSi mcxovreb zanTa me-tyvelebas - Turquli enis sociolingvistur dialeqtad (ix. m.qurdiani, 1996, gv.42). Sdr., amgvari midgomiT, saxelmwifo enis statusis mqone dedaenis mimarT erTnairi rangiT ganixileba: ucxo ena, ucxo enis erT-erTi kilo da dedaenis organuli kiloe-bi; mag., TurqeTSi Turqulis mimarT: qarTuli, afxazuri, ubixu-ri da Cerqezuli enebi, lazuri kilo da Turquli enis kiloebi. moyvanili aRrevebic cxadyofs, rom gaumarTlebelia enobrivi

erTeulebisadmi enisa Tu kilos statusis miniWeba gansxvavebu-

li (e.w. sakuTriv lingvisturi, e.w. sakuTriv sociolingvistu-ri, eTnopolitikuri, religiuri, normirebulobis da sxva) kri-teriumebiT; enobrivi erTeulebis statusis gansazRvrisas sakva-lifikacio niSnad erTi saxis kriteriumi unda aviRoT; rogorc

wesi, dRes arsebuli ZiriTadi enebis statusi gansazRvrulia eT-nopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT (Sdr., k.gabunia, 2004); aqve aRvniS-navT: sxvadasxva ojaxis enebi erTmaneTis kiloebad sociolingvis-turi aspeqtiTac ki ar unda ganvixiloT; umjobesia sxvagvari mi-dgoma, mag., lazuri metyveleba TurqeTis respublikaSi Turqu-lis sociolingvisturi dialeqti ki ara, saojaxo enis funqciis

mqone qarTveluri kiloa (Sdr.: saojaxo enis funqciiT SeiZleba iyos: samwignobro ena, dedaena, sxvaTa ena, mSobliuri kilo...).

sabWoTa periodSi iyo mcdeloba, agreTve, dedaenis nacvlad


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damkvidrebuliyo terminebi: mSobliuri ena da meore mSobliu-

ri ena... "mSobliuri ena" rusulis kalkia da saqarTveloSi mis

damkvidrebas mizanmimarTulad cdilobdnen wlebis ganmavloba-Si; am kalkis, agreTve, terminebis: "pirveli ena"(first language), "ba-zisuri ena" miuReblobis Sesaxeb msjeloba ix. g.ramiSvili, 2000, gv.70-71, sadac mimoxilulia germaniaSi gamarTuli diskusiac

termin Muttersprache-s (dedaenis) Sesaxeb. Cvens Semdgom msjelobebSi gamoyenebuli iqneba naTlad gansa-

zRvruli Semdegi terminebi: saxelmwifo ena, saeklesio ena,

dedaena (eTnosis, anu eTnikuri gagebiT, eris ena), ucxo ena, dia-

leqti (kilo).

warmodgenili zogadi mimoxilvis fonze sainteresoa enisa da kilos gamijvnis is sxva kriteriumebic, romlebic arsebobs Tana-medrove samecniero literaturaSi. Cvens xelT arsebul ganmart-ebebs garkveuli pirobiTobiT vajgufebT debulebaTa msgavsebis mixedviT (aqve, madlobas movaxsenebT marburgis universitetis

germanuli enis kvlevis institutis direqtors, prof., doqt. gurgen erix Smidtsa da mis asistents, doqt. stefan rabanuss, romelTac CemTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxades ara mxolod TavianTi

Sexedulebebi, aramed zog sxva mkvlevarTa mosazrebanic); qvemoT

warmodgenili kriteriumebi dadgenilia monaTesave enobrivi er-TeulebisTvis:

g.e.Smidti, u.amoni, a.baxi, T.levandovski, p.vizingeri, b.sovin-ski, a.linke da sxv.:

ena - ganfenis xarisxis mravalferovneba (prestiJuloba) - gamoyenebis maRali xarisxi, kodificirebuli damwerloba, sta-ndartuloba, samwerlobo statusi, garkveulwilad xelovnuroba.

dialeqti - gamoyenebis dabali xarisxi, arastandartuloba, zepiri komunikaciis saSualeba, bunebrioba...

p.finke, b.jorbenaZe, g.nebieriZe (dialeqtebis mflobelTa So-ris gagebineba unda iyos)...

v.Jirmunski, e.koseriu, i.qloupeki, j.hergeni da mravali sxva (dialeqtebs Soris gagebineba araarsebiTia):


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ena - ZiriTadi sistemaa, dialeqti ki aris sistemis (erovnu-li enis) nairsaxeoba, varianti.

mecnierTa erTi jgufis azriT, monaTesave enobriv erTeulebs

Soris Tuki aris bgeraTSesatyvisoba, maSasadame, isini enebad un-da kvalificirdes (m.qurdiani)...

g.belmanis, v.konigis da sxvaTa azriT, dialeqtsa da enas So-ris zRvari Zneli gasavlebia; dialeqtidan enaSi gadasvla Tavi-suflad xdeba...

h.harmani, p.aueri da sxv. Tvlian, rom enobrivi erTeulis st-atusi misma mflobelma sazogadoebam unda gansazRvros.

prestiJuloba-standartulobis mixedviT SeiZleba samwig-nobro enisa da dialeqtis daxasiaTeba, magram, Cveni azriT, Seu-Zlebelia umwerlobo enisa da dialeqtis gamijvna.

enobrivi sistemis variantulobis mixedviT msjelobac me-tad pirobiTia, vinaidan, magaliTad, fonematuri, morfologi-ur-sintaqsuri da leqsikur-semantikuri struqturebis mixedviT

rusuli, belorusuli, ukrainuli, polonuri enebi erTmaneTTan mimarTebiT ufro axlomdgomi variantebi arian, vidre, magali-Tad, germanuli enis dialeqtebi; aqve, kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom xelovnuri da problemis kvlevisaTvis TiTqmis arafris

momcemia enobrivi erTeulebis enebad Tu dialeqtebad kvali-

ficireba, erTi mxriv, sociolingvisturi, meore mxriv ki, "sa-

kuTriv" lingvisturi kriteriumebis mixedviT.

SeniSvna: ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, qarTvelur sinamdvileSi pirveli amgvari mcdeloba hqonda niko mars i.vostorgovis antiqar-Tveluri poziciis mxilebisas; ix. n.mari, 1905, gv.7-10 da arn. Ciqobava, 1952, gv.358, sadac warmodgenilia n.maris kritika: "lingvisturad er-Ti" enis or dialeqts "kulturuli daSorebis" gamo n.mari or enad - lazur da megrul enebad miiCnevda).

Tu mkvlevris mizania mocemuli enobrivi erTeulis statusis

kvleva sakuTriv lingvisturi Tu sociolingvisturi aspeqtebiT, Sesabamisad, man jer unda Seiswavlos ukve arsebuli (sayovelTa-od miRebuli) enebisa da dialeqtebis saxeldebis principebi da Semdeg, miRebuli daskvnebidan gamomdinare, unda ganaviTaros


- 66 -

msjeloba sakamaTo statusis mqone enobrivi erTeulis Sesaxeb; lingvistikis Tu sociolingvistikis fardobiTi cnebebiT ar un-da xdebodes saukuneebis manZilze ukve arsebuli tradiciuli

kvalifikaciebis TviTmiznuri gadasinjva, mag., rusuli ramdenime saukunea damoukidebel enadaa miCneuli da risi momtania Tana-medrove rusulis CaTvla erT-erT slavur kilod? anda, megruli

(odiSuri) metyveleba mravali saukunis manZilze qarTvelTa erT-erT dialeqtad iTvleboda (qarTvelTa sxva kiloebis msgav-sad) da ras moemsaxura, an moemsaxureba XX saukuneSi misi statu-sis Secvlaze msjeloba? miT umetes, svanTa, megrelTa da lazTa zepiri metyvelebebisaTvis axali damwerlobebis Seqmna? pasuxi

erTia: amgvari "aqciebiT" dasaxelebul qarTvelT gauucxovdebaT

da, faqtobrivad, daekargebaT qarTul-qarTveluri mwignobr-

obis saxiT arsebuli sakuTari didi kulturuli warsuli,

Tundac is Teqvsmetsaukunovani warsuli, romelic ioane lazisa (ix.a.jafariZe, 2002) da petre iberis moRvaweobiT iwyebs Tavisi

ganviTarebis axal etaps. warsuldaviwyebul xalxs ki Tavisi inte-resebisaTvis iolad iyenebs xolme esa Tu is imperia.

sagangebod aRvniSnavT: enisa da dialeqtis gamijvnis problema ver gadaiWreba mxolod sakuTriv lingvisturi kriteriumebiT; me-tic, kulturuli tradiciis mqone msoflios arc erTi ena sa-

kuTriv lingvisturi niSnebiT (bgeraTSesatyvisoba, morfo-

logiuri da sintaqsur-semantikuri kategoriebi, leqsika) ar

aris saxeldebuli enad; garda amisa, jer aravis daudgenia enob-riv cvlilebaTa Tu TaviseburebaTa is zRvari, ris Semdegac mona-Tesave enobriv erTeulTa Soris arsebuli raodenobrivi gansxva-vebani gadadis TvisobrivSi, Sesabamisad, sistemis varianti iqce-

va damoukidebel sistemad. Cveni es mosazreba adre gamoqveynda statiis saxiT (t.futkaraZe, 2003); am debulebis sapasuxod da mas-ze dayrdnobiT k.gabuniam Tavis msjelobaSi gamoiyena e.w. "siste-murobis kriteriumi" (k.gabunia, 2004); misi azriT, "megrul-lazu-risa da qarTulis brunebebi sxvadasxva sistemebia, vinaidan rao-denobrivi cvaleba gadasulia TvisobrivSi; Sesabamisad, isini

sxvadasxva enebia”.


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sapolemiko werilSi k.gabunia ver pasuxobs mTavar kiTxvas: ro-meli kriteriumiT Tu samaniT ganisazRvreba raodenobrivi cva-lebis gadasvla TvisobrivSi? is sxvaoba, romelic gvaqvs, mag., me-grulsa da samwignobro qarTuls Soris, sakmarisia enebad misaC-nevad? Sdr., saliteraturo arabulsa da buxaruls Soris ufro

meti sxvaobaa, magram mainc buxaruli arabulis dialeqtadaa mi-Cneuli maSin, roca metad axlo mdgomi rusuli da belorusuli aRiarebuli enebia...

garda amisa: samwignobro qarTulisgan met-naklebad gansxva-vebulia qarTveluri qvesistemebic (imerulic, xevsurulic, me-grulic, lazuric, balszemouric...) da sxva enebic: afxazuric, rusulic, Cinuric... romeli myari kriteriumiT vavlebT zRvars qvemoimerulsa da megruls Soris? megruli fonematuri struq-tura imerulis analogiuria; saxeluri paradigmac ZiriTadad

imeorebs ara mxolod adrindeli samwignobro enis brunvaTa sistemas, aramed qarTuli enis xevsuruli dialeqtisac ki; aseve, Tvisobrivad erTgvaria megrulisa da imerulis mwkrivTa sistema da sxv. garkveuli sxvaobebic arsebobs, magram sakmarisia isini me-grulisa da imerulis Tvisobrivi sxvaobis samtkiceblad?

Sdr.: Cveni azriT, sistemuri sxvaobaa, mag., qarTulsa da mis

monaTesave afxazurs Soris, qarTulsa da arabuls Soris, da ara samwignobro qarTulsa da megruls, an TuSurs Soris.

arsebobs Tu ara enobriv cvlilebaTa Tu TaviseburebaTa

(sistemur sxvaobaTa!) is zRvari, romlis Semdegac monaTesave

enobriv erTeulTa Soris arsebuli raodenobrivi gansxvaveba-

ni gadadis TvisobrivSi? aseTi zRvris dadgena SeuZlebelia: dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom sxvadasxva enad saxeldebul sist-

emebs Soris arsebul lingvistur sxvaobaTa procentuli maC-

venebeli SeuzRudavad meryeobs. "wesi" Tu "kanoni" erT sasurvel kerZo SemTxvevas ar unda mo-

vargoT; Tuki Cveni mizani enobrivi situaciis realuri aRweraa, unda gaviTvaliswinoT mocemuli enobrivi koleqtivis tradici-ac, monaTesave enobriv erTeulebTan sakuTriv lingvisturi mi-


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marTebac da sociolingvisturi statusic; miT umetes, Tu Cveni

kvlevis mizania ara enobriv erTeulTa istoriulad Camoyalibe-buli statusebis gadasinjva, aramed sadavo statusis mqone ena-ki-loTa argumentirebuli kvalifikacia.

enisa da kilos gamijvnisTvis lingvistur niSanTagan yvelaze sando kriteriumad zogs enobriv erTeulebs Soris arsebuli bgeraTSesatyvisoba miaCnia. bgeraTSesatyvisobis arseboba-ararsebobis mixedviT, msoflioSi arsebuli arc erTi ena Tu dia-leqti ar aris kvalificirebuli; garda amisa, mraval monaTesave enas Soris bgeraTSesatyvisoba ar gvaqvs da piriqiT: kanonzomie-ri da regularuli bgeraTSesatyvisobebi gvaqvs dialeqtebad mi-Cneul enobriv erTeulebs Soris (germanulSi, CinurSi, iaponur-Si...), metic, mag., Crdilokavkasiur enebSi bgeraTSesatyvisobebi

dadasturebulia TqmebSic ki... enisa da dialeqtis statusis gansazRvra Tavad mocemuli en-

obrivi koleqtivis mier adekvatur Sedegebs mogvcems axalSeq-mnili mwignobrobis mqone an werilobiTi kulturis armqone en-obrivi erTeulis SemTxvevaSi: werilobiTi kulturis armqone xalxis TviTaRqma xdeba gagebinebis mixedviT gansazRvruli um-werlobo enis farglebSi (Sdr., Crdilokavkasiuri enebi). am me-Tods gadaulaxavi problemebi Seeqmneba xangrZlivi werilobiTi

kulturis mqone sazogadoebis gamokiTxvisas, radganac, sazoga-doebis ganaTlebuli fenisTvis Tu gasagebi da mSobliuri iqneba arqauli ena da kultura, sazogadoebis gaunaTlebeli fenisTvis

is ucxo aRmoCndeba; mag., saliteraturo iaponuris an sinhalu-ris armcodne glexisTvis Tu Tavisi mSobliuri dialeqti aRiqme-ba dedaenad, igi misdauneburad emijneba sakuTar uZveles kultu-ras; Sdr., agreTve: istoriulad afxazebic qmnidnen zogad qar-Tul-afxazur samwignobro kulturas; meoce saukunemde afxazTa ganaTlebulma nawilma kargad icoda, rom, sxva qarTvelTa darad, didi qarTveluri kulturis memkvidre iyo. ruseTis imperiis mes-veurTa mecadineobiT XX saukuneSi aqtiurad ganviTarda afxaz-Ta jer kulturul-enobrivi separatizmi, Semdeg ki sabWoTa impe-riis mier afxazTa ganaTlebuli nawilis - aristokratiisa da


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inteligenciis - gaJletiT, am kuTxis mosaxleobam dakarga bune-brivi kavSiri zogadqarTul kulturul warsulTan. dRes afxaz-Ta nawili uars ambobs qarTvelebTan saerTo saxelmwifozec ki...

ase rom, ganaTlebis simwiris (erovnuli kulturisa da sa-mwignobro enis verflobis) pirobebSi, adamianTa jgufma dedae-nad SeiZleba CaTvalos mSobliuri kilo.

Cveni azriT, enisa da dialeqtis gamijvna arc am e.w. plebisci-turi meTodiTaa SesaZlebeli da seriozulad arc aravin cdi-lobs am kriteriumis gamoyenebas; Sdr., rogorc wesi, enobrivi

TviTmikuTvneba Sedegia erovnul-eTnikuri TviTmikuTvnebisa. SeniSvna: qarTul samecniero literaturaSi dRes mkvidrdeba ucxouri termini identoba (identity), arada, masze bevrad moxerxe-bulia tradiciuli TviTobac da m.tabiZiseuli TviTaRqmac; ag-reTve, rig SemTxvevebSi, identity-s warmatebiT Secvlis Cveneuli TviTmikuTvnebac.

enisa da kilos gasamijn kriteriumebze msjelobis dasasruls, kidev erTxel sagangebod aRvniSnavT, rom Tu romelime specia-listi kriteriumad aiRebs bgeraTSesatyvisobas, misTvis monaTe-save enobriv erTeulTa ena-kiloebad kvalifikacia, bunebrivia, sxvagvarad moxdeba (mag., germanuli enis bavariuli da meklenbur-guli kiloebi sxvadasxva enebad CaiTvleba); Tu gagebinebas aiRebs

kriteriumad, bevri enobrivi erTeulis statusi gaxdeba gadasa-sinji (mag., arabuli kiloebi: alJiruli da buxaruli, qarTvelu-ri kiloebi: ingilouri da guruli sxvadasxva enebad misaCnevi ga-xdeba) da a.S. bunebrivia, yvela mkvlevars aqvs ufleba, airCios

romelime kriteriumi, imsjelos, mis mixedviT gadaajgufos enebi

Tu kiloebi (ix., mag., gagebinebis mixedviT, T.gamyreliZe slavuri

enebis mxolod sam zonas gamoyofs; T.gamyreliZe, z.kiknaZe.. 2003, gv.616) da samsjelod gamoitanos…

Cveni mizani Tavidanve naTlad iyo gansazRvruli: sasurvelia, dadgindes is zogadi logikuri sqema, romlis mi-

xedviTacaa enebad kvalificirebuli ukve arsebuli erTeulebi

da amis Semdeg moxdes sadavo statusis mqone kontinuumis - enob-rivi erTeulis - saxeldeba enad Tu kilod.


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vfiqrobT, naTelia, rom arsebuli enebis statusi, rogorc

wesi, gansazRvrulia eTnokulturuli da politikur-reli-

giuri niSnis mixedviT.

enisa da dialeqtis gamijvna rTulia umwerlobo sametyvelo

erTeulis SemTxvevaSi. damwerlobis mqone kontinuumi, rogorc we-si, enadaa kvalificirebuli (Sdr., erTi mxriv, Tanamedrove mol-davuri ena, meore mxriv ki - italiuri kiloebi); Sesabamisad, pir-vel rigSi, erTmaneTTan mimarTebiT naTlad unda ganvsazRvroT

umwerlobo ena da dialeqti. dialeqti unda ganimartos, rogorc mocemuli eris/naciis sa-

erTo-saxalxo (oficialuri) enis ganStoeba, romelic qveynis ter-itoriis erTi nawilis mosaxleobis an romelime socialuri fenis zepiri (araoficialuri) urTierTobis saSualebas warmoadgens.

sxva sityvebiT: konkretuli sametyvelo erTeuli monaTesave struqturis

mqone oficialuri, samwignobro (standartuli) enis dialeqtad

CaiTvleba, Tuki am sametyvelo kodis mflobel sazogadoebas is-

toriulad monawileoba miRebuli aqvs mocemuli samwignobro

enis SeqmnaSi. Sesabamisad, umwerlobo enad unda miviCnioT enobriv-eTni-

kuri erTobis mqone im sazogadoebis metyveleba, romelsac saku-Tar dedaenaze ara aqvs werilobiTi kultura da Semoqmedebis Tu

saqmiswarmoebis procesSi iyenebs sxvaTa mier Seqmnil samwignob-ro enas. umwerlobo ena zepiri formiT (dialeqtebis, kilokave-bis, Tqmebis, Jargonebis saxiT...) arsebobs.

msoflios xalxebisa da ena-kiloebis mimarTebebze dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom enobrivi variantebis ierarqia TavisTavad reg-ulirdeba samwignobro enis istoriasTan mimarTebiT; kerZod, aq-tualuria sqema:

eri _ misi samwignobro ena _ am eris

calkeul TemTa saSinao metyvelebani.

qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi

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1.1.3. qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi

erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi

msoflioSi cnobili bevri mecnieris mier qarTveluri ena-ki-loebi Tanamedrove Crdilokavkasiuri da wina aziis Tu evropis Zveli enebis (Sumeruli, xaTuri, urartuli... agreTve, etrusku-li, pelazguri, baskuri...) monaTesaved ganixileba. Cveni azriT, iberiul-kavkasiuri saerTo kontinuumis arsebobis periodi qro-nologiurad SeiZleba daukavSirdes mtkvar-araqsis arqeologiu-ri kulturis arsebobis periods, xolo iberiul-kavkasiurisgan momdinare saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro da gavrcele-bis areali _ did kolxur kulturas (dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT). saerToqarTvelur enas uSualod agrZelebs qarTvelTa samwig-

nobro ena, romlis dokumenturi nimuSebi uwyvetad arsebobs bo-lo 16 saukunis ganmavlobaSi; misi fonematuri, morfologiur-sintaqsuri da leqsikur-semantikuri struqturebi saerToqar-Tveluri Teoriuli modelis struqturuli adekvatia. gansxvave-biT bevri sxva samwignobro enisgan, qarTuli samwignobro ena ar

momdinareobs arc erTi cnobili dialeqtisgan. samwignobro enas

yvela zepiri qarTveluri metyveleba Tvisobrivad erTgvarad mie-marTeba, ramdenadac yvela erTeuli saerToqarTveluridan mo-mdinareobs da yvela met-naklebad Secvlilia; amosavali viTareba metadaa daculi samwignobro enaSi, vidre kiloebSi; dialeqtebSi

cvlilebebi matulobs samwignobro enis velis Sesustebis pirda-pirproporciulad.

SeniSvna: Sdr., iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.20, 49: "Tanamedrove qristiano-bis niadagze aRmocenebuli qarTuli mwerlobis ena qarTluria; "strabonisa da pliniusis dros saqarTvelos "barad sxvebis garda sa-mi umTavresi tomi unda yofiliyo: kaxni, qarTlelni, romelTa enac

Semdeg yvela qarTveli modgmis tomebis sazogado da samwerlobo

enad gadaiqca, da iberni, anu imerni/imerelni, romelnic megrul-la-zur Stos ekuTvnodnen".

sagangebod aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qarTuli samwignobro enis

SeqmnaSi Tavidanve yvela qarTveluri modgma iRebda monawile-obas (mag., pirveli qarTuli warwerebi ioane lazisa da petre ib-


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eris saxelTan dakavSirebul palestinis monasterSi dasturde-ba); samwignobro-kulturuli mZlavri kerebi iyo egrisSi, lazeT-Si, svaneTSi, tao-klarjeTSi, mesxeTSi, afxazeTSi, qarTl-kaxeTsa da sxv., Sesabamisad, am qarTul kuTxeTa mosaxleobas aqvs istori-ulad formirebuli erTiani samwignobro ena da Tav-Tavisi kilo-ebi. aqve, dasamowmebelia, agreTve, arn.Ciqobavas daskvna: qarTuli

samwignobro ena Seiqmna zanuri da svanuri dialeqtebis monawi-leobiT (arn. Ciqobava, 1948; sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi

megrul-Wanuri leqsikisaTvis ix. k.danelia, 1984; T.bolqvaZe, 2003...); Sdr., agreTve, n.maris mosazreba:

"qarTuli saliteraturo enis Seqmna-ganviTarebaSi monawileo-bas iRebdnen: qarTlelebi, imerlebi, megrelebi, svanebi, laz-Wanebi, da sxvani… saRvTo werilis teqstSi Cven vpoulobT wminda Wanur

anu megrul, imerxeul da sxva tomTa sityvebs. am realuris kultu-rul-istoriulis SexedulebiT, qarTuli saliteratoro ena imde-naTve svanuria da megruli, imdenaTve gurulia da imeruli, ramdena-Tac qarTluri. is aris RviZli samwerlo ena yvela saqarTvelos to-misaTvis…" (n.mari, 1905, gv.9-10).

saerToqarTveluridan zanur-svanuri wris (e. w. SiSina ti-pis) dialeqtebis Camoyalibebis dasawyisad vvaraudobT Zv. w. pir-veli aTaswleulis dasasruls (dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT); aqve aR-saniSnavia, rom T.gamyreliZisa da g.maWavarianis adrindeli mo-sazrebiT, amave periodSi emijneba erTmaneTs qarTuli da zanuri

(T.gamyreliZe da g.maWavariani, 1965, gv.14). saukuneebis manZilze qarTveloba ara mxolod qmnida samwig-

nobro enas, aramed masSi, rogorc dedaenaSi, iwrToboda kidec; Sesabamisad, qarTvelTa kulturul-erovnul da saxelmwifoe-briv cnobierebas saukuneebis manZilze gansazRvravs erTiani da tradiciuli werilobiTi kultura (rogorc, magaliTad, berZenTa, CinelTa, arabTa da sxva Zvel xalxTa cnobierebas - TavianTi tradiciuli werilobiTi kultura)...

dRes arsebuli qarTvelTa zepiri Tu saSinao metyvelebani

samwignobro enis (saerToqarTveluri modelis) meoreuli vari-antebi arian rogorc fonematuri da morfologiur-sintaqsuri,


- 73 -

aseve, leqsikur-semantikuri struqturebis mixedviT; magaliTad, qvemoT CamoTvlil qarTvelur dialeqtebs saerTo aqvT ZiriTadi

xmovnebi da maTi refleqsebi (mxolod zog ganapira kiloSi, ker-Zod, sam svanur, erT zanur, ramdenime mesxur da fxour, agreTve, herul kiloebSi dasturdeba sxva enaTa gavleniT warmoqmnili pa-latalizebuli xmovnebi), TiTqmis identuria TanxmovanTa da so-nantTa raodenoba da xasiaTi; svanuri dialeqtebis gamoklebiT, erTgvarovania V-XXI saukuneebis samwignobro qarTulisa da yve-la sxva dialeqtis saxelisa da zmnis paradigmebi (Sdr., T.uTur-gaiZe, 1966, gv.12; k.gabunia, 2004, gv.170); garkveuli superstratu-li gavlenebis miuxedavad, svanur kiloTa paradigmebic ZiriTa-dad qarTvelur modelebs mihyveba (ix. mag., v.Tofuria, 1967; g.ma-Wavariani, 2002, gv.78-79)...

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, qarTveluri (zogadqarTuli) samwignobro ena yvela qarTvelis istoriuli dedaenaa da, ramdena-dac, adamians ar SeiZleba hqondes ori dedaena, qarTvelTa sxva sa-Sinao metyvelebani CvenTvis dialeqtebad kvalificirdeba.

SeniSvna: Sdr., qarTveluri musikaluri dialeqtebis Sesaxeb n.mai-suraZe (2002, gv.242) askvnis: svanuri da megruli musikaluri erTeu-lebi "qarTul musikalur fuZe-enas mxolod musikaluri dialeqte-bis doneze gamoeyofian".

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom saqarTveloSi sabWoTa imperiis gabato-nebamde megrul-Wanur da svanur enobriv erTeulebs kiloebad

Tvlidnen qarTvelTa wina Taobebic da mecnierebic; mag., megruls kilod, ena-kavad, damaxinjebul anu arastandartul qarTulad

(Sdr.: "mrudi qarTuli", "wamxdari qarTuli") e.i. samwignobro

qarTulis dialeqtad moixseniebdnen: saba, vaxuSti, ilia, akaki, iakob gogebaSvili, petre Waraia, konstantine gamsaxurdia, besa-rion niJaraZe, giorgi wereTeli, oTar gigineiSvili, zviad

gamsaxurdia da sxv; Sdr., k. danelia, 1984, gv. 68); ix., mag.: konstantine gamsaxurdia, 1983, gv. 411: "Cemis azriT, unda

xdebodes enis reparacia adgilobrivi dialeqtebis saSualebiT. unda SemouSvaT qarTul (samwignobro) enaSi rogorc megrul-

svanuri dialeqtebis sityvebi, ise fSav-xevsuruli... vaJa-fSave-lam am mxriv didi samsaxuri gauwia qarTul enas, miuxedavad imisa, rom akaki wereTeli enas uwunebda mas".


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besarion niJaraZe, 1904 (gazeTi "iveria"): "svanuri namdvi-lad qarTulia, mxolod aqa-iq Secvlilia, magram zogierTebi ver

Sehrigebian am azrs da gaiZaxian, svanebi sul sxva xalxiao! netav vicode, visTvis an risTvisaa saWiro is daJineba da svanebis ga-sxvistomeba".

sabWoTa imperiis pirobebSi moRvawe mecnierTagan iSviaT

gamonakliss warmoadgenda akad. giorgi wereTeli, romelic me-grul-lazur-svanurisTvis ufro Sesaferisad miiCnevda termin qarTvelur dialeqtebs (nacvlad qarTveluri enebisa); cnobi-li mecnieri oTar gigineiSvilic analogiur pozicias emxroboda, kerZod, lazuri paramiTefes (1982, gv. 3) winasityvaobaSi is wers: "lazuri zRaprebi dawerilia qarTuli enis lazur-me-

grul dialeqtze. es dialeqti Seqmnes saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma qarTvelebma, romlebic antikur samyaroSi kolxebis saxeliTac

iyvnen cnobilni; amitom lazur-megrul dialeqts kolxur dia-leqtsac uwodeben" (wigni Seadgina naTela quTeliam, leqsikoni

daurTes naTela quTeliam da sergi jiqiam; wignis redaqtoria zurab Tandilava; n.quTelias cnobiT, am winasityvaobis avtoria o.gigineiSvili).

SeniSvna: sabWoTa periodis enaTmecnierebaSi aqtiurad damkvidrda termini qarTveluri enebi; adre gamoqveynebul gamokvlevebSi mas Cvenc viyenebdiT. qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebis statusisa da zanur-svanuri dialeqturi teqstebis samwignobro enaze Targmanebis (da ara - Targmnis!) principebis problema samsjelod warmovadgineT

1994 wels "quTaisur saubrebze" (quTaisSi gamarTul samecniero se-minarze); 1997 wlis 4-11 aprilis "literaturul saqarTveloSi" da-beWdil werilSi: "eTnosis, eTnonimisa da sxva terminTa Sesaxeb" qar-Tveluri enobrivi erTeulebis statusi germanuli enis kiloebTan SepirispirebiT ganvixileT; kerZod, vwerdiT: "qarTul sinamdvileSi bavarielebisa da saqsonelebis enobrivi mimarTebis xarisxiT SeiZle-ba ganvixiloT zanebi da svanebi, xolo bavarielebisa da prusielebis xarisxiT - qarTvelebi, wovaTuSebi, udebi, qistebi da sxva". 1999 wels me-6 "quTaisur saubrebze" termin "qarTveluri enebis" paralelurad

Cven ukve viyenebT terminebs: "qarTveluri ena" da "qarTveluri saSi-nao sametyvelo kodebi" (t.futkaraZe, 1999). samwignobro qarTulisa


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(qarTveluri samwignobro enisa) da qarTveluri kiloebis (da ara qarTveluri enebis) istoriuli mimarTebis amsaxveli axali sqema pir-velad daibeWda "quTaisuri saubrebi - VII" masalebSi (ix. t.futkara-Ze, 2000). enisa da kilos cnebebis gaanalizebis fonze qarTvelTa dia-leqtebis axleburi klasifikacia gamoqveynda 2001 wels (t.futkara-Ze, 2001). enaTmecnierTa da istorikosTa erTma nawilma gaiziara Cven mier warmodgenili sqema, meore nawili ki polemikaSi CaerTo. aq davimowmebT mxolod erT niSandobliv mosazrebas: "qarTul enas enaTmecnierebi qarTvelur anu iberiul enaTa ojaxs miakuTvneben. am ojaxSi Sedian qarTuli, megruli, svanuri, lazuri enebi, ufro zus-tad, dialeqtebi" (T.beraZe, m.sanaZe, 2003, gv. 29). sakiTxis istoriis

ufro sruli mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T.gvancelaZis naSromi, romelic

wignis danarTSia warmodgenili. aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom enaT-mecnierTa erTi nawili (r.Serozia, a.lomTaZe, m.tabiZe, T.gvance-laZe, e.dadiani, t.futkaraZe...) miviCnevT, rom qarTvelTa erTa-derTi samwignobro enis qmnadobis istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT, sa-qarTvelos saxelmwifo enas unda ewodos qarTveluri (samwignob-

ro) ena, Sesabamisad, qarTvelTa sxva enobriv erTeulebs - qarTve-luri dialeqtebi.

Cveni azriT, samwignobro qarTulis gavlenis velis Sesabami-sad, qarTvelTa Tanamedrove saSinao-sametyvelo erTeulebi unda daiyos centralur, ganapira da saqarTvelos istoriuli ter-itoriis gareT arsebul dialeqtebad; Tavis mxriv, ganapira dia-leqtebs eqvs qvejgufad warmovadgenT, kerZod:

centraluri kiloebi:

kaxuri, qarTluri, imeruli, leCxumuri, guruli. ganapira kiloebi:

mesxuri kiloebi: aWaruli, livanuri, maWaxluri, imerxeuli (SavSuri), taouri, samcxuri, javaxuri (aqve Semova ordus regionSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa metyveleba);

heruli kiloebi: kakuri, aliabaTuri; fxouri kiloebi: CaRmaTuSuri, fSauri, xevsuruli,

moxeuri, mTiulur-gudamayruli; aqve SeiZleba ganvixiloT wova-

TuSuri, romelSic STambeWdavadaa warmodgenili rogorc qar-Tveluri, aseve vainaxuri enobrivi Sreebi; CvenTvis sainteresoa,


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rom d.meliqiSvili wovaTuSur metyvelebas qarTul Sereul dia-leqtad miiCnevs (d.meliqiSvili, 2001, gv.16).

raWuli kiloebi: barisraWuli, mTaraWuli; svanuri kiloebi: laSxuri, lentexuri, Coluruli, balsqve-

mouri, balszemouri (Sdr., germanuli enis almenuri metyveleba iyofa sam dialeqtad: Svaburi, qvemoalmenuri da zemoalmenuri; v. Jirmunski, 1956, gv.39).

zanuri kiloebi: megruli, lazuri (xofuri, viwur-arqabu-li, aTinuri; muhajir lazTa STamomavlebis metyvelebis nimuSebi mcire gvaqvs, Sesabamisad, maTi dialeqtebis/kilokavebis kvalificireba momavlis saqmed rCeba).

saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis gareT arsebuli

qarTvelTa kiloebi:

fereidnuli (Sua sparseTSi Sah-abasis mier gadasaxlebul

qarTvelTa metyveleba), "Cveneburebis qarTuli" (bursa-inego-lSi, adafazar-izmiTSi, gonensa da kaizeris midamoebSi gadasaxlebul muhajirTa qarTuli) da yizlar-mozdokel qar-TvelTa metyveleba.

qarTvelTa sametyvelo kodebis magaliTze istoriulad erTi

eTnokulturuli sistemis mqone xalxis - eris - ori enobrivi er-Teulis Tanaarseboba e.w. diglosiad SeiZleba warmovadginoT, sadac istoriuli samwignobro ena (standartuli ena) dedaenaa, xolo saSinao metyveleba (mag., balszemouri kilo) - mSobliuri

dialeqti (Sdr., q. TuiTi, 1997, gv. 2-3).

SeniSvna: bolo dros isev gaaqtiurdnen adamianebi, romelTac surT

saqarTveloSic enobriv/eTnikur umciresobebad warmoadginon lazebi, megrelebi, svanebi... (ix., mag., am mxriv v.foirStainis, j.hiu-itis da sxvaTa "moRvaweoba"). saqarTveloSi am TvalsazrisiT aqtiu-roben saqarTvelos garedan dafinansebuli politikuri Zalebi; mag., i.Jvanias, g.siWinavas, m.ZaZamiasa da sxvaTa dausabuTebel mosazrebebze dayrdnobiT, (pro)rusi politikosi a.WaWia wers: "faqtia, rom wle-bis ganmavlobaSi ena, romelzec qarTvelTa erTi mesamedi nawili la-parakobs, uZvelesi ena, romlis leqsikuri maragi erT-erTi umdidre-sia msoflioSi, qarTvelebis mier xan kiloTi, xan dialeqtiT, xan da-maxinjebuli qarTuliT iwodeboda" (a. WaWia, 2002, gv.264)... aqve, a.Wa-


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Wia acxadebs, rom arsebobs megrelebis TviTmyofadi ena da kultura (gazeT „galis" 2004 wlis 16-31 agvistos nomerSi analogiurad msje-lobs j.hiuitic)... am problematikas wignis meore nakveTSi SevexebiT; aq mokled vityviT: specialistebs ar dasWirdebaT imis Sexseneba, rom megrelTa da sxva qarTvelTa TviTmyofadi ena da kultura maTi winap-rebis mier saukuneebis manZilze Seqmnili zogadqarTuli ena da kul-turaa, xolo metad Zvirfas megrul kilos - udides ganZs da dauS-

retel mravalsaukunovan wyaros qarTveluri samwignobro enisas,

mofrTxileba da Seswavla sWirdeba (amJamad megruli masalis uwyve-ti programuli Cawera-damuSaveba, ZiriTadad, quTaisis saxelmwifo

universitetis dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviT institutSi xdeba, rac sulac ar aris sakmarisi; qarTvelur kiloTa Seswavlisa da SenarCunebisTvis specialuri saxelmwifo programa unda SemuSav-des). sagangebod aRvniSnavT imasac, rom isak Jvaniasa da mis mimdevarTa faruli miznebi Tavis droze amxiles didma sazogado moRvaweebma: konstantine da zviad gamsaxurdiebma (ix., mag., z.gamsaxurdia, 1989).

vfiqrobT, svanTa, megrelTa, lazTa da qarTvelTa sxva calke-uli jgufebis saSinao metyvelebis aRsaniSnavad aseve araadekva-turi da aralogikuria samecniero literaturaSi gamoyenebuli

terminebi: erovnuli ena da eTnikuri ena, vinaidan warmodgeni-li Sesityvebebi uSualod gulisxmoben damoukidebel eTnokul-turul erTobas - ers: eTnikuri ena damoukidebeli eTnosis

enaa (eTnosi - Tavdapirveli teritoriis, enisa da kulturis er-Tobis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli adamianTa istoriuli jgufi, sazogadoeba); Sdr.:

eri (erovneba) _ Temi (eris regionaluri saxe) _ pirovneba dedaena _ kilo (enis regionaluri saxeoba) _ idioleqti

sxvagvari mimarTebani myardeba aramonaTesave enobriv-eTniku-ri sistemebis SereviT warmoqmnili pijinis, kreolisa da postkre-oli kontinuumis SemTxvevaSi, agreTve, maSin, roca sazogadoeba iyenebs sxvaTa mier Seqmnil samwignobro enas. SesaZlo mimarTebani Semdegi sqemis saxiT SeiZleba gamoixatos (yoveli sqema garkveulwi-lad pirobiTad asaxavs SesaZlo sinamdviles; Sdr.: t.futkaraZe, 2002, gv.73 da T.bolqvaZe, 2003, gv.7):

SeniSvna: qvemoT warmodgenil sqemaSi socialur dialeqtSi moviazrebT: pijinsac, Jargonsac da argosac (pijini met Tavise-burebebs avlens, amitom bolo grafaSi moTavsebuli meore niSnebi mas miemarTeba). intonaciuri Taviseburebani SeiZleba


- 78 -

hqondes yovel enobriv erTeuls, xolo prosodiuli - idio-leqtsac ki (warmodgenil cxrils ara aqvs srulyofilebis pretenzia).


- 79 -

enobrivi erTeulebi

formob-

riv-funqciuri

maxasiaTeblebi

samwignobro

ena

umwerlobo ena

dialeqti

istori-uli postkre-

oli istori-uli kreo-li

adgil-

obrivi

socialu-

ri

sakuTriv

lingvisturi

maxasiaT-

eblebi

gansxvaveb. fo-no-

taqt. wesebi + + + + + _ +

morfologiur-sin-

taqs. Tavis. + + + + + _ +

leqsik. Tavis. + + + + + +

normatiuli

maxasiaTeb-

lebi

weril.normebi + + _ _ _ _

zepiri normebi + + + + + _

bunebrivi me-

tyveleba + + + + + + _

eTnikur-

sazogadoebri-

vi maxasia-

Teblebi

eTnosis, eris, na-

ciis ena + + + + _ _

Temis ena + + + + + _

socialuri

fenis ena + + + + + +

kulturul-

istoriuli ma-

xasiaTeblebi

eTnosis kul-turas-

Tan uwy-veti

kavSiri

+ _ + _ + _

praenasTan uSu-

alo kavSiri + _ + _ + _

werilobiTi tra-

dicia + _ _ _ _ _

SemecnebiT-

Semoqmede-

biTi maxasia-

Teblebi

pirveladi msof-

laRqm. ena

+

+

+

+

+

+

xalxuri Semoq-

medebis ena

_

_

+

+

+

_

profesionalu-ri

msoflaRqma

+

+

_

_

_

_

saero funq-

ciuri maxasia-

Teblebi

saxelmwifo ena + + _ _ _ _

regionaluri mety-

veleba + + + + + _

saSinao ena + + + + + +

sasuliero fun-

qciuri

maxasiaTebl.

wm. werilis ena + + _ _ _ _

samRvdel. ena + + + + + _

mrevlis ena + + + + + +

winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi

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1.2. qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli Zveli da axali saxelebi

1.2.1. winareqarTvelur (iberiul-kavkasiur-winaaziur)

da qarTvelur tomTa aRmniSvneli saxelebi

samecniero literaturaSi arsebobs mosazreba, rom uZvelesi

droidanve (mag., Zv.w. III aTaswleulidan, zogis mixedviT ki - V

aTaswleulidan!) arsebobda sami qarTveluri tomi sami gansxvave-buli eniT: qarTebi, zanebi (megrel-Wanebi) da svanebi; varaudo-ben, rom Semdgom periodSi qarTebisgan moxda sxva tomTa asimila-cia-qarTizacia... gaCnda saocrad araadekvaturi frazac: qarTi -

tomiylapia (n.berZeniSvili). arada, arc erTi wyaros mixedviT

ar Cans qarTis tomis arsebobis kvalic ki; am fonze sruliad

usafuZvloa e.w. qarTizacia-qarTvelizaciis Teoria; miT umetes, ara mxolod Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebSi, aramed I aTaswleulis da-sasrulsac ki ocamde qarTveluri tomis arseboba dokumenturad

dasturdeba (Sdr., pontos qalaq amasiaSi dabadebuli strabonis

cnobiT, dioskuriaSi Tavs iyris sul mcire 70 tomi, romlebic

Tav-TavianT enebze saubroben; T.yauxCiSvili, 1957, gv.123); ro-gorc wesi, TiToeul toms sakuTari sacxovrisi da gansxvavebuli

metyveleba (ena Tu kilo) hqonda, mag., qsenofonte sagangebod la-parakobs adgilobriv tomebTan salaparako enebis (kiloebis) Se-saxeb; kerZod, makronebTan mimarTebiT is wers:

makronebTan urTierToba gaWirda; bedad, aTenSi tyvedmox-vedril molaSqres gaaxsenda bavSvobisdroindeli ena da qseno-fontes Tarjimnoba gauwia (qsenofonte, 1967, gv.86); Sdr., qseno-fontem (435-355) mtkvris saTaveebidan ordumde teritoriaze na-xa: karduxebi, kolxebi, xaldebi, xalibebi, tibarenebi, mosinoike-bi, fasianebi, taoxebi...

Tu Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi 20-mde qarTveluri tomi arsebobs, rogor unda virwmunoT Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi mxolod im sami to-


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mis arseboba, romlebic ar Canan Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodis wyaroebSic ki, da romlebic dRes arseboben? aseT SemTxvevaSi da-ismeba upasuxo kiTxva:

saidan, rogor gaCndnen da maleve sad gaqrnen danarCeni tome-bi? an: e.w. qarTebi, zanebi da svanebi Tuki iyvnen 5000 wlis win (da SemTxveviT ar aisaxnen wyaroebSi), ram ganapiroba mxolod am sami tomis uprecedento unikaluroba - 5000 wlis manZilze arseboba Tvisobrivi cvalebis ganucdelad maSin, roca aseT xangrZliv pe-riods udidesma kulturebmac ki ver gauZles?

Cveni xedviT: termini qarTveluri tomebi (aseve: Cerqezuli/afxazur-

adiRuri, vainaxuri, lekuri/daRestnuri...)SeuZlebelia gamo-viyenoT Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebis kavkasiis da mcire aziis sazoga-doebrivi jgufebis aRsaniSnavad; rogorc Cans, am periodSi arse-

bobda winareqarTveluri, pirobiTad, iberiul-kavkasiuri mo-

saxleoba, romlis divergenciiTa da sxva xalxebTan met-nakle-

bi konvergenciiT Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi CamoiZerwnen - Crdilo-

kavkasiuri tomebic da maSindel kavkasiaSi dominanti saerTo-

qarTveluri eTnosic, romelmac Seqmna STambeWdavi "kolxuri

kultura" (t.futkaraZe, 1999, gv.11-13); Semdeg, mravalricxovani

omebisa Tu migraciis Sedegad, es xalxic daiqsaqsa 20-ze met qar-Tvelur tomad. am tomTagan Zv.w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevar-

Si isev Seikra qarTveli eri, aRdga qarTvelTa saxelmwifoc,

romelic Semdeg periodebSi drodadro calkeul TemTa kuTxur

samTavroebad iSleboda da isev erTiandeboda... SeniSvna: aqve aRvniSnavT: kavkasia (teritoria Sav da kaspiis zRvebs Soris) aerTebs dasavleT evropas, aRmosavleT evropas, mcire aziasa da Sua azias; Sesabamisad, mas ver ganvixilavT verc oden evropis da verc aziis nawilad; gaumarTlebelia, agreTve, kavkasiis moazreba ax-lo aRmosavleTis cnebaSic. Tavisi evro-aziuri enobriv-kulturuli da geografiul-klimaturi maxasiaTeblebis gamo, kavkasia evraziis centralur/gardamaval, Sesabamisad, TavisTavad

regionad unda miviCnioT. kidev erTi kiTxva:

ramdenad logikuria 4000-5000 wlis winandeli da amJaminde-


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li sazogadoebebis (maTi enebis Tu eTnonimebis) gaigiveba? mag., zogi mecnieri xaTebs afxazebTan akavSirebs, zogic - qarTveleb-Tan... uZvelesi kulturebis werilobiT ZeglebSive dadastur-ebuli zogi sxva eTnonimic specialistTa erTi nawilis mier qar-TvelTa aRmniSvnelad miiCneva, meore nawils isini sxva iberiul-kavkasiuri (araindoevropeli da arasemiti) xalxebis, mesames ki in-doevropelebis aRmniSvnelad warmoudgenia da a.S.

winaswarve vityviT, rom Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulSi mcxovrebi Sumerebis, subarelebis (xuritebis) da xaTebis, Zv.w. II aTas-wleulSi mcxovrebi abeSlaelebisa Tu Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasa-wyisis xubuSqielebis enis (/xalxis) gaigiveba Tanamedrove qar-Tvelebis (CeCnebis, inguSebis, afxazebis, adiRelebis... qurTebis, somxebis... miT umetes, Turqebis, arabebis...) romelime enobriv erTeulTan, rbilad rom vTqvaT, gaWirdeba; 4000-5000-wliani in-tervali Zalian didia amgvari identifikaciisaTvis; sakiTxze msjelobisas uTuod gasaTvaliswinebelia enaTa da eTnosTa isto-riis tipologiac; kerZod:

Tanamedrove msoflioSi arsebuli yvela eris (eTnosis) enam, fsiqikurma wyobam, xasiaTma Tu kuTvnilma teritoriam bolo 10

saukuneSic ki seriozuli cvlileba ganicada; miT umetes, arsebi-Tad Seicvleboda 40-60 saukunis manZilze; mag., Zv.w. IV-III aTas-wleulebSi mcxovrebi didi tradiciebis damwerlobebis mqone xalxebic ki (Sumerebi, egviptelebi...) gaqrnen istoriis asparezi-dan da, warmoudgenelia, damwerlobis armqone, gacilebiT mcire-ricxovan eTnikur jgufebs dRemde Tvisobrivad ucvlelad Semo-enaxaT TavianTi ena/dialeqti, kultura (rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, am mxriv, garkveulwilad, iSviaTi gamonaklisia qarTuli samwig-nobro ena: qarTulis unikaluroba ki gansazRvra sruliad gansa-kuTrebulma garemoebam: sul mcire, 15 saukunis manZilze qarTu-li uwyvetad aris saeklesio, saxelmwifo da saliteraturo ena).

ufro logikuria davuSvaT, rom Zv.w. VI-II aTaswleulebSi

qarTvelur-Crdilokavkasiur-winaaziuri modgmis bevri tomi ar-sebobda, romelTa nawili saerTod daikarga, mezoblebTan airia,


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nawili ki, xangrZlivi konvergenciis procesiT, met-naklebad "ai-saxa" Tanamedrove iberiul-kavkasiur eTnosebSi; uZvelesi droi-dan vidre "did kolxur kulturamde" arsebuli tomebi, pirobi-Tad, saerTokavkasiur-axloaRmosavlur modgmad SeiZleba mi-viCnioT, xolo Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan ukve SegviZ-

lia vilaparakoT sakuTriv qarTvelur da Crdilokavkasiur

tomebze. am naSromSi miznad ar visaxavT qarTvelur-kavkasiur-

winaaziur tomTa istoriis kvlevas; mxolod gvsurs, cxadliv vaCvenoT, rom Zv.w. III-I aTaswleulebSi aTobiT qarTveluri tomi arsebobda (da ara mxolod sami!); Sesabamisad, qvemoT zogad

StrixebSi warmovadgenT qarTvelur Tu winareqarTvelur (ibe-riul-kavkasiur-winaaziur) im eTnonimebs, romelTa didi nawili qarTvelTa winaprebis aRmniSvneli Cans (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix.: f.homeli, 1889; iv.javaxiSvili, 1908; a.svaniZe, 1937; s.yauxCiSvi-li, 1964; T.yauxCiSvili, 1967; gr.giorgaZe, 2002; S.gabeskiria, 2003; g.qavTaraZe, 2004 da sxv.):

xuritebi, miTanelebi, matienebi (miTani/miTanis mosaxle-

oba), urartuelebi - Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebSi xuris enaze mo-laparake tomebi binadrobdnen mdinare evfratis Suawels zemoT

CrdiloeTiT gadaWimul olqebSi (Crdilo mesopotamiaSi); am qve-yanas Sumerebi - subirs, aqadelebi da asurelebi subarTus eZax-dnen (Sdr., subarTu - geografiuli cneba). Zv.w. XVI saukunidan maT Seqmnes miTanis didi saxelmwifo. specialistTa daskvniT, xu-ritebis/miTanis ena aglutinaciuri tipis da ergatiuli kon-struqciisa iyo; mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis azriT (arn.Ciqobava, i.diakonovi, s.starostini, n.nozaZe), igi enaTesaveba iberiul-kav-kasiur enebs:

arn. Ciqobavas azriT, iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi (maT Soris qarTulic - t.f.) enaTesaveba axlo aRmosavleTis Zveli kultur-is mkvdar enebs: xeTurs, haruls/xurituls, mitani-enas, urar-tuls, elamurs... qarTuli ena aris xeTur-iberiuli wris co-cxali ena; arsebuli gansxvavebani meoreulia (arn. Ciqobava, 1950, gv. 006). Sdr., g.meliqiSvili, 1999, gv.19:


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"xuris ena da masTan dakavSirebuli eTnikuri elementi meore aTaswleulSi Cvens eramde metad farTo teritoriazea gavrce-lebuli, Tumca am xalxis umTavres keras, politikuri da saxel-mwifoebrivi cxovrebis centrs, am dros zemo mesopotamia da va-nis tbis sanaxebi warmoadgenen; zemo mesopotamiaSia miTanis same-fo, vanis tbis sanaxebSi ki - xuris samefo (adre, xuris nacvlad, kiTxulobdnen xaris). "Tavisi fizikuri tipiTa da eniT xuri-mi-tanis (Semdgomi urartus) mosaxleobasTan dRes mcxovreb xal-xTagan yvelaze axlos qarTveluri, kavkasiuri modgmis xalxebi dganan".

xuritebis gansaxlebis sazRvari ZiriTadad emTxveva mtkvar-araqsis kulturis gavrcelebis arealis nawils (specialuri li-teraturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix.: o.jafariZe, 1976; g.avaliSvili, 1994; gr.giorgaZe, 2002). miTani daemxo Zv.w. XIII saukuneSi. savara-udoa, rom amis Semdeg gaZlierdnen daiani/daiaene, kolxa, urar-tu da e.w. nairis sxva qveynebi. iTvleba, rom xuritulis uSualo

memkvidrea urartuli, romelic TvalsaCinodaa Secvlili, rac

sxva monaTesave Tu ucxo enebTan intensiuri interferenciiT aix-sneba: Zvel msoflioSi tomTa dapyrobiTi omebi Serevis did per-speqtivebs qmnidnen; Sdr., mag.: "eniT semiti asurelebi anTropo-logiurad narev xalxs - semituri elementisa da xuritebis Sere-vis produqts warmoadgenen" (g.meliqiSvili, 1999, gv. 29).

logikuria mosazreba, rom xuritul-urartul enaze/enebze (abruptivebisa da ergatiuli konstruqciis mqone enaze) molapa-rake xalxis erTi nawili monawileobda qarTveli eris formire-baSi, meore nawili asaxulia sxva iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, mesame nawili ki asimilirda mosuli indoevropeli armenebis mier (swo-red urartuli an qarTveluris monaTesave sxva romelime enis substratiT unda aixsnas somxurSi abruptivebis arseboba). Sdr.: hekata~os miletelis (Zv.w. 549-472), herodotes (Zv.w. 484-425) da sxvaTa cnobebiT, matienebi cxovrobdnen mcire aziis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, mesopotamiis CrdiloeTiT mosxebis, saspe~rebi-

sa da alarodielebis mezoblad (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.42, 144; herodote, 1975, gv.61, 111, 332).


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Sdr.: s.janaSias mtkicebiT, "qarTlis moqcevis" arian-qarTli

warmoadgens mogonebas hari-qveynis, rogorc qarTvelTa uZvele-si sacxovrisis Sesaxeb. realurad, aq SesaZlebelia, igulisxmebo-des rogorc mitani, ise urartuc - vanis tbis midamoebi, radgan hari-qveyana Seicavda erTsac da meoresac" (s.janaSia, 1952, gv.70); es mosazreba gaziarebulia Tanamedrove zog samecniero litera-turaSic (ix., mag., k.z. gamsaxurdia, 1997, gv.66; e.TayaiSvilis da-kvirvebiT, arian-qarTli aris hari-qveyana - xuritebis adgilsam-yofeli).

SeniSvna: garkveuli albaTobiT, xurit- fuZeSi SesaZloa gamoi-yos xur- Ziri, romelic har-/hal-/*xar-/*xal- variantebis saxiT

SeiZleba veZioT hal-is-, xal-ib-, xal-d-, qal-d-, qar-T- formeb-Si, xolo xmovnis labializebuli variantiT - kol-/kul-x-

(<*qol-/*qul-<*xul-/hur-); sakiTxi sagangebo kvlevas moi-

Txovs; Tumca, am mimarTulebiT formobriv analizs Seaferxebs -it- (-et-/eT?), -T- (/eT?), -d- (/-ed-?) da -ib- (-eb-?) segmentebis kva-lifikaciis sirTule (ix., agreTve, qvemoT).

Zv.w. IX-VI saukuneebSi samxreT amierkavkasiisa da dRevandeli iran-TurqeTis momijnave teritoriaze arsebobda im droisaTvis erT-erTi uZlieresi saxelmwifo - urartu; Tavad urartuelebi TavianT qveyanas biainilis uwodebdnen (Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoria, 1971, gv.407), xolo TavianT Tavs - xaldebs (i.me-SCaninovi, 1927, gv.3; Sdr., g.meliqiSvili, 1954, gv.28-29: TviTsaxel-wodebaa bia/bianili);

Sdr., urartuelTa RmerTi iyo xaldi. asurul wyaroebSi urartus saxelad dadasturebulia uru-

atri; Sdr., agreTve: bibliuri ararati da berZnuli alarud. sayuradReboa, rom movses xorenaci ar imowmebs am toponims

da irCevs aSkarad Zvel, armenielebis mosvlamdel saxelwodebas - masis mTa. urartuli ena uaxlovdeba xurituls. miiCneven, rom urartuelebi arian herodotes mier matienebisa da saspe~rebis gverdiT moxseniebuli alarodielebi/alarodebi (herodote, 1976, gv.226), romlebic armenielTa mosvlamde cxovrobdnen sa-mxreT amierkavkasiaSi - araratis sanaxebSi.


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iv.javaxiSvilis azriT, alarodeb/urartuelebSic unda vigu-lisxmoT qarTvelTa uSualo winaprebi (iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.437). misive azriT, ramdenadac qsenofonte am regionSi alaro-debis nacvlad ukve armenielebs asaxelebs, SesaZlebelia, vimsje-loT armenebis kavkasiaSi mosvlis SedarebiT zust TariRzec; Sdr., armenebs ar axsenebs hekata~os mileteli.

qsenofontesave cnobiT, armenebs didi brZolebi aqvT xal-

debTan; rac metyvelebs imazec, rom urartuelTa mezoblad mo-suli armenebis damxvduria urartuelTa moZme tomi - xaldebi; yovel SemTxvevaSi, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos eTnonim xaldisa da urartuelTa RmerTis saxelis - xaldis fonetikuri damTxveva; Sdr., mkvlevarTa yvela Taobis mier xaldebi qarTvelur tomad

miiCneva.

SeniSvna: urartuelebi eomebodnen diaoxsac, kolxasac, magram arc

erTi maTganis saxeli ar uqceviaT zogadad mtris saxelad; g.meliqiS-vilis cnobiT, maT mtris sinonimad aqcies mteri qveynis mosaxleobis saxeli - lulu (g.meliqiSvili, 1999, gv.21); savaraudoa, rom eTnonimi lulu miemarTeboda mosul indoevropuli enis mqone tomebs.

xaTebi - Zv.w. XXIII saukunidan aTasi wlis manZilze centra-

lur anatoliaSi (kabadokiisa da pontos teritoriaze) arsebobda Zlieri xaTis saxelmwifo (specialuri literaturis mimoxilvisa-Tvis ix. gr.giorgaZe, 2002).

Sumerulisa da xuritulis msgavsad, xaTuri ena iTvleba er-gatiuli konstruqciisa da aglutinaciuri tipis enad; specia-listTa varaudiT, igi enaTesaveba Tanamedrove qarTvelur da afxazur-adiRur enebs (qr. girbali, i.dunaevskaia, v. ivanovi). lo-gikuria, vifiqroT, rom xaTuri, rogorc oficialuri ena, Secva-la mosuli indoevropuli eTnosis enam - xeTurma, magram xaTuri tomebis ena-kiloebi darCa yoveldRiur gamoyenebaSi da garkveu-li transformaciebiT Semogvenaxa qarTvelur da sxva iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi siRrmiseuli dafenebis saxiT.

SeniSvna: qarTvelurisa da xuritulis msgavsad, qarTvelur-xaTuri


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naTesauri mimarTebis kvlevas seriozuli perspeqtiva uCans (ix.: arn. Ciqobava, 1948; arn.Ciqobava, 1950; S.gabeskiria, 2003; Sdr., gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.90)...

qasqebi/qaSqebi da abeSlaelebi - Zv.w. XVII-XIII saukuneebis xeTur lursmul wyaroebSi, aseve, asurul, egviptur ugaritul

teqstebSi moxseniebulia xalxi, romelTa aRmniSvneli saxeli iyo: qasqa, qaSqa, gaSga, kaSka, kaSqa, qaSka; kaSkaS (egvipt.), kaSkaia, kaSka, kaSku (asur.); Ktkym (ugarit.)... isini cxovrobdnen xeTebis-gan CrdiloeTiTa da Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mogviano xanis ana-toliaSi (pontoSi).

mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis (g.meliqiSvili, i.dunaevskaia, i.dia-konovi, a.kamenxuberi, v.arZinba, g.Cirikba) azriT, qasqebis ena erT-erTi afxazur-adiRuri enaa (terminis fonetikuri variante-bisa da literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. gr.giorgaZe, 2000, gv.9-17). asuruli da xeTuri wyaroebis qaSqeb/qasqebis erT-erT saxe-lad (sinonimad) miCneulia asurul lursmul teqstebSi moxseni-ebuli abeSlaelebi. miuxedavad imisa, abeSla da qasqa sinonime-bad gamocxaddeba, Tu monaTesave tomebad (msjelobisaTvis ix.: g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv.125; gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.113-121), xazgasmiT

aRvniSnavT, rom SeuZlebelia 30-40 saukunis winandeli da Tana-medrove enebis igiveobaze laparaki; Sdr., agreTve, mag., m.qurdia-nis azriT, daaxloebiT 30 saukunis win arsebobdnen zanurenovani xubuSqielebi; avtoris varaudiT, paralelurad iyvnen qarTu-lenovani abaSebic, romelTa saxelic Semonaxulia toponim aba-Sas saxiT (arada, swored dRevandeli Tu istoriuli abaSelebi metyveleben erT-erT zanur dialeqtze - t.f.); misive varaudiT, xubuSqielebi abaSidan erT-erTi samxedro eqspediciis dros ami-erkavkasiidan gadasaxldnen vanis tbis midamoebSi; salmanasar III-sTan damarcxebis Semdeg maTgan mxolod "qveynis saxeli da samefo

dinastia darCa" (m.qurdiani, 2001, gv.130-131)... m.qurdiani am da-skvnebs akeTebs xubuSqias saTuo etimologiis mixedviT; kerZod, misi azriT, saerToqarTveluri (resp. qarTuli) abaS- formisgan


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warmoiqmna abeSal- da zanuri xubuSq- varianti; aq logikuri Cans abaS- fuZis dakavSireba abaz- da abeSal- formebTan (ix. qve-moT). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom specialistTa daskvniT, xubuSqias mo-saxleoba ZiriTadad xuritulenovani iyo...

iv.javaxiSvilis, p.uSakovis da sxvaTa azriT, qaSqebi merminde-li kolxebis winaprebi arian; gr.giorgaZis varaudiT, tomTa gaer-Tianebani qasqebi da abeSlaelebi megrul-lazuri warmoSobisa-ni SeiZleba iyvnen, ramdenadac, eTnonim muSqSic da sxva toponi-mebSic xSiria sq/sg/Sq TanxmovanTkompleqsebi, romlebic zanur-svanuri rigis kompleqsebia (gr.giorgaZe, 2000, gv.16; gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.121).

pirvel rigSi, savaraudoa, rom mosx-/muSq- fuZeSi gamoiyofa -x- ( > q krebiTobis gamomxatavi sufiqsi. SesaZloa, qasq- fuZeSic

veZioT Sexorcebuli uZvelesi -x/-q morfema; Sesabamisad, s-q (S-q) xom ar aris morfemaTa zRvari (Sdr.: qaSagi "tyve" saba; yabardo-eli - m.andronikaSvili)?; meorec, sq/Sq kompleqsi ar ikrZaleba arc saerToqarTveluris, arc samwignobro qarTulis da arc sxva qarTveluri dialeqtebis fonematuri struqturiT; amdenad, mxolod am kompleqsis mixedviT msjeloba gaWirdeba.

ufro logikuria, vTqvaT, rom xaTebisa da xuritebis mona-Tesave qasqebi, abeSlaelebi, xubuSqielebi, urartuelebi... winareqarTvelur-kavkasiur tomTa aRmniSvneli saxelebia; am da sxva tomebisgan Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebSi CamoiZerwnen qarTve-

lebic, Cerqezebic, vainaxebic da lekebic... sxvagvarad ver aix-

sneba is faqti, rom Zveli winaaziuri enebis kvali STambeWda-

via qarTvelurSic da sxva iberiul-kavkasiur (afxazur-adiR-

ur, vainaxur, daRestnur) enebSic; aseve, Zvel eTnonimebTan ma-salobrivad axlos myofi terminebi dasturdeba rogorc qarTve-luri, aseve Crdilokavkasiuri sazogadoebebis mimarTebiT (qaSa-gi, abaza/ebze...).

muSqebi, muSqa/muSqi, mosxebi, mosoxi/meSexi, mosxikes

mcxovreblebi - samecniero literaturaSi miRebuli azris Tanaxmad, Zv.w. XII-VII saukuneebis asurul lursmul wyaroebSi


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moxseniebuli muSqebi, bibliuri mosoq-/mosox-meSex- saxelwo-debebi (Sesaqme, X 2, 22-32), berZnul-romauli teqstebis mosoxe-bi, Zv. w. IV saukuneSi arsebuli saxelmwifo mosxike (iv.javaxiSvi-li, 1908, gv.22; iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.18; n.xazaraZe, 1998, gv.177; n.xazaraZe, 2001, gv.273; Sdr., i.diakonovi, 1984) - mosxebis/mesxebis qveyana, "qarTlis cxovrebis" arian qarTli da qarTvelTa erTi jgufis aRmniSvneli Temonimi mesxi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli cnebebia; kerZod, isini miemarTeba qarTvelur modgmas, romlis gansaxlebis (Tu moZraobis) ZiriTadi teritoriaa zemo evfr-

atispireTi (Zv.w. XII s.)-kabadokia-halisis Sua dinebis samxre-

Ti (Zv.w. VIII s.)-pontos teritoris nawili da, bolos, samxreT-

dasavleTi amierkavkasia.

Sdr.: "feodaluri xanis nomenklaturiT, mosxebis qveyana mo-icavda: samcxes, javaxeTs, klarjeTs, aWaras, egriss, SavSeTs, kola-artaans, amier da imier taos, basians, spers, anu mTel samxreT-da-savleT saqarTvelos" (msjelobisa da vrceli samecniero litera-turis mimoxilvisaTvis ix.: n.xazaraZe, 1984, gv.36-70; gr.giorgaZe, 1985; gr.giorgaZe, 2002).

Zv.w. XII saukuneSi (1165 wels) zemo mesopotamiaSi gamoCenili muSqebi e.kaveniakma istoriuli saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleT

olqebidan Camosulebad miiCnia (g.meliqiSvili, 1965, gv.22); n.xa-zaraZis azriTac, "muSqebi, abeSlaelebis msgavsad, CrdiloeTi-dan unda gavrcelebuliyvnen samxreTisaken xeTebis samefos dace-mis Semdeg (n.xazaraZe, 2002, gv.124); mkvlevris varaudi efuZneba imas, rom xeTur lursmul teqstebSi muSqebi saerTod ar arian moxseniebuli.

Cveni azriT, savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom muSqTa winaprebad movi-azroT xaTebisa da xuritebis monaTesave da maTi gansaxlebis velSi mcxovrebi qarTvelur-kavkasiuri modgma; logikuri Cans muSqebisa da qaSqebis monaTesaveobis daSvebac (qaSqi da muSqu

eTnonimebis mimarTebis Sesaxeb gr.giorgaZisa da e.fon Suleris mosazrebebis analizi ix. n.xazaraZe, 2001, gv.283); Sdr.: xeTebi qas-qebTan debdnen sxvadasxva xasiaTis xelSekrulebas, qasqebi da xa-


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Tebi ki monaTesave tomebad iTvlebian. ramdenadac, araindoevro-peli xaTebis teritoriaze indoevropeli xeTebi mosulebi arian, logikuria varaudi, rom xaTebis SesaZlo memkvidre qasqebsa da xeTebs Soris daZabuli urTierToba iyo; Sesabamisad, sxvagvarad

dadgeba qarTvelur tomTa migraciis mimarTulebis sakiTxic.

SeniSvna: k.f.leman-haupti fiqrobda, rom qarTvelebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze Camoyalibdnen Crdilo mesopotamiidan mosuli kardu-xebis (istoriuli gorduenes - korduqis mkvidrebis) da mcire azii-dan mosuli mesxebis Serwymis Sedegad (vimowmebT g.meliqiSvilis mi-xedviT; g.meliqiSvili, 1965, gv. 19-20).

berZnul wyaroebSi mosxebis tomi pirvelad naxsenebia Zv.w. VI s. berZeni mwerlis - hekata~os miletelis mier; misi mowmobiT, mosxebi kolxuri tomia (Cveni azriT, aq kolxuri qarTveluris sinonimia - t.f.); isini cxovrobdnen matienebis (miTanis) mezob-lad - mesopotamiis CrdiloeTiT, anda mcire aziis Crdilo-aRmo-savleTiT (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43-44).

herodotes (Zv.w. V s.) mixedviT, mosxebi kolxebTan (aq ukve kolxebi mxolod erT-erTi qarTveluri tomis saxelia - t.f.), sa-speirebTan, xalibebTan (qalibebTan), makronebTan, tibarenebTan, mosinoikebTan da marebTan erTad cxovrobdnen mcire aziis Crdi-loeTiT Savi zRvis aRmosavleT Tu samxreT sanapiroze sparseTis mefe darios I (Zv.w. 524-485) dros (ix. herodote, 1976, gv.634; T.ya-uxCiSvili, 1976, gv.47, 660).

strabonis (Zv.w. 64 - ax.w. 24) mixedviT, mosxebi cxovroben am-Jamindel dasavleT saqarTveloSi - Savi zRvis sanapiroze kolxe-bis gverdiT, henioxebisa da kerketebis samxreTiT (sakiTxis mimo-xilvisaTvis ix., g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv. 82-86); strabonisve cnobiT, adrindeli mosxuri qveynis (ivaraudeba Zv.w. IV saukuneSi arse-buli mosxike? albaT, ufro Zveli muSqebis sacxovrisi - t.f.)

erTi nawili aqvT kolxebs, meore - iberebs da mesame - armenie-lebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.140-145).

ioseb flaviusis azriT (37-95), mosoxenebi dafuZnebulni arian mosoxis mier da "axla maT kabadokielebi ewodaT; kabadoki-


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elTa es Zveli saxeli SemorCenilia maTi dedaqalaqis saxelad, romelic aris mazaxa" (ioseb flaviusi, 1987, gv.103).

evstaTi antioqelTan (280-360) kabadokielTa winaprebad da-saxelebulia mesxenebi, maT eTnarqad ki - osoxi (georgika, 1961, gv.34). ori saukunis Semdeg ki prokopi kesarieli mesxTa (mesxoi) sacxovrisad miiCnevs iberiis gaswvriv arsebul mTebs (georgika, 1965, gv.127).

stefane bizantielTan (IV-VII s.s.) dadasturebulia eTnonimi mosxi; igi, mihyveba ra strabons, mosxebs asaxelebs kerketebis ze-moT (e.i. samxreTiT - t.f.). XI saukunis moRvawe leon gramatikosi ucvlelad imeorebs wina Taobebis mosazrebebs da iafetis Svilad

miCneul mesxosisgan momdinared miiCnevs mesxebs, romelTac ax-la kabadokielebi ewodebaTo...(georgika, 1963, gv.3-4).

mosx-/mesex-/mesx- terminTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa Crdi-lokavkasiur enaTa monacemebi:

p.uslarisa da a.diris cnobebiT, daRestnur enaTa samyaroSi qarTvelebis aRsaniSnavad iyeneben termins - mosoqi/museqi; igi miemarTeba, agreTve, wovaTuSebsac (g.burWulaZe, b.SavxeliSvili, 1993, gv.325).

logikuria, davuSvaT, rom qarTlis mosaxleoba muSq-mesxebis uSualo memkvidrea; toponim mcxeTisa da qoronim samcxis mimar-Teba amis kidev erTi argumenti Cans: sa-mesx-e > *samsxe > samcxe; mesx-eT-a > *msxeTa > mcxeTa (literaturis mimoxilvisa da gan-sxvavebuli msjelobisaTvis ix. g.bedoSvili, 1981).

Sdr.: i.zicaris azriT (i.zicari, 1998): mes-x- > vesk > bask-; bask- fuZis amgvari etimologia damatebiT argumentebs moiTxovs.

varaudoben, rom mesx-, mosx- musx- fuZeebi qarTveluri di-aleqturi variantebia; maTTvis amosavali SeiZleba iyos *mas- Zi-ri (Sdr.: masisi - maRali mTa istoriul mesxeTSi - parxalis axlos; masis mTa - araratis Zveli saxeli), xolo -x- iyos xuri-tul-urartul-kavkasiuri sufiqsi (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. r.abaSia, 2001), romelic krebiToba-warmomavlobas gamoxatavs: *mas-x-; fuZisaTvis Sdr.: mas-is-i, fas-is-i da bas-ian-i.


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Cveni azriT, *mas-x- marTlac SeiZleba iyos amosavali forma, magram warmodgenili formebi (mosx-/musx-) iseve ver miiCneva qar-Tvelur dialeqtur (zanur-svanur-) variantebad, rogorc, mag., sxvadasxva Zvel enaSi dadasturebuli Targamosi/Togarma/Tor-goma/Tegerama/Tilgarimu, ararati/urartu da sxva paralelu-ri formebi; am rigis masala ise Zvelia, rom saTave (mizezi) wina-reqarTvelur-kavkasiur periodsa da sxvadasxva msesxebeli enis fonematur TaviseburebebSi unda veZioT (Sdr., iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.401-402; g.Tofuria, 1970, gv.120; m.qurdiani, 2000, gv.189; n.xazaraZe, 2001, gv.285 da sxv.).

SeniSvna: mesxi/masxi eTnonims saerToqarTveluri eTnosis TviTsa-xelwodebad aRadgens m. qurdiani (m.qurdiani, 2000, gv.188); mesx-/mosx- termini qarTvelTa erTi jgufis aRmniSvneli romaa, es ueWvelia, mag-ram iyo Tu ara is saerToqarTveluri eTnosis TviTsaxeli, saTana-dod argumentirebuli ar aris; am mosazrebis kritikisaTvis ix.: gr. giorgaZe, n.xazaraZe 2002, gv.191)...

sadavo ar unda iyos, rom mosxebi/mesxebi erT-erTi Zveli

qarTveluri tomis saxelia, romelic mezobel Tu aramezobel

xalxTagan istoriis erT monakveTSi ganzogadebuli iyo "yo-

velTa qarTvelTa" saxelad.

daianelebi, diauxelebi, taoxebi - Zv. w. XII-VIII saukuneebis asurul da urartul lursmul teqstebSi damowmebulia daiae-nis qveyana; mkvlevrebi am saxelwodebas ukavSireben urartuli lursmuli teqstebis diauxs, berZnuli wyaroebis taoxois, Zve-li somxuri wyaroebis taiqs da istoriuli saqarTvelos erT ku-Txes - taos (literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. gr.giorgaZe, 2002); varaudoben, rom es iyo Zlieri qarTveluri tomi (Sdr.: g.meli-qiSvili, i.diakonovi da sxv. diaoxis mosaxleobas xuritulenov-nad miiCneven), romlis mefe senze gamarjvebiTac sagangebod tr-abaxobda asureTis mefe tiglaTfileser I (1115-1077).

daianelebi/taoxebi/taoelebi cxovrobdnen TorTumis, ev-fratisa da mtkvris saTaveebSi; sarwmuno Cans, diaoxis dedaqala-


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qi SaSilu (SaSilo/sasiro) mdebareobda cnobili TorTumis ci-xis mimdebare teritoriaze - amJamindeli esendurakis adgilas (g.qavTaraZe, 2005, gv. 13-18).

berZnul-bizantiur wyaroebSi taoxebi pirvelad gvxvdebian qsenofontesTan (Zv. w. V_IV s.s.): taoxebi, romlebic cxovroben mermindel olTisis olqSi, sparseTis mefes ar emorCilebian da xalibebTan erTad sparseli satrapis - tiribaZis - moqiravneebi arian (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.52). mogvianebiTac, mag., stefane bi-zantielic (IV-VII s.s.) taoxebs Sida pontoSi mosaxle tomad

Tvlis; misi cnobiT, "zogierTebi maT taoelebsac eZaxian, ro-gorc ambobs sofainete Tavis "anabazisSi" (georgika, 1936, gv.284). Zveli berZnebis cnobiT, aia igive kolxeTia; ix., mag., hero-dote: argonavtebi "micuravdnen a~aSi, kolxidaSi, sawmisisa-

Tvis"; "movida es kitisorosi a~a-kolxididan da gaaTavisuf-

la igi"... (herodote, 1975, gv.472-473); amave azrs imeorebs apolo-nios rodoselic Tavis "argonavtikaSi". Sesabamisad, logikuria T.miqelaZis azri, rom daiaeni SeiZleba iyos igive aia; Sdr., aia da xaiasa (Semdgomi suxmis qveyana) gaigivebuli aqvs g.hiusings (sa-kiTxis istoriisaTvis ix.g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv. 161, 163; g.qavTaraZe, 2005). dentalur da velarul TanxmovanTa monacvleobis, agreTve, maTi dakargvis TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa sxva kavkasiur-aRmo-savleTanatoliur toponimTa variantebic: xalibi/alibi, xaba-reni/obareni, xarimati/arimati, qaRzevani/aRzevani, tapi-

ri/apiri, toreti/oreti, Tuni/uni (magaliTebi moiZia g.qavTa-raZem; ix. 1985, gv. 53-58); Sdr., agreTve: aia, daia-en-i da xeTuri wyaroebis xaia-sa (-sa da qarTv. -is-: Sind-is-i)... d > x, q > 0, x >

0, t > 0 procesebi Znelad dasaSvebia, Sesabamisad, gardamaval fo-rmebad savaraudoa s/h fonemebis Semcveli fuZeebi, ramdenadac, bunebrivia s > h > 0 procesi (winaenismieri yru Tanxmovnis h-d

qcevisaTvis Sdr.: saerToqarTv. w > svan. W > h); Sdr., mag., SesaZlo

transformaciebi: *daia > *taia > (*waia/*Waia, an *saia >) *haia, romelsac SeeZlo moeca, erTi mxriv, aia (< *haia), meore mxriv - *xaia (< *haia). aia SeiZleba gamoiyos aiet- fuZeSic: -et- sufiqsi


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berZnulSi warmomavloba-kuTvnilebiTobis mawarmoebelia, Sesa-bamisad, mefe aietis saxeli miRebulia aia-sgan: aia-eti > aieti; Sdr. o.lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.32: "argonavtebis uZveles versieb-Si, qveyana, sadac argonavtebma ilaSqres, iyo aia; ufro gvian am qveyanas kolxidad moixsenieben".

SeniSvna: diodore sicilieli (Zv.w. I s.), romelic qsenofontes teq-sts mihyveba, taoxebis nacvlad axsenebs xaebs: karduxebi, armenielebi, xaebi (e.i. taoxebi), fasianebi, xaldebi, skotinebi, makronebi, kolxebi, motvinoikebi, tibarenebi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.124); Sdr., heka-ta~os mileteli (Zv.w. 549-472) mosxebsa da beqe~rebs Soris asaxelebs xo~ebs; rizes maxloblad mcxovreb xo~ebs Cveulebriv taoxo~s Se-ryvnil formad miiCneven, magram s. yauxCiSvilis azriT, maTi sacxov-risi imdenadaa daSorebuli taoxebis sacxovriss, rom xo~ebisa da ta-oxebis identifikacia gaWirdeba (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.44).

kolxebi - Zv. w. XII-VIII saukuneebis asurul da urartul

lursmul teqstebSi dadasturebulia kilxi da kulxa/kolxa ge-ografiuli terminebi, romlebic gaigivebulia berZnul-romau-li wyaroebis kolxoi da kolxis saxelwodebebTan; iv.javaxiSvi-lis azriT, kolxebi asuruli wyaroebis kaskebi arian (iv.javaxiS-vili, 1908, gv.30).

samecniero literaturaSi gaziarebulia n.maris azri, rom kolxTa politikuri gaerTianeba Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasasruls da I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi (Zv.w. VII s. 20-ian wlebamde) iyo sa-mxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi, centriT Woroxis xeobaSi; VII saukunidan misi centri gadadis dasavleT saqarTveloSi - ri-onispireTSi (g.meliqiSvili, T.miqelaZe, n.lomouri, m.inaZe; msje-lobisaTvis ix., agreTve: o.lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.68-69).

Sdr., o.lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.4: "argonavtebis oqros sawmi-sisaTvis laSqrobis Sesaxeb berZnuli Tqmuleba mWidrodaa dakav-Sirebuli Cvens qveyanasTan - Zvel kolxeTTan, romelic dRevan-del dasavleT saqarTvelos miwa-wyals moicavda..."(adreul gamo-kvlevaSi o.lorTqifaniZes sakamaTod ar miaCnda g.meliqiSvilisa da T.miqelaZis mtkicebulebani "argonavtikaSi" warmodgenili


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qarTveluri saxelebis Woroxis xeobasTan kavSiris Sesaxeb; ix., o.lorTqifaniZe, 1966, gv. 21, I SeniSvna).

ak. uruSaZis da sxvaTa varaudiT, Tavdapirvelad, berZnebi

kolxeTSi mTel qarTvelur samyaros gulisxmobdnen (ak.uruSa-Ze, 1964, gv.6). urartuli warwerebica da Tanamedrove arqeolo-giuri monacemebic cxadyofs am azris siswores (ix. qvemoT, II Ta-vi); aSkaraa, rom Zveli kolxeTi mxolod dRevandel dasavleT sa-qarTvelos ar moicavda; kolxeTis gacilebiT didi teritoria (mtkvris zemo welisa da Woroxis xeobebi) dRes TurqeTis res-publikis SemadgenlobaSia moqceuli; Sdr.: kolxa/aia/tao.

varaudoben, rom werilobiT ZeglebSi kolxida formis pir-veli damowmeba gvaqvs Zv. w. XIV saukunis B-xazovan teqstebSi ko-kida/kokide~o variantebis saxiT (l. gordeziani, 2004, gv. 226-228). berZnul wyaroebSi termini "kolxida gaia" ueWvelad das-turdeba Zv. w. VIII saukunis poetTan - evmile korinTelTan; sava-raudoa, rom kolxidis paralelurad berZnebi iyenebdnen termin aiasac (arsebuli mdidari literaturis mimoxilva ix.: m. inaZe, 1955; g. meliqiSvili, 1965; n. lomouri, 1962; S. asaTiani, 1993; m. inaZe, 1993).

fsevdo-skilaqsis azriT, kolxebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria vrceldeba dioskuriidan mdinare afsarosamde e.i. soxumidan Wo-roxamde (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.84)... fsevdo-skilaqsis cnobebs imeorebs skilaqs kariandeli (Zv.w. VI-V s.).

herodote amtkicebda, rom kolxebi egviptidan iyvnen wamosu-li; misi azriT, samxreTis (mewamuli) zRvidan CrdiloeTis

(pontos) zRvamde cxovrobda oTxi tomi: sparselebi, midie-

lebi, sasperebi da kolxebi (herodote, 1975, gv.156, 262); aSkaraa, rom aq kolxebic da sasperebic ufro tomTa gaerTianebebis aR-mniSvnelia, vidre calkeuli tomebisa (kolxebis Sesaxeb ix. iv.ja-vaxiSvili, 1950, gv.12). amas adasturebs qsenofontes mogzaurobis dRiurebisa da fsevdo-skilaqsis cnobebis Sedareba; kerZod:

fsevdo-skilaqsi trapezuntisa da kerasuntis midamoebSi asa-xelebs biZerebs, ekeqe~riebs, beqe~rebs, makrokefalebs da mosi-


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no~kebs; amave periodSive qsenofonte trapezunt-kerasuntis re-gionSi asaxelebs mxolod kolxTa toms (T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.97); Sdr., apolonios rodoseli (III s.): "qedmaRal mefes ver uSvelian kolxTa tomebi" (argonavtika, 1975, gv.113).

miTridate-pompeusis brZolebTan dakavSirebiT kolxebs ax-senebs II saukunis moRvawe apiane (apiane, 1959, gv.198); savaraudoa, rom kolxebad igi miiCnevs tomTa did gaerTianebas, romlebic Sa-vi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze cxovrobdnen; Sdr., aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi am dros iberebi saxeldebian. arianes mixedviT, trapezuntelebis mosazRvreni arian kolxe-

bi; amaT gverdiT arian sanebi (qsenofontes mixedviT, igive dri-lebi), makronebi da henioxebi (berZeni mwerlebi... 1983, gv.158).

dRevandeli dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas ariane (II s.) ukve lazebis saxeliT ixseniebs: "lazikas Camoudis mdinare, saxe-lad reoni, sadac kolxebs Zvelad cixe augiaT"...(berZeni mwerle-bi... 1983, gv.188). am periodidan erTmaneTs xSirad enacvleba ter-minebi: kolxi da lazi; mag., V saukunis anonimi avtori wers: "di-oskuriidan vidre afsaris wylamde winaT cxovrobda is xalxi, romlebsac kolxebi ewodebodaT da mere gadaerqvaT lazebi" (ge-orgika, 1965, gv.6)...

ipolite romaeli (III s.), amiane marceline (IV s.), epifane kvipreli (314-403 ) da mravali sxva mogvianebiTac termin kolxebs irCeven, sxvebi ki lazebs iyeneben (ix. qvemoT); mag., ioane lide (VII s.) wers: "kolxikes amJamad lazikes eZaxian lazebis hegemono-bis gamo" (georgika, 1970, gv.3; s.yauxCiSvilis komentari); agaTia sqolastikosi (VI s.): "lazebs rom Zvelad kolxebi ewodebodaT

da swored isini arian, amaSi eWvi ar Seepareba aravis, Tuki is ga-ecnoba fazisis, kavkasiisa da maT garSemo mdebare qveynebis mosax-leobas... lazebi amayoben kolxTa Zveli saxeliT" (georgika, 1936, gv.27, 50)...

Sdr., ioane cece (1110-1180 ): "kolxebi indoeli skviTebi ari-an, maT lazebic ewodebaT da cxovroben abazgebis, winandeli masa-geTebis maxloblad"; "kvitaia kolxeTis qalaqia, xolo kolxebi


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lazuri tomia, cxovroben abazgebis maxloblad"; kolxebs azieli skviTebic da levkosirebic hqviaT; isini cxovroben aziis mxareSi mdinare fazisis irgvliv"... (georgika, 1967, gv.32, 36-37)...

Sdr.: II saukunis aleqsandrieli moRvawis - dinisios periege-tis "dedamiwis aRwerilobis" mixedviT, kolxebi evropidan mo-sulni arian (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.93); am cnobaSi SeiZleba asa-xuli iyos evropidan pontos zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze ibe-rielTa mosvlis legenda.

SeniSvna: hekata~osis "dedamiwis aRwera" cxadyofs, rom Zv.w. VI s. berZenTaTvis cnobili iyvnen Semdegi tomebi: melanqla~nebi, koraqse-bi, kolebi, mosxebi, xo~ebi, beqe~rebi, diZerebi, makronebi, marebi, mo-sino~kebi, tibarenebi, xalibebi. fsevdo-skilaqsis (Zv.w. IV) "perip-lusSi" ki Savi zRvis sanapiroze md. donidan Tanamedrove TermeCai-mde dasaxelebulia Semdegi tomebi: savromatebi, ma~otebi, sindebi, kerketebi, toretebi, aqa~ebi, henioxebi, koraqsebi, kolebi, melan-qla~nebi, gelonebi, kolxebi, biZerebi, ekeqe~rebi, beqe~rebi, makroke-falebi, mosino~kebi, tibarenebi, xalibebi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43, 81-82). T.yauxCiSvilis azriT, herodotesTan qarTvel tomebad misaC-nevia: kolxebi, saspe~rebi, xalibebi, makronebi, mosxebi, tibarenebi, mosino~kebi, marebi; maTi monaTesave tomebi arian: alarodielebi, ma-tienebi. mosxebi da tibarenebi omSi erT meTaurs emorCilebodnen; makronebi da mosino~kebi - meores; marebi da kolxebi - mesames, xolo, alarodiebi da saspe~rebi - meoTxes (herodote, 1975, gv.27-28; ix. ag-reTve, T.yauxCiSvili, 1955).

kolxa unda momdinareobdes Zveli qarTuli provinciis ko-las saxelisgan (i.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.12):

kola/kol-i - kol-x-i; qarTul wyaroebSi fuZe kola adri-danve dasturdeba, xolo qoronimis meoreuli varianti kolxeTi

qarTulSi berZnulis analogiiT gvian iqmneba. Sdr., patriarq ni-konis matianeSi saqarTvelos aRmniSvneli erT-erTi terminia kolxekia (g. paiWaZe, 1993). p.ingoroyvas azriT, kolxisganaa na-warmoebi qluxori (kolxori > kluxori > qluxori; Sdr., koda >

kod-or-i; p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.143). logikuria vivaraudoT, rom Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua pe-

riodidan kerasuntis regionSi, halisisa (kizil-irmakis) da


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Woroxis auzebSi, Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTvelosa da

mtkvris zemowelis mxareebSi Camoyalibda Zlieri politiku-

ri gaerTianeba, romlis Tavdapirveli berZnuli (?) saxeli Se-

iZleboda yofiliyo aia (Sdr.: aieti; Sdr., agreTve: daiaeni,

tao); Semdeg am saxels Caenacvla kolxa/kolxida.

Zv.w. XII-VIII saukuneebSi am gaerTianebaSi hegemonobda

kolxebis Zlieri tomi, romlis saxelis mixedviT aisaxa es sa-

xelmwifo mezobeli saxelmwifoebis dokumentebSi Tu berZeni

mwerlebisa da mogzaurobis mexsierebaSi; igi am periodSi ukve

moicavda Savi zRvis mTel aRmosavleT sanapiros aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos nawilis CaTvliT (Sdr., g.meliqiSvili, 1954, gv.412)... metic, rogorc zogi berZnuli wyaro, aseve, Tanamedrove arqeologiuri gaTxrebi cxadyofen, rom e.w. "didi kolxuri kul-tura" moicavda dRevandel qarTlsac da Crdilo kavkasiis did

nawilsac.

kolebi - kolebi pirvelad dasturdebian hekata~os mile-telTan (Zv.w. 549-472); fsevdo-sqilaksis (Zv.w. IV s.) cnobebis mi-xedviT, koraqsebi da kolebi daaxloebiT bzifis SesarTavis rai-onSi arian sagulvebeli (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.83). axali wel-TaRricxvis V saukunis anonimuri periplusis avtori kolebis qveyanas - kolikes asaxelebs, erTi mxriv, henioxebis, koraqsebisa da, meore mxriv, melanqlainebis, maqelonebis, kolxebis mezoblad

(T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.105); Sdr., stefane bizantieli: kolebi - tomi kavkasionTan; kavkasionis qveda ferdebs ewodeba kolebis mTebi, qveyanas ki kolike hqvia (georgika, 1936, gv.281).

logikuria davuSvaT, rom saqarTvelos istoriuli provin-cia kola, eTnonimi kol-x-i/kol-x-a da kolebi/kolike saerTo fu-Zisgan warmomavali sityvebi iyos (Sdr., p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.138: kolxi da kolaelebi sinonimebia); aseve, SesaZlebelia, vivarau-doT, rom trapizonisa da biWvinTis regionebSi erTsa da imave dros dafiqsirebuli kolxebi da kolebi monaTesave tomebi ari-an. p.ingoroyvas azriT, kolasganaa nawarmoebi klarji: kol-ar-i >

kolarji (p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.138); mas axsnili ara aqvs j-s warmo-


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mavloba, magram dakavSireba swori Cans: SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom *kolar- da dialeqturi kolaj- (za-

nurSi bunebrivia r > j procesi sityvis bolos: xari > xoji, qmari >

qomonji...) formebis kontaminaciiT miviReT kolaraj- forma, ro-melmac mogvca klarj- fuZe; aseve, araa gamoricxuli, -r fonetikur

CanarTad miviCnioT: kolar- > kolaj- > klaj- > klarj- (sakiTxi Se-mdgom kvlevas iTxovs).

koraqsebi - Zv.w. VI saukuneSi moRvawe hekata~os miletelis cnobiT, koraqsebi kolxuri tomia (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43).

skilaqs kariandeli (Zv. w. VI-V s.) koraqsebs asaxelebs henio-xebis Semdeg (T. yauxCiSvili, 1967, gv. 47). koraqsebs axsenebs fsev-do-sklaqsic (Zv. w. IV s.); misi azriT, koraqsebi cxovroben henio-xebze samxreTiT da kolebze CrdiloeTiT Savi zRvis aRmosavleT

sanapiroze. amaTze kidev ufro samxreTiT aris tomi kolxebisa da mis teritoriazea dioskurisi. ase rom, am avtoris Tanaxmad, ko-raqsebis tomi Tanamedrove soxumze ufro CrdiloeTiT aris nava-raudevi (T. yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.10). koraqsebi da kolebi daax-loebiT dRevandeli bzifis (klavdios ptolema~osis mixedviT, mdinare koraqsis) SesarTavis raionSi arian sagulvebeli (T.yaux-CiSvili, 1976, gv. 83; ix. agreTve n. lomouri, 1963, gv. 22).

Sdr., aristoteles (Zv. w. 384-322) "meteorologiaSi" vkiTxu-lobT:

"kavkasionis qvemoT aris tba (kaspiis tba), romelsac adgi-lobrivi mcxovreblebi zRvas uwodeben. radgan am tbas mravali da didi mdinare erTvis da cxadi gamosavali ki ara aqvs, igi miwis qveS miedineba koraqsebisken da gamodis pontos e.w. siRrmeebTan (T.yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.36); aristotele ar sazRvravs maTs sa-cxovriss da arc maT eTnikurobas, vinaidan, Cans, rom mis mkiTxvel

Tu msmenel sazogadoebas amisi sagangebo axsna ar sWirdeboda" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.10). stefane bizantieli (IV-VII s.) Tavis "geografiul leqsikonSi", hekates "aziis" kvalad, koraqsebs miiC-nevs kolxur tomad (Sdr., misTvis lazebi skviTuri tomia; geor-gika, 1936, gv.280-281); amave avtoris mixedviT, "kerketebis zemoT


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cxovroben mosxebi da qarimatebi, xolo qvemoT henioxebi da ko-raqsebi..." (georgika, 1936, gv.289).

iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, koraqs- fuZe daiSleba kor- Zirad da -qs- sufiqsad, sadac, -qs- igive "sakveci" -x- aris, rac gvaqvs kol-x- formaSi (iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.411).

logikuria kol-, kor- fuZeebis, aseve, kolxebis, kolaele-bis, koraqsebis, gviandeli klarjebis saerTo warmomavlobis sa-kiTxis dasma; xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom ukve hekata~osis dros koraqsebi, kolebi da kolxebi monaTesave, magram sxvadasxva to-mebi arian; Sdr.: sxva SemTxvevebSic monaTesave qarTvelur tomebs erTi fuZidan nawarmoebi msgavsi saxelebi aqvT (ix.: sani, zani, Wa-ni... xalibi, qaldi, xaldi, karduxi...).

karduxebi - qsenofontes cnobiT, es meomari da ubatono to-

mi ebrZvis rogorc berZnebs, aseve sparselebsa da armenebs; maTi sacxovrisi am dros miuval mTebSia: "molaSqreebma tyveebisgan ga-iges, rom Tu isini SeZleben karduxebis mTebis gadalaxvas da mdi-nare tigrosis saTaveebze gadasvlas, mivlen armeniaSi" (qseno-fonte, 1976, gv. 63-66, 74-75).

karduxebiT dasaxlebuli teritoriis sazRvrebia: Crdiloe-TiT - Tanamedrove botan-Cai, dasavleTiT - tigrosi, samxreTiT - Tanamedrove qurTistanis mTianeTis dasavleTi nawili.

berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi karduxebis saxelis variantebia: gordueno~ da Cordueni (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv. 52). tomi kar-duenebi amave teritoriaze dasturdeba mogvianebiTac; ix., mag., petre patrikiosi (VI s.): romaelebsa da sparselebs Soris mola-parakebis erT-erTi sadavo sagani iyo qveyana karduene (mas romae-lebi iTxovdnen), romelic tigrosis saTaveebTan mdebareobda (georgika, 1936, gv.193)...

kardu/kardu-x- fuZesTan akavSirebda qarTu(-el-) fuZes iv. javaxiSvili (1960, gv.411-412); kardu- formas xald- fuZisgan mo-mdinared Tvlis a.svaniZe (a.svanaZe, 1937, gv.14); Sdr., ufro adre,


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qarTu-el- formas qald-e (qaldea) saxelTan akavSirebda ilia WavWavaZe: "Zalian WkuasTan axloa da advilad safiqrebeli, rom lursmul warwerebSi moxseniebuli "qaldi", "qaldisi" igive "qarTlisi" iyos..." (i. WavWavaZe, 1941, gv.376).

qsenofontes mier dadasturebuli karduxebi mecnierTa erTi jgufis mier qurTTa winaprebad miiCneva; amgvar dakavSirebas sxvebi usafuZvlod Tvlian da karduxebs qarTvelTa winaprebad miiCne-ven (msjelobisaTvis ix. a.svanaZe, 1937, gv.14; S.gabeskiria, 2003). vfiq-robT, ufro logikuria, indoevropel tomebTan mebrZoli kar-duxebi da maTi mezobeli xaldebi monaTesave tomebad ganvixi-loT: Zvel berZnul wyaroebSive xaldebi qarTvelur tomad iT-vleba (ix. qvemoT), xolo Zvel somxurSi kordu-k qarTvelTa aRmniS-

vneli eTnonimia (ix. S.gabeskiria, 2003). problema Semdgom kvlevas iTxovs.

Tabalebi, Tobelebi - Zv.w. IX-VII saukuneebis asuruli wya-

roebis Tabalis qveyanas (Ta-ba-lu) mkvlevarTa umravlesoba an-tikuri xanis did kabadokiaSi aTavsebs; mag., b.landsbergeris va-raudiT, Tabali mdebareobda Zveli mazakas, dRevandeli kaiseris raionSi - samxreT-dasavleT kabadokiaSi; miCneulia, rom Tabale-bis saxeli asaxulia bibliuri eTnarqis - Tubal-/Tobelis sa-xelSi (Sesaqme, IV,22; X,2; XI, 28).

istoriul wyaroebsa da samecniero literaturaSi arsebobs mtkicebulebani, rom Tubal/Tobalis Camomavalni arian tibare-nebi, tibarebi, iberebi anu qarTvelebi (ioseb flaviusi, vivian de sen marteni, n.mari, i.javaxiSvili, p.ingoroyva... msjelobisaTvis ix.: iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.22-23; s.janaSia, 1959).

Tabalebsa da tibarenebs sxvadasxva xalxebad miiCnevs n.xaza-raZe (Sdr.: Tabali - gviandeli xeTuri politikuri gaerTianeba mcire aziaSi); misi azriT, asuruli Tabal-, Zvelebrauli Tu-bal- da Zvel berZnulad naTargmn bibliaSi damowmebuli Tobel- SeuZlebelia qarTveluri dialeqturi (Sesabamisad, qarTul-sva-nur-megruli) variantebi iyon, vinaidan identur saxelTa msgavsi


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variantuloba xSiria asurul, xeTur, ieroglifur-luviur, Zvel ebraul da Zvel berZnul enebSi; mag., Sdr.: asuruli gamir-, muSqu da ZvelberZnuli gomer-, meSeh-; xeTuri kummani da asuru-li kammanu; xeTuri Tegerma da ZvelberZnuli Togorma...

n.xazaraZis logikuri daskvniT, "TabalisaTvis navaraudevi teritoria ZvelTaganve xeTur-luviuri tomebis gavrcelebis arealSi Sedioda" (n.xazaraZe, 1978, gv.64, 82; n.xazaraZe, 2001; aqve ix. sakiTxis Seswavlis istoria). sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom Tu bibliuri meSehi da Tobeli sxvadasxva xalxebis winaprebad

ivaraudebian: bibliis ganmmartebelni Tobelis STamomavalT ibe-rebTan aigiveben, im iberebTan, romlebic, amave dros, mkvlevarTa azriT, tibarenebis Camomavlebi arian. sainteresoa isic, rom qa-laqi mazaxa/mazaka, romelic muSqTa/mosxTa dedaqalaqad moiaz-reba, masalobrivad aSkarad uaxlovdeba *masx-/masax-/mesx- fuZes; n.xazaraZis daskvniT ki, swored am qalaqis siaxloves cxovrob-dnen Tobalebic.

xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom berZnul-bizantiuri wyaroe-bis Tobelebi/Teobelebi da qarTuli Targanebis Tovilebi sa-xeldebian mxolod bibliur konteqstSi; kerZod: ioseb flaviusi (I s.): "... Tobelma daafuZna Tobelebi, romlebsac axla iberebi ewodebaT" (georgika, 1961, gv.34; Sdr., XII saukunis qarTuli Tar-gmani: "daamkvidrebs ukue Tovilissa TovilTasa, romelni aw ivi-

rad iwodebian"); evstaTi antioqeli (280-360 ): obelisgan warmo-iSven Teobelebi, dRes rom iberebi ewodebaT (georgika, 1961, gv.34); leon gramatikosi (XI): "... Tobelisgan - Tobelebi, axlan-deli iberebi, mesoxisgan - mesxenebi, axlandeli kabadokielebi" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1983, gv.49)... Sdr., giorgi singelozi (VIII-IX): Tobelisagan warmodgnen Tetalielebi, xolo mosoxisgan - iliri-elebi (georgika, 1941, 61-62)... Cveni azriT, kvlevis am etapze upa-suxoa kiTxva: Tabalebi indoevropuli tomia Tu qarTvelur-kav-kasiuri?

tibarenebi/tibareni - hekata~os miletelis (Zv.w. 549-472) mi-


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xedviT, tibarebi cxovrobdnen Tanamedrove ordus midamoebSi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1978, gv.44). herodotes (Zv.w. 484 -425 ) cnobiT, me-fe dariosisgan (524-485) "mosxebs, tibarenebs, makronebs, mosi-no~kebsa da marebs Sewerili hqondaT 300 talanti" (herodote, 1975, gv.226).

qsenofontem (Zv.w. IV s.) tibarenebi naxa mosinoikebs damorCi-lebuli xaldebis mezoblad, Savi zRvis sanapiroze; misi rwmune-biTac tibarenebis qveyanaSi iyo elinTa axalSeni kotiora/ordu

(T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.106-107). fsevdo-skilaqsi tibarenebs mosini-kebis mezoblad asaxelebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv. 84-85).

apoloniosi (Zv.w. 295-215) tibarenTa qveyanas aTavsebs xalibe-bis (/xaldebis) CrdiloeTiT (a.rodoseli, 1975, gv.107).

strabonis mixedviT, tibarenebi trapezuntisa da farnakiis zemoT cxovroben, xald-xalibebsa da sanebTan erTad (aqvea mosxu-ri mTebi, romlebic kolxidis zemoT mdebareoben (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv. 146).

diodore sicilieli (Zv.w. I s.) tibarenebs asaxelebs mosvino-ikebis Semdeg: karduxebi, armenielebi, xaebi (e.i. taoxebi - T.yaux-CiSvili), fasianebi, xaldebi, skitinebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mo-svinoikebi, tibarenebi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.124).

macxovris wyalobiT velurobidan gamosul tomTa Soris asaxeleben tibarenebs evsevi kesarieli (260-340 ) da Teodorite kvireli (393-457 ).

Savi zRvis sanapiroebis aRweris dros amiane marceline (IV s.) wers: mdinare halisis auzSi cxovroben: xalibebi (strabo-nis azriT, igive qaldeebi, romlebmac pirvelad moipoves da daa-muSaves rkina), bizerebi, sapirebi, tibarenebi, mosinikebi, makro-nebi... "romlebic CvenTvis sruliad ucnobni arian" (georgika, 1961, gv.110-111). stefane bizantielis mixedviT, qveyana tibarenia aris pontoSi, xalibebisa da mosinikebis mezoblad (georgika, 1936, gv.285)...

berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi arsadaa miTiTebuli, rom tiba-renebi da iberebi erTi da igive xalxia; i. javaxiSvilisa da s. jana-


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Sias kvlevebis Semdeg tibarebisa da iberebis igiveoba qarTul

samecniero literaturaSi sayovelTaod miRebulia; Cven SesaZ-leblad migvaCnia tiber-en-/tibar- da iber- fuZeebis saerTo

warmomavlobis daSvebac (tiber-/hiber-/iber-?) da am tomTa naTes-aobac (da ara igiveoba): aSkaraa, rom tibarenebic da iberebic

qarTvelur tomTa gansaxlebis velSi cxovroben da isini qarTve-lur tomebad unda miviCnioT.

saspe~rebi, svispiritebi, iberebi (iberia/kavkasiis ibe-

ria) - herodotes mixedviT, saspe~rebi cxovrobdnen kolxidasa da midias Soris:

"kolxididan midiaSi gadasasvleli didi araa, mxolod erTi tomia am qveynebs Soris, esaa saspeirebis tomi" (herodote, 1975, gv.76). ramdenadac herodotesTan saerTod araa naxsenebi iberebi, specialistebi varaudoben, rom saspe~rebi igive hiberebi/ibere-bi arian (i.javaxiSvili, s.janaSia...). herodotesTanve saspeirebi, matienebi (miTanelebi) da alarodielebi (urartuelebi) gver-digverd moixsenieba; Sdr., tomTa meore jgufi: mosxebi, tibarene-bi, makronebi, mosino~kebi da marebi (ix. iqve, gv.227)... es cnobebi xels SeuSlis hiberebis, tibarenebisa da saspeirebis identifika-cias; tibarenebi da saspeirebi aSkarad sxvadasxva qarTveluri tomia, xolo saspe~rebisa da iberebis igiveobis daSveba SesaZ-lebelia; ix., mag., s.janaSia:

saspe~rebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria romaul xanaSi sispi-ritad iwodeboda; igi moicavda iberia-qarTlis samefos teri-toriasac; mxolod, misi politikuri centri mcxeTa-armazis rai-onis samxreTiT aris saZiebeli. saspe~r-iberebi cxovrobdnen araqsis xeobaSi, Woroxis xeobis zemoTa nawilSic da evfratis sa-TaveebSic (s. janaSia, 1952, gv.21, 101; msjeloba ix., agreTve, qvemoT).

Sdr., qsenofontes mier dasaxelebul hesperitebsa da stra-bonis svispiritebs saspeirebTan akavSirebda p.ingoroyva (p.ingo-royva, 1957, gv.506-507; ix., agreTve, T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.145-146; g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv.133-134).


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g.meliqiSvilis azriT, saspe~rebi igive taoxebi arian (g.me-liqiSvili, 1959, gv.268), T.miqelaZisa da v.liCelis azriT ki, da-savlur-qarTuli, kerZod, megrul-Wanuri enis mqone eTnikuri jgufia (T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.129; v.liCeli, 2001, gv.23); aqve aRvniS-navT, rom v.liCelis azriT, saspe~ritebs unda SeeqmnaT "proto-qarTuli aso-niSnebi", romlebic Zv.w. IV saukuneSi Sevida kolxeTsa da iberiaSi (iqve, gv.19-25).

istoriuli dokumentebidan aSkarad Cans, rom saspe~re-bi/svispiritebi karduxebisa da taoxebis mezoblad cxovroben; Sdr., qsenofontes cnobiT, hesperitebi/esperitebi fasianTa me-zoblebi arian da orives erTi mmarTveli - tibarizi hyavT (T. mi-qelaZe, 1955, gv. 24-27); hesperitebi berZnuli Hespera-s mixedviT

warmoqmnili warmomavlobis saxeli Cans da dasavleT armeniis mosaxleobas aRniSnavs (g. qavTaraZe, 1985, gv. 132).

vfiqrobT, istoriuli toponimebic (tao da speri/ispiri) cxadyofen taoxebisa da sperebis cal-calke arsebobas; SeuZ-

lebelia sperebis metyvelebis gamocxadeba lazur-megrulad,

ramdenadac, pirvel rigSi, dasasabuTebelia, saerTod iyo Tu

ara am dros megrul-Wanuri; meorec, Tuki kolxuri tomebi

mxolod megrul-Wanurad molaparake mosaxleobis winaprebia

da herodotes mier dasaxelebuli meore didi xalxic - saspei-

rebic megrul-Wanurad metyveleben, kavkasiasa da wina aziaSi

sxva qarTveluri tomebis adgili saerTod aRar gvrCeba (hero-dote: zRvidan zRvamde cxovroben: sparselebi, midielebi, sa-spe~rebi, kolxebi)...

saspeirebis gviandel saxelad, savaraudoa, ganzogadda

termini iberebi, romelic adre erTi patara tomis saxeli un-

da yofiliyo. Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis istorikos megasTenes "indikas" mixed-

viT, nabuqodonosor II (Zv.w. 605-562) iberebi pirineidan ayara da pontos marjvniv daasaxla; savaraudoa, am SemTxvevaSic "iberebSi" kolxebic igulisxmebian. strabonis cnobiT (XI,2,18), iberebi cxovroben kavkasionidan vidre armeniamde da kolxidamde (ibere-


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bis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT); iberiaSi aris patara qalaqi friqsipolo-si, gviandeli idesa anu oZrxe.

sayuradReboa termin iberias sparsuli variantebi: Zv.w. III saukuneSi Zvel sparsulad (parTulad) saqarTvelo

(iveria) ixsenieba rogorc virSan/virCan, xolo saSual sparsul-Si - v.ruCKn; Sdr., Sapur I samenovan warweraSi sparsulis parale-lur berZnul teqstSi gvaqvs - iberias (g.wereTeli, 1993, gv.98).

strabonis azriT, iberebis monaTesaveni arian aRmosavleT sa-qarTvelos mTianeTis mkvidri sarmatebi da skviTebi (T.yauxCiS-vili, 1976, gv.145-149); Sdr., amave periodSi berZnebi werdnen, rom mosxebis qveynis erTi nawili aqvs iberebs.

strabonis (da miTridates istorikosebis) Semdeg ucxouri

wyaroebi dRevandel aRmosavleT da istoriul samxreT-aRmosav-leT saqarTvelos, ZiriTadad, iberiis/iveriis saxeliT (an misi fonetikuri variantebiT) moixsenieben; amave periodidan dasav-leTi da istoriul samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo lazikad

iwodeba. istoriuli, Tundac farnavazisdroindeli qarTlis

amgvari danawevrebis safuZvelia sparseTisa da romis mier sa-

qarTvelos ganawileba da ara sakuTriv qarTuli realoba.

Cveni azriT, welTaRricxvaTa mijnidan terminebi: iberia/ibe-rebi da lazika/lazebi bizantiur wyaroebSi politikuri viTa-rebis amsaxveli iyo da ara eTnikuri sinamdvilisa; Sdr.:

ioseb flaviusisTvis bibliuri Tobelis (Tovilis) kuTvni-li teritoria aris iberia/iviri; klavdios ptolemaiosi (100-178

) ki iberiis sazRvrebs ase warmoadgens: CrdiloeTiT sarmartia, dasavleTiT - kolxida (suramis qe-

di), samxreTiT - didi armenia, aRmosavleTiT - albania (T.yauxCiS-vili, 1976, gv.149).

apianes (90-170) cnobiT, iberebma 70 000 kaci daaxvedres pompe-uss mtkvarTan (apiane, 1959, gv.199). dionisios periegetis (II s.) "msoflios aRwerilobaSi" Tanamedrove Woroxis Crdilo-aRmo-savleTiT kaspiisa da Sav zRvebs Soris arsebul yelSi cxovroben aRmosavleTis iberebi; Sdr., misi rwmeniT, henioxebi da Zigiebi pe-


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lazgebis Camomavlebi arian, xolo kolxebi - egviptelebis (T.ya-uxCiSvili, 1967, gv.149-151). Sdr., sokrate sqolastikosi (380-440): "es iberebi cxovroben evqsinis pontosTan; eseni gamosulebi ari-an ispaniis iberTagan" (georgika, 1961, gv.229-230); Sdr., agreTve, stefane bizantieli: "iberia oria, erTi herakles svetebTan, mdi-nare iberisagan atarebs saxels; mas ixseniebs apolodore... meore iberia sparselebis gverdiTaa. eTnikuria iberebi, rogorc piere-bi, bizerebi" (georgika, 1936, gv.278-279).

ipolite romaeli (III s.) iberebs aTavsebs kabadokielTa gada-Rma, marjvena mxares:

"marjvena mxareebSi cxovroben armenielebi, iberebi da berane-bi, xolo marcxena mxareebSi, skviTebi, kolxebi da bosporelebi" (georgika, 1961, gv.19). Sdr., gelasi kesarieli (IV s.): "imave xaneb-Si RmerTis cneba miiRes pontos gaswvriv mdebare miwa-wyalze mcxovrebma iberebma da lazebma, romelTac RmerTi ar swamdaT" (georgika, 1961, gv.186). iberiis amgvar mdebareobas adasturebs epifane kvipreli (314-403 ), Temistiosi (317-338 ), evsevi kesarieli (260-340 ), armenieli agaTangelosi (IV s.), amiane marceline (IV s.), eremia sozomene (V s.), rufinusi (V s.), Teodorite kvireli (393-458 ), menandre protiqtori (VI ), giorgi amartoli (IX s.).

gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa nikifore qsanTopulosis (XIII-XIV s.) cnoba, romelic iberiad miiCnevs dasavleT saqarTvelos nawilsac:

"im mxareSi, sadac aris didi sebastopolisi, afsaris cixe, pi-sis navsadguri da mdinare fazisi, mosaxleoben iberielebi, suse-bi, fustelebi da alanebi"; Sdr., agreTve: "xolo igi andria wamo-vida amisodan da movida trapezuntSi, lazikas qalaqSi... iqidan wamovida da SeCerda iberiaSi; mas Semdeg, rac man zRvis piras mcxovrebni mravalni gananaTla, is Cavida ierusalimSi" (georgika, 1967, gv.113-114); aqvea s.yauxCiSvilis Semdegi komentari:

"amrigad, dadgenilad unda CaiTvalos, rom uaRresad Semcda-ria dRemde moqmedi Teoria dasavleT saqarTvelos eTnikuri Se-madgenlobis Sesaxeb: dasavleT saqarTvelo dasaxlebuli iyo ara marto megrul-Wanuri tomebiT, aramed iberebiTac (gv.117). Sdr.,


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agreTve, laonike xalkokondile (XV s.): iberia gadaWimulia eg-reTwodebul baTumidan da mdinare fazisidan vidre axalcixe-

mde; istorikosis azriT, iberiaSi Sedis samegreloc, guriac...

(georgika, 1970, gv.91). sayuradReboa kidev ori cnobac: strabonTan damowmebuli

gadmocemiT (straboni, 1964, gv. 473: XI, II, 19; T.yauxCiSvili, 1957, gv. 126; Sdr., miuSenkos Targmani: straboni, 1879, gv. 507), oqros sawmisi aRmosavleTis iberTa qveyanaSi, kerZod, svanTa

mxareSia; xolo dedis mxridan abazguri (megrul-Wanuri? - t.f.) warmomavlobis iovane ceces azriT, iberebis tomisani arian abazgebic (georgika, 1967, gv.23).

Tuki verwmunebiT samecniero literaturaSi arsebul mtki-cebebs (ix.: i. javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.23; i. javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.18; s.ja-naSia, 1959, gv.48) da davuSvebT, rom Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi mo-xseniebuli qarTuli provincia speri/ispiri (Sdr., "qarTlis cxovreba": mdinare speri - Woroxi; speris zRva - Savi zRva), hero-dotes mier naxsenebi Temonimi saspe~rebi, qoronimi iberia da sa-qarTvelos sparsuli saxelwodeba virSan/virCan saerTo warmo-mavlobis fuZeebia, maSin iberiis qarTul variantad da, saerTod, warmodgenil variantTa amosaval saxed unda davsaxoT swored

speri (Sdr., speri/ispiri Woroxis erT-erTi saxelia; s.janaSia, 1952, gv.274). SesaZloa, drois garkveul monakveTSi, mezoblebma speri - erTi qarTuli mxaris/tomis saxeli - ganazogades qar-TvelTa zogad saxelad.

warmodgenil analizs mxars dauWers sper-, iber- ber-, ver-... formebis fonetikur variantebad miCnevis SesaZleblobac; ker-Zod: logikuri sqemis mixedviT, sper- fuZisgan kanonzomierad

qarTulSive SeiZleboda migveRo, erTi mxriv: sper > ~per > ~ber/iber (s > ~ > i, s > ~s/~h da s > h > 0 proce-

sebi bunebrivia qarTveluri dialeqtebisaTvis), meore mxriv: sper > hper > hber > ber/Eer/ver/vir; Sdr.: sparsul-somxuri variantebi: veria/virqi/vrkan/vir-

qan/EaruCan, gurgan, gurC/gurj (aqedan ki, aziuri Tu evropuli


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sxva variantebi: georgia, jeorjia, gurjistan, gruzia; Sdr., agreT-ve: arabuli wyaroebis jurzaani/jurjaani da saqarTvelos erTi qalaqis, raionis saxeli - gurjaani).

Sdr., g.wereTlis (1993) mixedviT, qarTvelTa sparsul-somxu-ri saxeli momdinareobs saerToindoevropuli fuZidan, romel-sac Zvel sparsulSi Seesabameboda vrka > virSan > varuC > gurCan > gurgan > gurj; aqedanaa nawarmoebi arabuli, siriuli, rusuli, inglisuri da sxva variantebic).

sper- > ber- > ver-/vir- gzis daSvebis SemTxvevaSi naTeli ga-xdeba somxur vir-q formaSi -q segmentis arsi:

somxuri -q momdinare Cans kavkasiur-winaaziuri enobriv vel-Si gavrcelebuli -x- morfemidan, romelic krebiToba-warmomav-loba-mravlobiTobas gamoxatavda; Sesabamisad, vir-q-i, Sdr.: ib-er-n-i, iber-eb-i. somxuri formis amgvar warmomavlobas cxadyofs somxurSive dadasturebuli veria formac, romelic jer kidev fsevdo movses xorenecis geografiis mokle redaqciaSi dastur-deba.

SeniSvna: patriarq nikonis matianeSi saqarTvelos aRsaniSnavad er-Tdroulad sxva sami terminia gamoyenebuli: kolexkia/kolox, iveri da gurzi (g.paiWaZe, 1993). sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom evropaSi saqarTvelos saxelad adridanve icodnen berZnul-laTinuri (dasav-luri) warmomavlobis kolxidac, mosoxic, iberia (ix., mag., g.zedgini-Ze, 1993), magram, saboloo jamSi, evropaSic da ruseTSic saqarTvelos saxelwodebad damkvidrda sparsul-arabuli (aRmosavluri) varianti gurj/jurj/georg- fuZis saxiT.

sapirebi - sapirebs/sabirebs Suagul pontos mcxovreblebad

Tvlis stefane bizantieli (georgika, 1936, gv.284); Sdr., apoloni-os rodoselis mixedviT, sapirebsa da kolxebs Soris mosaxle tomia biZerebi (ap. rodoseli, 1975, gv.91); sapirebic igive sa-spe~rebis modgmisani Canan.

quTebi, koitebi/kvitebi - "anabasisis" dasasruls qsenofon-te CamoTvlis im qveynebis mmarTvelebs, romlebic berZenma molaS-qreebma gaiares; aqve asaxelebs im xalxebsac, romlebic Tavisu-


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falni arian; maT Sorisaa ko~tebi: "karduxebi, xalibebi, xaldebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosinike-

bi, ko~tebi da tibarenebi damoukidebelni arian" (qsenofonte, 1967, gv.115).

pliniusi ko~tebis toms savromatebis siaxloves asaxelebs. m.maqsimova ki maT mcireaziel xalxad Tvlis.

T.yauxCiSvili am xalxs qarTuli modgmisad miiCnevs da mis sa-xelad aRadgens quT-/kvit- fuZes, romlisganac miRebulad miaCnia quTaisis saxelic (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.58-59).

sayuradReboa, rom mogzaurobis aRwerisas qsenofonte ko~tebis Sesaxeb arafers ambobs, magram mosinoikebsa da tiba-renebs Soris asaxelebs erT toms, romelic berZnebisadmi megob-rulad ganwyobilia; maTac xalibebs uwodebs (Sdr.: manamde qse-nofontes jarma gamoiara berZenTa mimarT mtrulad ganwyobili, taoxebis mezobeli xalibebis qveyana). SesaZloa, qsenofontes (an mis romelime redaqtors) morCil-megobruli "xalibebi" da ko~tebi erTmaneTSi aeria...

aseve, ver gamoiricxeba, rom ko~tebis aRmniSvnel saxelTan iyos dakavSirebuli amave teritoriaze arsebuli qalaqi kotio-ra (gviandeli ordu). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom quTaisis saxelis yve-la variantis morfologiuri analizi (gansakuTrebiT svanuri quT@S << *quTa-Si << *quTa-iS-i) mxars uWers toponimis fuZed

quTa-s (berZnuli formiT: kota/ko~ta) ganxilvas (ix. qvemoT). p.ingoroyvas azriT, SemTxveviTad ar unda CaiTvalos is gare-

moeba, rom erTmaneTs emTxveva jiqeTSi mdebare "Zveli lazikis" Temis saxelwodeba (quTasi/qoTaSi) da amJamindeli qalaqis - qu-Taisis - saxeli.

vfiqrobT, ko~tebi formisTvis amosavalia *quTebi; Sdr.: VI saukunis moRvawis - prokopi kesarielis - cnobiT, Zvelad quTaiss ko~taioni erqva); Sdr.: m.inaZis mixedviT, quT- fuZiani saxeli kolxTa miwas, mxares aRniSnavda (m.inaZe, 1994, gv.64).

warmodgenili quT- fuZe SeiZleba gacilebiT Zveli droidan momdinareobdes, kerZod, Seusabamoba ar iqneba, Tuki davuSvebT


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varauds, rom quT- fuZe Zveli xaTebis aRmniSvneli saxelis fone-tikuri varianti iyos: xaT-/qaT- > quT- (Sdr.: *mas-x- /mosx-/musx-...) sakiTxs Semdgomi kvleva esaWiroeba.

marebi - hekata~os miletelTan (Zv.w. 549-472) dasturdeba ma-rebis tomi; marebi cxovroben makronebsa da mosino~kebs Soris trapizon-kerasuntis regionSi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1972, gv.44); Sdr., g. meliqiSvili: "marebi cxovrobdnen samxreT-aRmosavleT Savi-zRvispireTSi, CrdiloeT anatoliis mTebSi" (g.meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.414). herodotes mixedviT, marebsa da kolxebs erTi meTau-ri hyavdaT (herodote, 1975, gv.435).

beqe~rebi - pirvelad hekata~os miletelTan (Zv.w. 549-472) vxvdebiT beqe~rebsac; beqe~rebi saxloben xoiebs (taoxebs?) da diZerebs Soris rizes raionSi; beqeirebs icnobs fsevdo-skilaq-sic (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43-44, 81-86), dionisios periegetic

(III s.) da mravali sxva.

haliZonebi, xalibebi da xaldebi/qaldebi - haliZonebis

tomi dasturdeba homerosTan; maTi qveyana alibe Savi zRvis sa-mxreT-aRmosavleT sanapirozea sagulvebeli. strabonis azriT, homerosis haliZonebi, xalibebi da qaldebi (romlebic cxovro-ben trapizontisa da farnakiis zemoT), erTi da igive xalxia (XII, 3,19-24). es azri gaziarebulia Tanamedrove mecnierebaSic (ix., mag., T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.34-35).

antikur wyaroebSi xalibebi kolxur tomadaa miCneuli (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix., r.gordeziani, 1966, gv.267); aRsaniS-navia isic, rom xalibebi/haliZonebi gaigivebuli aqvs stefane bi-zantielsac (georgika, 1936, gv.288); es tomebi rkinis (liTonis)

damuSavebis pionerebad miiCnevian.

varaudoben, rom urartul wyaroebSi moxseniebuli didi ga-erTianeba xalitu xalibTa tomebis saxelmwifo iyo (i.diakonovi, 1952, gv.111; T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.109). xalibebi gaigivebulni arian xaldebTan; xalibebs mogvianebiT Wanebad ixsenieben; mivyveT is-toriul cnobebs qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT:

homerosi (Zv.w. VIII s.): "haliZonebi epistrofoss, odios mo-


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hyvnen vercxlis Soreul sabadodan - alibes mxridan" (homerosi, 1975, gv.95). tibarenebis mezoblad asaxeleben xalibebs hekata~os mileteli (Zv.w. VI s.) da fsevdo-skilaqsi (Zv.w. IV s.). herodotes mixedviT, xalibebi cxovroben mcire aziis Crdilo sanapiroze mi-siebs, mariandinebsa da paflagonelebs Soris (herodote, 1975, gv.45, 660).

qsenofonte (Zv.w. IV), strabonisgan gansxvavebiT, xalibebsa da xaldebs sxvadasxva tomebad miiCnevs, kerZod: berZenma moqirav-neebma jer mZime brZolebiT gaiares karduxebis qveyana, Semdeg maT

vanis tbis mezoblad mcxovrebi xaldebi Sexvdnen, Semdeg aseve mZime brZolebiT gaiares taoxebisa da xalibebis qveynebi da Sem-deg, kerasuntsa da ordus Soris isev Sexvdnen mosino~kebs da-morCilebul da berZnebisadmi keTilganwyobil xalibebs (wyaro-ebisa da msjelobisaTvis ix. T.miqelaZe, 1967).

Sdr., straboni: "xaldebi Zvelad xalibebad iwodebodnen" XI, 14,12; XII, 3,12).

qsenofonte, rogorc TviTmxilveli, bevrad sarwmuno cno-bebs unda gvawvdides; amdenad, terminebis: xalibebisa da xalde-bis sinonimebad miCneva gaWirdeba (Sdr.: iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.419; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.147), miuxedavad imisa, rom konstan-tine porfirogeneti (912-959 ) xaldiis Temis dedaqalaqad trape-zunts asaxelebs (georgika, 1952, gv.300).

ufro logikuri Cans, vivaraudoT, rom xalibebi da xaldebi

ukve qsenofontes dros ori sxvadasxva, magram monaTesave qarTve-luri tomia; ar aris gamoricxuli, rom maTi saxelebi erTi si-tyvis variantebi iyos; amosavali fuZe xal-/hal- sagulvebelia toponim xanZTaSi (< xald-Ta) da mdinare halisis saxelSic; xal-d-, hal-is- da xal-ib- formebSi qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros gareT sakvlevi darCeba mxolod -ib- sufiqsis sakiTxi, Tuki gamo-iricxeba, rom -ib ar momdinareobs qarTveluri -eb- krebiToba-mravlobiTobis sufiqsisgan (*xal-eb-i > xalibi); Sdr.: xal-d-/qal-d- fuZeSi -d-/-ad- warmomavloba-kuTvnilebiToba-krebiTo-bis iseTive mawarmoebeli SeiZleba iyos, rogorc -l-/-al-/-el-, -n-/-an-/-en-, -s-/-is-/-es- da sxv. Sdr., agreTve: xar- (xari) fuZe da xal-


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di/qarTu - mamrobiTi RvTaeba (fuZeTa mimarTeba sakvlevia). xaldebi/qaldebi cxovrobdnen vanis tbis midamoebSic; urar-

tus dacemis Semdeg am teritoriis nawili daipyres mosulma arme-nebma. rogorc Cans, am periodidan xalibTa centri gadmodis Savi-zRvispireTSi.

xalibebs iafetis STamomaval tomad miiCnevs berZnuli tradi-cia (ix., mag., georgika, 1961, gv.13). xalibebs meomar da rkinis dama-muSavebel xalxad Tvlian apolonios rodoseli, straboni, dioni-sios periegeti (II s.), amiane marceline (IV s.) da mravali sxva.

sayuradReboa kidev erTi garemoeba: ioane ceces azriT, skviTuri warmoSobis xalibebis tomi

cxovrobs trapizuntTan Zalian axlos; maTTan moipoveba saukeTe-so rkina (georgika, 1976, gv.27-37). aSkaraa, rom termini skviTebi

am SemTxvevaSi an qarTvelur-kavkasiur tomebs miemarTeba, an ucxo

tomTa zogadi saxelia (Sdr.: barbarosi); ramdenadac romaul-bi-zantiur wyaroebSi skviTebad ixseniebian kolxebic, monRolebic, TaTrebic, xvarazmelebic. logikuria samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli varaudi, rom skviTebi zogadi terminia, magram gamoi-yeneba ara saerTod araberZenTa, aramed, mocemul konteqstSi, ucnob tomTa aRsaniSnavad.

Cans, mogvianebiT, zog ucxour wyaroSi terminebi: xaldebi

da xaldia ganzogadda qarTvelur tomTa erTi jgufis aRsaniSna-vad; ix., mag., ioseb genesiosi (X s.): "Semdeg Seqmna saxelganTqmuli saerTo jari agarianTa, indTa, egviptelTa, asirielTa, midielTa, abazgTa, jiqTa, iberTa, kabirTa, slavTa, hunTa, vandalTa da get-Tagan da yvela imaTgan, vinc manis mwvaleblobas iziarebda, ag-reTve lazTa da alanTagan, xaldTa da armenielTagan da yovel-gvar sxva tomTagan Seqmna jari da mTel aRmosavleTSi gabatonda".

Sdr., iovane sabanisZe: afxazeTSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi) Sedis SavizRvispireTi qaldiis qalaq trapizuntidan nikofsia-mde: "...sazRvar ars zRva~ igi ponto~sa~, samkAdrebeli yovladve qristianeTa~, misazRvramde qaldia~sa, trapezuntia~ mun ars, sayofeli igi afsarea~sa~ da nafsa~s (e.i. nikofsiis) navTsadgu-ri..." (qarTuli proza, I, gv.128-129); ix., agreTve: georgika, 1952,


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gv.232 da georgika, 1966, gv.111 (s.yauxCiSvilis komentari anna kom-nenes cnobaze, sadac gaziarebulia azri, rom xaldebi lazur-Wa-nuri tomia).

SeniSvna: Zv.w. VIII saukunis epikosis - evmelos korinTelis "korinTia-kaSi" naTqvamia, rom heliosisa da antiopes vaJi aieti/aietesi iyo pe-

lazguri korinTos (imave efires) patroni; mas ar moswonda korin-To, amitom wavida kolxeTSi (Sdr., berZnuli TqmulebiT, iazonTan konfliqtis Semdeg Tavis mamiseul samemkvidreoSi - korinToSi - brundeba medea). kolxeTis mefe aietis pelazgur warmomavlobas adasturebs epimenidec; kolxebisa da pelazgebis naTesaobis sakiTxs specialistebic ndobiT ekidebian (ix.: ak. uruSaZe, 1964, gv.21-26; g. qavTaraZe, 1985, gv.31...). antikur wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, ak. uruSaZe askvnis: berZnuli (indoevropuli) tomebis samxreT evropaSi Camosax-lebis periodSi pelazgi makriselebi-makronebi, sxva pelazguri tome-bis msgavsad, egeosis zRvis raionidan ayrilan da aRmosavleTiT jer

marmarilos zRvis, Semdeg ki Savi zRvis sanapiroebisken gamoxiznulan da iq ZvelTaganve damkvidrebuli naTesavi tomebis mezoblad dabina-vebulan (ak. uruSaZe, 1964, gv.135); Sdr., ap. rodoseli: makriebi - to-mi pelazguri (ap. rodoseli, 1975, gv.70); Sdr., makrisi (evbei) kunZu-lia egeosis zRvaSi. ix., agreTve, r.gordeziani: haliZon-xalibebic, pe-lazgebis msgavsad, egeosis zRvis auzidan unda iyvnen gadmosaxlebul-ni. maT erTianobas troasTan, etyoba, haliZonTa da egeosur tomTa Soris arsebuli xangrZlivi kavSiri gansazRvravda (r. gordeziani, 1970, gv.168). makriselebi-makronebi, haliZon-xalibebi, henioxebi

(Sdr., dionios periegeti: henioxebi da zigiebi - pelasgidebis qveynis Svilebi) da sxva qarTveluri tomebi odiTganve mkvidrad Canan mcire aziaSi (ara mxolod Savi zRvis gaswvriv!), amdenad, Cveni azriT, pelaz-gur tomebTan erTianoba-siaxlove Sepirobebulia ara egeosis zRvi-dan qarTvelur tomTa gadmosaxlebiT (Tumca tomTa erTi nawilis mi-gracia, SesaZloa, marTlac moxda!), aramed pelazgur da qarTvelur

tomTa saerTo warmomavlobiT. am konteqstSi ufro logikuri gaxde-ba s. yauxCiSvilis mier aRniSnuli faqtis komentireba: kolxur-kavka-siuri xalxebis monaTesave troelebma elene moitaces adre gatacebu-li kolxi medeas sanacvlod (Sdr., r.gordeziani, 1970, gv.168).

mosino~kebi, massini/mossinebi/mossvini, heptakometebi - he-kata~os miletelis Tanaxmad, mosino~kebi cxovroben kerasuntisa da farnakiis midamoebSi; qsenofontes cnobiT, mosino~kebis qve-


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yana iyo mTagoriani, magram maT zRvac hqondaT; mosino~kebis me-zoblebi aRmosavleTiT iyvnen kolxebi da drilebi, dasavleTiT - maTive qveSevrdomebi, xalibebi (T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.97, 103-105; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43, 58). mosino~kebs asaxelebs herodote (Zv.w. V s.), fsevdo-skilaqsi (Zv.w. IV s.), evdoqse rodoseli (Zv.w. III s.), apoloniosi (Zv.w. III s.), fsevdo skimnos qioseli (Zv.w. II s.), diodore sicilieli (Zv.w. I s.), dionios periegeti (II s.), epi-fane kvipreli (314-403), amiane marceline (IV s.), stefane bizan-tieli (IV-VII s.)...

mosino~kebze vrclad msjelobs straboni; misi azriT, xalibe-bis mezoblebi - heptakometebi cxovroben xis koSkebSi, amitom maT Zvelad mossvinikebs eZaxdnen (msjelobisaTvis ix.: iv.javaxiSvi-li, 1960, gv.419; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.146).

berZeni da romaeli avtorebis rwmeniT, mosino~kebis saxeli momdinareobs berZnuli mossun "xis koSki" da oikos "saxli" saxe-lebisgan.

iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, "mossviniki" aris qarTveluri warmo-mavlobis sityva: mo-/ma- TavsarTia, ssvin- igivea, rac Wan- (WaneTi) fuZe, xolo -i-k- aris mravlobiTobis -x- sufiqsis refleqsi (iv. javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.25; iv. javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.405; ix., agreTve, T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv. 56, 133, 146; aqve ix. msjeloba muSvan- da mo-svin- fuZeebis SesaZlo kavSiris Sesaxeb). iv.javaxiSvilis msjelo-bas agrZelebs s.janaSia (1959, gv. 31, 60); misi azriT, sanig- fuZe amosavalia mosinik- fuZisaTvis; am ukanasknelSi gamoiyofa ma-/me-/mo-/mu- saerToqarTveluri prefiqsi (Srd. svanuri dialeqtebis mu-/mH-), sin-/san- Ziri da -ik- sufiqsi. q. lomTaTiZe, iziarebs ra amgvar analizs, damatebiT argumentad warmoadgens qarTvelur

enobriv arealSi s-s gavleniT g-s k-d gamkveTrebis logikurobas (q. lomTaTiZe, 2000).

saxelwodebis fuZis (san-) qarTulobis garda, niSandobli-via, rom mosino~kebi qarTveluri warmomavlobis xaldebsa da kolxebs Soris mtrobis gareSe cxovroben (Sdr. karduxebisa da armenebis mZime Tanaarseboba). sayuradReboa isic, rom strabonis dros am adgilebSi xalibebi Canan (iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.419).


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sakmarisi safuZveli gvaqvs, vivaraudoT: mosinikebic qarTve-lur-kavkasiuri modgmis tomia.

diZerebi, biZerebi/bizerebi, buzerebi - hekata~os mile-telTan (549-472) dadasturebuli diZerebi cxovroben mdinare Woroxis samxreTiT, daaxloebiT mdinare orxofidan mdinare ar-xavemde (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.44). qsenofonte biZerebs saerTod

ar axsenebs, xolo iq, sadac man kolxebi naxa (trapezunt-kerasun-tis midamoebi), 50 wlis Semdeg fsevdo-skilaqsi aRwers biZerebis toms, romlebic kolxTa uSualo mezoblebi arian; T.yauxCiSvi-lis azriT, am cnobaTa gansxvavebuloba Sepirobebulia imiT, rom qsenofontes dros kolxebis saxeli aerTianebda iq mcxovreb wvril-wvril tomebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.81-84).

apolonios rodoseli biZerebs sapirebsa da kolxebs Soris mosaxle tomad miiCnevs (ap. rodoseli, 1975, gv.91); straboni maT

heptakomebi-mosinikebis gverdiT aTavsebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.146); dionios periegetTan (II s.) biZerebi beqirebisa da makro-nebis mezoblebi arian (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.92). V saukunis ano-nimi avtori bizerebs aTavsebs afsaris wylidan vidre arqabamde (georgika, 1965, gv.3).

T.yauxCiSvilis sayuradRebo SeniSvniT, biZerebis saxelTan SeiZleba iyos dakavSirebuli toponimi viwe; Sdr., g. meliqiSvi-ls am terminis danaSTad miaCnia saqarTvelos erT-erTi istoriu-li olqis saxeli oZrxe (g. meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.382). Cven SesaZleblad migvaCnia viw- da biZ- fuZeebis kavSiri: biZ-er-; -er-/-ar- qarTveluri krebiTobis sufiqsia; Semdgom dakvirvebas saWiroebs biz-/biZ-, bas-/fas- (fas-ian-i) fuZeTa mimarTeba.

biZerebis qarTvelur-kolxuri warmomavloba sadavo ar

Cans. Cveni azriT, am da sxva SemTxvevebSic sakamaToa drois mo-cemul monakveTSi arsebuli yvela tomis (xalibebis, tibarene-bis, mosvinikebis, drilebis...) metyvelebis miCneva sakuTriv la-zur-Wanurad (Sdr., mag., iv. javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.423). vfiqrobT, ufro marTebuli iqneba iTqvas, rom es tomebi laparakob-dnen Zvel qarTvelur dialeqtebze, romelTa didi nawili


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saerTod daikarga, nawili ki sxvadasxva plastebis saxiT Semo-rCenilia Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtebSi (megrul-Wa-nurSi, svanurSi, mesxurSi, maWaxlurSi, taourSi da a.S.).

Zidritebi - arianes mixedviT, "makronebisa da henioxebis me-

zoblebi Zidritebi arian, eseni farsmanis qveSevrdomebi arian" (berZeni mwerlebi... 1983, gv.158). Zidritebi pritanididan (fur-tun-su) afsarosamde cxovrobdnen (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100); n.lomouris azriT, Zidritebs eWiraT dRevandeli aWaris teri-toria (n.lomouri, 1968, gv.10).

arianes TxrobaSi farsmanis samflobelos Sav zRvamde ga-vrcobis aRiareba metyvelebs, rom farsmanis mier aRdgenili qar-Tli moicavda SavizRvispireTsac.

makrokefalebi, makronebi - hekata~os mileteli (549-472) makronebs asaxelebs diZerebsa da marebs Soris; misi azriT, makro-nebi cxovrobdnen trapezuntis raionSi.

herodotes (Zv.w. V) cnobiT, makronebi sirielebis mezoblebi arian. hipokratesTvis (460-356) cnobili makrokefalebi, igive mak-ronebi, cxovroben trapezuntisa da kerasuntis midamoebSi (T.ya-uxCiSvili, 1976, gv.63, 84).

qsenofonte (435-355) makronebs asaxelebs skviTinebsa da kol-xebs Soris; makronebi da kolxebi sxvadasxva xalxia: makronebi qse-nofontes berZen molaSqreebs exmarebian, kolxebi ki - ebrZvian; qsenofontesve cnobiT, termini makroni am tomis TviTsaxelwo-debaa (qsenofonte, 1967, gv.86-87).

herodotes cnobiT, makronebma kolxebisgan iswavles wina-dacveTa (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43, 52, 63; herodote, 1975, gv.156); Sdr., makronebi igive sanebi/Wanebi arian (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100); Sdr., agreTve, makronebs aigiveben Tanamedrove megreleb-Tan. egr- ZirTan akavSireben ptolemaiosis mier dadasturebul

ekritike fuZesac (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.55, 100)...

SeuZlebelia, makron- da ekritik- fuZeebiT nawarmoebi saxe-


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lebi erTsa da imave qarTvelur toms miemarTebodes erTsa da ima-ve enasa da droSi, miT umetes, makronebi trapizonSi cxovrob-dnen, imdroindeli egrisi/ekritikes qveyana ki rionsa da RaliZ-gas Suaa; Tumca, dasaSvebia am fuZeTa saerTo warmomavloba (oRond, ara rogorc e.w. qarTuli da zanuri variantebisa!). Tum-ca, TiTqosda, winaaRmdegobas qmnis is, rom sxva wyaroebis mixed-viT, Wanebi aSkarad kolxTa memkvidreni arian, aq ki makronebi, sa-nebi da kolxebi sxvadasxva tomia; faqti axsnadia: kolxi viwro ga-gebiT mxolod erT qarTvelur toms aRniSnavda, farTo gagebiT

ki bevr qarTvelur toms aerTianebda. Sdr., fsevdo-skilaqsi (Zv.w. IV s.): trapezunti makronebis

elinuri qalaqia; apolonios rodoseli (Zv.w. III s.): "filirebs zemoT makrone-

bia, makronebs iqeT beqirTa gvari, Semdeg sapirTa tomi, maT gver-diT - biZerebi da zemoT - meomar kolxTa tomebi" (1975, gv.90-91).

arianec sxvadasxva tomebad Tvlis makronebs, sanebs, kolxebs, sanigebs... (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.99).

dionios periegeti (II s.) makronebs e.w. pontoel tomebSi asa-xelebs: biZerebi, begirebi, makronebi, filirebi, mosinikebi, tiba-renebi, xalibebi; eseni cxovroben "evqsinis pontos sanapiroze, fasisidan dasavleTisken, vidre Trakiis srutemde"; T.yauxCiSvi-lis SeniSvniT, dionios periegetis azri efuZneba Zvel cnobebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.92).

makronebs asaxelebs amiane marcelinec (IV s.): "Savi zRvis na-pirze xalibebis Semdeg vrceli miwebi uWiravT... tibarenebs, mo-sinikebs, makronebs... xalxebs, romlebic CvenTvis sruliad ucnob-ni arian" (georgika, 1961, gv.111).

miuxedavad imisa, rom memnonsa da strabons makronebis gvian-del saxelad sanebi miaCniaT, ariane maT mainc gverdigverd asaxe-lebs, rogorc sxvadasxva tomebs:

trapezuntidan Zvel lazikamde (nikofsiamde) cxovrobdnen: kolxebi, sanebi, makronebi, henioxebi, Zidritebi, lazebi, afsile-bi, abaskebi, sanigebi, Zilqebi (ix. T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.99); Tavad

ariane sanebsa da Wanebs miiCnevs sinonimebad... es winaaRmdegobri-


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vi cnobebi, erTi mxriv, saTuos xdis makronebisa da san-Wanebis igiveobas, magram, meore mxriv, cxadyofs am tomTa naTesaobas.

V saukunis anonimi avtori, romelic arianes eyrdnoba, mak-ronebis nacvlad asaxelebs maqelonebs (georgika, 1965, gv.7-8): "Zveli aqeidan Zvel lazikamde da mdinare aqeuntamde (soWis mida-moebSi) uwin cxovrobdnen tomebi: henioxebi, koraqsebi, kolikebi, melanxlenebi, maxelonebi, kolxebi da lazebi, axla ki cxovroben zixebi" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.130; aqve ix. agreTve: maxeron- da manral- fuZeebi); m.inaZis azriT, maxelonebi igive makronebia (m.inaZe, 1953, gv.231-233).

maxelon-/maqelon- da makron- fuZeebs Soris didi msgavsebaa da, Sesabamisad, mosalodnelia maTi meqanikuri damTxveva/aRre-vac, Tumca, SeiZleba vilaparakoT saxelTa fonetikur variantu-lobazec:

*ma-qar-on- _ ma-xel-on- _ ma-qr-on/ma-kr-on-: sayrdeni fuZea *kar-/qar-/kr-/xel- (Sdr.: qar-T-/kar-d-); ma- da

-on- qarTveluri afiqsebia; Sdr., agreTve, makrielebi: ma-kr-iel- (sqoliastis ganmartebiT, makrielebi makronebi arian; ap. rodo-seli, 1975, gv.70, 231).

fasianebi - amgvari saxelwodebis toms axsenebs qsenofonte (Zv. w. V_IV s.):

"...[strategosebi] movidnen qsenofontTan da uTxres, rom isini inanieben [yovelives]. amasTan, gamoTqves azri, rom umjobe-sia fasisisaken gacurva, raki xomaldebi aris, da fasianTa qveynis dapyroba. iq maSin aietis SviliSvili mefobda" (T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.113); teqstis TargmanisTvis Sdr., T.yauxCiSvili: paflagoniaSi myofi moqiravneebi amboben: "Cven gvaqvs xomaldebi, amitomac um-jobesia gavcuroT fasisisken da davipyroT fasianTa qveyana. iq ma-Sin aietis Camomavali mefobda" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1983, gv.125).

mdinaris saxelis mixedviT xalxis saxeldeba (an piriqiT!) ucxo ar aris berZnuli samyarosTvis. qsenofontesTan fasisi araqsia (sxvagan fasisi Woroxicaa, rionicaa)...


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Sdr., esqile "ganTavisuflebul promeTeosSi" evropisa da aziis sazRvrad fasiss Tvlis, xolo fasianebi taoxebis, xalibe-bis da hesperitebis (svispiritebis, saspeirebis) mezoblebi arian. fasianebs amave teritoriaze asaxelebs diodore sicilieli (Zv.w. I s.): karduxebi, armenielebi, xaebi (e.i. taoxebi), fasianebi, xal-debi, skotinebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosvinoikebi, tibarenebi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.124).

konstantine porfirogenetis (X s.) cnobebis mixedviT, araqsi fasisia, aqvea qarTuli (iberTa) provincia fasiani/basiani (geor-gika, 1952, gv.271-272).

logikuri Cans varaudi, rom araqs-fasisis regionSi arsebu-li Zveli termini fasianebi Semonaxuli iyos toponim basianis sa-xiT. T. miqelaZis azriT, fasiani eTnikur-geografiuli termi-

nia; misi mtkicebiT, erTi xalxi - fasianebi - cxovrobdnen araqsis

saTaveebidan kavkasionamde (T. miqelaZe, 1955, gv. 35). fas- Ziri Cans

amosavali -fsa (< fas-) morfologiuri erTeulisaTvis: su-fsa. Tuki fasianebs monaTesave tomTa ganzogadebul saxelad ar

CavTvliT, fasianTa sazRvrebis amgvari gansazRvra gaWirdeba (ama-ve periodSi araqsidan kavkasionamde aTze meti sxva tomi ivarau-deba!), magram sayuradReboa T.miqelaZis dakvirveba berZnul mi-TologiaSi kolxebis eTnarqosis - kolxis Sesaxeb; kerZod, eTnar-qi kolxi fasisis Svilad aris miCneuli, fasisi ki wylis RvTae-baa (T. miqelaZe, 1955, gv. 33-34). aq sainteresoa is, rom berZenTa cnobierebaSi wylis RvTaeba (Sesabamisad, mdinareebis aRmniSvne-li sityva) fasisi da kolxida (mxare mdinareebuxvi?) faqtobriv sinonimebadaa miCneuli, rac logikuria, magram, amis miuxedavad, ara gvaqvs safuZveli, rom Tundac qsenofontes dros araqsidan kavkasionamde arsebuli teritoria erTi qarTuli tomis - fasi-an-kolxebis - sacxovrisad gamovacxadoT; rogorc aRvniSneT, am regionSi gacilebiT meti qarTveluri tomi cxovrobs; mag., fsev-do-skilaqsis (Zv.w. IV s.) mixedviT: biZerebi, kolxebi, gelonebi, melanqla~nebi, kolebi, koraqsebi, henioxebi, aqa~ebi, toretebi, kerketebi... Tavad qsenofonte mxolod araqsisa da Woroxis xeo-


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baSi asaxelebs: taoxebs, xalibebs, skviTinebs; Sdr., araqsidan kav-kasionamde ariane (ax.w. II s): henioxebi, Zidritebi, lazebi, afsi-lebi, abaskebi, sanigebi, Zilqebi...

erTi ram faqtia: fasianebi da kolxebi sxvadasxva qarTvelur

tomTa saxelebia, romlebic drois garkveul monakveTebSi, sxva TemonimTa msgavsad, ganzogadebuli iyo qarTveluri modgmis xal-xis aRsaniSnavad.

melanqlainebi da gelonebi - melanqlainebis tomi pirvelad

saxeldeba hekata~os miletelTan; fsevdo-skilaqsi (Zv.w. IV s.) me-lanqlainebisa da gelonebis tomebs aTavsebs koraqsebs, kolebsa da kolxebs Soris; melanqlainebis qveyanaSi aris mdinareebi meta-sosisi da a~giposi.

T.yauxCiSvilis varaudiT, melanqlainebi da gelonebi cxov-robdnen koraqssa (bzifs) da dioskurias Soris (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.81-82; Sdr., n.lomouri, 1963, gv.22; Sdr., agreTve: miule-ris, tomaSekis, hermanis da kislingis pozicia; isini am tomTa sa-cxovriss dRevandel oCamCireSi aTavseben, T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.86). herodotec (Zv.w. V s.) icnobs melanqlainebsa da gelonebs; misi azriT, melanqlainebi arian araskviTuri modgmis xalxi; isi-ni Sav tanisamoss atareben, amitomac hqviaT maT es saxeli (hero-dote, 1975, gv.262-286).

ramdenadac, es ori tomi cxovrobda saqarTvelos istoriul

teritoriaze kolebsa da kolxebs Soris, bunebrivia msjeloba ma-Ti qarTveluri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb; sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevas iTxovs; Sdr.: herodotes "skviTeTSi" miCneulia, rom gelonebi warmoSobiT elinebi arian; Sdr.: olbieli berZnebi gelonebs bu-dinebs (cxovrobdnen donis Suawelze, savromatebis mezoblad) miakuTvneben (qse, t. III, gv.39).

ekeqe~rebi/ekxirielebi, ekriktike/ekreqtike - fsevdo-ski-

laqsis (Zv.w. IV s.) cnobebis mixedviT, ekeqe~rebi cxovrobdnen mdinareebs: arqabissa da ofiunts Soris; maTi sacxovrisi ivarau-deba aTinas (fazaris) regionSi; g.meliqiSvili amaT saxelwodebas


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ukavSirebda -egr- (egrisi) Zirs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.84). Sdr., V saukunis periplusSi daculi cnoba: "mdinare arqabidan moki-debuli vidre ofiuntis wylamde winaT cxovrobda egreT wode-buli ekxirielebis tomi (xolo amJamad cxovroben maqelonebi da henioxebi). afsaris wylidan vidre mdinare arqabemde winaT

cxovrobdnen egreT wodebuli bizirebi; amJamad cxovroben zid-ritebi" (georgika, 1965, gv.3).

aSkaraa, rom saqme gvaqvs dawerilobis mcdar wakiTxvasTan: ek-xirielebi da ekeqe~rebi erTi da igive xalxia; aqve gansaxilve-lia termini ekriktike, Tumca, ptolemaiosis mier damowmebuli ekriktikes qveyana aris rionis midamoebSi (amave termins imowme-ben pomponius mela, pliniusi...). warmodgenil sityvaTa, agreTve, makron-, maxeron- manral-, kerket-, kegritike- fuZeTa amosaval

formad ganixileba egr- Ziri (literaturisa da msjelobisaTvis ix. T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.233, 257); eger-/egir- fuZe marTlac Se-iZleba davsaxoT ekeqe~rebi /ekxirielebi /ekriktike /ekreqti-

ke sityvebis amosavlad, magram makron-, maxeron- da manral- fuZe-TaTvis amosavlad misi miCneva gaWirdeba.

henioxebi/henioqebi - Zveli wyaroebis mixedviT, henioxebi Sa-vi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT napirze cxovroben, xolo Sedare-biT axali, I-II saukuneebis cnobebis mixedviT ki, isini Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT napirze - rize-afsarosis regionSi Canan; kerZod:

fsevdo-skilaqsis (Zv.w. IV s.) cnobebis mixedviT, aqa~ebi da he-nioqebi Tanamedrove tuafsesa da gagras Soris unda vivaraudoT, saidanac, Semdgom, jiqebis dawolis gamo, isini samxreTiT gadaad-gildnen (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.83; T.yauxCiSvili, 1980); Sdr.: m. inaZe, 1955, gv.13-17, sadac gatarebulia azri, rom kolxTa gabato-nebamde, Zv.w. IX-VIII saukuneebSi, henioxebi flobdnen samxreT-aRmosavleT Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros centralur da sa-mxreT raionebs, kerZod, Cildiris tbisa da Woroxis mimdebare teritorias; m.inaZisve azriT, argonavtebi swored henioxTa

saxelmwifoSi movidnen; maT saxels eTnonimi kolxebi gvian Ca-


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enacvla... kolxebis dawoliT, henioxebi gadaadgildnen Crdi-loeTiT.

aristoteles azriT (384-322), "fasisSi Tavdapirvelad henio-xebi cxovrobdnen, kaciWamia da adamianTa tyavisgamxdeli tomi, Sem-deg ki miletelebi" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.19, 57, 73).

pliniusi (Zv.w. I s.): "am mxareSi mTebs iqiT mdebareobs iberia, xolo sanapiroze cxovroben henioxebi, lazebi...".

straboni vrclad msjelobs henioxTa Sesaxeb; misi rwmeniT, kavkasieli henioxebi arian berZeni (lakoneli) henioxebis STamo-mavlebi, romlebic pontos Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze gadmosaxldnen iasonis laSqrobis Semdeg da romlebic zRvaze me-kobreobiT cxovroben; maT hyavT 4 basilevsi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.137).

kolxTa mezoblad asaxelebs henioxebs ioseb flaviusi (I s.). afsarosamde (goniomde) naxa henioxebi arianem (II s.); misi

cnobiT, henioxebsa da makronebs erTi mefe anqiale hyavT (T.yaux-CiSvili, 1976, gv.101).

apiane (II s.) henioxebs asaxelebs miTridates mokavSireebSi tavrebis, aqeelebis, levkosirebis, xalibebis, skviTebisa da arme-nielebis gverdiT (apiane, 1959, gv.23, 25, 144, 196).

V saukunis anonimi avtori, romelic arianes mihyveba, heniox-Ta toms narevad acxadebs da maT asaxelebs sakuTriv kolxebis (ag-reTve, sanebad CaTvlili drilebis) da maqelonebis Semdeg, zid-ritebamde da lazebamde, e.i. Savi zRvispireTis samxreT-aRmosav-leT nawilSi (georgika, 1965, gv.7-8). Savi zRvis sanapiroze asaxe-leben henioxebs ufro gvianac; II saukuneSi isini makron-maxelo-nebTan erTad rize-afsaross Soris qmnian erTian saxelmwifos; IV-V saukuneebSi ki Savi zRvis sanapiroze henioxebi aRar Canan (T.yauxCiSvili, 1980, gv.68-71).

samecniero literaturaSi miCneulia, rom henioxi aris vari-anti satomo saxelisa - "sanigi"; mag., i.orbeli da n.mari heniox- formas ganixilavdnen san-/sanig- fuZeebis paralelurad da maT

svanebad miiCnevdnen; Sdr., sanebs, sanigebs da henioxebs p.ingoroy-va da s.janaSia megrel-Wanebad miiCnevdnen; ix., mag., p.ingoroyva,


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1954, gv.124, 135). kislingi henioxebs sanebisa da lazebis monaTesaved Tvlis da

maT qarTvelur tomad miiCnevs; rac metad sayuradReboa, igi sa-nebsa da lazebs kerketebTan (CerqezebTan!) akavSirebs, miiCnevs ra maT erTi warmoSobis xalxad (mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T.yauxCiSvili, 1980, sadac gaziarebulia kislingis mosazreba).

lingvistur gamokvlevebSic heniox- fuZe dakavSirebulia Wan- ZirTanac: Wan-/Wen- > hen-; hen- fuZe Wan-is svanur variantad

miiCneva; amosaval saerToqarTvelur formad ivaraudeba *wen- (b.gigineiSvili, 1975).

warmodgenil saxelTa dakavSireba logikuri lingvisturi wesebiT xdeba, magram rTuli warmosadgenia Wanebis svanuri sa-xelwodebis urartuli sufiqsiT gaformeba; aseve, aralogikuria dasaxelebul tomTa gaigiveba, vinaidan welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze arianec, strabonic da sxvebic gverdigverd da sxvadasxva tomebad

adastureben Wanebs/sanebs, sanigebs, henioxebs da svanebs. aqve aR-vniSnavT, rom Wan- da hen- Zirebs Soris Wan- formis ZiriTadobas xeli SeiZleba SeuSalos im faqtmac, rom berZnul wyaroebSi heni-ox- Ziri TiTqmis 500 wliT adre fiqsirdeba, vidre Wan-; hen- da Wan- fuZeTa saerTo warmomavloba SesaZlebelia, magram foneti-kuri procesebis sxva gza unda davuSvaT (ix. qvemoT).

Cveni azriT, welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze cal-calke tomebad Tu

Temebad arsebobdnen henioxebic, sanebic, sanigebic, Wanebic... maT

konkretuli sacxovrisi da TavianTi sametyvelo ena/dialeqti hqondaT. cxadia, droTa ganmavlobaSi zogi maTgani qreba.

sanebi, Wanebi - memnonisa (I s.) da strabonis (I s.) mtkicebiT, "isini, vinc winaT makronebi iyvnen, axla sanebi arian" (T.yauxCiS-vili, 1987, gv.22; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.94, 146, 233).

Wanebi pirvelad moixseniebian arianesTan (II s.): kolxebis mezoblebi arian Wanebi, igive sanebi; T.yauxCiSvilis

daskvniT, ramdenadac ariane iyenebs oTx paralelur formas (san-noi, tsannoi, Tiannoi/tiannoi, tuannoi), cxadia, rom berZens


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uWirs qarTuli W-s warmoTqma (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.99-100). arianes azrs exmianeba dinisios periegetis (II s.) komentato-

ris - evstaTi episkoposis (XII s.) komentaric: "Zvel makronebs axla sanebi ewodebaT, rac adgilobrivi gamo-

TqmiT "Wanebs" niSnavs (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.94); Sdr., prokopi kesarieli: lazebi kolxebi arian" (georgika, 1965, gv.120).

Cven ufleba ara gvaqvs, ar vendoT TviTmxilvelsa da mkvle-vars - prokopi kesariels: lazebisa da Wanebis gaigiveba marTlac

SeuZlebelia, isini ufro monaTesave qarTveluri tomebi arian. Wanebisa da sanebis saxelTa dakavSireba albaT realuria; SesaZ-loa maTi saerTo warmomavlobis mtkicebac. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom somxuri Waniv-/WaneT- formis damowmebiT Wan- da san- fuZeebis sinonimuroba naTladaa dasabuTebuli b.gigineiSvilis mier (b.gi-gineiSvili, 1975).

arn. Ciqobavas varaudiT, sani igivea, rac zani (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.3). s. janaSias azriT, amosavalia san- Ziri, romlis Tavki-duri bgeridan CrdiloeT samegreloSi warmoiqmna zan-/wan-, xolo

samxreT samegreloSi (WaneTSi) - Wan- (s.janaSia, 59, gv.27-34). amiane marcelines "istoriaSi", erTi mxriv, Wanebis qveyana, me-

ore mxriv ki - lazika armenebis mezobladaa; mematianis cnobiT, sparselebTan brZolaSi daiRupa Wanebis legionis meTauri vet-ranioni. Zveli komentatorebi - anri valua da lindenbrogi aR-niSnaven: am konteqstSi moxsenebuli Zianni, igive Zanni, Tzanni, Sanni da Thanni, lazebisa da somxebis mosazRvre xalxia (georgika I, 1961, gv.89, 124, 128, 161, 173); aqve sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom qsenofontes mier nanaxi xaldebic karduxebis mezoblad (igive armenebis mier dapyrobili miwebis!), mTebSi cxovroben, Sesabami-sad, SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom xaldebic da Wanebic karduxebis mo-naTesave Tu Semadgeneli tomebi arian.

Sdr.: "xaldebi, romlebic Cveulebriv erT-erT Wanur tomad

aris miCneuli, aseve ganTavisuflebulan sparsTagan da am droi-saTvis armenielebTan da mardebTan erTad sparseli satrapis,


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orontas da misi sardlis - artuxas moqiravneebi arian..." (T. ya-uxCiSvili, 1976, gv.53).

am TvalsazrisiT, metad faseulia m. xorenacis cnoba keisar

takites mkvlelobis Sesaxeb: "takitusi Tavisianebma mokles pon-toelTa WaneTSi, ese igi xaldeTSi" (movses xorenaci, 1984, gv.162, 277); Sdr., s.yauxCiSvilis Targmani: "takite moklul iqna pontos provincia WaniukSi, ese igi xaltikSi (georgika, 1936, gv.262, Se-niSvna). Wanikes qveyanas pontoSi moiazrebs ioane malalac (491-578): "imave takites mefobis dros moxda omi pontoSi da TviT me-fe gaemarTa iq saomrad da is mokluli iqna pontos erT qveyanaSi WanikeSi..." (georgika, 1936, gv.262).

prokopi kesarieli vrclad msjelobs Wanebis Sesaxeb; igi Tvlis, rom Wanebi ar arian trapezuntelTa mosazRvreni; Wanebi - arazRvispira xalxi - cxovroben mTebSi, SuaxmeleTze, armenie-lebis gverdiT:

"...im adgilebis marjvniv aRmarTulia WaneTis mTebi, romelTa gadaRma romaelTa qveSevrdomebi, armenielebi cxovroben. am Wane-Tis mTebidan Camodis mdinare, saxelad - boasi, romelic mas Sem-deg, rac gamoivlis mraval Walas, lazikis soflebis maxloblad

gaswevs da erTvis e.w. evqsinis pontos, magram ukve aRar ewodeba boasi, vinaidan, rodesac zRvis maxloblad midis, icvlis am sa-xels... mas, sxvaTa Soris, adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi akamfsis uwodeben..." (georgika, 1965, gv.120-122).

Sdr., agreTve: "armeniis adgilebidan pers-armeniaSi rom mi-dixar, marjvniv aris tavri, mimavali iberiaSi da iq mosaxle xalxe-bamde, xolo marcxniv metad daqanebuli, did manZilze gaWimuli gza aris da aRmarTulia metad cicabo da mudam nisliTa da Tov-liT dafaruli mTebi, saidanac gamodis mdinare fazisi da midis kolxeTis qveynisaken. aq mosaxleobs Wanebis tomi, Tavidanve bar-barosebi, romelnic aravis qveSevrdomebi ar arian, wina xanebSi sanebad wodebuli, irgvliv mosaxle romaelebis mZarcvelni" (ge-orgika, 1965, gv.53).

Sdr., agaTia sqolastikosi (VI s.): "am dros WanTa tomi gaxda


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sazrunavi. Wanebi cxovroben evqsinis pontos samxreTiT q. trape-zuntis qvemoT; Tumca es Wanebi ZveliTganve romaelebTan dazave-bulni da maTi qveSevrdomni iyvnen, magram maSin maTi erTi nawili winandel mSvidobian wesebs icavda... umetesi maTgani ki Seqmnili mdgomareobiT sargeblobda da yaCaRobas misdevda... Tavs esxmoda armeniasac... amitom maT winaaRmdeg igzavneba Teodore, maTive Tvistomi" (georgika, 1936, gv.181-182).

lazebi da Wanebi sxvadasxva qarTveluri tomia mogvianebiTac; kerZod, termin lazikas gverdiT bizantiur wyaroebSi (ix. IX sa-ukunis moRvawe konstantine porfirogeneti; georgika, 1952, gv 292) arsebobs Wanaria (Wanaris erisTavebi).

ix., agreTve, nikifore grigorasi (XIVs.): XIV saukunis I naxevarSi trapizonis imperiaSi mefe basilis

qaliSvilsa da cols Soris dawyebuli Sina brZolebis dros la-zebi, Wanebi da yvela sxva adgilobrivni TavianT mSobliur, kom-nenosTa ojaxidan gamosul, dedofal ana xuTlus aZlevdnen upi-ratesobas, paleologosTa gvaridan gamosul irinesTan Sedare-biT (georgika III, 1967, gv.146).

Sdr.: laonike xalkokondile (XV s.): "...Wanidebs uWiravT kolxi-

dis adgilebi vidre qalaq amastriamde..." (georgika, 1970, gv.107). s.yauxCiSvili: "erT-erTi SesaZlebeli axsna (imisa, Tu ratom

ver moaxerxa bizantiis imperiam, iseve SeeerTebina trapezonis sa-mefos teritoria, rogorc bizantiis imperiis danarCeni teri-toriebi) is iqneba, rom Cven vaRiaroT: "trapizonis samefos" mo-saxleobis udidesi nawili qarTuli tomisagan - Wanebisagan - Se-dgeboda" (georgika, 1967, gv.164).

SeniSvna: V saukunis anonimi avtori imeorebs arianes azrs da qseno-fontes drilebs xazgasmiT sanebad ixseniebs; Semdeg maT kolxebSi aerTianebs (berZeni mwerlebi... 1983, gv.158; georgika, 1965, gv.7).

sanigebi/sanixebi/sanikebi - memnonis mixedviT (I s.) sanigebi Canan dioskuriis midamoebSi lazebTan erTad. aqve adasturebs maT pliniusic da arianec; mag., ix. ariane:


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"trapezuntidan Zvel lazikamde (nikofsiamde) cxovroben kolxebi, sanebi, makronebi, henioxebi, Zidritebi, lazebi, afsile-bi, abaskebi, sanigebi, Zilqebi".

Sdr., ariane: lazebi cxovroben Woroxidan kodoramde; ko-doris xeobaSi cxovroben afsilebi; afsilebis sacxovrisis (ko-doris xeobis) Semdeg mdinare Saxemde - sanigebi; sanigebis teri-toriazea qalaqi sebastopolisi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1987, gv.23, 99, 171-172). mecnierTa nawili sanigebs zanebad miiCnevs, nawili - svanebad (mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T.miqelaZe, 1974).

Cveni azriT, sulac ar aris aucilebeli sanigebis gaigiveba zanebTan Tu svanebTan; sxvadasxva avtorTan sanigebi sanebis, la-zebis da svanebis paralelurad saxeldebian da, bunebrivia, isini im erT-erT qarTvelur tomad CavTvaloT, romelic an saerTod

gaqra asparezidan, an sxva qarTvelur tomebs Seerwya, an afsua-afxazebis mier asimilirda.

ipolite romaelis (III s.) cnobiT, kapadukielTa gadaRma, mar-jvena mxareebSi cxovroben armenielebi, iberielebi da beranebi, xolo marcxena mxareebSi - skviTebi, kolxebi da bosforelebi. "sanebi, egreTwodebuli sanigebi, romlebic gadaWimuli arian vidre pontomde, im adgilamde, sadac aris parembole afsarosi [da sebastopolisi], hisos navsadguri da mdinare fazisi, vidre trapezuntamde cxovroben da gadaWimuli arian es tomebi" (geor-gika, 1961, gv.20).

Sdr., evsevi kesarieli (260-340): "kabadokiis gadaRma marjvniT arian armenielebi, iberebi da

beranebi, xolo marcxniT - skviTebi, kolxebi da bosporanebi, ag-reTve [sannebi], romelTac sannigebi ewodebaT da romlebic

vrceldebian pontomde, sadac aris banaki afsarosi, sebastopoli [kausilimani], da mdinare fazisi. vidre trapezuntamde gadaWimu-li arian es tomebi" (georgika, 1961, gv 31-32).

afsilebTan, beqe~rebTan da lazebTan erTad abazgiis mezoblad

mcxovrebi sanigebi skviTur tomadaa CaTvlili stefane bizantielis (IV_VII) mier. Sdr., agreTve, basili sofeneli (IX s.):


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"...romaelTa TviTmpyrobel traianes dros iq, vidre lazebis da sanigebis qveynamde, dafuZnebul iqna romael jariskacTa razme-bi..." (georgika, 1952, gv.201).

samecniero literaturaSi sanigi/sanixi, erTi mxriv, miCneu-lia henioxis fonetikur variantad, Sesabamisad, henioxTa meore satomo saxelad (marTlac, henioxebic da sanigebic erT sacxov-risSi moiazrebian), meore mxriv ki, sanigebi da sanebi erTmaneTTa-naa gaigivebuli.

ramdenadac sanigebi, henioxebi da sanebi arianesTan erTdro-ulad saxeldebian, Tanac, sanigebi da sanebi sxvadasxva adgilze cxovroben, ufro logikuria, davuSvaT, rom es samive qarTvelu-ri tomi drois raRac monakveTSi damoukideblad arsebobda. maTi naTesaobis samtkiceblad sakmarisi Cans ara mxolod maTi sacxov-risis saerTo qarTveluri veli, aramed maT aRmniSvnel saxelTa saerTo warmomavlobac; Sdr.:

san-/*han- > hen-: san-i, san-i-x-i, san-i-g-i/saniki da *hen-i, hen-i-o-x-i; x-/-g- krebiTobis sufiqsia.

niSandoblivia: sanebis, sanigebis da henioxebis gaigivebisa Tu erTmaneTSi aR-

revis romaul-bizantiuri tradicia am tomTa saerTo warmomav-lobiTa da axlo naTesaobiTaa ganpirobebuli.

lazebi - berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi lazebs pirvelad axse-nebs miTridates istorikosi memnoni (I s.) Tavis "herakles isto-riaSi" (da ara pliniusi, rogorc zogi avtori wers); memnoni lazTa sacxovrisad mkafiod gansazRvravs dioskuriis midamoebs (soxumi-anakofiis regions); lazebTan erTad memnoni asaxelebs sanegebs/sanigebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1987, gv.24; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.171-172).

arianes (95-175) cnobiT, arsebobda qalaqi Zveli lazike, ro-melic man Tavisi TvaliT naxa; mogvianebiT am qalaqs nikofsiad mo-ixsenieben (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.99); aSkaraa, rom axal welTaR-ricxvamde lazebi dioskuriis CrdiloeTiT cxovrobdnen.

arianesTan lazebi da kolxebi Tanaarseboben da sxvadasxva


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tomebi arian (Zveli berZnebi... 1983, gv.159). ariane (II s.) Tavis "pe-riplusSi" wers: "amJamad lazebs uWiravT teritoria Zidritebi-dan abaskebamde"; e.i. daaxloebiT Woroxidan kodoramde (T.yaux-CiSvili, 1987, gv.23; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100). "lazebs iqiT

cxovroben afsilebi, afsilebis mosazRvreebi arian abazgebi, abazgebis mezoblad arian sanigebi, romelTa qveyanaSi mdebareobs sebastopolisi"; maSasadame, sebastopolisi-cxumi abazgebis te-ritoriaze ki ar yofila, aramed sanigebis qveyanaSi..." (georgika, 1952, gv.235; s.yauxCiSvilis SeniSvna).

Sdr., V saukunis "periplusis" anonimi avtori: "Zveli aqeidan Zvel lazikamde da md. aqeuntamde (es ki aris

soWidan daaxloebiT 30 km.-iT daSorebuli - T. y.) uwin cxovrob-dnen tomebi: henioxebi, koraqsebi, kolikebi, melanxlenebi, maxe-lonebi, kolxebi da lazebi, axla ki cxovroben zixebi. am ukanas-knel SemTxvevaSi Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze mo-saxleobad Canan maxelonebi (kolxebi da lazebi Cveulebriv uf-ro samxreTiT igulisxmebodnen xolme), magram aq yvela tomi er-Tad aris xsenebuli am nakveTze; ase rom, aq sagangebo viTarebaa (T, yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.130). periplusis (V s.) anonimuri avtori aq-ve wers: "dioskuriidan anu sebastopolisidan md. afsarosamde winaT cxovrobda xalxi, kolxebad wodebuli, axla lazebad saxe-Secvlili" - e.i. anonimma icis lazTa da kolxTa mimarTeba, kol-xuri da lazuri saxelmwifoebis gavrcelebis are (T. yauxCiSvi-li, 1976, gv.105).

Sdr., ariane: trapezuntidan Zvel lazikamde (nikofsiamde, am-Jamindel novomixa~lovska~amde) cxovroben Semdegi tomebi: kol-xebi, sanebi, makronebi, henioxebi, Zidritebi, lazebi, afsilebi, abaskebi, sanigebi, Zilqebi. sakuTriv lazebi cxovrobdnen afsaro-sidan (gonio Tu sarfi) daaxloebiT md. kodoris (Zveli hoposi) SesarTavamde.

Sdr., stefane bizantieli (IV-VII s.): lazebi - skviTuri tomi, aris [pontoSi], aqvea sofeli "Zveli lazike", rogorc ambobs ari-ane... (georgika, 1936, gv.281).

astronomiisa da geografiis fuZemdebeli klavdios ptole-


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ma~osi (100-178) kolxidas uwodebs teritorias md. koraqsidan (bzifidan) md. fasisamde (rionamde), sadac cxovroben tomebi: lazebi, manralebi da ekriktikis (egrisis) qveynis mcxovrebni; am kolxidis CrdiloeTiT - sarmatiaSi - cxovroben: aqa~ebi, kerke-tebi, henioxebi da suanokolxebi (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100, 160).

Semdgom periodSi lazebi ufro aqtiurad ixseniebian; ter-mini lazika ukve politikuri erTeulis saxelad zogaddeba, ro-melsac zog wyaroSi afxazeTic enacvleba; mag., amiane marceline (IV s.) wers: imperatori valenti "daTanxmda iberiis gayofas ise, rom sazRvrad SuaSi md. kirosi (mtkvari) dadebuliyo da savro-maks armeniisa da lazebis mosazRvre (mxare) rgeboda"; Saburis "mosvliT SeSinebulma papam da aseve kilakem ...scades Seefarebi-naT Tavi maRal mTebSi, romlebic Cvenebs [e.i. Cvens miwebs] la-zikisagan hyofen" (georgika, 1961, gv.90, 128).

Sdr., agreTve, agaTangelosi (IV s.): "wminda grigoli... zog

[mRvdels] gzavnida iberTa qveyanaSi, zogs lazTa qveyanaSi." sa-interesoa arabuli Targmani, sadac iberiis nacvlad aris misist ad

Georgian, xolo lazikis nacvlad - ad regionem Abchazorum (georgi-ka, 1961, gv.71)...

sayuradReboa, rom epifane kvipreli (314-403) lazebs semis STamomavlad Tvlis (semisa: kabadokielebi, finikebi, pontoele-bi, marmaridebi... xalibebi, lazebi, mosinikebi, iberebi, frigie-lebi...), xolo kolxebs - iafetisad (iafetisa: midielebi, armenie-lebi, amazonebi, kolebi, kabadokielebi, tibarenebi, xalibebi, mo-sinikebi, kolxebi, skviTebi...); semis teritoriaSi Sedis: palesti-na, siria, evropa, lazia, iberia, kaspia... (georgika, 1961, gv.39-41).

ix., agreTve, priske panioneli (V s.): "mis Semdeg, rodesac ro-maelebi mividnen kolxidaSi da omi awarmoes lazebis winaaRmdeg, romaelTa jari Tavis qveyanaSi gamobrunda..." (georgika 1961, gv.254); priske panioneli: "didi uTanxmoeba hqondaT svanTa tom-Tan romaelebsa da lazebs, svanebma sastiki brZola gaaCaRes sema-tis (?) - lazTa sardlis winaaRmdeg" (georgika, 1961, gv.261-262).


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nikifore konstantinopoleli (IX s.) lazikis samxreT-da-

savleT sazRvrad miiCnevs trapezunts; kerZod, irakli keisris laSqrobis aRwerisas is wers: "iraklim scada, lazikis gziT Se-Wriliyo sparseTSi; rodesac moaRwia trapezuntamde - lazikis sazRvramde, misma colma Sva Ze"; 1042 wels qarTulad gadmoRe-bul am teqstSi lazika Targmnilia samegrelod: "da mo~wia ra trapezunted - sanaxebTa samegrelo~saTa..." (georgika, 1952, gv.207-208). Sdr., agreTve: niketa xoniates (XII s.) bizantiis keis-ris - manuelis titulebSi Seaqvs: lazTa, iberTa, bulgarTa, serbTa... RvTivmmarTveli (georgika, 1966, gv.131).

Sdr., Tamaris istorikosi: 1204 wels Tamarma berZenTa mefes waarTva: lazia, trapizoni, limoni, samisoni, sinopi, kerasundi, kitiora, amastria, araklia... (qarTlis cxovreba, 1959, gv.141-142). aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qarTvel mefeebs lazeTi/lazia araso-des ucvniaT TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi (p.ingoroyva, 2003, gv.40).

romaul-bizantiur wyaroebSi miRebulia azri kolxebisa da lazebis igiveobisa; Sdr., mag., ioane lide: "kolxike, romelsac ax-la lazikes eZaxian..." (georgika, 1965, gv.242); ioane cece: "kolxebi skviTebi arian, maT lazebic ewodebaT da cxovroben abazgebis, wi-nandeli masagetebis maxloblad (georgika, 1952, gv.7; T.yauxCiSvi-li, 1987, gv.132)... miuxedavad amisa, aralogikuria, vilaparakoT am terminTa sinonimurobaze, ramdenadac orive gamoyenebulia ro-gorc viwro eTnikuri, aseve, farTo politikuri mniSvnelobiT; miT umetes, SeuZlebelia, identuri iyos maTi zogadi Sinaarsi, vinaidan Zveli kolxeTi gacilebiT farTo areals moicavda; erTi ki udavoa:

lazebisa da Wanebis winaprebic, saspeirebic, xalibebic, xal-debic, muSqebic da bevri sxva tomic Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua peri-odis kolxur Tu mosxur modgmad SegviZlia miviCnioT. am tomTa gaerTianebas sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva saxeli erqva (amis Sesaxeb

ix. qvemoT). laz- fuZes fonetikuri variantebi ar uCans; Tumca, gansa-

xilvelia misi kavSiri, erTi mxriv - laS-x-, meore mxriv ki - riz-e


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formebTan; ix., agreTve, iv. javaxiSvili (1960, gv. 405): la-zan-ik-a >

lazika, sadac la- svanuri mawarmoebelia. dasaSvebia, rom laz- fuZe ucxouri warmomavlobisa iyos (Sdr., qarTveluri warmomav-lobis eTnonimebs fonetikuri variantebi udasturdebaT).

abazebi, afxazebi, ebzeebi/obezebi, abazgebi/abaskebi, abaZa-

xebi/abazaxebi afxaz- fuZesa da masTan formobriv-semantikurad dakavSire-

bul leqsemebs, afxaz da abaza tomTa istorias mravali mecnieri ikvlevda; bolo periodis Semajamebeli xasiaTis gamokvlevebi ekuTvnis T.gvancelaZes (T. gvancelaZe, 1993; T. gvancelaZe, 1998; T. gvancelaZe, 2004); afxazur enaSi superstratuli fenebis gamo-wvlilviTi Seswavlis Semdeg igi askvnis:

"dRevandel afxazTa winaprebs Savi zRvis sanapiroze ar

ucxovriaT ax.w. V saukunemde; afxazTa Tavdapirveli samSoblo

afsni mdebareobda kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeTiT, mdinare yuba-nis auzSi. misi ZiriTadi masa aqve binadrobda 1561 wlis axlo xa-nebamde... Tanamedrove afxazuri eTnosis saboloo saxis Camoya-libebaSi mniSvnelovani roli miuZRvis amJamindeli afxazeTis teritoriaze afxazTa (TviTsaxelwodebiT – afsuaTa; t.f.) mo-svlamde mcxovreb kolxur mosaxleobas" (T.gvancelaZe, 1998, gv.60, 2004, gv. 58-63). misive varaudiT, afxazur-abazur da Cerqezul eneb-ze afxazur-abazur tomTa erTobis Tavdapirveli saxeli unda yo-filiyo ~a-abaz-a > abaza; amosavali formaa *~a-fas-a, romlisga-nac -Ea sufiqsiTaa nawarmoebi afsua < *~a-fas-Ea (T.gvancelaZe, 1998, gv.38-39).

warmodgenil sayuradRebo naSromebSi CvenTvis sakamaToa mxolod qarTuli afxaz- fuZis warmoqmnis gza; kerZod, T.gvance-laZis azriT, afxaz- fuZe momdinareobs Cerqezuli abaza xa kom-pozitisgan: abaza xa "qvemouri abaza" (Cerqez. "xa" iTargmneba, ro-gorc qvemouri, qvemoTa): Cerqez. abaza-xa/abzaxa > megr. abxaza >

qarT. afxazi (T.gvancelaZe, 1998, gv.38); vfiqrobT, ufro naklebw-inaaRmdegobrivia abaz-x-i > afxaz-i gzis daSveba, sadac -x- krebi-


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Tobis sufiqsia. jer mivyveT wyaroebis Cvenebas: ariane (II s.): trapizonidan Zvel aqaiamde Semdegi tomebi gavi-

areT: kolxebi, sanebi (qsenofontes drilebi), makronebi, henioxe-bi, Zidritebi, lazebi, afsilebi, abaskebi, sanigebi, Zilqebi; "la-zebis mezoblebi afsilebi arian; maTma mefem - iulianem mefoba Seni mamisgan miiRo. afsilebis mezoblebi abaskebi arian. abaskTa mefe resmagaa. abaskTa mezoblebi sanigebi arian" (berZeni mwerle-bi... 1983, gv.158-159). abaskebi sanigebs zemoT, mTebSi saxloben (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100-101); amave konteqstSi abazgebs axsene-ben V s. moRvawe Teodorite kvirieli (georgika, 1961, gv.227), V s. anonimi avtori (georgika, 1965, gv.8), stefane bizantieli (geor-gika, 1936, gv.284) da sxvebi. Sdr. agaTangelosis teqstis arabul

TargmanSi lazTa qveyana Abchazorum-ad iTargmneba (georgika, 1961, gv. 71).

mogvianebiT farTovdeba termin abazgiiT moazrebuli teri-toria; mag., bizantiis keisari konstantine porfirogeneti (912-959), Tavis Svils acnobs ra bizantiis mezobel Tu dapyrobil

tomebs, abazgiis Sesaxeb ambobs: "jiqeTis sazRvrebis Semdeg, ese igi, mdinare nikofsiidan moki-

debuli zRvis napiri vidre soteriupolisamde, 300 milis manZilze uWiravs abazgiis qveyanas" (georgika, 1952, gv.233). nikofsiis loka-lizeba ar Wirs, magram sakamaToa soteriupolisis sakiTxi; zogi mas biWvinTad miiCnevs, zogi - soxumad (sakiTxis mimoxilvisTvis ix. s. yauxCiSvilis msjeloba, iqve, gv.231-235).

Cveni azriT, ramdenadac, X saukuneSi abazgiis saxeliT, ara-iSviaTad, mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo moixseneba, abazgiis sa-mxreT sazRvrad naTqvami qalaqi soteriupolisi Tanamedrove TurqeTis teritoriaze unda veZioT nikofsiidan daaxloebiT 300 milis manZilze. X saukunis Sua wlebSi qarTuli wyaroebis afxa-zeTis samefo (gaerTianebuli dasavleT saqarTvelo, centriT qu-TaisSi) faqtobrivad damoukidebeli politikuri subieqtia; igi-ve keisari konstantine porfirogeneti, roca Tavis Svils aswav-lis ucxoelTaTvis mimarTvis wesebs, iberiis (tao-klarjeTis!) kuropalatsa da abazgiis mTavars erT rangSi ganixilavs (georgi-


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ka, 1952, gv.293); aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am periodis qarTuli wya-roebi afxazeTs saqarTvelos erT-erT qveyanad - "Cuens queyanad" Tvlis.

s. janaSias redaqtorobiT gamoqveynebul saxelmZRvaneloSi iyo aseTi fraza: "afxazTa erisTavma advilad daipyro egrisi da argveTi..."; pavle ingoroyvam Semdegi marTebuli komentari gaake-Ta: pirvelwyaro "matiane qarTlisa~Si" pirdapir aRniSnulia, rom afxazTa erisTavi leon ganudga berZenebs da "daipyra afxaze-Ti da egrisi vidre lixamde, saxel-idva mefe afxazTa"; e. i. afxaz-Ta erisTavma afxazeTidan ki ar daipyro egrisi, aramed, ganudga ra dampyrobels, oriveSi gabatonda da dedaqalaqad quTaisi air-Cia...(p. ingoroyva, 1954, gv.115-116); swored am droidan dasavleT

saqarTvelos saxelad damkvidrda afxazeTi. saerTod, istoriuli wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom, iSviaTi

gamonaklisis garda (aseTi gamonaklisebi yvela qarTul samTav-ros hyavda), afxazeTis mefe-mTavrebi zogadqarTveluri erov-nul-kulturuli da saxelmwifoebrivi saqmis moTaveebi iyvnen; maTi moRvaweobiTac Cans, rom ruseTis imperiis kavkasiaSi gaaqti-urebamde afxazebi sxva qarTveluri Temebisgan Tvisobrivad ar

gansxvavdebodnen. afxazeTi da egrisi - "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT cnobili

es ori qarTuli kuTxe - gorgaslis mefobis dasawyisSi dasavleT

saqarTvelos im nawils moicavda, romelic dapyrobili ar hqonda bizantias; Cans, afxazeTi iyo cixegojamde, egrisi ki - cixegojidan lixamde; Sdr.: "masve Jamsa gamovidnen berZenni afxazeTad... da da-ipyres egriswylidan vidre cixegojamde" (q.c., 1955, gv.146,4-5); Sdr., iqve, gv.157, 19: dapyrobil afxazeTSi bizantielebis mier

mmarTvelad dasmuli iyo leon, romelic "ucalo iyo brZolisa-gan sparsTasa, da verSemZlebel iyo spaTa gamogzavnad afxazeTs; da [vaxtang gorgasalma] sam wel wartyuenna yovelni cixeni afxa-zeTisani vidre cixe-gojamde". e.i. gorgasalma Semoimtkica berZen-Tagan axaldapyrobili qarTuli qveyana - afxazeTi.

aqve aRvniSnavT:


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farnavazisa da qujis ambebis Txrobis dros mematiane xazgas-miT aRniSnavs, rom egriswyals marjvnivac qarTvelebi cxovrob-dnen: egross ergo teritoria lixidan vidre mdinare xazareTis-wylis (yubanis) SesarTavamde (qarTlis cxovreba, gv.5,12-15), mag-ram berZnebTan omis Semdeg "egris wyals quemoTa darCa berZenTa, rameTu mkvidrTa mis adgilisaTa ara inebes gandgoma berZenTa" (iqve, gv.24, 1-2).

logikuria, vTqvaT, rom qarTul wyaroebSi, Tavdapirvelad, egrisi moicavda afxazeTsac; momdevno periodSi orive saxeli re-alurad Tanaarsebobda - mezobel mxareebs aRniSnavda, Semdeg sa-erTo saxelad afxazeTi ganzogadda; istoriuli egrisis aRsaniS-navad odiSi da samegrelo SedarebiT gvian damkvidrda.

afxazeTis bizantiuri varianti iyo abazgia: Sdr.: saqarTvelos gaerTianebamde arsebobda abazgiis epar-

qia, romelic eqvemdebareboda konstantinepolis sapatriarqos (georgika, 1952, gv.129, 137-138)...

keisar konstantines dros afxazeTis mefeebi iyvnen giorgi II (912-957), leon III (957-967); Semdeg iyo Teodos III (975-978). Teod-osis taxtidan gadayenebis Semdeg 978 wels daviT III bagrationi (kuropalati) afxazeTSi amefebs mcirewlovan bagrats. swored

am periodSi eyreba safuZveli dasavleT, samxreT-dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloebis (!) gaerTianebas; didi saqarTvelos aRorZinebis gamorCeuli organizatori iyo afxazeTis erisTavi

iovane maruSisZe. Sdr.: 1008 wels aRdgenil-gaerTianebuli didi saqarTvelos

pirveli monarqi xdeba afxazTa mefe bagrati, SemdgomSi bagrat

mesamed wodebuli (romlis Svili giorgi I Tavisi samSoblos da-mpyrobeli bizantiis dauZinebeli mteri iyo). Sdr., agreTve, ioa-ne zonaras (XI-XII) "msoflio qronikaSi" moTxrobili ambavi (ge-orgika, 1966, gv.233-239; teqsts vimowmebT s.yauxCiSvilis Tar-gmanisa da komentarebis mixedviT):

barda fokasa da barda skliarosis damarcxebis Semdeg bizan-tiis mefe basili gaemarTa iberiaSi, sadac moawesriga is sadavo

sakiTxebi, romlebic gaCnda iberiis kuropalat daviTis garda-


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cvalebis gamo da wavida finikiisken... Semdeg mobrunda da gailaS-qra abazgiis winaaRmdeg, vinaidan misma mpyrobelma giorgi I daar-Rvia bizantiasTan dadebuli xelSekruleba... ficxel omSi damar-cxda abazgiis mTavari giorgi, Sida iberiisken gaiqca da zavi iTxova; man mZevlad misca Tavisi Ze bagrati (SemdgomSi bagrat

IV)... Zveli qarTveli mwignobarnic kargad icnoben termin abazgi-

as, mas dasavleT saqarTvelod Tvlian da afxazeTad Targmnian; ix., mag., "mimoslvasa Sina wmidaTa mociqulTasa andria pirvelwo-debulisa mier qadageba~ Soris avazgia~sa, romel ars afxazeTi" (georgika, 1991, gv.214; ix., agreTve, aqve, gv.219).

aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom X-XII saukuneebis sxva ucxouri wyaroebiT, afxazi ukve qarTvelis sinonimadaa qceuli; mag., ioane

italosi ioane petriws abazg gramatikoss uwodebs, rac am kon-teqstSi qarTvel gramatikoss niSnavs.

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom ioane petriwi ara mxolod di-di filosofosi, aramed Seudarebeli moqarTule da sityvaTSe-moqmedi iyo; garda amisa, is sityvebs qarTveluri dialeqtebida-nac amkvidrebda; mag., samxmiani galobis meore xmis aRsaniSnavad

man SemoiRo termini Jiri, romlis megruli warmomavloba uda-voa; logikuria davuSvaT, rom es didi qarTveli moRvawe egrisis

mkvidri iyo (Sdr.: n.maris azriT, ioane petriwi tomiT afxazi iyo). sayuradReboa agreTve e.xinTibiZis dakvirveba: eqvTime mTaw-mindelma qarTulidan berZnulad Targmna "varlam da ioasafis" romani, romelic berZnulidan gadaiTargmna laTinurad. laTinu-rad mTargmnelis komentariT, "berZnuli Targmani Seasrula to-miT abazgma berma efTvimem" (e.xinTibiZe, 1998, gv.15). e.i. qarTveli eqvTime mTawmindeli, laTinTa azriT, tomiT abazgia. amave pe-riodSi afxazeTi sruliad saqarTvelos niSnavs sparsul wyaro-ebSic (k.tabataZe, 1993, gv.222-226); Sdr.: asureli istorikosi za-qaria ritori afxazTa/qarTvelTa qveyanas baz-g-on-Ta qveyanas uwodebs; msjelobisaTvis ix. iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv. 402.

sayuradReboa kidev erTi faqti: dediT qarTveluri


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(abazguri) warmomavlobis iovane ceces (1110-1180) azriT, abazgebi iberTa tomisani arian (georgika, 1976, gv. 20-25); Sdr., aqve, erTgan miTiTebulia iovanes dedis abazgoba (gv.23), meoregan ki - iberieloba (gv. 25); amave dokumentis mixedviT, iovanes abazgi bebia amalaSi axlda iberiis mefis asuls - marTas.

Cans, afxazeTis mosaxleoba qarTvelebad iTvleboda mezobe-li xalxebisaTvisac: yaraCaelebis, balyarelebisa da rusebis-Tvis; kerZod:

SemTxveviTi ar Cans is faqti, rom termini abaza/obezi/ebze

Crdilo kavkasiis zog xalxSi da evropul Tu Zvel rusul wyaro-ebSi qarTvelis sinonimia; mag.: pap inokent IV elCi ioane de pla-no karpini, romelmac monRoleTSi imogzaura 1246 wels, saqar-Tvelos georgiania-s eZaxis, qarTvelebs ki - georgian-eb-s anu ob-

ez-eb-s (s.janaSia, 1959, gv.53). XIV-XVI saukuneebis rusuli wyaros mixedviT, obezi saqar-

Tvelos aRniSnavda. faqtis axsna iolad SeiZleba: maSindeli sla-vebis enaSic qarTvelTa saxelad ganzogadda mezobeli tomis saxe-li - abaza, ramdenadac slavebisTvis abaza, egriseli, svani, kaxeli

Tu mesxi erTi odenoba iyo; Sdr., agreTve: kavkasiaSi gvian mosuli

yaraCaelebisa da balyarelebisTvisac qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli

terminia ebze ( < abaza). amave dros, ebze sakuTriv svanebs, zog

SemTxvevaSi ki raWvelebsac aRniSnavs (T. gvancelaZe, 1993); Sdr., abaZa jiqTa TviTsaxelwodebacaa da dRevandel abazaTac (abazebi ramdenime saukunis win gaemijnen afsuebs).

vfiqrobT, aSkaraa, rom Zveli droidan moyolebuli, vidre XVI-XVII saukuneebamde, jiqebisgan gansxvavebiT, abazebi/abazge-bi/afxazebi evropaSic da aziaSic qarTvelur (iberiul/kolxur) samyarosTan asocirdeba; samarTlianadac: Sua saukuneebSi sxva qarTveluri modgmis TemebTan erTad afxazebic qmnidnen erTian

qarTvelur saxelmwifosa da samwignobro kulturas. gaerTiane-bulma saqarTvelomac didxans SeinarCuna "samefo afxazeTis" sa-xeli (g.alasania, 2004, gv.9). Sdr., agreTve, T.gvancelaZis daskvna: "sxvadasxva periodisa da sxvadasxva enaze Sedgenili werilobiTi


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Tu kartografiuli masala cxadyofs: uZvelesi droidan gvian

Sua saukuneebamde cxumis mosaxleoba qarTveluri iyo" (T.gvancelaZe, 1997, gv. 25).

erTiani saqarTvelos aRorZinebis paralelurad, afxazeTis xelisufalni iRvwodnen qarTuli eklesiis erTianobis aRsadge-nadac; mag., "afxazi" mefe-mTavrebis (leon II, Teodos II, demetre II, giorgi I, konstantine III, giorgi II, leon III... agreTve: cxumis erisTavi oTaRo ServaSiZe (XII s.), mxedarTmTavari dardin Serva-SiZe (XIII s.) da sxv.) erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi politikis Ziri-Tadi mimarTulebebi iyo:

_ dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis gamosvla konstantinepo-lis sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebidan da qarTul avtokefalur

eklesiasTan SeerTeba; _ qarTulenovani saeklesio centrebis mSenebloba; _ brZola qarTuli samyaros politikuri gaerTianebisaTvis; _ Crdilokavkasiuri moZme xalxebis gaqristianebisaTvis

brZola da am gziT qarTuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebis uzrunvel-yofa (l.axalaZe, 2004, gv.12)...

logikuri Cans, gverdigverd ganvixiloT: abaz-/abaza/abaZ-/abas-... fuZeebi; garda amisa, tao - tao-x-i, kola - kol-x-i... mimar-Tebebis paralelurad, dasaSvebia abaz- - abaz-x-, abaza - abaza-x-... wyvilebis daSvebac: abaz-x-/*amas-x- fuZeSi warmomavlobiToba-krebiTobis -x- sufiqsis gamoyofa logikuri Cans, rogorc amas adrec varaudobdnen (n. maris, s. janaSias, q. lomTaTiZis mosazre-baTa Sesaxeb ix., o. kaxaZe, 1993). abaz-x- fuZisgan x-s metaTezisiT

unda warmoqmniliyo afxaz- fuZe (Sdr., msgavsi fonetikuri pro-cesi qarTulSi: waTx-/wyaT-, balR-/ bRar-, barty-/ bRart-, be-rty-/bRert- da sxv..). ar aris gamoricxuli, rom Cerqezulma aba-zaxa formam, formobrivi msgavsebis gamo, gvian SeiZina "qvemo aba-zas" Sinaarsi (Sdr., T. gvancelaZe, 1998, gv.37).

adrindeli qarTveluri *abaz-x- fuZis adaptirebuli varian-tebia berZnuli abasx-, abazg- da abask- formebic (gansxvavebuli msjelobisaTvis ix. T. gvancelaZe, 1998, gv. 36). afxazis sxvadasxvag-vari etimologiis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve: n. mari, 1912, gv. 697; iv. java-


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xiSvili, 1960, gv. 401; T. gvancelaZe, 1989; o. kaxaZe, 1993; e. osiZe, 1993; T. gvancelaZe, 1993; T. gamyreliZe, 1993; d.musxeliSvili, 2000... ix., agreTve, a.lomTaZe, r.Serozia, 2002, sadac afxaz- fuZis amosavlad miCneulia svanuri metyvelebis msazRvrel-sazRvruli *afxaS zani "mTis zani".

SeniSvna: bolo periodSi momravlda arakompetentur pirTa (m.Za-Zamias, z.qafianiZis, i.zeirekis, v.foirStainis, v.rcxilaZis, b.gogi-as...) "enaTmecnierul-kulturologiuri aRmoCenebis" publikacie-bi; samagaliTod moviyvanT b.gogias tipur msjelobas (b.gogia, 2005, gv.91): megruli sityvebis safuZvelze afxaz- fuZes ramdenime para-leluri etimologia eZebneba: I. afxa-Ji > afxaza; Sdr.: afxa - beWi; Ji - maRali; Sesabamisad: afxa-Ji - beW-maRali. II. afxa(m)-zani > afxa-za; Sdr.: afxa - mxar-beWi; zani - zani; Sesabamisad: afxa-za - mxarbeWi-ani zani; III. maTxozai ("Txis gamrekavi") > aTxazai > afxazi; IV. buzi > abasko~; Sdr.: Wanji > Wani; V. mesxi-sani > medicina... aralingvist

etimologTa amgvari urapatriotuli "sibrZne" ar aris mxolod

pirovnuli axirebis erTjeradi gamovlena; mavanTagan msgavsi publ-ikaciebis stimulireba sazogadoebaSi samecniero azris nivelire-ba-diskreditacias emsaxureba.

savaraudoa, agreTve, a-baz- da *baz-g- fuZeTa saerTo warmomav-lobis daSvebac: afxazuri ~a- da qarTveluri a-/sa- prefiqsebi ma-salobrivad msgavsia; a-baz- formis a- SeiZleba daniSnulebis sa-/a- prefiqsi iyos: *a-bazi/*a-masi - bazebis/masebis qveyana/adgili; Sdr.: speri - sa-speri, qarTveli - saqarTvelo; Sdr.: dgas - a-dg-il-i, bans - a-ban-o; civi - sa-civi, qari - sa-qari, wers - sa-weri... sa-erToqarTvelurSi sa- prefiqsis paralelur variantad a-s daSve-bas mxars dauWers zanurSi mosalodneli *so-s nacvlad o-s arseb-oba; ramdenadac saerToqarTvelur a-s zanurSi kanonzomierad o

Seesabameba, logikuria, saerToqarTvelurSi daniSnulebis su-fiqsad a- prefiqsic davuSvaT; Sdr.: qaTami - saqaTme da qoTomi - o-qoTum-e; Sdr., agreTve: zan. o-xvam-e, o-yuj-e, o-fS-a... da svan. a-ha-, a-yb-a, a-kuad-... mosalodnelia, rom saerToqarTveluri a-/*ha-sada afxazuri ~a (/*ha-? dasaSvebia s/h/~ monacvleobani) saerTo

warmomavlobis prefiqsebi iyos. Sdr., n. maris mixedviT: *masxi >

bazgi > a-bazgi... warmodgenil sqemebs damatebiTi argumen-tebi esaWiroeba.


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samecniero literaturaSi afSil-/abazg- formebi dakavSire-bulia asurul wyaroebSi dafiqsirebul abeSlasTanac (z. anCaba-Ze, 1976; S. inalifa, 1976) da xubuSqiasTanac (m. qurdiani, 2001, gv.126-130; m. qurdiani, 2002, gv.80); -l-/-il- sufiqsTa kvalifikaci-is sirTulis miuxedavad, logikuri Cans asuruli wyaroebis ab-eSla, saerToqarTveluri abesa/abaza ( abaSa; Sdr. zanuri oba-Sa > abaSa; m. Cuxua, 2003, gv. 73) da abSili/afsili formebs Soris kavSiri. Sdr., z.WumburiZe, 2002: abaSa unda modiodes ebraul sa-xel abasgan: aba-Sa "abas kuTvnili".

SeniSvna: ioane ceces (X s.) cnobiT, abazgebs adre masagetebi erqvaT

(georgika, 1967, gv 25); Sesabamisad, *mas- Ziris arseboba SeiZleboda dagveSva mas-ag-et- eTnonimSic; Tumca, aqac bevri winaaRmdegoba gvaqvs: ver xerxdeba -ag- da -et- segmentTa damajerebeli kvalifikacia; garda amisa, sadavoa masagetebis kavkasiurobac: herodotes mixedviT, masagetebi momTabare da meomari tomia (maTTan brZolaSi daiRupa aqemenidTa damaarsebeli - kirosi). straboni maT xvarazmelebad

Tvlida (qse, t. VI, gv.497); farTod gavrcelebuli mosazrebis mixed-viT, masagetebi arian Suaazieli skviTebi; Sdr., Teofane bizantieli (VI s.): Zvel masagetebs axla Turqebi hqviaT; maTve sparselebi kermixi-onebs uwodeben (georgika, III, gv.253). zogi mkvlevari masagetebs qar-Tvelur-kavkasiur samyarosTan akavSirebs; Sdr., stefane bizantielis mtkicebiT, misgetebi iberTa tomia (georgika, 1936, gv.282).

kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT: warmodgenili lingvisturi sqemebi met argumentebs, xolo

sakiTxi damatebiT kvlevas saWiroebs. aq udavo SeiZleba iyos mxo-lod is, rom ori sxvadasxva qarTvelur-kavkasiuri tomi afsil-

afsarebi da abazg-afxazebi saukuneebis manZilze, sakuTriv qar-Tvelur tomTa msgavsad, erTian qarTvelur kulturul-istori-ul Tu saxelmwifoebriv velSi cxovrobda... faqtia isic, rom is-toriul Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTveloSic (kodoridan Sav zRvasTan yubanis Zvel SesarTavamde) odiTganve cxovrobdnen qar-Tvelur-kavkasiuri modgmis tomebi (zanebi, sanigebi, svanebi, afsa-rebi, abazebi...). SemTxveviTi arc is unda iyos, rom am tomTa sa-cxovrisebi da politikuri gavlenebi erTmaneTis teritoriebze


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monacvleobda (masalis mimoxilvisTvis ix., d.leTodiani, 1971). evlia Celebis cnobiT, ukve 1641 wels abazas qveynis mosaxleo-

ba abazur da qarTul (mis megrul dialeqtze) enebze laparakobs (evlia Celebi, 1971, gv. 100; Sdr., p.ingoroyva, 1957, gv.133). T.gvancelaZis lingvisturi da istoriografiuli ZiebebiT

naTladaa naCvenebi, rom XVI-XVII saukuneebSi istoriuli afxazeTis teritoriaze Crdilo kavkasiidan - yubanis xeobidan - TandaTanobiT gadmodis da amJamindeli afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis ramdenime xeobaSi kompaqturad saxldeba erT-erTi abazuri tomi, TviTsaxelwodebiT - afsua.

vfiqrobT, ramdenadac es sazogadoeba moZme qarTveluri mosaxleobis - afxazebis - sacxovrisSi nel-nela mkvidrdeba, mezobelTaTvis Camosulebzec gadadis damxvdurTa Temonimi

afxazi. droTa manZilze, adgilobriv afxazTa nawili iTqvifeba megrelebSi, nawili - afsuebSi; Sesabamisad, qarTveluri Temonimi afxazi/afxaza qarTvelur enobriv velSi afsuebis aRmniSvnelad

gadaazrianda da aqedanve Sevida sxva enebSic (Sdr., amgvari transformaciiT somxiTi/somexi iqca mosuli armenebis aRmniSvnelad). bolo dromde, afsua-afxazebic Tavs Tvlidnen zogadqarTuli kulturis Tanaavtorebad...

qarTveluri enobriv-kulturul-saxelmwifoebrivi sivrci-dan Crdilo kavkasiaSi mcxovreb sxva iberiul-kavkasiur tomTa mkveTri ganmxoloeba iwyeba kavkasiaSi TurqeTis gaZlierebis Sem-deg, xolo afsua-afxazi xalxis identoba (erovnuli meoba - t. f.) "polarulad Secvala caristul-sabWouri ideologiis mZlavrma zegavlenam 1864 wlidan dRemde" (T. gvancelaZe, 2004, gv.19); kavkasiis sruli dapyrobis mizniT, ruseTis xelisuflebam daiwyo aqauri mosaxleobis gasaxleba an sruli gaucxoeba tradi-ciuli qarTvelur-kavkasiuri sivrcidan; mag., saqarTvelos Zir-Zveli kuTxidan - egrosis wili qveynis nawilidan - adler-soWi-tuafses regionidan ruseTis imperiam 1864 da 1878 wlebSi gaasax-la qarTvelTa monaTesave xalxebi: ubixebi, Cerqezebi, afsua-afxa-zebi (ufro adre da amave periodSic, rusul-Turquli mzakvru-


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li garigebiT, qarTvelobisgan icleba samxreTi da samxreT-dasav-leTi saqarTveloc)...

qarTvelTa da afxazTa (CerqezTa, vainaxTa, lekTa...) gasamijna-vad/dasapirispireblad sabWoTa imperiam ufro efeqturad gamoi-yena kulturuli gaucxoebis meTodi, vidre mefis ruseTma; qar-Tuli (afxazuri) mowinave azris aqtiurobis miuxedavad (ix. Ser-vaSiZeebis da sxvaTa moRvaweoba), ufro swrafad da xelovnurad

gagrZelda gadarCenili afxazebis gamijvna erTiani qarTveluri

(afxazur-egrisul-qarTlur-kaxur-mesxuri) istoriidan, kul-turidan Tu eTnosidan; procesma piks miaRwia 1991-93 wlebSi gan-xorcielebuli putCis dros, rodesac afxazeTidan - ZirZveli

qarTveluri kuTxidan - ruseTis imperiam gamodevna erTian qar-Tvelur cnobierebaze orientirebuli qarTvelebica da afxaze-bic, xolo darCenili afxazur-qarTul-somxur-rusuli mosaxle-obiTurT faqtobrivad miitaca afxazeTis teritoria. Sdr., ru-seTma iolad ganaxorciela qarTvelTa monaTesave sxva eTnosebis - Cerqezebisa da vainaxebis - daSla patar-patara xalxebad: abaze-bad, abazaxebad, SafsuRebad, adiRelebad, yabardoelebad... CeCne-bad, inguSebad; Semdeg ki maTi teritoriebic miiTvisa (Tumca aqac

dasWirda mosaxleobis didi nawilis deportacia TurqeTsa da Sua aziaSi).

afsilebi/afSilebi, afsarebi, afsuebi. afsilebi pirvelad

dasturdeba arianesTan; misi cnobebis mixedviT, afsilebi cxov-robdnen kodoris xeobaSi; z.anCabaZe maT Tavdapirvel sacxovrisad

Tanamedrove galis raions miiCnevs (z.anCabaZe, 1964). mecnierTa er-Ti nawilis azriT, abazgTa msgavsad, afsilebic qarTveluri tomi iyo (s.janaSia, s.yauxCiSvili, d.musxeliSvili da sxv..), xolo, zogis azriT, maTi memkvidreebi Tanamedrove afxazebi (afsuebi) arian (g.meliqiSvili, z.anCabaZe, n.lomouri...).

agaTia sqolastikosis (VI) mixedviT, afsarebi kolxebisa da

misimielebis/svanebis monaTesaveni arian. gviandeli avtorebi da komentatorebi afsilebs skviTur


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toms uwodeben (mag., stefane bizantioneli IV-VII s.); Sdr., kol-xi a~etesi skviTTa mefea, medea - skviTTa mefis asuli (libaniosi, ax.w. IVs.); makronebi skviTuri tomia (apolonios rodoselis sqo-liasti, ax. w. I-II s.); kolxebi azieli skviTebi arian (ioane cece XII s.); skviTebi egviptelTa kolonistebi arian (herodotes cno-ba kolxebis Sesaxeb pindares sqoliastTan) da a.S. e. i. am koncef-ciiT, abasgi da afsilic isevea skviTi, rogorc kolxi da makro-ni... (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.102).

aSkaraa, rom arianes dros abazgebi da afsilebi sxvadasxva qarTvelur-kavkasiuri tomi iyo; Sdr., d.musxeliSvili, 2000, gv.17-34: "afSils" arc geografiulad (sacxovrisis mixedviT - t.f.), arc formalur-lingvisturad araferi aqvs saerTo "afsu-asTan"... gvaqvs safuZveli, afSilebi erT-erT dasavlur-qarTul

tomad CavTvaloT, romlis nawili gvian saukuneebSi Seerwya me-grelebs, nawili ki - gaafsuvda" (iqve, Sdr.: n.lomouris azriT, afSilebi ueWvelad afsuebi arian).

logikuri Cans mosazreba, rom afs- Zirisgan qarTveluri sufiqsebiTaa miRebuli qarTveluri: *afS-el-i, afs-il-i, afs-ar-i eTnonimebi (T.gvancelaZe, 1998, gv.34, 39); aSkaraa afs- Ziris povniereba afs-ua fuZeSic. faqtia isic, rom afsua cxovrobda yubanis xeobaSi, afsilebi/afsarebi - kodoris xeobaSi svanebis sacxovrisamde (e.i. kodoris xeobis kavkasionis gadasasvlelebi

svanebs eWiraT, rac gamoricxavs am gziT afsuaTa gadmosvlas). aseve, ueWveli Cans qoronim afxazeTi/abazgia-s warmomavloba afxaz-/abazg- fuZisgan da ara - afsua/afsilisgan; maSasadame, lo-gikuri iqneba davaskvnaT: erTi fuZisgan sxvadasxva sufiqsiT

warmoqmnili ramdenime TemonimiT sxvadasxva monaTesave qarTvelur-kavkasiuri tomebi aRiniSneboda (abaza, afxazi, afSili, afsari, afsua...); Sesabamisad, oTxi eTnonimiT (abaza,

afsari, afsua da afxazi) erTi sazogadoebis aRniSvna gviandeli movlenaa.

svanebi, misimielebi - svanebi pirvelad strabonTan moixseni-


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ebian (soanas/Soanas); maSinac isini kavkasiis mTebSi cxovrobdnen; varaudoben, rom svanebi adridanve gansaxlebulni iyvnen agreTve Crdilo kavkasiaSic - Tergsa da yubans Soris arsebul terito-riaze; Sdr., mag., memandre protiqtori (VI s.), romelic, aRwers ra bizantiisa da sparseTis davas svaneTis gamo, vrclad iZleva svanTa daxasiaTebas (georgika, 1936, gv.213-233); misi cnobiT, svane-bi kavkasiis mTebis garSemo cxovroben (georgika, 1936, gv.231); ix., agreTve, T.mibCuani, 1993; z.ratiani, 1995, gv.57-61.

Cans, svanebs kavkasionis strategiuli gadasasvlelebi eWi-raT, vinaidan bizantiasa da sparseTs Soris didxans grZeldebo-da winaaRmdegoba svaneTis danarCunebis gamo (ix. georgika, 1936, gv.213-233). pliniusis mixedviT, svanebi dRevandeli samegrelos teritoriazec cxovrobdnen: "mdinare xobi kavkasiis mTebidan Camomdinareobs da svaneTis miwaze dis”; amasve amtkicebs sageog-rafio saxelebis dakvirvebac, mag., leCxumi, lebaCile da sxva. ”Semdeg svanebis miwebi kolxebs anu megrelebs daupyriaT..." (iv.ja-vaxiSvili, 1908, gv.46-47). Cveni azriT, pliniusis cnobis sxvagvari ganmartebac SeiZleba:

am periodis wyaroebSi, araiSviaTad, erTmaneTs faravs termi-nebi: suani, sani, zani, suanokolxi, egrsvani... Cans, strabonisa da pliniusis dros termini svani im ramdenime qarTveluri tomis (egrisis nawilis, dvaleTis, skvimiis, sakuTriv svaneTis mosaxle-obis...) gamaerTianebeli, krebiTi saxelia, romelTac romaelebi ver akontrolebdnen (Sdr.: lazika - romaelTa gavlenis sfero): yuradRebis centrSi svanebis moqceva, Cans, ganapiroba kavkasiis uReltexilebis strategiulobam.

Cveni azriT, Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasasruls jer kidev dauS-lelia zanur-svanuri enobrivi erToba; swored es adreuli za-nur-svanuri (da ara megruli an svanuri) dialeqturi fena unda vivaraudoT osur-alanuri enis substratad (masalisaTvis ix. v.abaevi, 1949, 324-329); Sdr.: gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom osurSi zanuri/afsiluri substrati gaCnda kodoris xeobaSi osebis eq-spansiis dros (n. afxazava, 1998). rogorc cnobilia, substratis arseboba miuTiTebs damxvduri da mosuli eTnosebis xangrZliv


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urTierTobas; vfiqrobT, SeuZlebelia, osTa metyvelebaSi zanu-ri substratis warmoqmna davuSvaT kodoris xeobaSi alanTa mo-klevadiani eqspansiis periodSi. rac Seexeba osurSi sakuTriv svanuri leqsikis arsebobas: CrdilokavkasiaSi mcxovrebi osebis metyvelebaSi svanuri da afxazuri leqsika (rogorc adstratu-

li fena) Sevida svanTa, afxazTa da osTa mezoblobis pirobebSi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom, Cveni azriT, zanur-svanuri kontinuumis ba-zaze sakuTriv svanuri metyvelebis Camoyalibeba swored welTaR-ricxvaTa mijnidan xdeba qarTvelur (zanur) metyvelebaze Crdi-lokavkasiur tomTa metyvelebis dafenebiT (msjelobisaTvis ix. t. futkaraZe, 1998); aqve aRvniSnavT, rom ara mxolod svanuri, ara-med araizolirebuli nebismieri mosaxleobis metyveleba

(ena/kilo) warmoqmnilia divergenciuli da konvergenciuli

procesebis Sedegad. strabonis mixedviT, svanebi gamoirCeodnen simamaciT da didi

fizikuri ZaliT. strabonis cnobiTve, svanebs hyavT basilevsi da 300 mamakacisgan Semdgari sabWo; saWiroebis Jams gamohyavT 200000-

kaciani laSqari. straboni svanebis sacxovrisSi arsebul mdinare-ebTan akavSirebs oqros sawmisis miTs; strabonTanvea Zveli

cnoba, rom oqros sabadoebis gamo (romlisganac warmoiSva miTi oqros sawmisis Sesaxeb), dasavleTis iberebis analogiiT, svanebs zogi aRmosavleTis iberebsac uwodebs, ramdenadac oqros sabadoebi aris orive iberiaSi (rusuli TargmanisaTvis ix., stra-boni, 1964, gv. 473, XI, II,14-19); Sdr., T.yauxCiSvilis Targmani:

svanebis qveyanaSi "zamTris niaRvrebs oqro Camoaqvs, xolo

barbarosebi agroveben oqros daxvretili varclebiT da banjgvliani tyavebiT: aqedan momdinareobs miTi oqros sawmisian verZze... (dazianebuli teqsti)... Tu ar deben iberebs msgavs saxels dasavleTelebisas, romelTac aqvT oqros sabadoebi orive mxares: es adgili SeiZleba gavigoT ornairad: a)espaneTis iberebs orive mxares aqvT oqros sabaduri; b) oqros sabadoebi aqvT,

rogorc espaneTis iberebs, ise saqarTvelos iberebs"

(T.yauxCiSvili, 1957, gv. 126; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.139-144). svanebi sxva wyaroebSic Canan:


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priske panioneli (V s.): "didi uTanxmoeba hqondaT svanTa tomTan romaelebsa da lazebs; svanebma sastiki brZola gaaCaRes

sematis (?lazTa sardlis) winaaRmdeg" (georgika, 1961, gv.261); prokopi kesarieli (VI s.): "marto es lazike ki ar Caigdes

xelT sparselebma, aramed svimniaca da svaniac da, amrigad, moxi-risidan iberiamde mTeli miwa-wyali gamoecalaT xelidan romae-lebsa da lazTa mefes” (georgika, 1965, gv.202).

agaTia sqolastikosi (VI s.) vrclad msjelobs misimielTa Se-saxeb; misi cnobiT, es xalxi kolxTa mefis qveSevrdomia, msgavsad

afsilebisa, oRond gansxvavebul enaze laparakobs. isini afsilTa tomze ufro CrdiloeTiT cxovroben, odnav aRmosavleTiT; aga-Tias misimielebi miaCnia kolxTa da afsilTa naTesavad; s. yaux-CiSvilis logikuri varaudiT, misimielebi/misimianebi svanuri tomia (georgika, 1936, gv.86, 161-162, 172, 347-348). misim- fuZe SeiZ-leba davakavSiroT svanTa TviTsaxelwodebasTan; SesaZloa, warmodgenili berZnuli forma muSuan- fuZis damaxinjebuli va-rianti iyos: muSuan- > *muSun- > miSin-/misim-; Sdr.: qvemosvanu-ri - muSEan, balszemouri - muSan, balsqvemouri - muSni, latalu-ri - muSEan/mHSan; mHSan formisTvis amosavali SeiZleba iyos mo-San-: mo-San/mo-san; Sdr.: mo-frang-e, mo-xev-e.

Sdr., p. ingoroyva, 1954, gv.144: "*mH-simi-an-i Tavisi gramati-kuli gaformebiT wminda qarTul tips warmoadgens: m- Tavkiduri prefiqsia, romelic erTvis eTnikur saxelebs, xolo -an-, aseve, eTnikuri saxelebis determinanti sufiqsia. aqve SevniSnavT, rom p. ingoroyvas sayuradRebo varaudiT, misimianeTis Zveli saxelia kolaeTi, ramdenadac antikur wyaroebSi kodoris xeobaSi mosax-le toms ewodeba kolike (p. ingoroyva, 1954, gv.142).

samecniero literaturaSi naTladaa garkveuli svan- fuZis-gan warmoqmnili variantebis fonetikuri safuZvlebi:

saerToqarTv. svan- zan.-svan. SEan ( TviTsaxelwodeba: mo-Suan-) zan. Soni;

saerToqarTv. svan- zan.-svan. SEan afxaz. a-SEan-ua... vfiqrobT, Temonimi svani momdinareobs *san- fuZis labialize-


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buli *sºan- variantisgan, romelic, Cans, saerToqarTvelurSive arsebobda; swored am labializebuli bgeris mezoblobas unda Se-ewyo xeli *San-/Svan- > Son- procesisTvis.

SeniSvna: Cveni azriT, saerToqarTveluri a xmovani interkonsonan-tur poziciaSi im SemTxvevebSi gvaZlevs zanur o refleqss, rodesac

winamavali Tanxmovani labialuria, an arabagismieri labializebulia (labiovelarizebulia): winaenismieri an ukanaenismieri Tanxmovnebis labiovelarizebuli alofonebi warmoadgenen bazas zanuris a > o

procesisTvis; Sdr.: qarTv. kaci > zan. koCi, magram: qarTv. laviwi >

zan. laberji/laberwi; qarTv. sadave "avSara" > zan. sadio; qarTv. ga-cnoba > zan. gaCinefa; qarTv. adarebinebs > zan. odarebafuans; qarTv. amzadebs > zan. zaduns; qarTv. zadi > zan. zandi "Cirqi"; qarTv. kakala-mi > zan. kakliani; qarTv. kakani > zan. kakafi; qarTv. kavi/kakvi > zan. kak-vi; qarTv. kalo > zan. kale; qarTv. kani > zan. kani; qarTv. kari > zan. ka-re; qarTv. kalTa > zan. karTe da mravali sxva. amgvari sityvebi zanuri leqsikuri maragis udides nawils Seadgens, amdenad, ulogiko iqneba,

isini qarTuli saliteraturo enidan "nasesxobad" CaiTvalos; am rigis formebi saerToqarTveluridanaa momdinare (am sakiTxis Sesa-xeb vrclad sxvagan gvaqvs msjeloba).

suanokolxebi - Temonimi souannokolxoi dasturdeba mxo-lod klavdios ptolema~osTan (100-178 ); suanokolxebi cxovro-ben henioxebsa da mdinare koraqss (bzifs) Soris; daaxloebiT am adgilebSi ariane da sxva avtorebi sanigebs asaxeleben (T.yauxCiS-vili, 1976, gv.160-162). ramdenadac ptolema~osi suanokolxebs

kolxeTs gareT aTavsebs, gaWirdeba im azris gaziareba, rom isini

is svanebi arian, romlebic kolxeTSi cxovroben (Sdr., T.yauxCiS-vili, 1976, gv.161).

ptolema~osis saxelmZRvanelo ZiriTadad mihyveba fsevdo-skilaqss, arianesa da pliniuss (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.164); buneb-rivia, is icnobs strabonsac; gamomdinare aqedan, unda davuSvaT, rom igi eTnonim sanigebs gaazrebulad cvlis suanokolxebiT,

romliTac, Cans, igi aRniSnavs Zveli kolxebis memkvidre erT-erT

toms; amgvari xazgasma imitom gaxda saWiro, rom, ptolema~osis mi-xedviT, suanokolxebi cxovroben miseuli kolxeTis gareT - sarma-


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tiaSi. sayuradReboa isic, rom hekata~os mileteli (Zv.w. 549-472) dRevandeli mdinare bzifis raionSi asaxelebs kolxur toms -

koraqsebs (Sdr., misi azriT, kolebi bzifis auzsa da dioskurias Soris arian). suano-kolxebs svanebisa da megrelebis SereviT

warmoqmnil tomad miiCnevs iv.javaxiSvili (1960, gv.429). p. ingoroyvas azriT, svano-kolxebis aRmniSvneli unda iyos

termini eger-svanic, romelic gvxvdeba somex istorikos favstos bizantielTan (p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.145).

amarantebi - stefane bizantielis (IV-VII s.) cnobiT, amaran-

tebi kolxuri tomia; maTi qveynidan modis fazisi (georgika, 1936, gv. 275); aqve: kolxeTSi arsebobs mTa amarantioni; Sdr.: mkvlevre-bi am toponimSi amiranis mTas xedaven.

dvalebi - antikur wyaroebSi dvalebi ax.w. I saukunidan ixse-nebian Talis, valis da ualis saxelwodebiT (r. TofCiSvili, 2002, gv. 62). Zveli qarTuli wyaroebisa Tu Tanamedrove mkvlevar-Ta didi nawilis mixedviT, dvalebi qarTvelebi arian (zogi maT

naxebad Tvlis); dvaleTi saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi iyo 1859 wlamde, vidre ruseTis imperiam es qarTveluri mxare saqarTve-los sabolood ar CamoaWra.

tuskebi - klavdios ptolema~osi aRmosavleT sarmatiaSi asa-xelebs tuskebs, didurebsa da sanarebs. T.yauxCiSvilis azriT

(1976, gv.167), eseni unda iyvnen wovaTuSebi, didoelebi da wanare-bi. gaumarTlebeli Cans adreul periodSi wovaTuSebisa da CaR-maTuSebis daSoriSoreba; Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom CvenTvis cnobili TuSebis didi nawili erT-erT qarTvelur

kiloze metyvelebs, xolo ufro mcire nawilis - wova-TuSebis - metyveleba emsgavseba rogorc vainaxurs, aseve - Zvel qarTuls, logikuri iqneba, davuSvaT tuskebis/TuSebis qarTveloba:

TuSebis vainaxuri warmomavlobis tomad miCnevis SemTxvevaSi gaWirdeba mtkiceba, rom saqarTvelosgan maRali mTebiT mowyve-tilma mosaxleobam iswavla da saukuneebis manZilze SeinarCuna


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qarTuli maSin, roca daiviwya regionSi intensiurad gamoyenebu-li dedaena - erT-erTi vainaxuri ena (T.uTurgaiZe, 1996).

vfiqrobT, tuskebi qarTveluri warmomavlobis xalxia, ro-melTa nawilis (wovaTuSebis) metyveleba Zlier Seicvala mezobe-li Tu "sisxlis Ziebas" gamoqceuli vainaxebis gavleniT. am pozi-cias amyarebs lingvisturi monacemebic: wova-TuSurSi arsebiTi adgili uWiravs adreul qarTul substrats (m. miqelaZe, 2004, gv. 45); Sdr.: g. cocaniZis azriT, TuSuri mosaxleoba enobrivad

gansxvavebul or jgufad ganiyofa: CaRmaTuSebad da wovaTuSebad

(g. cocaniZe, 1993, gv. 539). a. SavxeliSvilis azriT, wovaTuSuri naxurad qceuli qarTveluri enaa, xolo b. SavxeliSvilis mtkice-biT, wovaTuSuri ena gardamavali, damakavSirebeli rgolia qar-Tvelur (gansakuTrebiT Zvel qarTul) da vainaxur enebs Soris (b. SavxeliSvili, 2003).

aqa~ebi/aqeebi, aqeelebi - fsevdo-skilaqsis (Zv.w. IV s.) masa-lebis mixedviT, aqa~ebi da henioxebi Tanamedrove tuafsesa da soWs Soris unda vivaraudoT (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.83; T.yaux-CiSvili, 1980); Sdr.: V saukunis anonimuri "periplusis" mixed-viT, iq, sadac adre aqa~ebi cxovrobdnen, axla Ziqebi arian.

straboni asaxelebs aqeis qveyanas, ariane - "Zvel aqa~as", pto-lema~osi - sofel aqa~as...

miuxedavad imisa, rom berZeni istorikosebi (straboni, apia-ne, dionisios periegeti...) eTnonimsac da tomsac berZnuli warmomavlobisad Tvlian, Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa didi nawili fiqrobs, rom aqa~ebi qarTvelur-kavkasiuri tomia; "rogorc

Cans, aqa~ebis saxeliT cnobili tomi Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sana-piros Crdilo monakveTze cxovrobda daaxloebiT argonavtebis laSqrobis droidan ax.w. I saukunemde; II saukuneSi mcxovrebi ariane maT ukve aRar axsenebs, magram icnobs geografiul punqts "Zveli aqa~a" (T. yauxCiSvili, 1980, gv.37).

specialistebi fiqroben, rom berZnul wyaroebSi Semonaxul

saxelwodebaSi romelime qarTveluri sityvaa areklili... sindebi, Ziqebi, zixebi/zinxebi, jiqebi - aristoteles (Zv.w.


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384-322) mixedviT, sindebi skviTuri modgmis tomia; ufro zustad, meoti tomia. sindebi cxovrobdnen dRevandeli anapis midamoebSi; evstaTis komentaris mixedviT, sindebi igive jiqebi arian (T. yaux-CiSvili, 1969, gv. 25). zikxebTanac aigiveben sindebs; mag., dionisi-osis (ax.w. II s.) "periegesiss" evstaTis (XII s.) komentaris mixed-viT, sindebi igive zikxebi arian, zikxebi ki gaigivebuli arian strabonis jiqebTan. Sdr., dionisiosi iqve, 5 striqonis qvemoT, asaxelebs eTnonim jiqebsac (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv. 222).

zigebi pirvelad Cndebian strabonTan (Zv. w. 64 - ax. w. 24): is erTad asaxelebs aqeebs, zigebsa da henioxebs, romlebic kolxebis CrdiloeTiT, zRvis sanapiroze cxovroben (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.137).

Sdr., devnili miTridate gverds uvlis ziqebis sacxovriss maTi velurobisa da cudgzianobis gamo; napir-napir aRwevs aqee-bamde, romelnic mas kargad iReben (straboni, XI, 2, 12-14).

V saukunis periplusis anonimi avtori wers: "Zvel aqeidan Zvel lazikamde da mdinare aqeuntamde (es aris soWidan 30 km da-Sorebuli) uwin cxovrobdnen tomebi: henioxebi, koraqsebi, kole-bi, melanqlainebi, maxelonebi, kolxebi da lazebi; axla ki cxov-roben zixebi" (T. yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.130).

T.yauxCiSvilis varaudiT, es ziqebi/Ziqebi, Semdegi periodis jiqebi, adre qeds gadaRma, sarmatiis dablobze cxovrobdnen da strabonis dros axalgadmosaxlebulni arian zRvispireTSi; straboni da misi momdevno bevri avtori (ariane, dionisios peri-egeti, stefane bizantieli...) Semdeg ukve aq asaxelebs maT (T. ya-uxCiSvili, 1976, gv.139).

Sdr., mag., ariane: "zRvis piras da Semdeg, kodoris xeobaSi cxovroben afsilebi. maT Semdeg ise, rom qalaqi sebastopolisi maT teritoriazea, md. Saxemde arian sanigebi; sanigebs zemoT

mTebSi saxloben abaskebi. md. Saxedan md. negofsuxumde cxovro-ben Zilqebi (jiqebi)" (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100).

klavdios ptolema~osis mixedviT (II s.), zinxebis sacxovri-sad ivaraudeba teritoria mdinare yubanidan mdinare labas saTa-veebamde; ptolema~osis azriT, kolxidis CrdiloeTiT aris aziis


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sarmatia (Tavi VIII), sadac cxovroben: aqa~ebi, kerketebi, henioxe-bi da suanokolxebi. pirvel sam toms ara erTi Zveli avtori asa-xelebs da, rogorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSi klavdios ptolema~os Zve-li wyaro hqonda xelT: misi henioxebi Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sana-piros CrdiloeT nawilSi arian da ara samxreTiT, rogorc es gvi-andel wyaroebSia. mas Zveli wyaroc rom hqonda xelT, amaze miu-TiTebs zinxebis (anu jiqebis) xsenebac sarmatiaSi, rac strabonis droidan aRar gvxvdeba (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.160).

jiqeTi Crdilo kavkasiaSia gviandeli wyaroebiTac: konstan-tine porfirogeneti (IXs.): "bosforis pirdapir aris e.w. tama-tarxis cixe. am srutis sigrZe aris 18 mili. Sua manZilze aris di-di vake kunZuli, e.w. atexi. tamatarxidan 18 Tu 20 milis manZilze aris mdinare e.w. ukruxi, romelic hyofs jiqeTsa da tamatarxas, ukruxidan nikofsiis mdinaremde, sadac imave saxelwodebis cixea, aris jiqeTis qveyana... jiqeTis zemoT aris qveyana, papagiad wodebu-li, da papagiis qveynis zemoT - kasaxiad wodebuli qveyana; kasaxiis zemoT kavkasiis mTebia, xolo am mTebis zemoT - alaniis qveyana. ji-qeTis sanapiroze aris kunZulebi, erTi didi da sami patara kun-Zuli; maT Sua sxva kunZulebicaa, dasaxlebuli da gaSenebuli ji-qebis mier: es aris turganerxi, Carvagani da erTic sxva; aris kidev sxva kunZuli mdinaris navsayudelTan, erTic pteleasTan, sadac

jiqebi Tavs Seafarebdnen alanTa Tavdasxmebis dros"... (georgika, 1952, gv. 231-233).

Sdr., agreTve, nikifore grigorasi ( XIVs.): "Cingisxanis meo-re vaJi telepua imorCilebs masagetebisa da savromatebis qveya-nas... Semdeg man gadalaxa tanaisis saTaveebi da gaswia evropel

tomTa miwa-wylis gziT; es tomebi bevrni iyvnen da sxvadasxvani... tomebi, romelnic meotis tbis mezoblad iyvnen da pontos sanapi-ros mosdebodnen, iyvnen: jiqebi da abazgebi, guTebi da amaqsovie-bi, tavroskviTebi da borisTenelebi, garda amisa, iyvnen iseTebi, romelnic istros SesarTavTan mdebare miziaSi cxovrobdnen. maT

hunebi da komanebi ewodebodaT..." (georgika, 1967, gv.130-131). qarTuli wyaroebi kargad icnoben jiqebs: qarTlis cxovrebis

mixedviT, isini cxovroben Crdilo kavkasiaSi (q.c., 43, 45, 156-


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157…). jiqebi aSkarad Zveli Crdilokavkasiuri tomia, romelsac

naklebi Sexeba hqonda qarTvelur kulturasTan. savromatebi/sarmatebi/svirmatebi - savromatTa saxeli ber-

Znul mwerlobaSi uZvelesi droidan gvxvdeba; pirvelad dastur-deba fsevdo-skilaqsTan (Zv.w. IV s.); esaa Crdilokavkasiis mosax-leoba ufro aRmosavleTiT, vidre meotidaa; iv. javaxiSvilis az-riT, es saxeli momdinareobs Saro/Sarur formidan da niSnavs "SaroelTa toms" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.221). Sdr., straboni: "skviTebsa da sarmatebs enaTesavebian mTis iberebi" (T.yauxCiSvi-li, 1976, gv.149). zogi mkvlevari savromatebs miiCnevs alanebisa da osebis winaprebad (d.langi, 1997, gv.19).

kerketebi - kerketTa saxelic berZnul mwerlobaSi Zveli droidan gvxvdeba; pirvelad dasturdeba fsevdo-skilaqsTan (Zv.w. IV s.); isini cxovroben Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sana-piroze sindebsa da toretebs Soris (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.81). strabonis mixedviT, kerketebi cxovroben henioxebis samxreTiT; berZnuli termini kerketebi gaigivebulia CerqezebTan (mimoxil-visaTvis ix. T.yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.90); Sdr., T.yauxCiSvili 1976, gv. 257-258, sadac kerket- fuZisTvis amosavladaa miCneuli egr- (egrisi) Ziri. Cer-q-ez- da ker-k-et- formebis saerTo warmomav-lobis mtkiceba SesaZlebelia (Tumca rTulia sufiqsTa ident-ifikacia), magram gaWirdeba egr- fuZesTan maTi dakavSireba.

skviTinebi/skviTebi - qsenofontesTan dadasturebuli skvi-Tinebi cxovrobdnen Woroxis marcxena nawilSi; marjvniv iyvnen xa-libebi; zog mkvlevars skviTinebi miaCnia skviTebis STamomavle-bad, zogs - qarTvelur tomad - heptakometebad - Svidsoflele-bad.

qsenofontes nanax skviTinebs hqondaT qalaqebic da sofle-bic, e.i. maT gaaCndaT saxelmwifoebrivi wyobac (sakiTxis mimoxil-visaTvis ix. T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.132)...

faqtia, rom Woroxis xeobaSi uZvelesi droidanve mosaxleob-dnen qarTveluri tomebi; aSkaraa isic, rom terminebi skviTi da


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skviTini erTi fuZisaa. berZnul-bizantiur wyaroebSi skviTebad

xSirad moixsenieba sxva qarTveluri modgmis xalxebic, amdenad, savaraudoa, rom qsenofonte am SemTxvevaSic qarTvelur toms gu-lisxmobdes. Sdr., skviTis mniSvneloba wyaroebis mixedviT:

ariane: "dioskuriidan rom modixar, pirveli sadguria piti-untSi, samas ormocdaaTi stadionis manZilze, aqedan nitikemde as ormocdaaTi stadionia. aq Zvelad cxovrobda skviTTa tomi, ro-melsac ixseniebs istorikosi herodote. maT is girCis mWamelebs uwodebs [fTirofagebs]" (berZeni mwerlebi... 1983, gv.159);

ipolite romaeli (III s.): "...kapadukielTa gadaRma, marjvena mxareebSi cxovroben armenielebi, iberielebi da beranebi, xolo

marcxena mxareebSi: skviTebi, kolxebi da bosporelebi..." (georgi-ka, 1961, gv.20).

iovane cece (1110-1180): iberebi, abazgebi (masagetebi) da ala-nebi erTi tomisa arian; maTTan erTad sakebi, dakebi, savromarte-bi da sakuTriv skviTebi da yvela is tomi, romelnic CrdiloeTiT

cxovroben, sazogadod iwodebian skviTebad (georgika, 1967, gv.23-25). kolxebi indoeli skviTebi arian, maT lazebic ewodebaT

(iqve, gv.32-36). Srd., nikifore grigorasi (XIV s.): pirvandeli skviTebi or

nawilad gaiyvnen: erTma nawilma daarbia aziaSi mcxovrebi savro-martebi, masagetebi, melanqlainebi, amazonebi... da miiRes am damo-nebul tomTa saxelebi (georgika, 1967, gv.128-129).

samecniero literaturaSi termini skviTebi da qarTuli wyaroebis xazarebi, rogorc wesi, veluri indoevropuli tome-bis saxelebadaa miCneuli; miuxedavad berZnul wyaroTa winaaR-mdegobrivi Cvenebisa, vfiqrobT, ara gvaqvs sakmarisi argumentebi, rom skviTebSi qarTveluri modgmis romelime sazogadoeba movi-azroT. gaWirdeba mtkicebac, rom Targamosis modgma igive indo-evropel skviTTa modgmaa (Sdr., m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.50, 166); aseve, sa-eWvoa Targamos/Togormasa da gomeri/kimeri/kimerielis igiveoba, ramdenadac, bibliis mixedviT, gomeri iafetis Zea, xolo Togarma

iafetis SviliSvili; Sdr., m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.43,167, sadac, imowmebs


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ra n.xazaraZis msjelobas, askvnis: "Targamosi ki aris igive Togorma, gomeri da kimiri, anu aq sa-

ubaria kimiriul-skviTur tomebze". bibliuri eTnarqebi saxeldebulni arian Zv.w. I aTaswleulis

dasawyisSi centralur evraziaSi arsebuli tomebis mixedviT da ara piriqiT; garda amisa, am problemis Sesaxeb msjelobisas gasaT-valiswinebelia:

"qarTlis cxovrebiT", Targamosi iavanis/avanis SviliSvilia da ara – gomeris: iafeti – iavani – TarSisi – Targamosi:

"ese Targamos iyo Ze TarSisi, Ziswuli iafetisi, Zisa noesi" (q.c., I, gv.3); Sdr.: r.gordeziani, 1993, gv.8 da a. jafariZe, 1994, gv.71.

Cans, bibliis Semoqmedi gomer-/kimiris Camomavlad ar Tvlida qarTvelTa eTnarqs.

vfiqrobT, eTnonimi skviTebi kavkasia-mcireaziaSi mosul in-doevropel tomTa zogadi saxelia; isini kunZulebad SemorCnen am regionSi (osebi, armenebi), ZiriTadad ki aiTqvifnen damxvdur mo-saxleobaSi; maTi metyveleba superstratuli fenis saxiT dRem-dea SemorCenili qarTvelur enobriv velSi. skviTinebis sakiTxi bundovani rCeba.

tavrebi - skviTuri tomi; nikoloz damaskelis ganmartebiT

(Zv. w. 64 ax. w. 14), tavrebi skviTuri tomia; es is xalxia, romelic

dRes yirimad wodebul teritoriaze saxlobda da romelsac an-tikur epoqaSi tavrika ewodeboda (T. yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.88).

Sdr., apiane (90-170 w.) skviTebsa da tavrebs sxvadasxva tome-bad Tvlis: "Zv. w. 74 wels miTridate emzadeboda romaelebTan me-samed sabrZolvelad; mokavSireebad hyavda, Zvelebs garda, xalibe-bi, armenielebi, skviTebi, tavrebi, aqeelebi, henioxebi, levkosire-bi da sxvebi"; "yvelafris mimarT, rasac ki is brZanebs, mzad arian [misi] megobrebi: skviTebi, tavrebi, bastarnebi, Trakielebi, sa-rmatebi da yvelani, vinc tanaisis, istrosis da Tundac meotisis tbis irgvliv [cxovroben]"; "[miTridates], uwindeli Zalebis garda, mokavSireebad Seematnen: xalibebi, armenielebi, skviTebi,


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tavrebi, aqeelebi, henioxebi, levkosirebi da isini, romelTac

mdinare TermodontTan egreTwodebuli amoZonTa qveyana uWi-ravT" (apiane, 1959, gv.23, 59, 143).

tavrebTan da skviTebTan mimarTebiT sainteresoa termin ru-sis sakiTxi, romelic pirvelad Cndeba VI saukuneSi; sakiTxis mokle istoria aseTia:

ioane cece (XII s.) ambobs, rom tavrebs (e.i. tavridis mkvidrT) ewodebaT rusebi. daaxloebiT amasve ambobs leoni: tav-roskviTebs Cveulebriv rusebi ewodebaTo. evstaTi ki cal-calke asaxelebs tavrebsa da rusebs.

T. yauxCiSvili: tavrebi Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi skviTur to-mad aris miCneuli, magram "skiTis" sabadlo termini "tavri" ara-sodes yofila. aristoteles naSromis - "cis Sesaxeb" - sqolioSi arsebuli ganmarteba (romelic ekuTvnis VI s. moRvawe simplici-uss) "skviTebi - rusebi" safuZvels iRebs swored skviTebisa da tavrebis gaigivebiT: skviTebi = tavrebs, tavrebi = rusebs. Tuki termini "rusi" iqca tavris Semcvlelad, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom skviTebi rusebis winaprebi arian (T. yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv. 28-29). tavrebisa da rusebis erTianobis mtkiceba gaWirdeba (samecniero literaturaSi pirvandeli rusebi skandinaviel va-riagebTan arian dakavSirebuli; Tanamedrove rusebis Camoyalibe-bis procesSi arsebiTi wili aqvs monRolur tomebsac).

qarTvelur-kavkasiuri (avtoqToni) tomebis garda, Zv.w. VI saukunidan amierkavkasiaSi Cndebian indoevropeli warmoSobis armenebi da alanebi.

armenebi - armenebi pirvelad Cndebian Zv.w. VI saukuneSi (heka-ta~os mileteli, herodote): "frigielebis mezoblad arian kapa-dokielebi, romelTac Cven sirielebs vuwodebT, xolo amaTi me-zoblebi arian kilikielebi... kilikielebis mezoblad arian arme-nielebi... xolo armenielebis mezoblad arian matienebi, romel-


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Tac es qveyana uWiravT" (herodote, 1975, gv. 330, V, 49); Sdr., iqve, gv. 434: "... frigielebs, rogorc makedonelebi amboben, ewodebaT

brigebi, mTeli im xnis ganmavlobaSi, sanam evropelebi iyvnen da makedonelebis mezoblad cxovrobdnen, xolo, aziaSi rom gada-vidnen, miwa-wyalTan erTad saxelic gamoicvales, frigielebi da-irqves. armenielebi, romlebic frigielebisagan momdinareoben, frigielebis msgavsad iyvnen mowyobilebi." Sdr., diodore sici-lielis mier CamoTvlili tomebis Tanamimdevroba (Zv. w. I s.): kar-duxebi, armenielebi, xaebi (e.i. taoxebi), fasianebi, xaldebi, ski-tinebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosAinoikebi, tibarenebi" (T. yauxCiS-vili, 1976, gv.124); ipolite romaeli (III): "kapatukielTa gadaRma, marjvena mxareebSi cxovroben armenielebi, iberielebi da berane-bi, xolo marcxena mxareebSi - skviTebi, kolxebi da bosporelebi" (georgika, 1961, gv.19)... Zv.w. II saukuneSi armenebi did warmatebebs aRweven.

iv. javaxiSvilis azriT (1960, gv.437), ramdenadac qsenofonte araqsis midamoebSi alarodebis nacvlad ukve armenebs asaxelebs, SesaZlebelia, vimsjeloT am tomis kavkasiaSi mosvlis SedarebiT

zust TariRzec. CvenTvis savsebiT sarwmunoa samecniero literaturaSi gaba-

tonebuli azri, rom eTnonimi somexi Tavdapirvelad erTi ganapi-ra qarTveluri tomis an, sulac, monaTesave urartuelebis saxe-li iyo; Cans, saukuneebis manZilze TandaTan damkvidrebulma ar-menebma nel-nela moaxdines urartul-qarTvelur tomTa asimila-cia; asimilirebuli qarTveluri tomis metyvelebis danaSrevi aS-karaa rogorc armenielTa enaSi (kavkasiuri abruptivebis rigis arsebobis faqti!), aseve, maT anTropologiur maxasiaTeblebSi. SemTxveviTi ar Cans is, rom araratis Zveli saxeli - masis mTa da eTnonimi somex-i (< * so-mes-x- < * sa-mas-x-) erTmaneTTan daakavSira n.marma; ar gamoiricxeba sxva gzac: *mas-x- *sam-x- som-x-; saki-Txi Semdgom kvlevas saWiroebs.

samecniero literaturaSi msjeloben armenebisa da skviTebis saerTo warmomavlobis Sesaxeb (n.xazaraZe, 1984, gv.194); sarwmunoa mosazrebac, rom: haiki kavkasiaSi mosaxle (avtoqToni) urartul-


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xurituli modgmis xalxis eTnarqia, xolo armeniaki - mosuli in-doevropelebisa - skviTebisa; moxda avtoqToni da mosuli xalxis Serwyma (m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.42-43); Sdr.: kulturaTa/enaTa/xalxTa Serwyma-"ganayofiereba" Cveulebrivi ambavia Zvel samyaroSi; ix., mag., promeTe/amiranisa da zevsis mimarTeba.

alanebi - berZnul wyaroebSi alanebi naxsenebi ar arian axa-li welTaRricxvis I saukunemde. pirvelad axsenebs ioseb flaviu-si; maT ukve icnobs dionios periegeti, ptolemaiosi, lukiane... (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.221-222). alanebs xazarTa nawilad Tvlis qarTveli mematiane. alanebic (armenTa msgavsad) kavkasiaSi Seda-rebiT gvian damkvidrebuli tomia. "alanTa qveynisTvis saxelis mimcemi eTnosi unda yofiliyo ara osi mosaxleoba, aramed

yaraCaelebi, romlebsac alanTa saxeliT icnobdnen rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, ise XX saukunis dasawyisis samegreloSic" (T.gvancelaZe, 2004, gv. 58). am xalxis, indoevropeli osebisa da damxvduri kavkasielebis SereviT warmoiSvnen amJamindeli osebi (v.abaevi osur enas ganixilavs samxreT ruseTis Zveli mosaxleo-bis - skviTebis, masagetebis, sarmatebis, alanebis... enaTa jgufSi; v.iarceva, 1990, gv.353).

Semdgomi msjelobis gagrZelebamde, kidev erTxel, Ziri-Tadad, TviTmxilvel mogzaurTa Tu mecnierTa mixedviT, davasaxe-lebT im qarTvelur tomebs, romlebic cxovrobdnen Zveli wel-TaRricxvis dasasruls:

hekata~os mileteli (Zv.w. 549-472): melanqla~nebi, koraqsebi, kolebi, mosxebi, xo~ebi, beqe~rebi, diZerebi, makronebi, marebi, mosinoikebi, tobarenebi, xalibebi. sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom koraqsebisa da mosxebis Sesaxeb hekata~osi ambobs, kolxuri tome-biao (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43);

herodote (484 - 425): kolxebi, saspe~rebi, xalibebi, makrone-bi, mosxebi, tibarenebi, mosino~kebi, marebi; maTi monaTesaveni arian: alarodielebi (urartuelebi), matienebi (herodote, 1975);


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qsenofonte (435-355): karduxebi, taoxebi, xaldebi, xalibebi, fasianebi, skviTinebi, makronebi, kolxebi, drilebi, hesperitebi, mosinikebi, ko~tebi (morCili xalibebi? - t.f.), tibarenebi (T.miqelaZe, 1967);

fsevdo-skilaqsi (IV s.): savromatebi, ma~otebi, sindebi, ker-ketebi, toretebi, aqa~ebi, henioxebi, koraqsebi, kolebi, melan-qla~nebi, gelonebi, kolxebi, biZerebi, ekeqe~rebi, beqe~rebi, mak-rokefalebi, mosino~kebi, tibarenebi, xalibebi.

ariane (II s.): trapizonidan Zvel aqaiamde Semdegi tomebi gavi-areT: kolxebi, sanebi (qsenofontes drilebi), makronebi, henioxe-bi, Zidritebi, lazebi (arianesTan lazebi da kolxebi Tanaarsebo-ben da xazgasmiT sxvadasxva tomebia - t.f.), afsilebi, abaskebi, sa-nigebi, Zilqebi;

nikoloz damaskeli (Zv.w. 64 - ax.w.14): kolxebi, sindebi, tavre-bi, mosinebi, kerketebi, savromatebi...

am tomTa garda, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi amave periodSi cxovrobdnen agreTve:

kaxebi, kuxebi (iv.javaxiSvili, 1969, gv.437) da herebi (herTa vinaobis Sesaxeb ix. k.ficxelauri, 1973, gv.197). kaxebis qarTvelu-roba dResac yvelasTvis TvalsaCinoa; kuxebis mxare - kuxeTi, rogorc erTi qarTveluri tomis sacxovrisi, VIII saukunemde ar-sebobs; Semdeg ki kaxeTSi samTavros SemadgenlobaSi Sedis; Sdr., agreTve: d.musxeliSvilis azriT, leonti mrovelis mier mocemu-li sazRvrebi kaxeTis, kuxeTisa da hereTisa Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis viTarebas asaxavs (d.musxeliSvili, 1966, gv.5-38). zog mkvlevars herebi albanur tomad miaCnda, magram hereTis teritoriaze ga-vrcelebuli wamyvani iaraRebi Tu sxva nakeTobani kaxeT-kuxeTSi -da qarTlSi mopovebul masalasTan erTad erT safuZvelzea warmoSobili da, bunebrivia, maTTan Seudareblad met msgavsebas iCens, vidre hereTis samxreTiT da aRmosavleTiT gavrcelebul

masalasTan, romelic sul sxva sawyisebzea Seqmnili (k.ficxelau-ri, 1973, gv.197). garda amisa, herebis amJamindeli STamomavlebi –

ingiloebi Tavidanve qarTvelebi (monolingvuri qarTulenovani


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mosaxleoba) rom ar yofiliyvnen, srul araqarTvelurenovan ga-remocvaSi verasodes iswavlidnen qarTuls.

kaxTa, kuxTa da herTa gverdiT unda davasaxeloT: fxovelebi

(xevsurebi, fSavlebi, moxeveebi, mTiul-gudamayrelni) da

dasavleT saqarTvelos mkvidri skvimnebi/skviminebi/cxume-

bi/*Cxumebi/Cxumni (sakiTxis istoriis, berZnuli wyaroebis skvi-miis, svimiis, cxum/leCxumisa da Takver-raWis Sesaxeb ix. l.fruiZe, 1993, gv.471-478; d.leTodiani, 2003, gv.18-30). Sdr.: skvim/*cqvim-, Cxum-/le-Cxumi; savaraudo ckvim-/cxvim-/Cxvim-

/Cxum-/cxum- mosalodneli formebis Tavkiduri TanxmovanTkom-pleqsis gadmosacemad berZnulSi gamoyenebulia skv/sv mimdevro-ba, rac gvavaraudebinebs, rom ax.w. VI saukuneSi leCxumis oficia-luri saxeli iyo saerToqarTveluri agebulebis sityva: ckvi-mi/cxvimi. leCxumi dialeqturi variantia; le-/la- saerToqar-

Tveluri sufiqsi Cans, romelic produqtiulia zanursa da sva-nurSi; sakuTriv qarTulSi dadasturebuli masalisaTvis ix.: b.jorbenaZe, m.kobaiZe, m.beriZe, 1988, gv.268: la-rty-i, la-rTx-i... da m.Cuxua, 2003, gv.77: le-Jver-i = sa-Jver-e. daniSnulebis la-/le- aq warmomavloba-krebiTobis -eT-/-aT-, -ar-/-er- sufiqsebis fardia; Sdr., paraleluri warmoebebi: le-Cxum-i, sa-qarTvel-o

da cxum-i, cxum-ar-i, sxim-ar-i/sqim-ar-i, svan-eT-i... amrigad, aSkaraa, rom II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan wel-

TaRricxvaTa mijnamde saqarTvelos istoriul teritoriaze

cxovrobdnen qarTvelurad misaCnevi da, savaraudod, qarTve-

lur ena-kavebze anu dialeqtebze molaparake Semdegi monaTe-

save tomebi (SemTxveviTi arc is Cans, rom, araiSviaTad, maTi sa-cxovrisebi faravda erTmaneTs):

muSqebi/mosxebi/mesxebi, daianelebi/diauxebi/taoxebi, ko-

laelebi, tibarenebi, iberebi/saspeirebi/sapirebi, quTebi/ko-

itebi/kvitebi, koraqsebi, marebi, beqe~rebi, haliZonebi/xali-

bebi, xaldebi/qaldebi, mosino~kebi/heptakometebi, diZerebi,

biZerebi, Zidritebi, makronebi/makrokefalebi, fasianebi, me-

lanqlainebi, ekriktikes mcxovrebni/ekeqe~rebi, henioxebi, sa-nebi/Wanebi, sanigebi/sanikebi, lazebi, afxazebi, abaskebi,

afsarebi, svanebi/misimielebi, svano-kolxebi, amarantebi

(kolxuri tomi), tuskebi, kaxebi, kuxebi, cxumebi, fxovelebi,


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herebi...

am tomTa didi nawilis qarTvelurobis Sesaxeb sarwmuno

cnobebi jer kidev antikuri periodidan moipoveba (mag., agaTias azriT, misimielebi, kolxebi da afsilebi naTesavebi arian). zogi uZvelesi qarTveluri tomi saerTod daikarga (mag., gugarTa to-mis Sesaxeb ix. iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.24-33); bevris saxelic dRe-mde SemorCa qarTveluri Temebis (mesxebi, taoelebi, lazebi, sva-nebi, fxovelebi, megrelebi, herebi, kaxelebi da sxva), an konkre-tuli adgilis, regionis (kolxeTis dablobi, oZrxe, viwe, quTai-si...) Tu romelime xalxis (mag., somxebis...) saxelebis saxiT.

unda vivaraudoT, rom II-I aTaswleulebSi ZiriTadad swo-red am tomTagan iZerweba qarTveluri eTnosi (amis Sesaxeb ix. II Tavi); xolo maTi kiloebis bazaze arsebuli koines mixedviT

iqmneba samwignobro enac. warmodgenili masalis analizi cxad-yofs, rom Cvens istoriul sacxovrisSic xdeboda qarTvelur-kav-kasiur-winaaziur tomTa Sidamigraciebic da erTmaneTis xarjze politikuri hegemonobis velis gafarToebac; ucxo ar iyo indo-evropel Tu semit tomTa Semorevebic. bunebrivia, samwignobro

enis Seqmnamde, politikuri liderobis Sesabamisad, qarTvelTa sxvadasxva kilouri normac batondeboda, riTac biZgi eZleoda gardamavali kiloebis warmoqmnasac. droTa ganmavlobaSi sakuT-riv qarTveluri enis/koines, Zveli qarTveluri kiloebisa da am gardamavali metyvelebebis safuZvelze yalibdeba Tanamedrove qarTveluri kiloebi. saqarTvelos ganapira regionebSi dialeqt-ebis saxes gansazRvravs mezobel eTnosTa enebis adstratuli Tu

superstratuli gavlenebic.

qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli

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1.2.2. qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli

Zvel qarTul istoriul wyaroebSi "yovelTa qarTvelTa" sa-xelmwifos saxelia qarTli; mag., "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, farnavazis (Zv.w. IV s.) mier ganaxlebul-aRdgenili qarTli moi-cavs rva did saerisTavod dayofil Semdeg kuTxeebs (qveynebs): eg-riss, suaneTs, margueTs, kaxeTs, hereTs, kuxeTs, gardabans, ta-Sirs, abocs, javaxeTs, kolas, artaans, samcxes, aWaras, klarjeTs

(qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.24-25). mematiane xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom quj-farnavazis saxelmwi-

foSi - sruliad qarTlis SemadgenlobaSi ar Semovida Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTveloSi (Tanamedrove kodoridan - yubanis Sesar-Tavamde teritoria) mcxovrebi qarTveluri (egrosis) modgma; eg-riselTagan gansxvavebiT, maT isev berZenTa proteqtoratis qveS

darCena irCies: "egris wyals quemoT darCa berZenTa, rameTu mkAdrTa mis

adgilisaTa ara inebes gandgoma berZenTa...", Tumca, mematianisve cnobiT, mogvianebiT es teritoria mainc dauTmes berZnebma qar-Tvelebs. egrosis wili qveynis am nawilSi, romauli wyaroebis mi-xedviT, welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze lazebi cxovroben, ufro adre ki, ZiriTadad, kolxuri tomebi (ix. zemoT).

ax.w. I-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze termin qarTls cvlis saqar-

Tvelo (an: erTobili saqarTvelo).

qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, qarTvelTa ZiriTadi TviTsa-

xelwodebaa qarTu-el-i; wyaroebSi qarTveli pirvelad Cndeba VII saukuneSi, Tumca es termini ufro adrec unda yofiliyo aq-tiur gamoyenebaSi; mag., wyaroebis mixedviT, "naTesaviT qarTvele-bi" arian: egriseli stefane sanano~sZe, afxazi (argveTeli) wame-bulebi daviT da konstantine, SavSeli mama proxore, taoeli mama iovane, svani beri iovane qscxianisZe... Sdr., X-XII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos kulturuli veli moicavs Crdilokavkasiis did nawi-lsac (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. d.musxeliSvili, 1993).

qarTuel-/qarTvel- fuZis istoriisa da etimologiis Sesa-


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xeb samecniero literaturaSi mravalgvari mosazreba gamoiTqva: n.mari (1908, gv. 5; 1933, gv. 31): qarT-/qarTl-/qarTvel- fuZeebi

ukavSirdeba qasd- eTnonims, romlisganac miRebulia qald-/xal-di-c; kerZod: qasdiv- > qarTiv- > qarTiv-el-i > qarTveli (Sdr., i.WavWavaZe, 1955, gv.113: qaldi/qaldisi > qarTlosi)...

iv. javaxiSvili erTmaneTTan akavSirebda qarTu/kardusa da qarTvels; kerZod, misi azriT, "sityva qarTvelis pirveli nawi-li "qarTu" Cveni qveynis saxeli unda iyos... sityva "karduxic" ("megrul-Wanuri Stois tomis saxeli") Cveulebriv erovnebis aR-mniSvnel sakvec -xi-T bolovdeba; am sityvis pirveli nawilic un-da qveyanasa niSnavdes... raki am qveynis saxeli orive Stois (qarT-megruli) tomebis saxelwodebaSi moipoveba, ueWvelia, igi qar-Tvelebis Tavdapirveli saerTo samSoblo unda yofiliyo"; "si-tyvebi nairi, ba~ana, urartu mxolod qveynebis sakuTari saxele-bia, TviTon xalxi ki TavisTavs qaldis anu xaldis uZaxda (xazi Cvenia - t.f. Sdr., g.meliqiSvili, 1954, gv. 28-29). Cven viciT, rom es saxeli qarTveli tomebis sazogado saxelwodeba iyo (qarTu-el-i, kardu-xi); amitom safiqrebelia, rom es qaldebi qarTvelebis RviZli Zmebi yofiliyvnen (iv. javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.27, 56; iv. java-xiSvili, 1960, gv.411; ix. agreTve s. janaSia, 1959, gv.194-195).

qaldeasagan qarTvelis momdinareoba popularuli gaxda XX

saukunis pirveli naxevarSi moRvawe mwerlebisaTvis, gansakuTre-biT aRsaniSnavia grigol robaqiZis reminiscenciebi (romelsac, faqtobrad, lingvisturi argumentebis TvalsazrisiT, ver ga-scilda bevri mkvlevari); XX saukunis dasasruls ki amgvari mi-dgoma kvlav gaaaqtualura zviad gamsaxurdiam (1991, gv.27, 220), romelic, imowmebda ra niko maris mosazrebas, qarTvelTa saxels

da sacxovriss mTa kardus saxelTan (amJamindel araratTan) da RvTaeba kardusTan akavSirebda; zogi ucxoeli specialisti ib-

er-qarTebis winaprebad Tvlida zemo mesopotamiaSi – istoriul

gordueneSi – mcxovreb karduxebs (g.meliqiSvili, 1965, gv.19-20); Sdr.; karduxebs miiCneven xuritul tomad, romelsac daefenen qurTebi.


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qarTvel- da qarTl- fuZeebis etimologiis Sesaxeb kidev aR-saniSnavia:

s. kakabaZe: qarTli (armazis Zveli saxeli) dakavSirebulia "qarTa" (baga), qori, qoredi, qardagi da svan. "qvilTxi" (maRali) sityvebTan (s. kakabaZe, 1924, gv. 6-8); msjelobas lingvisturi argu-mentacia ar axlavs; metic, mag., misi azriT, qarT-l- formaSi -l- mravlobiTobis sufiqsia. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom warmodgenili qarT-/qarTa mraval sxva enaSic dasturdeba; indoevropul enebSi am fuZes ukavSirdeba: garado, gard-, grad-, gorod-, kert- da sxva formebi. qarTvelur kiloebSi arsebuli qarTa (baga, SemoRobi-li adgili) fuZe marTlac nasesxebia; misi kavSiri qarTl-, qar-Tvel- fuZeebTan sxva mimarTulebiTaa sakvlevi (ix., qvemoT).

g. meliqiSvili: eTnonimi qarTveli momdinareobs indoevro-puli qarTa ("zRude", "cixesimagre", "koSki"…Sdr., somx. kert, rus. gorod da sxv.) fuZidan: qarTa-eli > qarTa-v-el-i > qarTve-li; Sdr., raWa > raWveli (g. meliqiSvili, 1965, gv. 238). amgvar va-rauds seriozuli winaaRmdegoba axlavs: ramdenadac qarTuli ena gverdigverd ver guobs or xmovans, erT-erTi umarcvlovnde-ba, an maT Soris Cndeba xmovanTgamyari, mag., xe - axevebs, qva - aqva-vebs… Tu qarTa-el- forma arsebobda da gaCnda v xmovanTgamyari, a-s reduqciis pirobebi aRar iarsebebda; raWvel- sityvaSi v aris C - V poziciaSi W-s labializaciis Sedegi da qarTvelis analogi-ad ar gamodgeba.

ak.SaniZe: Tavdapirvelad qarTli aRniSnavda ers, romelmac

Cvens welTaRricxvamde II saukuneSi daipyro mcxeTa da mimdgomi qveynebi… dapyrobili xalxi albaT iyo mesxebi, romelTac asimi-lacia mouxdines dampyrobel qarTls (ers) da miiRes maTi saxeli (a.SaniZe, 1980, gv.7).

SeniSvna: Sdr., ufro adre gamoTqmuli n.maris mosazreba: iberTa sa-mefo arsebobas wyvets 570 wels; iberebs cvlian lazebi (igive Wanebi), afxazebi da qarTvelebi; uZvelesi qarTuli ena, romelic Seqmnes sva-nomesxebma, anu adrindelma somexma xalxma (n.mari varaudobda, rom adrindeli somxebi qarTveluri modgmis xalxi iyo; bolos isini da-


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mkvidrdnen cxeniswylisa da enguris saTaveebSi - svaneTSi - t.f.), da-imsgavsa qarTvelebis enam - monaTesave enam, magram sxva xalxis enam (n.mari, 1922, gv.15, 18). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom swored n.maris naSrome-bidan iRebs saTaves e.w. qarTizacia-qarTvelizaciis mcdari Teoria

(ix., agreTve, iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.46).

ak. SaniZis varaudiT, dampyrobeli xalxi - qarTli igive parTni anu parTielebi arian; Sesabamisad: parTni > qarTli (mo-xda p > q procesi da n/l substitucia); Sdr., ak. SaniZisve azriT, sxva gziTaa miRebuli qarTveli: parTaveli > parTveli > qar-

Tveli (ak.SaniZe, 1980, gv.16-18). ak. SaniZis warmodgenil mosazrebas bevri winaaRmdegoba xvde-

ba, da, Sesabamisad, is naklebadaa gaziarebuli samecniero wreeb-Si (kritikisaTvis ix. mag., g. burWulaZe, 1994).

d. musxeliSvili imeorebs mosazrebas, rom qarTveli momdi-nareobs sityva qarTu-sgan, romelic, "advili SesaZlebelia, pun-qtsac da qveyanasac ewodeboda" (d. musxeliSvili, 1993, gv. 338-339); iqve moyvanili msjelobidan Cans, rom avtori, n. berZeniSvi-lis kvalad, realurad Tvlis qarTi/qarTu tomis arsebobas, ro-melmac Semdgom moaxdina sxva qarTvelur tomTa konsolidacia-asimilacia (gv. 348, 354-355; Sdr., n. berZeniSvili, 1990, gv.237, 250). kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom arc erT wyaroSi ar dasturdeba

qarTi/qarTus saxeliT cnobili tomi da sxva tomebis asimila-

cia rogor unda moexdina? garda amisa, eTnonimisgan eTnonimis warmoeba, rogorc wesi, ar xdeba; aqve davZenT, logikurad Tu

vimsjelebT, warmomavlobis -el- sufiqsis Semcveli eTnonimis - qarTu-el-i - sayrdeni fuZe qarTu- unda iyos: qoronimi/adgilis saxeli an RvTaebis saxeli.

a.jafariZe iziarebs iv.javaxiSvilisa da s.janaSias mosazrebebs termin qarTvelis qaldeasgan momdinareobis Sesaxeb; misi azriT, bibliuri da istoriuli qaldea ebraelTa da qarTvelTa pir-velsamSobloa… "abraamis mamis - Tarras - qaldevelTa uridan gamosvlis droisaTvis qaldea marTlac qarTvelTa winapari to-mebiT yofila dasaxlebuli" (a.jafariZe, 1994, gv.31-33).

g. burWulaZis gamokvlevaSi (g.burWulaZe, 1999, gv.127-128) sa-


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Wiro yuradReba eTmoba sityvaformis Tanmimdevrul lingvistur

analizs; kerZod, is vrclad msjelobs qarTvel- fuZeSi arsebuli -v-s Sesaxeb da askvnis: v SeiZleba momdinareobdes -av- sufiqsisgan; Sdr.: Zveli eTnonimi qarT-, romlisganac warmoebulia *qarT-av-i/*qarTevi; aqedan ki - *qarT-ev-el-i > qarTveli; misi azriT, eT-nonimis fuZis (qarT-) warmomavloba sakvlevia. Cveni azriT, warmodgenil msjelobaSi sakamaToa v-s kvalifikacia.

e.xinTibiZis mtkicebiT, "qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba Semcve-lia imave qar- Zirisa, romlisganacaa nawarmoebi qarTvelTa uZve-lesi ucxouri saxelwodebebi: Zveli sparsuli vrkaan, somxuri virq, veria, saSualo sparsuli varuCaan, axali sparsuli gurg, gurgaan (da maTgan nawarmoebi siriuli, arabuli, evropuli da rusuli saxelwodebebi) da romelic saTaves unda iRebdes mglis aRmniSvneli totemuri saxelisagan" (e.xinTibiZe, 1998, gv.39-40); aqvea mtkiceba, rom "qarT- eTnonimi miRebuli Cans mglis mniSvne-lobis Semcvel warmodgenil uZveles indoevropul Zirze -eT/-Ta sufiqsis darTviT: *qar-Ta-el-i > *qarTeli > qarTli". winaaR-mdegobebi am mosazrebasac xvdeba; kerZod: qarTvelTa aRmniSvne-li sparsul-arabuli saxelebis qarT- fuZesTan dakavSirebas ar

axlavs damajerebeli lingvisturi argumentacia (mag., Tavkiduri Tanxmovnis cvlilebas), dausabuTebelia qarTaeli > qarTli

procesi da sxv. g. bedoSvilic (2001, gv.425) fiqrobs, rom eTnonim qarTisgan

warmoqmnilia qarTli (< qarT-al-i), am ukanasknelisgan ki: qarTl-el-i > qarT-el-i > qarT-v-eli. misive varaudiT, qarT- (/qarT-u-/qarT-v-) Ziris mniSvneloba ucnobia; warmodgenil msj-elobaSi auxsnelia: l > 0 > v procesebi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom 2004 wlis 14 Tebervals g.bedoSvilma saqarTvelos sapatriarqos ra-dios samecniero gadacemaSi: "qarTveluri ena da kultura" axali varaudi ganaviTara; kerZod, amJamad is Tvlis, rom eTnonimi qar-Tveli miRebulia eTnarq qarTlosisgan... rogorc wesi, eTnarqTa saxelebi Zveli eTnonimebis mixedviT iqmneba; Sesabamisad, vfi-qrobT, rom rogorc bibliur, aseve qarTlis cxovrebiseul eT-


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narqTa sqemebSi asaxulia am wignTa qmnadobis procesSi arsebuli xalxebis/tomebis/Temebis saxelebi.

gr. giorgaZe (2002, gv.161), agrZelebs ra g.meliqiSvilisa da d.musxeliSvilis msjelobebs, varaudobs: "unda arsebuliyo eT-nonimi, iseve rogorc toponimi, an qoronimi "qarTu" - megrelTa mier aRmosavlel qarTvelTa saxelwodeba. mogviano xanebSi swo-red aqedan unda warmomdgariyo qarTu-el-i, rasac safuZvlad un-da dasdeboda sityva qarT-".

dRes megrelTa mier aRmosavleli qarTveli qorTu-d iwode-ba (m.Cuxua); Tuki megruli qorTu-sTvis amosaval formad qarTu

fuZes davsaxavT, ra gviSlis xels, rom igive qarTu- saerToqar-Tvelurad gamovacxadoT? garda amisa, aq upasuxod rCeba mTavari kiTxva: ra warmomavlobisaa qoronimi qarTu?

S.gabeskiria (2003, gv.33-37) fiqrobs, rom qarTvelur, indoev-ropul da ugro-finur enebSi dadasturebuli qarT- ("moRobili adgili", "qalaqi") Ziridanaa warmoqmnili qarTvel-, qarTl- da xaTT- (xaTebis sakuTari saxeli) fuZeebi; kerZod, ivaraudeba Sem-degi procesebi: qarT- > qarTu-x- > qarTu > qarTu-el-i; qarT- >

qarT-n-i > qarTli; qarT- > xaTT-. warmodgenil mosazrebaSi sayu-radReboa qarT- da xaTT- formaTa dakavSireba; aqve, vfiqrobT, ufro logikuri iqneboda dagveSva, rom qarTi (RvTaebis saxeli da ara "moRobili adgili") amosavalia rogorc qarTueli, aseve, karduxi, sityvaformebisTvis; garda amisa, qarTni > qarTli uni-kaluri procesis daSvebas ajobebs, vivaraudoT qarT- Zirze -l- sufiqsis darTva (ix. qvemoT).

g.qavTaraZis azriT (2003, SeniSvna 176), mTa qarTlis saxelSi (Sesabamisad, qarTvel- fuZeSic) SeiZleba gamoiyos ard-/qarT- "qalaqi" xurituli fuZe; mkvlevari varaudobs, rom qarT-li formaSi -li adgilis mawarmoebeli urartuli sufiqsia, xolo

Tavkidura Tanxmovnis da nulis monacvleobis magaliTebad moyva-nilia: aRzevani/qaRzevani, arimati/xarimati, obareni/xabareni, alibe/xalibe... g.qavTaraZis varaudiT, arT- fuZe saZiebelia ar-Tvini (/arT-vani < arT-ovan-i - t.f.), artanuji, artaani, vardcixe,


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varZia (< *vard-ia) da kardenaxi/kardanaxi sityvebSic (Sdr., g.be-doSvili, 1981, gv. 192: karT venaxi > kardenaxi).

Cveni azriT, nulTan monacvle labiovelarizebuli

Tavkiduri Tanxmovnis Semcveli *q˚ard-/xald-/qarT-/ald-/arT- (/*qvard-/vard-/varZ-) fuZis - RvTaebis/salocavis saxelis - mi-xedviT SeiZleboda aRniSnuliyo mTa/cixe/punqti (Sdr., RvTaeba armazi - toponimi armazi); Sesabamisad, toponimebi: arTvini, artanuji, artaani, vardcixe (ardis cixe), varZia, kardenxi (karden-a-x-i), ardubani da sxva, marTlac SeiZleba iyos dakavSirebuli warmarTuli saqarTvelos mTavari RvTaebis

saxelTan. aseve, ar gamovricxavT, rom ard- fuZisganaa nawarmoebi toponimi olTisi: *ard-is-i > *alT-is-i > olTisi; Sdr.: xurituli ard-in-i ardis/xaldis cixe-qalaqi; qarTveluri olT-is-i RvTaeba olTis/xaldis cixe-qalaqi.

sainteresoa, agreTve, urartuelTa umaRlesi RvTaeba xaldis musasiruli varianti aldi (g.meliqiSvili,1960, gv.416), Zv.sparsuli arta "RvTaeba" da alanur-osuri ard "RmerTi" (aqedan: qarT. ma-arT-al-i; m.andronikaSvili, 1966, gv, 26-27). marTal- fuZeSi unda gamovyoT urartul-kavkasiuri xald-/ald-/arT- da warmomavlobis m- -al-; Sdr., m-arT-al-i: "RvTis Camomavali", "RvTisnieri" (Sdr.: m-tbev-ar-i, m-egr-el-i...). Se-mdgomi kvleva albaT daadasturebs, rom xuritul-kavkasiuri xald-/qarT-/*harT-/ard-"RvTaeba", winaaziel indoevropelTa metyvelebaSi dadasturebuli ard "RmerTi" da qarTvelur, indo-evropul, ugro-finur enebSi dadasturebuli qarT-/arT-/kert-/gorod- "cixe-qalaqi" (< mTavari RvTaebis adgili, mTavari salo-cavi adgili) fuZeebi erTi warmomavlobisaa, kerZod: ard- /*harTi /xald- warmoSobiT xuritul-kavkasiuri fuZea, romelic

Tavdapirvelad RvTaebas aRniSnavda da Semdeg indoevropul

enebSi gadaazrianda cixesimagris saxelad (vinaidan, Zvel droSi salocavi yvelaze metad iyo daculi). indoevropuli varianti mogvianebiTaa nasesxebi qarTvelur kiloebSic; Sdr.,


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erTi mxriv, saerToqarTveluri xald-/qarT(u) da megrul, gurul, imerul da sxva kiloebSi arsebuli qarTa

("saqonlisTvis SemoRobili adgili"). SeniSvna: SesaZlebelia, davuSvaT, rom ardi /*harTi /qarTi

"RvTaeba" dakavSirebulia qarTvelur erT-/arT- ricxviT

niSanTanac. dasaSvebia meore sqemac: kavkasiur-winaziuri ħald- >

q˚arT- /*R˚arT- (/*RarT˚- /˚ard- /ard-) > saerToqarTveluri *RvarT- /*RmarT- /RmerT- > samwignobro qarTuli RmerTi (a/e monacvleoba da labializebuli R˚-sgan Rm kompleqsis ganviTareba savsebiT SesaZlebelia; Sdr., h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, 2000; aqvea mimoxiluli sakiTxis Seswavlis istoria). Cvens mosazrebas mxars uWers zanur-svanuri formebis analizic; Sdr.:

_ saerToqarTveluri *RarT-/*RerT- > svanuri RerT(-@l/@S);

_ saerToqarTveluri *RmarT-/RmerT- > svanuri *RmereT >

RermeT/RerbeT;

_ saerToqarTveluri *RarT- > zanuri *RorTi > megruli *RoroTi > RoronTi (Sdr., *tradi/tredi - toronji; megrulisTvis bunebrivia TanxmovanTkompleqsis superacia da winaenismier TanxmovanTan amave lokaluri rigis nazaluri sonoris ganviTareba); _ saerToqarTveluri *RmarTi > zanuri *RmorTi > lazuri *RmoroTi > RormoTi (m-s metaTezisiT Tavkidur poziciaSi moiSala da marcvalTgamyarze Seiqmna TanxmovanTkompleqsi)...

samecniero literaturaSi RmerT- "ufali" fuZeSi erTi

(ricxviTi niSani) pirvelad gamoyo T.Jordaniam; man Rm- RmerTis semantikis Semcvel fuZed miiCnia. a.WinWaraulis azriT, RmerT- fuZe momdinareobs uerT-/xuerT- formidan - erTis aRmatebiTi xarisxidan (statia ibeWdeba "gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis JurnalSi"): xuerTi > RuerTi > RverTi > RmerTi.

damatebiT argumentacias saWiroebs R(m)erT- sityvaformis Tavkiduri Tanxmovnis warmomavloba: igi momdinareobs x-

prefiqsisgan (*x-u-erTi...), Tu *Rald/xald fuZis pirveli bgerisgan? Sesabamisad gadawydeba erT-, xuerT- da xald- fuZeTa mimarTebis sakiTxic (kvlevis am etapze ufro logikuri Cans kavkasiur-xurituli fuZis variantuloba ena-kiloebis mixedviT: xald- /qald- /RarT- /R˚arT- /arT- /ard- /olT-... Sdr.: qarTv. Rvino, ven-a-x-i, somx. Rin "Rvino" da indoev. vin "Rvino".


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RvTaebis aRmniSvneli qarT-, qarTu- da sakuTriv qarTl-, qarTvel-, qarTul- fuZeTa mimarTebis istoria Cven ase gvesaxeba:

qarTvelur enobriv velSi realurad dadasturebul sityva-Ta Sepirispireba safuZvels gvaZlevs, pirvel rigSi gamovyoT ori

fuZe: qarT- da qarTu-: qarT-l-i, qarTu-el-i, qarT-u-l-i; qarT-l- fuZis paralelurad SeiZleba davuSvaT qarTE-l-i/qarTv-l-i

variantis arsebobac.

qarT-l- fuZeSi arsebuli -l- segmenti igive monacemi Cans, rac arn.Ciqobavas mier sxva fuZeebSi gamoyofili uZvelesi fenis

sufiqsi; Sdr.: samwignobro qarTuli: Tov-s, Tov-l-i da zan.: Tviri/Tiri; samwignobro qarTuli: saxe, sax-l-i, sax-el-i da zan.: oxori; samwignobro qarTuli: Tes-av-s, Tes-l-i da zan.: Tasi; samwignobro qarTuli: matyli, zan. montyori da svan.: m@ty

(svanurs usufiqso varianti daucavs? Sdr.: T.gamyreliZe, g.maWa-variani, 1965, gv. 76);

samwignobro qarTuli: ZaRli da zan. joRori, svan.: JaRE/JeRE; samwignobro qarTuli: Tafli da zan.: Tofuri, svan.: Tu (<

Tafu; g. maWavariani)... samwignobro qarTuli: kum-ev-a/kmeva, kum-od-a ("mTai igi sinai

kumoda") da kom-l-i/kEam-l-i; zan. kuma (kvamli, komli), kum-af-a (kmeva, Sebolva); svan.: kEam/kE@m (kvamli, komli);

samwignobro qarTuli: koWi, koW-l-i da aWar.: koW-al-i; samwignobro qarTuli: koJ-r-i ("gamagrebuli da amoburculi

adgili kanze") da aWar. koJi/koJo "koJri"; Sdr.: svan. koj (klde), qarTul-qarTveluri toponimebi: koJr-eb-i, koj-or-i;

samwignobro qarTuli: sisxli, zan.: zisxiri, svan.: zisx; agreTve: qerci, qerc-l-i (m.andronikaSvili, 1966, gv. 118) da qeci; wux-s da (m)wux-r-i, mama da mam-r-i, deda da mded-r-i, si-ded-r-i (igive si- gamoiyofa: siZe, simamri, sityva, siTbo, sigrZe... forme-bSi; msjelobisaTvis ix., arn. Ciqobava, 1944, gv. 459; Cveni azriT, aq si- Tvisebis aRmniSvneli prefiqsia)...

-l-/r-s ZiriTad funqciad SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT

warmomavloba-kuTvnilobis gamoxatva; Sesabamisad, Cvens SemTxve-


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vaSi, logikuria vivaraudoT, rom qarT-/qarTu- fuZe RvTaebis aRmniSvneli fuZea; masze -el- sufiqsis darTviT warmoiqmna qar-TvelTa avtoeTnonimi: qarTu-el-i; qarT-/qarTu-sgan nawarmoebi sityvebi: qarT-l-i da qarTu-el-i qarT-/qarTu-s Tvisobriobis qonas, an warmomavlobas gamoxatavs. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom Tvisob-rioba da warmomavloba sxva SemTxvevaSic gamoixateba erTi mo-rfemiT; mag., -an: deda - ded-an-i (-an gamoxatavs Tvisobis qonas); oTara - oTara-an-i (-an gamoxatavs warmomavlobas); si-grZ-e/grZ-el-i da kax-el-i da sxv.

erTi mxriv, urartul-kavkasiuri RvTaeba xaldis saxelSi, me-ore mxriv ki, xald-eb-i, kard-u-x-i eTnonimebSi (Sdr., movses xo-renacis teqstSi dadasturebuli korduelTa qveyana, romelic

mdebareobda vanis tbis samxreTiT; Sdr.: somx. kordu da qarTv. kardu; somx. Torgomi da qarTv. Targamosi...) xald- da kardu- fuZeebis povniereba safuZvels gvaZlevs, davuSvaT, rom sityvebi: qarTli da qarTueli momdinareoben urartul-kavkasiuri RvTa-ebis - qaldi/xaldi/qarTu/kardu-s saxelisgan; amosaval formad

savaraudoa *qard-/qald-: *qard- > xald-; *qard-/*qarT- >

qarT+l-; *qard-/*qarT- > qarTu > qarTu-el-i... lingvisturi aspe-qtiT, problemuri ar aris d/T (bunebrivia sityvis bolos) da q/x monacvleobis daSveba: Sdr., q/x nasesxeb sityvebSi: qriste/xris-tos, qronologia/xronologia, qaosi/xaosi, qoro/xoro, qar-tia/xartia, qiloni/xiloni, qimera/ximaira, qitoni/xitoni, qi-mia/xemeia, qalosi/xalosi, qrise/xruse... ukanaenismier da xorxis-mier bgeraTa (q, B, x, R, y...) monacvleoba arc sakuTriv qarTvelu-ri dialeqtebisTvisaa ucxo (magaliTebi mravladaa il.abulaZis, arn.Ciqobavas, z. sarjvelaZis, h. fenrixis, m.Cuxuasa da qarTvelu-ri kiloebis sxva leqsikonebSi): Bce/qCe/xCe, qCini/xCini, Borba-li/xorbali/qobali, Benderi/qenderi, Babu/yabu, Bef-/yef-, Buri/yuri, Buila/yore, qveyana/xveyana/xoyana, qorwili/Borwili, Beri/Reri, Buezi/Ruezeli, BSiri/xSiri/ySiri, Rrtili/xrtili, Bbo/xabna/Rabna/qabula... savaraudoa, rom urartul qaldi/xal-

di formaSi pirveli Tanxmovani q-sa da x-s Sua mdgomi labializebuli bgeraa.


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samsjeloa qarT > qarTu: ra funqcia aqvs u/E segments? arqa-ul qarTulSi (Sesabamisad, saerToqarTvelurSi) gvaqvs sityve-bis erTi jgufi, romelic u/E bgeriT bolovdeba: birTu, borcu

(Sdr., falauri burz; m.andronikaSvili, 1966, gv. 293), daTu, eSu, verxu, Tagu, idayu, iWu, ixu, kicu, leku, leRu, mdogu, naZu, nezu, nerwyu, nezu, peSu, ricxu, fesu (Sdr., saS. spars. fas; m.androni-kaSvili, 1966, gv. 382-383), fetu, fiWu, Rawu, SaSu, cercu, ciRu

(Sdr., osuri cirR; m.andronikaSvili, 1966, gv. 122), ZarRu, ZeZu, jaWu... aRsaniSnavia, rom megrul-lazur variantebSi, rogorc we-si, labialuri komponenti gadaadgildeba sityvis fuZeSi: daTvi - TunTi, idayvi - duyi, Tagvi - mTugi, leRvi - luRi, mayu (mayuali) - muyi, maCvi - munCqi, Cxiku - Cxviki... Sdr., agreTve: birTu/birTvi - burTi, kicu/kicvi - kvici... savaraudoa, rom qarTu sityvaSi bo-lokiduri u ar aris raime funqciis mqone sufiqsi; Cveni azriT, u

segmenti qarTvelur-kavkasiuri enebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli labi-alizaciis (/labiovelarizaciis) procesis gamovlinebaa (dawvri-lebiT ix. qvemoT): q°arT > qarT° > qarTu.

aqvea gansaxilveli sityvaforma qarTulic: SesaZloa, -ul- sufiqsi uSualodaa darTuli qarTu- fuZeze: qarTu > qarTu-ul-i > qarTuli; ar gamoiricxeba, agreTve, qarTu > qarTu-l-i procesic.

RvTaebis saxelisgan eTnonimisa da qoronimis warmoqmna uC-veulo movlena ar aris Zvel samyaroSi (Sdr., mag., RvTaeba asuri, xalxi - asurebi da qveyana asureTi)...

qarTvelTa istoriul mexsierebaSi qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwo-deba da qarTvelTa qveynis saxeli urartul mTavar RvTaebas

(brZolis RvTaebas!) rom ukavSirdeba, moulodneli ar unda iyos: simon janaSias azriT, urartus mosaxleoba - xaldebi (waviki-

TxoT: RvTaeba xaldis xalxi - t.f.) - cnobilni iyvnen rkinis damu-SavebiT. "rkinis iaraRiT xaldebi kldeSi SesaniSnav cixe-darba-zebs kveTdnen. am rigis xuroTmoZRvrebis nimuSia saqarTveloSi

kldeSi nakveTi qalaqi ufliscixe" (s.janaSia, 1987, gv.31). Sdr.: kldeSi nakveTi qalaqebi gvaqvs meSeq-mosxebis (mesxebis) istori-


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ul qveyanaSi - kabadokiaSi, xolo Zveli berZnuli cnobebiT, rki-nis mwarmoebeli xalibebi cxovrobdnen trapizonis regionSic. Sesabamisad, logikuria urartuelebis, karduxebis, mosxebisa da SavizRvispireTis xalibebis naTesaobis sakiTxis dasma; miT ume-tes, gviandeli amierkavkasia am tomTa naSTebis ZiriTadi sacxov-risi xdeba. Sdr., p.ingoroyvas azriT, qarTveli xalxis uZvelesi winaprebis – xeTas jgufis xalxebis: musxebis (mesxebis), Tobe-

lebis (hiberebis), kasxebis (kolxebis) kulturuli centri Zv.w. VII saukuneSi xeTas saxelmwifos katastrofis Semdeg gadmo-dis saqarTvelos dRevandel teritoriaze (p.ingoroyva, 1978, gv.244). aq mciredi dazustebaa saWiro: kabadokiasa da halisis auzSi mcxovreb qarTvelur-kavkasiur tomTa (mosxebi, qaSqebi, kolxebi...) SesaZlo winaprebi arian xaTebi da ara xeTebi; es uka-nasknelni balkaneTis (?) gavliT mcire aziaSi mosuli indoevro-pelebi arian. SemTxveviTi arc is Cans, rom movses xorenacis Txro-baSi kabadokielTa da qarTvelTa jari xSirad gverdigverd ib-rZvis saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg (m.xorenaci, 1984, gv.95, 136); garda amisa, m.xorenacisTvis pontos samefoc da istoriuli kolxeTic

qarTvelTa qveyanaa, xolo pontos mefe miTridate - qarTveli (iq-ve, gv.111-116).

s.janaSias azriT, wina aziis avtoqToni mosaxleobis politi-kur-kulturuli centris CrdiloeTiT gadmonacvleba aSkarad

dasturdeba (s.janaSia, 1987, gv.20-24, 32, 44, 51); mag., "urartuli da asuruli wyaroebis mixedviT, ardini (musasiri) urartelTa wminda qalaqia - urartelTa uzenaesi RvTaeba xaldis kultis centria - xaldis qalaqia; mogvianebiT religiurad, kulturu-lad da eTnikuradac musasiris mosaxleoba Camocilebuli Cans danarCen urartus samyaros" (g.meliqiSvili, 1999, gv.25). aqve sa-yuradReboa ufliscixis saxelic da istoriac:

ufliscixe aSenebulia Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebSi; es is periodia, rodesac ukve ganadgurebulia urartu; logikuria davuSvaT: moZme kavkasiur-winaaziuri tomebis saerTo didi RmerTis - xal-

dis - samefo centri gadmovida ufro CrdiloeTiT. Sdr.: xaldi


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mebrZoli, mamrobiTi RvTaebaa; urartuelebi mas swiravdnen xars. mebrZoli RvTaebac da xaris kulti saqarTveloSic STambeWdavia (RvTaeba xaldi unda iyos asaxuli wminda giorgis saxeSi)...

didi istoriuli kataklizmebis Jams marTlac mosalodneli iyo qarTvelur-kavkasiur tomTa religiuri centris gadmonac-vleba dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze (logikuria, aseve, RvTaeba xaldis/qarTis/ardis ramdenime cixe-qalaqis arsebobac); am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa k.z. gamsaxurdias daskvnac: "uf-liscixis arqetipuli RvTaeba xaldi unda iyos" (k.z. gamsaxur-dia, 1995, gv.21). aqve, Sdr., iovane petriwiseuli termini "xalde-velTa winasibrZne" (petriwi qaldevelebs xaldevelebs eZaxis; iovane petriwi, 1947, gv 41); k.z.gamsaxurdias mtkicebiT, "eTnolo-giuri TvalsazrisiT, "qaldeveli", amave dros, unda aRniSnavdes ara marto babilonel semits, aramed im uZveles presemitur xal-xsac, romelic samecniero literaturaSi cnobilia SumerTa sa-xeliT" (iqve, gv 79). aqve unda gavixsenoT iv.javaxiSvilis cnobili dakvirveba: Zveli qarTveli avtorebi qarTvelTa winaprebis iden-tifikacias axdendnen SuamdinareTisa da bibliur samyarosTan; misi azriT, qaldeveli aris sparselic, babilonelic da qar-

Tvelic (ix., agreTve, "evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba"; qarTuli mwer-loba, I, gv.259-260).

SeniSvna: Zvel qarTul teqstebSi "qaldevelni" sparsTa mniSvnelo-biT gamoiyeneba, magram, "qarTlis cxovrebis" bunTurqebis epizodis avtori qaldevelebs babilonelebad, asurelebad Tvlis (msjelobi-saTvis ix. m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.27-29); Cveni azriT, aRrevis saTave adreul

epoqaSia saZiebeli: Cans, Zvel wyaroebSi qaldea/qaldia wina aziis eTnopolitikuri centris aRmniSvneli iyo amave regionis avtoqTo-ni xalxebis enaSi; Semdeg es saxeli SemorCa rogorc qarTvelur-kavka-siur mkvidr xalxebs, aseve indoevropelTa Tu semitTa erT nawils. Sdr., qaldeelebi (kaldu) - istoriulad arsebuli momTabare, arameu-lad molaparake semiti tomebi Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi, romlebic babi-lonis samxreTiT damkvidrdnen Zv.w. IX saukunidan; Sdr., agreTve, bei-ruTis axlos mdebare sofeli xalde.

urartul-kavkasiur RvTaeba xald-Tan da qald-/xald- fu-ZesTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa kidev ramdenime garemoeba:


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1. strabonis mixedviT (geografia, XII, 3, 19-24), trapizonsa da farnakias zemoT cxovroben qaldebi - Zveli xalibebi, ro-

melsac homerosi haliZonebs da alibebs uwodebs (ix., agreTve: d.baqraZe, 1889, gv.34 da p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.285);

2. "abos wamebisa" da movses xorenacis "somxuri geografiis" mixedviT, qaldia/xaldea/xaitiqi aris igive WaneTi/Wanivqi (ix.: qarTuli mwerloba, I, gv.454 da m.xorenaci, 1984, gv.162, 277); Sdr., SavizRvispireTSi arsebuli xaldis provincia Sedioda bizanti-is imperiaSi; igi Semoifargleboda trapizonis regioniT (masSi ar Sedioda rizes mxare; p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.210). Sdr.: trapi-zonTan axlos xaldiis qarTul qveynas - daviT kuropalatis kuTvnil mxares - asaxeleben qarTveli mematianeni (sumbaT davi-Tis Ze, 1449, gv.70; "matiane qarTlisa", gv.285). sayuradReboa isic, rom VIII saukunidan berZnul wyaroebSi trapezuntis mxares la-zika hqvia; qarTul wyaroebSi (ix. mag., giorgi mTawmindelis "aka-Tistos sakiTxavis" qarTuli versia) am teritorias megrelTa mxares uwodeben (iqve, gv.214);

3. adiRuri enis SafsuRuri dialeqtis xayuCur kilokavSi qarTvelis aRsaniSnavi Zveli saxelia xalHde (cnoba mogvawodes ruslan naTxuam da mixeil labaZem; aqve SevniSnavT, rom adiRurSi arabunebrivia ld TanxmovanTmimdevroba da H neitraluri xmov-niT xdeba am arakanonikuri kompleqsis superacia);

4. Woroxis saTaveebis mimdebare teritoriaze iyo

qarTveluri qalaqi qaldia - vercxlis sabadoebis qalaqi (timoTe mTavarepiskoposis "mimoxilva... aRmosavleTis adgilTa"; ix. p.ingo-royva, 1954, gv.285);

5. Sua lazeTSi, amJamad TurqeTis sazRvrebSi moqceul daba ofis zonaSi, rizesa da surmenes Soris mdebareobs punqti xaldi

da xaldis mTa; mdinare ofis wylis saTaveebSia punqti xaldize-

ni (zena xaldi) - zemo xaldi. ofis wylis zemo Senakads ewodeba xaldizenis xevi, mTebs ki - xaldizenis mTebi;

7. saqarTvelos amJamindel sazRvrebSic ramdenime xalde

dasturdeba: kavkasionis kalTebzea myinvari xalde da mdinare xaldeWala; aqvea sofeli xalde.


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SemTxveviTi arc is Cans, rom or sxvadasxva adgilas - didi kav-kasionis kalTebze da mtkvar-Worox-halis-araqs-tigros-evfra-tis saTaveebis mimdebare teritoriaze - mosxur mTebSi (mosxuri mTebis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb ix. n.xazaraZe, 2001, gv.315) - gverdig-verd dasturdeba adgilis aRmniSvneli ori sakuTari saxeli (to-ponimi): kola da xalde.

aqve daismeba kiTxva: rodis moxda qarTl- da qarTuel- fuZe-ebis warmoqmna?

vvaraudobT: TorTumis, Woroxisa da mtkvris saTaveebSi arsebuli qarTveluri saxelmwifoebis dakninebis Semdeg, ufro

CrdiloeTiT maleve iqmneba qarTvelur tomTa morigi gaerTiane-ba; vfiqrobT, azon-quj-farnavazis wina periodSi mimdinare qar-Tveluri tomebis gaerTianebis procesSi saerTo qveynis saxelad

mkvidrdeba qarTli, saerTo TviTsaxelwodebad ki - qarTueli: orive fuZe momdinareobs didi RvTaebis saxelisgan - qarTu/qar-Ti: qarTu > qarTu-eli (Teonimidan warmoiqmna eTnonimi); qarT- > qarT-l-i (qarTli - RvTaeba qarTis/xaldis qveyana). RvTaebis-gan momdinare qoronimisa da eTnonimis damkvidreba motivirebu-li SeiZleba iyos politikuri faqtoriTac: Cans, gaerTianebis procesSi qarTvelur tomTa mmarTvelebma uari Tqves romelime qarTveluri tomis saxelis ganzogadebaze, Sesabamisad, romelime tomis hegemonobaze...

erTi ram aSkaraa: qarTu-el-i qarTvelTa uZvelesi avtoeTnonimi (endogenuri

eTnonimi), qarTli ki - qarTvelTa saxelmwifos uZvelesi qarTu-lenovani qoronimi Cans.

SeniSvna: gorgasalis Semdeg, qarTvelTa daSla-dasustebis morig etapze, terminebi: qarTli/qarTveli daviwrovda qarTvelTa erTi provinciisa da misi mosaxleobis saxelad; Sesabamisad, qarTul qveya-

naTa konsolidaciis morig etapze ganmazogadebel axal qoronimad

SemoRebul iqna saqarTuelo (ufro gvian ki iyo mcdeloba, daemkvidre-binaT qoronimi iberia; ix.: 1790 w. "iberielTa erTobis traqtati").

rac Seexeba qarTu-/qarTl-/qarTvel- fuZeTa Tanamedrove dialeqtur variantebsa (qorTu, q@rT...) da maTi mniSvnelobe-bis istorias:


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samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom qarTl- fuZis msgavsad, qarTvel- formac, sxvadasxva droSi Tu enobriv velSi, ramdenime semantikiT gamoiyeneba; kerZod:

_ qarTveli eris warmomadgenels (mag., mematianisaTvis qar-Tvelni arian wamebulni egriselni daviT da konstantine: "Tqmulni netarisa mowamisa qarTvelisa~"; p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv 669-671; d.musxeliSvili, 1993, gv.360); sxva qveynebis msgavsad, axlo

momavalSi qarTveli SeiZleba damkvidrdes saqarTvelos moqala-qis fard saxelad (eTnikuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad). _ qarTvelur kiloebsa Tu samwignobro enaze metyvel

qristians (ix.: miqel modrekilis sagalobeli "Bseneba~ uZleve-lisa mowamisa habo ismaitel-yofilisa qarTvelisa~"; Sdr., amgva-ri kulturul-politikuri midgomiT, eTnikurad qarTveli da qarTulad metyveli muslimani TaTaria).

_ socialurad dabali fenis warmomadgenels - glexs (saki-Txis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. m.qurdiani, 2001). am semantikiT qarTve-

li dadasturebulia mxolod qarTlSi (Sdr., margali "glexis" mniSvnelobiT Cans mxolod egrisSi), rac safuZvels gvaZlevs, eT-nonimisTvis amgvari semantikis ganviTareba aixsnas ara "dampyro-beli, an mezobeli xalxis" xedviT, aramed eTnokulturuli da sociolingvisturi mizezebiT (gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom, SesaZlebelia, mezobelma xalxma sxvas daarqvas damamcirebeli sa-xeli, magram sakuTar Tavs romeli xalxi Tu sazogadoeba daimci-rebs monis an glexis fardi saxelis darqmeviT? Sdr.: g.meliqiSvi-li, 1965, gv.90-91; m.qurdiani, 2001, gv.104); kerZod: Sua saukuneebSi qarTveli mxolod qarTlels aRniSnavda, Sesabamisad, qarTlur

kiloSi qarTvelad iTvleboda is fena, romelic mxolod qar-

Tlur kiloze metyvelebda; Sdr., glexisTvis aznauri, Tavadi da mefe ar iyo Cveulebrivi, misnairi, kuTxuri ena-cnobierebis

mqone adamiani; Sdr., opozicia: Tavadi - qarTveli/qarTleli... am-gvari mimarTebis Camoyalibebas xeli Seuwyo feodalurma azrov-nebam, Tumca, maRali wris (ganaTlebuli) sazogadoeba Tu inte-ligencia arc Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi iTvleba romelime erTi


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kuTxis saxed, mag., aravin ambobs, rom akaki imereli poetia, vaJa - fSaveli, konstantine gamsaxurdia - megreli mwerali da a.S.

qarTlelisa/qarTvelisa da Tavadis mimarTebis analogiu-ria opozicia: margali da Jinosqua; sxva qarTvelTa metyveleba-Si megreli (egriseli) saqarTvelos erTi kuTxis mosaxleobas

miemarTeboda, magram sakuTriv megrul kiloSi gamoyenebuli mi-si Sesatyvisi forma - margali sulac ar iyo megrelis zusti

"Targmani": megrul kiloSi margali megrelTa mxolod dabal

fenas aRniSnavda; maRal fenas Seesabameboda Jinosqua ("aznau-ri", "zecis Svili", "zena Svili"; Jinosquas fena, Sesabamisad, warmodgenili opozicia moiSala bolSevikebismieri represiebis Semdeg). aqve xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavia, rom margalisa da qarTle-lis socialur statuss - qarTvelTa kerZo saxeebs - regionalur

variantebs - Seesabameba ori dialeqturi metyveleba, xolo Ji-nosquasa da Tavads - rogorc zogadqarTul fenomens - erTi

saerTo samwignobro qarTuli: e.i. socialuri fenis markireba xdeba sametyvelo kodis mixedviT...

SeniSvna: 2000 wels gamoqveynebul wignSi "qeba~ da dideba~ qarTuli-sa enisa~" margal- formis mier semantikis gafarToeba da misi gaTanab-reba megrel- sityvasTan axsnili gvqonda istoriuli procesebis Sesa-bamisad: komunistebis mier Jinosquas fenis gaJletisa da, saerTod, amgvari leqsikis (batoni, Tavadi, Jinosqua, aznauri...) akrZalvis fon-ze, margali forma semantikuradac gauTanabrda megrels; amgvari ax-sna "istoriuli perspeqtivis darRvevad" miiCnia m. qurdianma; is wers: "am hipoTezis argumenti, saliteraturo enis faqtori, sagangebod mi-sadagebuli "margalis" socialur funqcias, aRar muSaobs "qarTve-lis" analogiur situaciaSi" (ix. m.qurdiani, 2001, gv.105).

_ mxolod qarTlels - saqarTvelos erTi kuTxis mosaxleo-bas; ara mxolod Sua saukuneebis qarTul wyaroebSi, aramed zog Tanamedrove qarTvelur kiloebSic ki qarTveli qarTlels aR-niSnavs; mag., al.WinWaraulis cnobiT, xevsurebisTvis saqarTve-los sxva kuTxeebis mcxovrebni arian: qarTvelni (qarTlelebi), mesxni, javaxni (Sdr.: ejavaxeba - ejiuteba), kaxni, fSavelni, moxeve-ni, gudamayrelni, TuSni, imerni, afxazni (afxazi - vaJkaci), meg-


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relni... Sdr., megr. qorTu (< qorTueli) - aRmosavleT saqarTve-los mkvidri; Sdr., agreTve, TuSuri: qarTulaGoba~ - "saubrisas literaturul kiloze qceva, cud tonad, metiCrobad iTvleba" (g.cocaniZe, 2002; ix., aqve: kaxi - "bareli qarTveli", kaxuraGi - "raime kaxuri" an: "kaxeTSi mozamTre TuSi"; Cans, TuSisTvis baruli qarTuli "kaxis" metyvelebaa).

Tanamedrove megrul metyvelebaSi termini qarTveli gamoi-yeneba zogadqarTvelis mniSvnelobiT; megreli am terminSi saku-Tar Tavsac moiazrebs. megrulSi dadasturebul qorTu formas SecdomiT qarTvelad Targmnian; merab Cuxuas cnobiT, "zan. qor-Tu da svan. mHq@rT leqsemebi miemarTeba mxolod aRmosavleT sa-qarTvelos mkvidr qarTvels; Sdr., megrulSi dasturdeba imere-li, aWareli, Soni, guruli da qorTu" (Sdr., m.qurdiani, 2000, gv.186: mHqarT - qarTi/qarTveli; erovnuli saxelis mniSvnelobiT

svanebi iyeneben termins mHqarTuel, megrelebi ki - qarTueli)... vvaraudobT, rom VII-VIII saukuneebis daSlil-daqucmacebul

saqarTveloSi, rodesac termini qarTveli mxolod qarTlels aRniSnavda, aRmosavleTeli qarTvelis aRmniSvnelad daviwrovda qorTu (< qorTuali < qarTueli); Sdr.: T.gamyreliZis da g.maWa-varianis mier daSvebulia: qarTvel- > qorTual- qorTuau > qor-Tuou > qorTuu > qorTu logikuri procesi (1965, gv.89-92); Sdr.: beReli - baRu, uReli - uRu... magram: yveli - yvali, wiTeli - WiTa-li/WiTa... (am rigis masalaSi ratom ar gvaZlevs -el- sufiqsi -u-s?). amave periodis warmonaqmni Cans svan. mHq@rT (qarTleli).

rac Seexeba zanur-svanur-afxazur arealSi dadasturebul

qarT/q@rT ("dedaqalaqi") formas: Cveni varaudiT, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom sruliad qarTlis

Zvel dedaqalaqsac - ufliscixesac, Tavdapirvelad, mTavari RvTaebis saxeli qarTu/qarTi erqva, romelic qarT/q@rT formiT

Tbilisis saxelad Semoinaxa zanur-svanurma (Sdr., nasesxebia qarTa varianti): Zveli dedaqalaqis saxeli gadavida axal dedaqa-laqzec. arc is gamoiricxeba, rom zanur-svanuri qarT- warmoad-


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gens qarTl- formis gamartivebul saxes (qarTl- > qarT- > q@rT): didi qarTlis daSlis Semdeg - arabobis periodidan (qoronim sa-qarTvelos damkvidrebis paralelurad), misi semantika TandaTan

dedaqalaqad daviwrovda. axsnadia is faqtic, rom qarTu/qarT formis a xmovani zanur-

Si ar iZleva o-s: zanur arealSi a-s labializebis Seferxeba SeiZ-leba ganepirobebina bolokidur u-s, Tuki amosaval formad

davuSvebT qarTus, an bolokiduri l-s dakargvas, Tuki amosaval

formad davsaxavT qarTls: qarTl- > qarT; Sdr.: Zma/Zmal- - jima, da/dal- - da, mama/mamal- - muma... magram: cxra - Cxoro, da - do (kav-Siri), mamali - mumuli... pirvel magaliTebSi a-s labializebas

aferxebs bolokiduri l-s dakargva (am procesis Sesaxeb ix. t.futkaraZe, 1990); saerTod, SeiniSneba, rom saerToqarTvelur

fuZeSi momxdari sxva fonetikuri procesi abrkolebs qarTvelur

bgeraTSesatyvisobebad saxeldebul istoriul fonetikur pro-cesebs (ix. qvemoT).

vfiqrobT, Cven mier zemoT warmodgenili msjeloba cxadyofs, rom qarTveli (qarTleli) da margali formebis socialuri se-mantika savsebiT erTgvari viTarebiTaa Sepirobebuli; garda ami-sa, samwignobro enis faqtori sagangebod ki ar miesadageba arse-bul mdgomareobas, aramed asaxavs eTnokulturul da istoriul

suraTs; Sdr., m.qurdiani, 2001, gv.105: "riTi unda aixsnas qarTul

enaSi termin qarTvelis Sesabamisad megrulSi termin megreli-

saTvis dabali socialuri fenis warmomadgenlis semantikiT aR-Wurva?.." xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom megrel- formas arsad udas-turdeba dabali socialuri fenis gamoxatva; amgvari SinaarsiT

gvaqvs mxolod margali; aseve, qarTveli mxolod qarTlur dia-leqtur velSi Cndeba "glexis" mniSvnelobT da ara, zogadad, qar-Tul enaSi; amgvari niuansebis gauTvaliswinebloba msjelobas Cix-Si Seiyvans; margalis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve, g.meliqiSvili, 1974, gv. 103; t.futkaraZe, 1999.

SeniSvna: m.qurdiani termin qarTvelis kidev erT mniSvnelobas vara-udobs: "qarTveli niSnavs garkveuli dedaenobrivi erTobis (xazi


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Cvenia - t.f.) warmomadgenels, imasve, rasac niSnavda amJamad gamqrali termini "qarTi" da, rogorc aseTis aRmniSvneli termini, is Sedis opoziciaSi amave marTebuli aris analogiur terminebTan, mag., rogo-ricaa: svani, megreli da sxv." (m.qurdiani, 1999, gv.53); es mosazreba faqtobriv masalas ar emyareba. aseve, konkretul masalasTan Seusaba-moa m.qurdianis Semdegi azric: "# 5 marTebul areSi termini Turqi

(muslimani suniti) SeiZleba Canacvlebuli iyos Sinaarsobrivad da mniSvnelobiT axlos mdgomi, magram arasinonimuri terminebiT _ me-

sxi, aWareli...". pirvel rigSi, aq dasazustebelia is, rom mesxTa da aWarelTa didi nawili qristiania, meorec, muslimani qarTvelebi aWaraSic, taoSic da imerxevSic Seuracxyofad miiCneven TurqTan Se-darebasac ki; aseve, Tavs Turqad ar Tvlis qarTuli warmoSobis da qarTulis armcodne ucxoeTSi mcxovreb musliman mesxTa erTi nawi-lic (gansxvavebiT mesxeTidan gasaxlebuli eTnikuri Turqebisgan, an ukve gaTurqebuli qarTvelebisgan).

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, obieqtur kritikas da-eqvemdebareba kaxelTa, herTa, imerTa, zanTa, mesxTa, fxovelTa da a.S. sxva qarTvelTa e.w. qarTizacia/qarTvelizaciis Teoria, ro-melic saTaves iRebs n.maris Sromebidan da dRemde popularulia qarTvel Tu ucxoel mkvlevarTa Soris (mesxTa qarTizaciis Sesa-xeb ix., mag., m.qurdiani, 2000, gv.191); Sesabamisad, istoriuli suraTis re-

alur asaxvas ar warmoadgenen samecniero literaturaSi damkvidrebuli

terminebi: "dasavleT-qarTuli eTnosi (erovneba)", "qarTis erov-neba" da sxva.

saerTod, istoriul eTnonimTa Tu qoronimTa mixedviT Tana-medrove terminTa Seqmnas sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT, vinaidan

Zvel terminTa erTma nawilma dRes mniSvneloba gaifarTova, an

daiviwrova, zogi sulac daikarga; mag., leonti mrovelTan egrisi

da svaneTi sinonimebi Cans; Semdeg gamoiyeneboda odiSi; bolos, termini egrisi gviandel odiSTan erTad sul gamovida gamoyene-bidan da damkvidrda samegrelo (Sdr., saingilo damkvidrda here-Tis nacvlad).

sruliad umarTebulod, samecniero literaturaSi termini

qarTi damkvidrda e.w. sisina a tipis qarTvelur kiloebze me-tyvel qarTvelTa aRsaniSnavad; xelovnurad gaCnda eTnonimuri


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opoziciebi: qarTi - zani; qarTi - svani... xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT: saerToqarTveluri ena/koine da kultura yvela qarTveluri

tomisa Tu Temis saerTo Semoqmedebaa; garda amisa, istoriul

wyaroebSi arsad gvidasturdeba termini qarTi, xolo qarTveli,

metwilad, zogadqarTvels - qarTveluri cnobierebis mqone ada-mians (adamianTa jgufs) - miemarTeba da yvela qarTvelur (30-mde!) Tems/toms moiazrebs; Sesabamisad, qarTvels qarTizacia-qarTve-lizacia ar sWirdeba. amgvari termini (qarTizacia/qarTveliza-cia) SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos gaqarTvelebuli araqarTvelis

mimarT; mag., droTa ganmavlobaSi moxda Camosaxlebul yivCayTa erTi nawilis qarTvelizacia-qarTizacia...

garkveuli pirobiTobiT, termini qarTizacia SeiZleboda ga-gvemarTlebina, Tuki marTlac arsebobda e.w. qarTis tomi da misi

ena/kultura ganzogadda sxva qarTveluri tomebisaTvis. rogorc

zemoT vnaxeT da qvemoTac davrwmundebiT, amgvari mosazrebis

mtkiceba metad gaWirdeba: termin qarTiT aRniSnuli tomi wya-

roebSi ar Cans! garda amisa, megrel-Wanebi, lazebi, svanebi, here-bi, mesxebi, kaxebi, cxvimebi/skvimnebi/sviminebi, Takverlebi, mesxebi

Tu sxva qarTveluri Temebi qarTizacia-qarTvelizaciis process

ver daeqvemdebarebodnen im martivi mizezis gamo, rom isini sa-kuTriv qarTlelebTan erTad arian qarTuli samwignobro enis, saerTod, qarTveluri cnobierebisa da kulturis Semoqmedni - Tavdapirveli qarTvelebi... Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva eTnosad Tu

erovnebad arasodes yofila dasavleT, samxreT Tu aRmosavleT

"saqarTveloebis" mosaxleoba... yovel SemTxvevaSi, aseTi daskvnis gamotana ufro SeiZleba

bolo 3000 wlis enobrivi, arqeologiuri da saistorio masalebi-sa Tu wyaroebis mixedviT.

SeniSvna: sakiTxis istoriisaTvis: qarTizaciis sakiTxis kritika pir-velad warmoadgina mitropolitma anania jafariZem Tavis gamokvleva-Si: "deda eklesia", sadac is wers: "n.marisgan momdinareobs idea aRmo-savleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis, hereTis, dasavleT da samxreT saqar-Tvelos mosaxleobis "qarTizaciisa" anu gaqarTvelebis Sesaxeb. xe-lovnuria termini da ideac aseTivea; sinamdvileSi ki, Zveli wyaroe-


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bis Tanaxmad, mTianeTis, kaxeT-hereTis, dasavleT da samxreT saqarTve-los mosaxleobas "qarTizacia" ar esaWiroeboda, radgan ZvelTaganve (da farnavazis drosac) aRniSnul kuTxeTa mcxovrebni, rogorc mTie-lebi, ise egriselebi (mesxebsa da her-kaxelebze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT) qarTveli xalxis ZiriTad nawilad ganixilebodnen. es ase es-mis "qarTlis cxovrebas", Zvel qronikebs da Zvel avtorebs... didma ivane javaxiSvilma gamoikvlia, rom qristianobamde yvela qarTul

tomTaTvis (samegrelosa da svaneTSic) kultmsaxurebis ena iyo qar-Tuli ena... Sesabamisad, am tomebs qarTizacia ar sWirdebodaT..." (a.ja-fariZe, 1996, gv.195-197, 213, 215-216; ix., agreTve, a.jafariZe, 1998, gv.261-263; a.jafariZe, 2003).

amrigad, eTnonimi qarTveli Tavidanve zogaderovnuli

mniSvnelobis sakuTari saxelia da ara satomo saxeli (Sdr. b.gi-gineiSvili, 1975, gv.115). eTnonim qarTvelebis ucxo enebze Tar-gmnisas, sasurvelia, TargmanSic aisaxos dedniseuli varianti; mag., inglisurad ukeTesia - kartvels, xolo Turqulad - kartveller.

aqve aRvniSnavT: samecniero literaturaSi jer kidev gaba-tonebulia azri, rom iberi da kolxi sxvadasxva eTnosebis aR-mniSvneli cnebebia; rogorc vnaxeT, sxvadasxva dros kolxic da ib-eri/iveri/speric qarTvels aRniSnavda; Sesabamisad, kolxuri

ena/kultura da iberiuli ena/kultura CvenTvis sinonimuri mniSvnelobis terminebia, Tumca gaurkvevlobis Tavidan asaci-leblad mainc varCevT, am mniSvnelobiT gamoviyenoT termini qar-Tveluri ena/kultura; Sesabamisad, termin iberiul-kavkasiu-ris nacvlad, viyenebT termins - qarTvelur-kavkasiuri (Sdr., arn. Ciqobava iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi gulisxmobda qarTvelur-kavkasiur enebs).

SeniSvna: qarTvelTa istoriis sxvadasxva etapze, saerTo enasTan erTad, monaTesave TemTa makonsolidirebeli iyo saerTo RvTaeba: Cans, jer qarTu/xaldi, Semdeg, mcire xans, armazis kulti, bolos - qristianoba.

eTnonimTa da TemonimTa lingvisturi mimarTebis sqema

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1.2.3. qarTvelebis aRmniSvnel eTnonimTa da TemonimTa

lingvisturi mimarTebis amsaxveli sqema

wina paragrafebSi warmodgenil eTnonimTa da TemonimTa di-

di nawili saerTo warmomavlobisa Cans. kidev erTxel arsebiTia imis aRniSvnac, rom mezobeli xalxebi qarTvelTa aRsaniSnavad, araiSviaTad, ganazogadebdnen maTi momijnave qarTveluri (resp.

qarTuli) tomis Tu Temis saxels; qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba ki

miemarTeba RvTaeba xalde/qarTus. "yovelTa qarTvelTa" aRsaniSnavad yvelaze xSirad gamoiyene-

ba: qarT-/qald-/xald- (> *xalid-on-/haliZon-?), mosox-/muSq-/mesx-, san-/zan-/svan-, kolx-/kilx-/kulx-, iber-/iver-/sper- da abaz-/abazx- fuZeebi.

Sejamebis saxiT, qarTvelur tomTa da TemTa saxelebis SesaZ-lo etimologiuri jaWvi Semdegi ZiriTadi jgufebis saxiT SeiZle-ba warmovadginoT:

SeniSvna: TiToeuli formis istoriasTan dakavSirebiT, aq aRar

davasaxelebT wina Taobis mkvlevarTa mosazrebebs ("qarTvelebis" es nawili exmianeba s. janaSias naSroms: "Tubal-Tabal, tibareni, iberi", Tumca, s.janaSiaseuli zogi dakavSirebis gaziareba Wirs).

qvemoT warmodgenil logikur lingvistur sqemebs ara aqvs ucilobeli WeSmaritebis pretenzia.

a. qarTu(eli): saerToqarTveluri eTnosis TviTsaxelwodebaSi: qarTueli

gamoiyofa qarTu- fuZe, romelsac SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes ara mxolod qald- (qaldea), xald- fuZeebi, aramed, kardu-x- formac

(-x- krebiTobis sufiqsia; Sdr.; kola - kol-x-i, tao - tao-x-i, Wor-of-a - Wor-o-x-i, Rvino/vino - vena-x-i; Sdr. m.Cuxua, 2003, gv. 9).

aris cduneba, qarT-/xald- fuZesTan davakavSiroT xal-ib- fuZec, Tumca manam, sanam -ib- segmentis damajerebeli kvalifikacia ar moxdeba, raimes mtkiceba SeuZlebelia (Cven vvaraudobT -eb- > -

ib- process). Tavis mxriv, xal-ib- (xalibi) fuZesTan dakavSirebu-li Cans homerosTan dadasturebuli [h]al-ib-e: h, x, q ukana warmoe-bis fSvinvieri Tanxmovnebis monacvleoba mosalodnelia ara mxo-


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lod sityvaTa sesxebisas, aramed erTi enobrivi sistemis fargle-bSic (magaliTebi ix. zemoT); bunebrivia varaudi, rom hal- Ziri

gamovyoT hal-is- (halisi - mdinare, kizil-irmaki) da hal-iZ-on- fuZeebSic: -is- kuTvnilobis mawarmoeblad, -on- qarTveluri kre-biTobis sufiqsad, xolo -iZ- < -eT-/ed-/-id- (Sdr., devs/Zevs) mrav-lobiTobis sufiqsad (sxvaenovan garemoSi transformirebul va-riantad) SeiZleba davsaxoT; Sdr. sxva gzac: xald-/hald- >

*hal(i)d- > haliZ- > haliZ-on-... damajerebeli kvalifikaciac da warmodgenil varaudTa myari argumentirebac momavlis saqmed

rCeba. dasasabuTebelia, agreTve, xald-/B˚ald- > RvarT- > RmarT- > RmerT da xald-Ta > xanZTa procesebi.

b. mesxi:

masisi (mTa) da fasisi (mdinare) geografiuli saxelebisa da eTnonim fasianebis safuZvelze SeiZleba gamovyoT mas-/fas- Ziri; Sdr.: berZnul miTologiaSi eTnarqi kolxi fasisis Svilad aris

miCneuli, fasisi ki wylis RvTaebaa (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. T.miqelaZe, 1955, gv.33-34). aq sainteresoa isic, rom berZenTa cno-bierebaSi wylis RvTaeba (Sesabamisad, mdinareebis aRmniSvneli si-tyva fasisi) da kolxida (mxare mdinareebuxvi?) erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli. saintereso Cans agreTve p.ingoroyvas varaudi, rom fas- Semonaxulia bas-ian-i formaSi.

*mas- Ziri amosavali SeiZleba iyos mes-x-, mos-x- da mus-x- fuZe-ebze nayari sityvebisaTvis (-x- - krebiTobis gamomxatveli sufiq-si); Sdr.: n.xazaraZis azriT, mesx-/mosx-/musx- formebisTvis amosa-valia mosx- fuZe.

*masx- arqetipi, vfiqrobT, Semonaxulia muSqebis/kabadokiis

qalaq mazaxa/mazaka formaSi: mas-x-/mas-a-x- > mazax-; Sdr., jer kidev ioseb flaviusis azriT (1987, gv.103), eTnonimi mosoxi da qalaqis saxeli mazaka saerTo warmomavlobis fuZeebia. mes-x- dadasture-bulia mesx- fuZeSi; misi povniereba sarwmuno Cans mesqin-, meSex- da mcxeTa formebSic (Sdr., g.bedoSvili, 1981, gv. 269-276).

mosx- forma daculia bibliur mosox-, mosoq, muSq-, berZnul


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mosx-/mosoxen- da qarTul musx- fuZeebSi (musxi - sofeli axal-cixeSi). aqve kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom erTmaneTisgan mkveT-rad unda ganvasxvavoT, erTi mxriv, Zvel winaaziur da indoevro-pul enaTa velSi dadasturebuli labialurxmovniani Zirebi

(Sdr.: asuruli Tabali da bibliuri Tubali/Tobeli; asuruli

muSqebi, bibliuri mosoqi/meSexi, berZnuli mosxi/mosxike/mo-

sxebi da kabadokiis dedaqalaqi mazaxa; somx. Torgoma da qarTv. Targamosi; bibliuri ararati da urartu, ardi da olT-...) da, meore mxriv, qarTvelur enobriv (zanur dialeqtur) arealSi da-dasturebuli o-xmovniani variantebi (kaci - koCi, da - do...); isini

sxvadasxva droisa da enobrivi procesebis warmonaqmnebia. a/e/o/u

variantuloba xSiria asurul, xeTur, ieroglifur-luviur, Zvel ebraul da Zvel berZnul enebSi; Sdr., agreTve: asuruli ga-

mir-, muSqu da ZvelberZnuli gomer-, meSeh-; xeTuri kummani da asuruli kammanu; qarTveluri Targamosi, xeTuri Tegerma da ZvelberZnuli Togorma.

Sdr., *a-bas- (< *a-mas-/*mas- ?) hipoTetur formasTan SeiZleba iyos dakavSirebuli Semdegi qarTvelur-kavkasiuri fuZeebi:

*abas-, abaS-, abeS-l-/abeS-al-; *abas-, abaza; *ebeze/ebze, obez-; *abas-, *abas-ar-/*absar-/afsar-; *abas-, *abas-il-/*absil-/afsil; *abas-, *abas-ua/absua/afsua; abaz-, *abaz-x-/abxaz-/afxaz-;

abaz-, *abaz-x-, abaz-g- ... g. sani

qarTvelur tomTa aRmniSvneli erT-erTi uZvelesi fuZe Cans zani/sani.

Sdr.: erTi mxriv, winaenismier yru TanxmovanTa monacvleo-biT warmoqmnili variantebi:

san-, zan-, Wan-, *wan- (wan-ar-?); meore mxriv, ki:


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s-s labializaciiT (Tu labializebuli s-sgan?) miRebuli

san- > svan-/Son-/(mu)Suan- fuZeebi.

d. kol-x-i qarTuli provinciis saxeli kola inaxavs amosaval fuZes: kol-/kor- Zirisganaa warmoqmnili kol-x-/kil-x-/kul-x- (-x- -

krebiTobis gamomxatveli sufiqsi); aqve SeiZleba ganvixiloT: kor-a-qs-i, ma-kr-on-i, kl-ar-j-i formebic.

e. speri/iberi:

amosavali fuZe Cans *hper-/sper- (Sdr.: speri, speris zRva); aqedan:

*hperi > ~peri > iper- > iber-/iver- (iberia/iveria); Sdr., speri > ~speri > ispiri (ix. s.janaSia, 1952, gv.60). h/s > ~/~h/~s > ~/i fonetikuri procesi qarTveluri kiloebisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-li movlenaa: gasTibs > ga~sTibs/ga~Tibs; stumari > ~htumari (b.jorbenaZe, 1998, gv.196, 357, 545, 550); 2005 wels iusufelis raionis qarTul soflebSi (Beva~, qoba~, balxi) Cven mier Cawerilma masalam aCvena, rom Tavkidur poziciaSi s/h > ~ procesi gansakuTrebiT aqtiuria taourSi.

ar gamoiricxeba arc: tiber- > hiber > hber- > sper- da tiber- > hiber- > iber- procesebi; sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevas iTxovs.

speri: sa-sper- (sasperitebi), sa-peir-/sa-veir- (stefane bi-zantieli);

*hper- > *hber- > ber- > ver- > vir- > vir-q (>vr-a-c-)- > vir-

San-; *ber-/ver- > var-, var-u-C-an, gurCan-, gurgan- (< georgi-an-), gurj-, kurg- (dadasturebulia XIII s.; s.janaSia, 1959, gv.53), gurZH- (osuri formaa), gruzin- (< guruzin-)... Sdr., Cerqezuli

qurjH "Tbilisi", adiRuri (SafsuRuri) qHrce (< gurj) da osuri

gurjHn "tanadi" (sparsul enobriv velSi va > gu procesisaTvis Sdr., g. wereTlis mier motanili magaliTebi: vard > gul, varaz > gu-

raz, visnasp > gusnasp... (g.wereTeli, 1993, gv.104). wyaroebSi dadasturebuli qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli sxva saxe-

lebi naklebvariantulni arian; mag.: lazi, kaxi/kuxi, TuSi, java-xi/zabaxa... variantTa simcire aixsneba zogi saxelis araqarTvelu-ri warmomavlobiT, zogisa ki - lokaluri gamoyenebiT (mag., kaxi

gamoiyeneba mxolod viwro enobriv velSi); Tumca, sakvlevia kuxis mimarteba kolxTan, rogorc amas varaudobda v.aleni (ix., T.papuaSvili, 1993, gv. 428).

sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa

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1.3. sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva

istoriuli epoqa

(meTodologiuri SeniSvnebi iberia-qarTlisa da kolxeTi-lazika-egrisis mimarTebebis mixedviT)

istoriuli procesebis analizs didad uSlis xels eris

TviTsaxelwodebisa da am sazogadoebis aRmniSvneli sxva eTnoni-mebis aRreva, agreTve, qveynis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb arsebuli gansxvavebuli warmodgenebi:

araiSviaTad, mocemuli eris/saxelmwifos mier warmodgenili

Tavisi teritoriis sazRvrebi ar emTxveva mezobelTa xedvas; garda amisa, xSiria, roca erTi da igive eTnonimi (Tu qoronimi) sxvadasxva dros miemarTeba or an met sazogadoebas (qveyanas); Sdr.: abaza/ebze/obezi - qarTveli (yaraCaul-balyarul enaSi da Zvel rusulSi), abaza - afxazi (Turqul enaSi) da abaza - amJaminde-li yaraCai-CerqezeTis avtonomiuri respublikis mosaxleobis er-Ti nawilis - abazebis - TviTsaxeli...

Cveni azriT, ufro met problemas qmnis mocemuli eris teri-toriis sazRvrebisa da istoriuli gzis gansxvavebuli xedva, ro-melic konkretuli eTnonimebisa Tu qoronimebis gaazrebaSic ai-saxeba; mag.:

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos sazRvrebsa da qarTveli eris uax-les istorias gansxvavebulad xedaven qarTveli, rusi da afxazu-ri warmoSobis prorusuli politikosebi (v.arZinba, r.xajinba...); araiSviaTad, amgvari subieqturoba istorikosTa kvlevebSic

gamosWvivis (metic, zogi arakeTilsindisieri mkvlevari istoriu-li faqtebis gayalbebiT cdilobs, xeli Seuwyos politikuri

procesebis provocirebas). bunebrivia, saqarTvelos (Tu sxva qveynis) mimarT amgvari su-

bieqturobisgan dazRveulni ar iqnebodnen Zveli berZnebi, romae-lebi, sparselebi, somxebi Tu sxva mezobeli xalxebi. es kargad

Cans ara mxolod istoriul wyaroebSi, aramed - eTnonimebSic:


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rogorc wesi, mezobeli xalxebisTvis eTnonimebi iqmneba sa-zRvrispira tomis (an Temis) saxelis mixedviT (almanebi Allemand - germanelebi frangebisTvis), an romelime damakninebeli semanti-kis mqone fuZisgan (nemeci - rusTaTvis...); aseve, araiSviaTad, sxva eris aRmniSvneli eTnonimi iqceva xolme uaryofiTi mniSvnelobis

sityvad (mag., eTnonimi lulu zogadad mtris saxelad gadaazri-anda urartulSi).

movlena martivad ixsneba: istoriuli ambebis Sefaseba xdeba sasurveli TvalTaxedvi-

dan: adamiani-mematiane Tavisi droisa da qveynis aTvlis sistemi-dan danaxul samyaros asaxavs terminebiTa Tu eTnonimebiT: Tavi-si enobriv-kulturul-politikuri xedviT alagebs sakuTar

Tu sxvis istorias, awmyos, momavals. araiSviaTia Zveli ambebis aRwera Tanamedrove viTarebis mi-

xedviTac, Sesabamisad - axali eTnonimebis gadatana Zvel droSi; mag.: XII saukunis ambebis aRwerisas homerosi laparakobs finikie-lebis Sesaxeb, am dros ki finikielebi bunebaSi ar arseboben

(iliada, Sesavali, gv.38). bibliis Semqmnelni eTnarqebs aRadgenen

TavianTi Tanamedrove xalxebis saxelebis mixedviT; Sdr., agreTve: angariSs uwevs ra Tavisi drois viTarebas, "qarTlis cxovrebis" Sesavlis avtori (romelic, Cans, IX saukuneSi cxovrobda) mis-Tvis cnobili saqarTvelos kuTxeebis mixedviT asaxelebs: egross, qarTloss, kaxoss, kuxoss, gardabioss, gaCioss...

kidev erTi magaliTi: Zv.w. III saukuneSi moRvawe apolonios rodosels Zv.w. XIII sau-

kunis aietis qalaqad - kolxas Zvel dedaqalaqad - quTaisi aqvs mi-Cneuli, qalaqi, romelic did asparezze gamodis mxolod Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis Semdeg.

aSkaraa, rom istoriis (nebismieri sxva dargis) kvlevis dros

arsebiTi mniSvneloba unda mieniWos terminTa identifikacias; kerZod, sxvadasxvaenovan Tu Tanamoene mkiTxvels misi enisTvis ga-mWvirvale, adekvaturi, sxva qoronimebTan Sejerebuli termini

unda miewodos; mag., qoronimi saqarTvelo dRes CvenTvis gulis-


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xmobs istoriul afxazeTsac, xolo ruseTis imperiul velSi aR-zrdili mkvlevrisTvis rusuli termini gruzia saqarTvelos am uZveles kuTxes ar moicavs. aTeuli wlebis Semdeg obieqturi

mkvlevari valdebuli iqneba, erTmaneTisgan mkafiod gamijnos qar-Tuli termini saqarTvelo da proimperiuli mecnieris mier

gamoyenebuli gruzia: mkiTxveli gaafrTxilos, rom mag., 1992-2005

wlebis saqarTvelos sazRvrebs zustad ar asaxavs, mag., istori-kos v.arZinbas mier gamoyenebuli qoronimi gruzia.

msjelobas gavagrZelebT lazika-egrisisa da iberia-qarTlis

magaliTebis mixedviT: qarTvel Tu araqarTvel istorikosTa mier sinonimebadaa mi-

Cneuli terminebi: kolxeTi, lazika, egrisi (ix., mag., i.anTelava, 1999, gv. 22; r.TofCiSvili, 2002, gv.7; d.leTodiani, 2003, gv.48, 55;, T.beraZe, m.sanaZe, 2003, gv. 45, 63) da iberia - qarTli (iv.javaxiSvi-li, g.meliqiSvili, n.berZeniSvili...); vfiqrobT, maTi gaTanabre-ba SeuZlebelia, vinaidan Zveli kolxeTi aRmosavleT saqarTve-los did nawilsac moicavda, lazika erqva romaelTagan dapyro-bil saqarTvelos teritorias, egrisi ki qarTveli mematianeebi-seuli qarTlis nawilia.

termini lazika da, Sesabamisad, lazikis saxelmwifos isto-ria, ZiriTadad, romauli wyaroebis xedviTaa Seqmnili, xolo

termini egrisi da misiT aRniSnuli saqarTvelos erTi kuTxis is-toria qarTveluri aRqma-Sefasebis asaxvaa: qarTuli wyaroebi

ax.w. VII saukunemde da IX saukunidan egriss erTiani saqarTvelos

SemadgenlobaSi xedavs, berZnul-romaul-bizantiuri wyaroebiT

ki, lazika iberiaSi ar Sedis... mivyveT Zvel wyaroebs da Tvali gavadevnoT sazRvrebis

sxvadasxvaobas Tu mkvlevarTa uzustobebs: rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi lazebs

pirvelad axsenebs miTridates istorikosi memnoni (I s.) Tavis "he-rakles istoriaSi"; memnoni lazTa sacxovrisad mkafiod gansa-zRvravs dioskuriis midamoebs (soxumi-anakofiis regions); aria-nem (95-175) Tavisi TvaliT naxa qalaqi Zveli lazike. mogvianebiT


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am qalaqs nikofsiad moixsenieben (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.99); aSka-raa, rom welTaRricxvaTa mijnamde lazebi dioskuriis Crdiloe-TiT cxovrobdnen; Sdr.: arianesTan (II s.) lazebi da kolxebi Tana-arseboben: isini sxvadasxva toms warmoadgenen (Zveli berZnebi... 1983, gv.159); ariane Tavis "periplusSi" wers:

"amJamad lazebs uWiravT teritoria Zidritebidan abaskeba-mde"; e.i. daaxloebiT Woroxidan kodoramde (T.yauxCiSvili, 1987, gv.23; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100). Sdr., V saukunis "periplusis" anonimi avtori: "Zveli aqeidan Zvel lazikamde da md. aqeuntamde (es ki aris soWidan daaxloebiT 30 km.-iT daSorebuli - T. y.) uwin cxovrobdnen tomebi: henioxebi, koraqsebi, kolikebi, melanxlene-bi, maxelonebi, kolxebi da lazebi, axla ki cxovroben zixebi".

astronomiisa da geografiis fuZemdebeli klavdios ptole-ma~osi (100-178) kolxidas uwodebs teritorias md. koraqsidan

(bzifidan) md. fasisamde (rionamde), sadac cxovroben tomebi: lazebi, manralebi da ekriktikis (egrisis) qveynis mcxovrebni; am kolxidis CrdiloeTiT - sarmatiaSi - cxovroben: aqa~ebi, kerkete-bi, henioxebi da suanokolxebi (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100, 160).

Semdgom periodSi lazebi ufro aqtiurad ixseniebian; termi-ni lazika ukve politikuri erTeulis saxelad zogaddeba, ro-melsac zogjer afxazeTic enacvleba; mag., amiane marceline (IV s.) wers: imperatori valenti "daTanxmda iberiis gayofas ise, rom sa-zRvrad SuaSi md. kirosi (mtkvari) dadebuliyo da savromaks ar-meniisa da lazebis mosazRvre (mxare) rgeboda"; Saburis "mosvliT

SeSinebulma papam da aseve kilakem ...scades SeefarebinaT Tavi ma-Ral mTebSi, romlebic Cvenebs [e.i. Cvens miwebs] lazikisagan hyo-fen" (georgika, 1961, gv.90, 128).

agaTangelosi (IV s.): "wminda grigoli... zog [mRvdels] gzav-nida iberTa qveyanaSi (arabuli Targmanis mixedviT georgiaSi), zogs lazTa qveyanaSi (arabulis mixedviT - afxazeTSi; georgika, 1961, gv.71)...

ix., agreTve: priske panioneli (V s.): "mas Semdeg, rodesac romae-lebi mividnen kolxidaSi da omi awarmoes lazebis winaaRmdeg, roma-elTa jari Tavis qveyanaSi gamobrunda..." (georgika, 1961, gv.254).


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Sdr., cota mogvianebiT, iovane sabanisZe (1987, gv.454) afxaze-Tis CrdiloeT sazRvrad miiCnevs nafsas/nikofsias (afsarTa sa-cxovriss; Sdr., p.ingoroyva, 1957, gv.121, 211), anu qalaq Zvel lazi-kas, xolo samxreT sazRvrad - trapizons, xaldiis CaTvliT.

nikifore konstantinopolelic (IX s.) lazikis samxreT sa-zRvrad miiCnevs trapezunts; kerZod, irakli keisris laSqrobis

aRwerisas is wers: "iraklim scada lazikis gziT SeWriliyo spar-seTSi; rodesac moaRwia trapezuntamde - lazikis sazRvramde, mi-sma colma Sva Ze"; sainteresoa imis aRniSvna, rom 1042 wels qarTu-lad gadmoRebul am teqstSi lazika Targmnilia samegrelod: "da mo~wia, ra trapezunted sanaxebTa samegrelo~saTa..." (georgika, 1952, gv.207-208; ix., agreTve, p.ingoroyva, 1957, gv.214-215).

Sdr.: niketa xoniate (XII s.): bizantiis keisars titulebSi

Seaqvs ...lazTa, iberTa, bulgarTa, serbTa... RvTivmmarTveli (ge-orgika, 1966, gv.131)..

uaRresad sayuradReboa agreTve is garemoeba, rom VII-IX sau-kuneTa geografia erTimeorisagan ganarCevs lazivis provincias

(rizes mxares) da Wanivis anu xaldiis (xalteTis, trapizonis) provincias. maT Soris sazRvari gadioda ofi-surmenes seqtorSi" (p.ingoroyva, 1957, gv.210). Sdr., agreTve: somxuri usaxelo geog-rafiis mixedviT, VII-IX saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi oTxi

mcire qveyana iyo: margvelivi (=margveTi), egreviki (=egrisi), lazivi (=lazeTi) da Wanivi (=WaneTi anu xaldeTi - trapizonis

mxare); somexi istorikosisTvis am teritoriis saxelia kolxeTi, anu egri; misi azriT, "es aris qveyana aziasa da mdebareobs pontos

zRvidan sarmartiamde, da mdinare drakonidan vidre kavkasiis

mTamde da mis Stomde - lixamde, romelic mas hyofs iveriidan" (p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.212).

"qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, qoronimi egrisi (megrTa sacxov-risi) odiTganve yoveli qarTlis (anu, sruliad saqarTvelos) erT-erTi ZiriTadi da ganuyofeli mxarea; Sdr., miTridates omebis Semdeg termini lazika berZen-romaelTagan kontrolirebad qar-Tul regions aRniSnavs.


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istoriul wyaroSi samgvari egrisi dasturdeba: _ egrosis wili egrisi: lixidan yubanis SesarTavamde da tra-

pizonamde (CaTvliT); _ mefe arCilis samkvidro egrisi sazRvrebiT: egriswyali

(RaliZga), Sorapani, guriis sazRvari, Savi zRva da kavkasionis

mTagrexili; _ qujis anu Sida egrisi: teritoria egriswylidan (RaliZga-

dan) - rionamde (qujis saerisTavo svaneTis gamoklebiT). "qarTlis cxovrebis" saTanado adgilis uzusto wakiTxvis gamo, samecniero literaturaSi swored qujis egrisTan mimarTebiT

arasworadaa warmodgenili margveTis sazRvrebi; kerZod, yvela xelnaweris mixedviT, teqsti gveubneba:

"erTni gagzavna margvis erisTavad da misca mciriT mTiTgan, romel ars lixi, vidre zRuadmde, rions zemoT".

iv.javaxiSvilisa da s.yauxCiSvilis mier fraza "rions zemoT" gaazrebul iqna rogorc "rionis zeda weli", Sesabamisad, mxolod

zemo imereTi CaiTvala margveTad; saTanadod Casworda "qar-Tlis cxovrebac":

dedniseuli fraza: vidre zRuadmde dausabuTeblad Seicva-la fraziT: vidre zRuradmde egrisisa ("qarTlis cxovreba", 1955, gv.24; SeniSvna).

Cveni azriT, fraza "rions zemoT" niSnavs rionis samxreTiT; Sdr., "qarTlis cxovrebis" am monakveTSi sxva SemTxvevaSic zemoT

- qvemoT opozicia gulisxmobs dapiririspirebas: samxreTi -

CrdiloeTi; mag., iqve weria: "egris wylis qvemoTma ar isurva gan-dgoma berZenTagan" - igulisxmeba egrosis wili qveynis Crdiloe-Ti nawili - RaliZgas CrdiloeTi mxare vidre yubanis SesarTava-mde; Sdr., Zveli berZeni geografebis Tu istorikos-mogzaurTa teqstebSic zmnisarTebi zemoT, qvemoT analogiuri mniSvnelo-biT gamoiyeneba (Sdr., m.sanaZis dakvirveba mtkvris marcxena da marjvena mxareebis aRsaniSnavad, erTi mxriv, zemo - qvemo, meore mxriv ki - amier - imier opoziciebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb; m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.66, 95-96).


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vfiqrobT, leontis azriT, margveTi moicavda teritorias

lixis mTidan Sav zRvamde da rionidan mesxeTis mTebamde (samcxe-aWaramde); Sdr., iv.javaxiSvilis Casworebis gaziarebis SemTxveva-Si, "qarTlis cxovrebis" am periodSi ausaxavi rCeba: guria, baRda-Ti, vani… (msjelobisa da sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix., agreTve: n.berZeniSvili, 1990, gv.544, SeniSvna; t.futkaraZe, 2002, gv.123;, d.leTodiani, 2003, gv.36-40).

sayuradReboa, rom leonti mrovelis "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, egrosis wil mxareSi - egrSi/egurSi (imereTSi; q.c. I, gv.331), romelic, amave dros, qarTlis nawilad ganixileba (ix., mag., gv.141), ramdenime saerisTavo Sedis (egrisis ramdenime eris-Tavis Sesaxeb ix., mag., gv.57); kerZod, did egrisSi moiazreba: Sida egrisi (/saegro/odiSi), argueTi (guriac aq igulisxmeba; Sdr., 1080 wels "dResa ivanobisasa asisforni da klarjeTi zRvis pira-mdis, SavSeTi, aWara, samcxe, qarTli, argueTi, samoqalaqo da Wyondidi aRivso TurqiTa" - gv.319), suaneTi (es termini zogjer

faravs egriss; ix. gv.27: "egrisi svaneTia"; Sdr., quji - egris-svane-Tis erisTavi), samoqalaqo, afxazeTi ("qveyana egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua"), afSileTi, Takueri (leCxumi), Wyondidi, niga-li (aq megrni cxovroben - gv.377), klarjeTi da sxv. Sdr., "somxuri

geografiis" (gv.92-93) mixedviT, kolxeTi (dasavleT saqarTvelos

gagebiT), Seicavs oTx qveyanas: manrili, egrevika, lazivi da WaneTi

(xaldebis qveyana). sayuradReboa is, rom did egrisSi leonti adgils ar tovebs

sxva eTnikuri (araqarTveluri) jgufebis ZiebisaTvis: leonti

mrovels afxazebic egrosianebad miaCnda (p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.140; Sdr., n.berZeniSvili, 1990, gv.543, 551, 553). Sdr., qarTlis

erisTavis saxeli abaza: ivane abazas Ze; gv.296. arc sxva qarTveli

mematianeni miuTiTeben am vrcel regionSi, qarTulis garda, ro-melime sxva enis arsebobis Sesaxeb.

SeniSvna: yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, eWvis qveS dgeba Sua da zemo imereTis teritoriaze navaraudevi marguli metyvelebis


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("Zvelad ufro ena unda yofiliyo"; ak. SaniZe, 1981, gv.443) ara mxo-lod sazRvrebis, aramed, saerTod, arsebobis sakiTxi; miT umetes, -ev-sufiqsiani toponimebi aseve gavrcelebulia aragvisa da qsnis xeobeb-Sic (iqve, gv.440); mag., ak. SaniZe qarTlSi (ivris xeobamde), imereTsa da raWaSic adasturebs saTanado masalas: Zeglevi, alevi, arcevi, ortevi, Rvlevi, bobnevi, ikvnevi, atrevi, avnevi, frinevi, klonevi, avlevi, fle-vi, uwlevi, jablevi… raWaSi: RruSevi, Zeglevi, onWevi, Wibrevi, xeTle-vi, velevi, xotevi… axalcixeSi: woxtevi (ak.SaniZe, 1981, gv.440-441).

-ev sufiqsiani toponimebi dasturdeba SavSeT-imerxevSic: devaZevi, valilevi, xoxlevi, (n.cecxlaZe, 2000, gv.65); Sdr., ak.SaniZe, 1981, gv.443: "-ev sufiqsis gavrcelebis ZiriTad ared SegviZlia CavTvaloT

teritoria aragvidan rionis Sua welamde".

-ev- sufiqsi saerToqarTveluri enis, arqauli qarTulisa da samwig-nobro qarTulis afiqsTa (krebiToba-warmomavlobisa da daniSnule-bis afiqsebis) cxrilSi logikurad zis; Sdr.:

-av-, -ev-, -iv- -aT-, -eT-, -iT- -ar-, -er- -ir-

-al-, -el-, -il- -an-, -en-, -in- -as-, -es-, -isla-, le-, li- na-, ne-, ni- sa-, se-, si-

vfiqrobT, ara gvaqvs safuZveli, -ev- morfemis mixedviT vivaraudoT

marguli enis arseboba; Sesabamisad, gaWirdeba imis Tqma, rom -ev su-fiqsi marguli warmomavlobisaa da Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba dakar-guli aqvs (Sdr., ak.SaniZe, 1981, gv 444).

xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, arc

erTi (didi Tu mcire) egrisi damoukidebeli saxelmwifo ar

yofila: ZiriTadi nawili yovelTvis Sedioda qarTlis Semadgen-lobaSi, xolo mcire nawili, mag., gare egrisi (teritoria Ra-liZgidan yubanis SesarTavamde) qujidan gorgaslamde periodSi

hqondaT berZnebs (bizantielebs). e.i. qarTuli wyaroebi saqar-

Tvelos erTian qveynad warmogvidgens, rasac mxars uWers arqeo-logiuri da lingvisturi Ziebebic (ix. qvemoT). arada, bizantiu-ri wyaroebis mixedviT (rasac zogi qarTveli istorikosic mi-hyveba), gamodis, rom, TiTqos, mTeli dasavleTi da samxreT-da-


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savleTi saqarTvelo uZvelesi droidan X saukunemde mowyve-

tili iyo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos... faqtia: berZnul-bizantiuri termini lazika sxvadasxva dros sxva-

dasxva teritorias miemarTeba; es qoronimi iSviaTad Tu emTxveva qarTuli wyaroebis egriss (Sdr., mag., IV da VII saukuneebis viTareba); Sesabamisad, metad saeWvod gamoiyureba terminebis: eg-risisa da lazikis gaigivebis mixedviT istorikosTa mier miRebu-li daskvnebi. amdenad, gadasasinjia am mcdari sinonimurobis mi-xedviT agebuli saistorio msjelobanic; mag., amgvari faqtebis

fonze, bunebrivia, metad pirobiTia lazikisa da egrisis mefe-mTavrebis erT rigSi warmodgena; Sdr.: bizantiis mier dapyrobil

egrisis nawils (romelsac isini lazikas eZaxdnen) ganagebda impe-riis mier daniSnuli mmarTveli, romelic drodadro, SesaZloa, ar emorCileboda "centrs", xolo, paralelurad, qarTlis nawil

egrisis saerisTavos marTavda erisTavi, romelic Tavisi samSob-los - qarTlis - mefis nebayoflobiTi morCili iyo...

sanimuSod ganvixilavT kidev erT magaliTs: cota xnis win gamoqveynda g. grigolias faseuli naSromi: "eg-

ris-lazikis samefos saistorio geografiis problemebi", romel-Sic vkiTxulobT:

"IV saukunis damlevisaTvis TiTqmis mTeli dasavleT saqar-Tvelos gamaerTianeblis rolSi gvevlinebian lazebi, romelTa mier Seqmnil saxelmwifos qarTuli wyaroebi egriss uwodeben, xolo berZeni da bizantieli avtorebi lazikis saxeliT ixsenie-ben" (g.grigolia, 1994, gv.8).

aq ramdenime ganmarteba-dazustebaa saWiro: dasavleT saqar-Tvelos egriselni/megrelni aerTianeben; megrelebs ki bizantie-lebi lazebs uwodeben. Sdr.: lazebis saxelmwifos qarTuli

wyaroebi egrisad ar ixsenieben (mxolod gviandel qarTul wya-roebSi Cndeba nasesxebi termini lazia); "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, am periodis egrisi qarTlSi Sedis da, rac mTavaria, termini egrisi drois am monakveTSic ver faravs berZnul-bizan-


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tiuri lazikas Sinaarss: lazika qarTlSi ar Semodis, xolo "qar-

Tlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, egrisi qarTlis erT-erTi regionia. ra safuZveli gvaqvs, ar vendoT qarTul wyaroebs da metad sa-

eWvo (da tendenciur) bizantiur cnobebs daveyrdnoT? kidev erTi sadavo azri: istorikosTa erTi nawilis azriT, IV saukunis Sua periodSi

egrisis mefea gubaz I; TiTqmis amave periodSi vaxtang gorgasali

"ipyrobs" dasavleT saqarTvelos (narkvevebi, II, gv 166-169; n.asaTi-ani, 2001, gv.82-85).

sinamdvileSi, bizantiuri wyaroebis mixedviT, gubazi lazi-kis (bizantias daqvemdebarebuli qarTlis nawilis) mefea da ara egrisis im nawilisa, romelic qarTlSi Sedis: qarTvel mematia-neTa cnobebiT, am dros saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSia egrisic

da margveTic (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.146, 185, 243); Sdr., ama-ve wyaros mixedviT, afxazeTidan gadmosuli berZnebi ipyroben

egrisis nawils; mogvianebiT, Sida egrisi arCil mefis uSualo

samkvidroa da a.S. romel wyaros unda vendoT: imperiis istorikosisas Tu qarTvelisas? Cveni mematianis cnobebi detaluria da Tanamimdevruli, xo-

lo bizantiuri informaciebi wyvetilia da zogadi; Sdr., agreT-ve: "egrisis istoriis Sesaxeb gubaz pirvelis droidan vidre VI saukunis 20-ian wlebamde araviTari cnobebi ar moipoveba" (narkve-vebi, II, gv.169). SevniSnavT, rom qarTul wyaroebSi am periodis Se-saxeb detaluri informaciebi gvaqvs, bizantiurSi ki - ara.

ufro logikuri xom ar iqneba, lazika yvela etapze ganvmar-toT, rogorc berZen-romaelTagan kontrolirebadi qarTuli te-ritoria (miuxedavad amisa, lazikis mefeebis salaparako ena qar-Tulia; ix. qvemoT), romlis sazRvrebi drodadro izrdeboda Tu

mcirdeboda; Sdr.: Tavdapirvelad, lazika iyo erTi qalaqi - Zve-li lazika, Semdeg - egrisis is nawili, romelic ar SemouerTda farnavazis qarTls ("xolo egris wyals quemoT darCa berZenTa, rameTu mkvidrTa mis adgilsaTa, ara inebes gandgoma berZenTa";


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qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv.24) da VII saukuneSi - mTeli dasavleTi da samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo.

SeniSvna: am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa m.sanaZis msjeloba gugarqTan dakavSirebiT: gugarqi qarTlis sinonimia somxurSi; araiSviaTad, gugarqi moicavda mxolod im teritorias, romelic ama Tu im epoqaSi somxeTis mier qarTlis samefosgan iyo CamoWrili (m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.68, 92).

sagangebo msjelobas iTxovs kolxeTisa da iberiis parale-lurad arsebobis saTuo sakiTxic:

dRes farTod gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT, Zv.w. VI saukuni-dan vidre daviT kurapalatamde (ax. w. X s.) gverdigverd arsebob-da ori qarTuli saxelmwifo: kolxeTi da iberia, anu SedarebiT

gviandeli egris-lazika da qarTli-iberia; ix., mag., saqarTvelos

istoriis narkvevebi, I, gv.422; Sdr., am mxriv, iSviaT gamonakliss

warmoadgens mitropoliti anania jafariZe (ix. a.jafariZe, 1996, gv.86-114). Sesabamisad, XX saukunis istorikosTa yvela Taobis

mier arasworadaa gaTanabrebuli, erTi mxriv: kolxeTi, lazi-

ka, egrisi da, meore mxriv: qarTli, iberia; yovel am termins Ta-visi gamoyenebis are aqvs da maTi sinonimebad gamocxadeba kvlevis

Sedegebs araadekvaturad warmoadgens. am SemTxvevaSic mivyveT

konkretul magaliTs: 1970 wels gamoqveynebuli "saqarTvelos istoriis narkveve-

bis" I tomis VIII Tavis saTauria: "kolxeTi Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneeb-

Si", xolo IX Tavia "qarTli (iberia) Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneebSi"; Sdr., agreTve, d.musxeliSvili, 2002, gv.15: "Zv.w. IV saukuneSi Camo-yalibda aRmosavleTqarTuli samefo qarTli (iberia)" da sxv.

romeli utyuari wyaroebiT mtkicdeba, rom Zv.w. I aTaswleu-lis meore naxevarSi qarTvelTa ori damoukidebeli saxelmwifo

arsebobda? am periodis arc erTi ucxouri wyaro qarTvelTa qveyanas or

saxelmwifod ar warmoadgens; rogorc wina paragrafSi vnaxeT, sa-qarTvelos istoriul teritoriaze Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi qar-TvelTa mravali tomi Cans; berZnul-asiriul-urartuli da qar-


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Tuli wyaroebis mixedviT, erTi didi saxelmwifos arsebobac Se-iZleba davuSvaT, rasac daadasturebs erTiani arqeologiuri

kulturac (ix. qvemoT); Sdr., agreTve, a. uruSaZe, 1964, gv.6: "Tav-dapirvelad berZnebi kolxeTSi mTel qarTvelur samyaros gu-

lisxmobdnen"; Sdr.: Zveli wyaroebis kargi mcodne g.meliqiSvili

(narkvevebis I tomis redaqtori da mTavari avtori) gviandeli

berZnul-bizantiuri tradiciis mixedviT, kolxida-lazikas

qarTl-iberiisgan mowyvetiT ganixilavs; arada: qarTveli mematia-neni kargad icnoben ucxour literaturas, terminologias, maTe-ul xedvebs, magram qarTveli eris istorias qarTul cnobiereba-Si CamoZerwili terminologiiTa da xedva-aRqmiT ageben. danam-dvilebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qarTvel JamTaaRmwerTa xedva ufro obieqturia (adreul qarTlSi ganixileba egrisic) vidre berZnebisa, romael-bizantielebisa Tu armenebisa; kerZod:

ris safuZvelze keTdeba daskvna, rom Zv.w. VI-III saukuneebSi

kolxeTisgan damoukideblad arsebobda iberia?

SeniSvna: istorikosTa mier sinonimebadaa miCneuli qoronimebi qar-Tli da iberia; arc am terminTa gaigivebaa SesaZlebeli: Zvel qarTul

wyaroebSi qarTli sruliad saqarTvelos (SavizRvispireTs md. yuba-nis SesarTavidan trapizonamde da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos xunana-mde) moicavda, ucxouri iberia ki aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aRsaniS-navad damkvidrda mxolod Zv.w. II saukunidan.

iberias ar axseneben hekata~os mileteli, qsenofonte, hero-dote, fsevdo-skilaqsi, platoni, aristotele, apolonios ro-doseli...

terminebi: kavkasiis iberia da aRmosavleTis iberebi (Sdr.,

pirineis iberebi) pirvelad Cndeba Zv.w. IV-II saukuneebis avto-rebTan: megasTenesTan, TeofrastosTan, dionise periegetTan... (v.vaSakiZe, 1993, gv.61). ufro gviandel cnobebSi kolxida iberi-

aSicaa moazrebuli; mag., plutarqes cnobiT, kavkasiis mTavari

erebi albanelebi da iberebi arian: iberebi binadroben dasavle-TiT mesxeTis (evfrat-Worox-mtkvar-araqsis wyalgamyof) mTebTan

da pontos zRvasTan, albanelebi ki - aRmosavleTiT, kaspiis zRvas-


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Tan (iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.18). svanebisa da aRmosavleTis iberebis igiveobis Sesaxeb msjeloba ix., zemoT, gv.144.

vatikanSi daculi "saeklesio analebis" mixedviT, "iberiis im

nawilma, romelic pontos zRvasTan mdebareobs da kolxidad

iwodeba, saxareba jer kidev imperator traianes (98-117) dros mqa-dagebeli papi wm. klementis (papobis wlebi - 88-97) SemweobiT mii-Ro... rac Seexeba qvemo iberebs, romlebic kavkasiis mTebTan, kas-piis zRvis axlos cxovroben, Tvlian, rom maT qristianoba impe-rator konstantines dros miiRes (i.tabaRua, 1984, gv.171).

romauli wyaroebis iberia mxolod aRmosavleT da samxreT

saqarTvelos (lazika - dasavleT saqarTvelo) teritoriiT

ifargleba e.w. miTridates omebis periodSi; es bunebrivicaa, vinaidan, qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviTac, II-I saukuneebSi qar-TvelTa saxelmwifo dasustebulia: misi teritoriebis nawili

romma daipyro, nawili - armeniam; miTridate evpatoris pontos

samefoc qarTveluri tomebiTa da teritoriebiT iyo Zlevamo-sili.

Sdr., leonti mrovelis mixedviT, farnavazisa Tu gorgaslis

qarTli moicavda: Woroxis, mtkvris zemowelis, liaxvis, rionis, enguris, kodoris, bzifis xeobebs; TiTqmis amave teritorias moi-cavs kolxuri arqeologiuri kulturac, e.i. aietis aia-kolxac; Sdr., s.janaSia, 1942, gv.728: strabonisa da pliniusis cnobebiT, tigran II dros teritoriebdakarguli iberiis samefo moicavs

teritorias mtkvris saTaveebidan (kola-artaani) taos CaTvliT

da Woroxis xeobis nawils. vfiqrobT, Zveli kolxeTi (kolxur-yobanuri arqeologiu-

ri kulturis veli) ufro sruliad qarTlis sinonimad Se-

gviZlia miviCnioT, vidre lazikisa an egrisisa. rac Seexeba la-zika-iberiis mimarTebas:

lazika da iberia romaul-bizantiur wyaroebSi qarTuli sa-xelmwifoebis aRmniSvnel terminebad mkvidrdeba welTaRricxva-Ta mijnidan, maSin, roca dasavleT da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTve-loSi romaelebi batondebian da, Tavdapirvelad maTive xelSe-


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wyobiT, sruliad qarTlis dasustebis mizniT, iqmneba pontosa da lazikis samefoebi (Semdgom pontoc romis mtrad iqca). spar-selebis politikur velSi darCenili qarTuli saxelmwifos nawi-li iberiis saxeliT damkvidrda.

lazikasa da iberias Soris sazRvrad sarapaniss (Sorapans) pirvelad uTiTebs straboni (Sdr., iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.43-44); kolxidasa da iberias Soris sazRvrad lixis qeds debs ax.w. II sau-kunis moRvawe klavdios ptolemaiosi (n.lomouri, 1955, gv.44-46). es cnobebi sulac ar iZleva raime safuZvels, rom Zv.w. II-I da ax.

w. I-II saukuneebis viTareba ganvazogadoT ufro adreul Tu

gviandel periodebze; Sesabamisad, kolxeTi da iberia, an qar-Tli da egrisi damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad warmovidginoT

Zv.w. VI-III saukuneebSi Tu gorgaslis dros. miT umetes, rom ara-feri vTqvaT adreuli periodis berZnul wyaroebze, strabonis

cnobebic ki metad winaaRmdegobrivia (kritikisaTvis ix., mag., iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.22). am fonze miT ufro gasakviria, rom iv.javaxiSvilidan moyolebuli dRemde, qarTveli istorikosebi

met ndobas iCenen ucxouri cnobebis mimarT da ufro mwyobri

qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT ar ageben qarTveli eris istoriul

qargas. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, ufro meti argumenti aqvs mosazrebas, rom azon-quj-farnavazis droSi (da ufro adrec) erTiani kulturul-saxelmwifoebrivi velia amJamindel

dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic da, gacilebiT

masStabur, samxreT saqarTvelSic (sadac, savaraudoa, qarTvelebs mcxeTaze adrindeli dedaqalaqic hqondaT).

sinanuliT aRvniSnavT, rom iv.javaxiSvilis sabWoTa periodamdeli gamokvlevebi eZRvneboda samxreT amierkavkasiasa da anatoliaSi mcxovreb qarTvelur tomTa istorias (albaT, didma istorikosma amitomac daarqva Tavis fundamentalur Sro-mas "qarTveli eris istoria" da ara - "saqarTvelos istoria"), Tumca mogvianebiT Seqmnil istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi nakle-bad aisaxeboda xolme qarTvelTa es Zveli istoria; metic, zog av-torTan oqros xanamde saqarTvelo erTian saxelmwifod arc iT-


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vleba... arada, Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodSi iberiisa da kolxeTis cal-calke warmodgenam bevr seriozul Secdomas dau-do dasabami, Tundac imas, rom, mavanTa azriT, arasodes arsebula qarTvelTa erTiani saxelmwifo...

Cven ara gvaqvs istoriografiis dargSi kvlevis pretenzia; Tumca, vfiqrobT, SedarebiT obieqturi istoria qarTveli eri-

sa jer kidev dasaweria. wignis am nawilSi (1.2; 1.3.) Cveni mizani iyo

gveCvenebina: winaistoriul da adreistoriul periodebSi kavkasiasa da

anatoliaSi aTeulobiT qarTveluri tomi arsebobda (da ara mxolod sami!); am qarTvelur tomTa konsolidaciiT drodadro

ikvreboda didi qarTveluri saxelmwifoebi, sadac iqmneboda didi saerToqarTveluri kulturuli faseulobani...

kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis...

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Tavi II

qarTvelebi uZvelesi droidan qristianobamde;

saerToqarTveluri enis Teoriuli

modelisa da daTariRebis sakiTxebi

2.1. kavkasiur-qarTveluri eTnosis

Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis sakiTxi

2.1.1. bibliuri da miTologiuri TvalTaxedva

2.1.1.1. "Zveli aRTqmis" mixedviT, dedamiwis erTenovanma mo-saxleobam pirveli TviTwarwymediT warRvna moivlina; gadarCa mxolod noes saxleuli; Sdr.: erTenovani kacobriobis meore danaSaulis dros (babilonis godolis mkrexeloba) ufalma Seicoda isini da "enebi auria", danaSauli bolomde rom ar

mieyvanaT (da TviTganadgureba ar moemkoT): enebis gaCeniT Seq-mnili mravalenovani kacobrioba sicocxlisunariani aRmo-Cnda (vrclad ix., t.futkaraZe, 2000, gv.95). noes sam SvilTagan erT-erTis - iafetis - STamomavlebad (iafeti: Tubali, mosoxi; Sesaqme, IV,22; X,2; XI, 28) miiCnevs qarTvelebs romaul-bizantiuri tradicia:

mag., ioseb flaviusis mixedviT (1987, gv.103): iafetis Zem "To-belma daafuZna Tobelebi, romlebsac axla iberebi ewodebaT, mosoxenebi dafuZnebuli arian mosoxis mier, axlaxan maT kabado-

kielebi ewodaT, magram maTi Zveli saxelwodebis niSanic Cans, ra-meTu maT dResac aqvT qalaqi mazaka, rac naTelyofs maTTvis, vi-sac gageba SeuZlia, rom ase ewodeboda odesRac mTel toms"... Sdr., Tabali mdebareobda Zveli mazakas, dRevandeli kaiseris ra-ionSi - samxreT-dasavleT kabadokiaSi; Sdr., agreTve: mazaxa - *ma-saxa-/mesx- (ix. zemoT). sayuradReboa: Zveli aRTqma iqmneba Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebis mijnidan (swored am dros Seiqmna


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winaswarmetyvel qal deboras simRera), roca axlo aRmosavleTSi aqtiurni arian mosxebi; Sdr., homerosis droidan aqtiurdebian aia-kolxebi (Zv.w. VIII saukune); Sesabamisad, isini aisaxnen ber-Znul miTebSi.

iovane petriwis mier bibliuri da berZnuli eTnonimebi asea Targmnili:

Tobelebi - Tovilni, iberebi - ivirni, mosoxenebi - mesqinni

(i. flaviusi, 1987, gv.103; Sdr.: T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.210). aqve, kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom strabonis dros mosxebis qveyana sam nawilad ganixileba: misi erTi nawili hqonda kolxebs, meore - iberebs, mesame - armenielebs.

evstaTi antioqelTan (280-360) kabadokielTa winaprebad da-saxelebulia mesxenebi, maT eTnarqad ki - osoxi (georgika, 1961, gv.34); Sdr.: ori saukunis Semdeg prokopi

kesarieli mesxTa (mesxo~) sacxovrisad miiCnevs iberiis gas-wvriv arsebul mTebs (georgika, 1965, gv.127).

giorgi kedernes (XI s.) mixedviT: "noem Tavis mesame vaJs ia-feTs, romelic 425 wlisa iyo, misca CrdiloeTisa da dasavleTis qveynebi midiidan vidre RadirTamde da britaniis kunZulebamde, armenia, iberia, ponto, kolxeTi da maT iqiT mdebare qveynebi da kunZulebi vidre italiamde da galiebamde, ispaniamde, keltibe-riamde da lisitaniamde" (georgika, V, 1963, gv.10).

XI saukunis moRvawe leon gramatikosi ucvlelad imeorebs wina Taobebis mosazrebebs da iafetis Svilad miCneul mesxosgan

momdinared miiCnevs mesxebs, romelTac axla kabadokielebi ewo-debaTo (georgika, 1963, gv.3-4)... evsevi kesarielis, gelasi kesarie-lisa da rufinusis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve, a.jafariZe, 1994, gv.19.

ax.w. XII saukuneSi Sedgenili qarTveli eris istoriis sasko-lo saxelmZRvanelo (da Sin sakiTxavi wigni) "cxovreba qarTvel-Ta mefeTa" bibliuri noeTi iwyebs qarTvelobis istorias:

"qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, qarTvelTa eTnarqia Targamo-si. am saxels sxvaenovani variantebic udasturdeba: Targamosi <

*Targama; Sdr., xeTuri Tegarama, bibliuri Togarma, Tabalis


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qveynis qalaqi Togorma, Til-garimu (asuruli), somxuri Tor-goma (variantebisaTvis ix. Zveli aRmosavleTis..., 1971, gv.309; g.qav-TaraZe, 1985, gv.41; gr.giorgaZe, gv.146).

qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT, Targamosi iavanis/avanis Svi-liSvilia da ara - gomeris: iafeti: iavani: TarSisi: Targamosi:

"ese Targamos iyo Ze TarSisi, Ziswuli iafetisi, Zisa noesi" (q.c., I, gv.3); teqstSi mosalodneli iyo Ze TarSisisi, vinaidan bibliis qarTul variantebSi iavanis erT-erTi Svilia TarSisi

(sxvagan – TarSiSi); qarTulSi gverdigverd mosalodneli ori -is- segmentisgan teqstSi erT-erTi daikarga.

Sdr.: r.gordeziani, 1993, gv.8: "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, TiraSs (bibl. Tirass) – iafetis Zes – hyavda Zed Targamosi; am bibliur Tirass ukavSirdeba etruskebis warmomavlobac; etrus-kebisa da kavkasielebis winapari erTia – Tiras iafetis Ze.

Sdr., agreTve, a. jafariZe, 1994, gv.71: iafeti – iafetis Ze – Ta-

raSi – Targamosi. SeniSvna: r.gordezianma dausabuTeblad gaaTanabra erTmaneTTan bib-liuri Tirasi da "qarTlis cxovrebis" TarSisi saxelebi: hipoTetu-ri TarSi CaTvala bibliuri Tiras/TiraS saxelis qarTul adekvatad. sinamdvileSi, bibliaSive, Tarsisi/TarSiSi aris iavanis Svili, Tira-si/TiraSi ki - iafetis Svili. vfiqrobT, Secdomis saTavea "qarTlis cxovrebis" Tarsisi/TarSisi formis miCneva TarS- savaraudo sakuTa-ri saxelis naTesaobiTi brunvis formad; TarSisi formis -is- segmen-tis amgvarive mcdari gaazrebis safuZvelze, a.jafariZe fuZed aRad-gens TaraSi formas.

vfiqrobT, naTelia: Zveli qarTveluri tradiciis mixedviT, iafetis SviliSvilis Svili - Targamos TarSisis Ze - iberiul-kavkasiur-mcireaziuri modgmis mamamTavari iyo (Sdr., somxuri tradicia). Targamosis rva Svili da maTi naTesavni anatoliasa da kavkasiaSi movidnen babilonis godolis dangrevis Semdeg, ma-Sin, roca "ganeyvnes mun enani da ganibnes muniT yovelsa queyana-sa". Targamosis SvilTa saxelebi (haosi, qarTlosi, bardosi, mova-kani, leki, herosi, kavkasi, egrosi) cxadyofs, rom qarTvelTa wi-


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naprebi mTel axlo aRmosavleTs (kavkasiis CaTvliT) TavianTi sa-naTesavos samkvidrod Tvlidnen (msjelobisaTvis ix. m.sanaZe, 2001,

gv.166-167). aseve, sarwmuno Cans varaudi, rom "qarTlis cxovre-bis" am nawilis avtorisaTvis da, saerTod, am saxelmZRvanelos Se-mdgenelTaTvis haosis STamomavlebi qarTvelTa moZme, aseve, ibe-riul-kavkasiuri modgmisani arian (indoevropulenovani somxebi kavkasiaSi gvian, urartus dacemis Semdeg modian), xolo mroveli-seuli somxuri ena urartuli enis memkvidreobas gulisxmobs (msjelobisaTvis ix.: r. gordeziani, 1993, gv.47; a. jafariZe, 1994, gv.72; j. kaSia, 1999; r. abaSia 1999). savsebiT logikuria, rom somxu-ri enis indoevropuli warmomavlobis armcodne Zvel qarTvel is-torikosebs somxebic/armenebic iberiul-kavkasiur-urartuli modgmis xalxi hgonebodaT, miT umetes, damxvduri kavkasiuri da mosuli indoevropuli tomebis SereviT warmoqmnili armenebi

anTropologiurad kavkasiur-mcireaziur rasas ganekuTvnebian. m.sanaZis daskvniT, "qarTlis cxovrebis" Sesaval geografiul na-wilSi mocemuli politikur-geografiuli suraTi gamoxatavs VII-VIII saukuneTa mijnis kavkasiis viTarebas (m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.170-175). am azrs adasturebs isic, rom herosi da egrosi qarTlosis Zmebadaa warmodgenili: VII-VIII saukuneebSi hereTi (kambeCovani) damoukidebeli samTavroa (m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.169), bizantielTagan dapyrobilia egrisi (trapizonidan lixamde da yubanis mcire Se-sarTavamde arsebuli qarTuli teritoria - egrosis wili siv-rce), centraluri qarTli ki arabebis xelSia... saqarTvelo gasa-erTianebelia: swored am periodSi axleburad xdeba qarTvelTa istoriisa da momavlis konceptualuri gaazreba "qarTlis cxov-rebis" Sesaval nawilsa da erovnul himnSi - "qeba~ qarTvelTa da qarTvelTa enisa~".

"qarTlis cxovrebaSi", qarTlosis darad, Targamosis Svi-lebad miiCneva herosi da egrosi; Sdr., ufro Zvel qarTvel mwe-ralTa da mematianeTa cnobebi cxadyofs, rom Tavidan erTian qarTlSi egrissa da hereTs kaxeTis rangis pozicia eWiraT; mag., iakob curtavelis qmnilebaSi hereTi qarTlis ukiduresi aRmo-


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savleTi Temia, xolo iovane sabanisZisa da giorgi merCulis mi-

xedviT, egrisi/afxazeTic qarTlia, qarTulenovania (qarTuli mwerloba, I, gv.225, 454, 591; iv.javaxiSvili, I, gv.248; a.jafariZe, 1994, gv.81; ix. agreTve, qvemoT, 2.3.3.).

Sdr., agreTve: Targamosis SvilTagan mxolod qarTlosisa da haosis CamomavalTa enebi - qarTuli da somxuria naxsenebi; memati-anis mixedviT, somxuri adrec iyo, xolo qarTuli ena Cndeba nabu-qodonosoris dros (Zv.w. VI saukune). mematianeni arsad axseneben egrosis, herosis, kavkasosis… memkvidreTa enebs; teqstiT igu-lisxmeba, rom farnavazis Semdeg TargamosianTa mTavari ena - deda-ena xdeba qarTuli.

winareqarTvelur enobriv situaciasTan mimarTebiT, sainte-resoa "enaTa aRrevis" (kacobriobis axali modelis – mravaleno-vani/mravalerovani modelis - Seqmnis) bibliuri qronologiac:

bibliuri welTaRricxvis mixedviT, dasabamidan qristemde ivaraudeba 5604 weli (iovane zosimes qronologiaSi – 5500). bib-liis Tanamedrove gamocemebis monacemTa SejerebiT, adamidan no-es Svilebamde periodi moicavs 2142 wels; warRvna moxda adams aqeT 2242 wels, anu qristemde 3362 wels (t. futkaraZe, 2000, gv.89; Sdr., a.jafariZe, 1994, gv.15); adamidan noemde periods 2242 wliT

gansazRvravs iovane zosimec Tavis naSromSi: "cnoba~ dasabamiT-ganni welni da qriste~T mosvliTgani". noe dabadebuli Cans qristemde 3962 wels – warRvnamde 600 wliT adre. noes Semdeg me-5

Taoba iyo falek; "dReTa misTa ganinawila queyana" (Sesaqme, X, 25). noedan falekamde gasulia 750 weli; faleki daibada 3212 wels; e.i. enebi aRreula qristemde 3212 wlis Semdeg… Sdr.: Zvel wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, vaxuSti fiqrobs, rom noes SvilTa ganyofa unda momxdariyo dasabamidan 1758 wels, anu qristemde 3846 wels). aSkaraa, rom bibliis mixedviT, babilonis godolis misteria, anu erebisa da enebis gaCena ivaraudeba Zv.w. III aTas-wleulSi (dawvrilebiT ix.: t.futkaraZe, 2000, gv.89-92).

bibliuri qronologia TavisTavad sainteresoa, magram amJa-


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mad CvenTvis sainteresoa faqti: bibliis mixedviT, enebis aRreva ivaraudeba Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi - evraziis istoriis im peri-

odSi, rodesac mecnierebis mierac navaraudevia didi eTnikur-enobriv-kulturuli Serevebi; kerZod: axlo aRmosavleTis

avtoqTon mosaxleobas intensiurad Seeria indoevropeli da

semiti modgmis xalxebi. faqtia isic, rom mravalsaukunovani bibliuri tradiciisa da Zveli qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT, qarTveloba bibliuri "enebis aRrevisas" warmoqmnil

msoflios uZveles erTa Sorisaa da mis sacxovrisad kavkasia-anatolia miiCneva.

2.1.1.2. berZnuli miTologiis zevsamdeli RmerTi - titan iafetis Svili - promeTe zevsma daamarcxa da kavkasions miajaWva; winareberZnuli (protoiberiuli) mosaxleobis RmerTis (J. diu-mezli, s. yauxCiSvili, z. gamsaxurdia…) kavkasiasTan identifika-cia safuZvels iZleva, vivaraudoT, rom iafetis Ze promeTe iberi-ul-kavkasiuri modgmis simbolod warmoedginaT Zvel berZnebs (niSandoblivia, rom bibliur komentarebSic eTnarqi iafeti

qarTvelebTanaa dakavSirebuli). samecniero literaturaSi gaziarebuli TvalsazrisiT, ber-

Znuli miTologiis titanebi da gmirebi warmoadgenen araber-Znul, winaberZnul samyaros - pelazgur kulturas; pelazgebi ki qarTvelur samyarosTan asocirdebian (o.neraxeris msjelobis Se-saxeb ix.: z.gamsaxurdia, 1991, gv.31; pelazgebisa da kolx-iberebis saerTo warmomavlobaze ix. r.gordeziani, 1993, gv.8).

SemTxveviTi ar Cans, rom promeTes saxesxvaoba RvTaeba amira-ni kavkasieli xalxebis miTologiis uZvelesi dafenebaa (saxelis sxva variantebia: saerToqarTveluri amiran- svanuri: amrim/mi-rim/amirm/miran; megruli: aram (< aran < amiran); afxazuri: amr-sk-Hl-/abrskil-; osuri: amran-; somxuri: mheri.

qarTuli miTologiis tragikuli RvTaebis - amiranisa da titan promeTes - igiveobis mtkicebas bevri argumenti eZebneba. berZen mweralTa cnobiT, qristianobamdel saqarTveloSi arse-bobda promeTes miTis msgavsi legenda; "elinTa mwerlebi, ukve V-


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IV saukuneebidan moyolebuli, am Tqmulebas - kavkasiurad da TviT promeTeosis mijaWvis adgilad kavkasias miiCnevdnen. prome-Teosis ambavs kavkasiurad sTvlida mag., gamoCenili geografi strabonic" (iv.javaxiSvili, 1979, gv.201, 190; Sdr., s.yauxCiSvili, 1964, 33-34; sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix., n.CixlaZe, 1992). garda amisa: RvTiuri warmomavloba, ukvdaveba, RvTiuri ganZis (ce-cxlis, yamaris) qveynad Camotana, RrubelTbatonis damarcxeba

(Sdr, zevsis motyueba), "axali" RmerTisgan kavkasionze mijaWva,

mijaWvuli gmirisTvis arwivis mier RviZlis kortna da sxva sim-boluri informacia-pasaJebi uTuod aaqtualurebs promeTesa da amiranis igiveobis sakiTxs. aSkaraa isic, rom winareberZnul-pro-toiberiuli RvTaebis Sesaxeb miTis qarTulma variantma qristia-nobis Semdeg seriozuli transformacia ganicada: zRapradqce-ul miTSi zevsis adgili qristeRmerTma daiWira, xolo Zveli RvTaeba zRaprul gmirad gadaazrianda (t.futkaraZe, 1995).

winareberZnuli da antikuri kulturebis mkvlevarTa azriT, Zv.w. mesame aTaswleulis Sua periodamde xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi da mcire aziaSi yvaoda araindoevropeli xalxebis mier Seqmnili didi kultura; varaudoben, rom dRevandel qarTvelTa winaprebi da Soreuli naTesavebi (pelazgebi, etruskebi, baskebi da sxva) am winareberZnuli kulturis SemoqmedTa uSualo STamomavlebi arian (msjelobisa da literaturisaTvis ix. r.gordeziani, 1970; r.gorde-ziani, 1985; r.gordeziani, 1988; z.gamsaxurdia, 1991). mesame aTaswle-ulidan xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi Zlierdebian indoevropeli to-mebi, "rac berZnul miTologiaSi simbolizebulia iapetis Zis - titan promeTes - mijaWviT kavkasionze; promeTe iafeturi kacob-riobaa, zevsi - indoevropuli kacobrioba"; zevsis mier promeTes kavkasiaSi mijaWva miTologiuri Sifrogramaa im faqtisa, rom in-doevropelTagan damarcxebuli winaberZnuli modgmisa da kul-turis centrad SemorCa kavkasia - qveyana, sadac Senaxuli aqvT

oqros sawmisi - sakraluri ganZi (z. gamsaxurdia, 1991, gv. 26-28). Zv.w. XV saukuneSi, kretis minosuri kulturis dacemis Sem-

deg (santorinis katastrofa), berZenTagan aqtiurad xdeba wina-reberZnuli kulturis sruli dapyroba-aTviseba: mcireaziu-


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ri/winareberZnuli kulturis mTavari ganZi - kulturis simbo-lo - "oqros sawmisi" am dros jer kidev kolxeTSia Sefarebuli, gaxiznuli Tu waRebuli (berZenTa xedviT, gatacebuli!); saWiro

iyo ara mxolod damarcxebulis "moTviniereba" (mijaWva-axsna), aramed winareberZnuli kulturis simbolos dapyroba-dasakuT-rebac (Sdr., oqros sawmisi iyo xaTebis miwaze damkvidrebuli xeTebis samefo Zalauflebis simboloc); Sesabamisad:

pelazgi iazonis mier aietis qveynis "dalaSqvra" berZenTa did gmirobad iTvleba: am faqts winareberZnuli kulturis cen-tris dapyrobis TvalsazrisiT Tu SevafasebT, naTeli gaxdeba, rom berZnebad gamocxadebuli pelazgi argonavtebis gmirobani

Tu eSmakobani berZenTa TviTdamkvidrebis periods ufro asaxavs. sainteresoa isic, rom herakles mier promeTeosis aSveba swored

amis Semdeg xdeba: argonavtTa mier kolxTaTvis "oqros sawmisis" moparvis Semdeg berZnebisTvis ukve aRar aris saSiSi protoqar-Tvelur-winareberZnuli kultura: heraklem zevsis pirvelobas

Seguebuli, damarcxebuli promeTe auSva... arsebiTia kidev erTi sakiTxi: promeTe-amiranis miTis qarTvelur variantSi RvTaeba (uk-

vdavi gmiri) kavkasionze mijaWvuli rCeba! Cans, qarTvelurma si-namdvilem ar gaiTavisa miTis berZnuli varianti: ar igua zev-

sis Zis - herakles mier amiranis gaTavisuflebis idea da Tavis-

save axal gmirs daeloda; SemTxveviTi ar aris is, rom qarTve-lur tradicias arc oqros sawmisis dakargva axsovs - esec berZen-Ta gamonagonad CaiTvala... amave dros, qarTvelTa istorias Tu

mexsierebas qalaq afsarosad da mdinare afsarad SemorCa mter-Tan (momxdurTan) brZolaSi daRupuli pirveli qarTveli uf-

liswulis - miTur-legenduri afsirtes - saxeli... pirveli me-fis - tragikuli aietis saxelic meordeba istoriuli saqarTve-los/lazikas mefeTa saxelad (Sdr., zogi mkvlevari afsarosSi xe-Turi xanis xaiasur qalaq arifsas xedavs).

SemTxveviTi arc is unda iyos, rom, berZnuli tradiciiTve, kolxeTis mefis - aietis - adrindel samflobelod gviandeli sa-berZneTis korinTo iTvleba, xolo Tesalieli iazoni warmoSo-


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biT pelazgia; Sdr., s.janaSia fiqrobs, rom arian-qarTvelTa me-fis Ze azo - Tesalieli iazonis bundovani xsovna - sasper-ibere-bis eTnarqia (s.janaSia, 1952, gv.74-77)… kavkasieli "eTnarqebis Te-saliuri warmoSoba interess iwvevs imdenad, ramdenadac Tesalia pelazgebis buded aris miCneuli" (s.janaSia, 1943, gv.372-373; Tesa-lieli gmiris - aqilevsisa da amiranis Sesaxeb ix. q.TuiTi, 1998).

Sdr., S.gabeskiria, 2003, gv.37: azo warmoSobiT qarTvelia, arian-qarTlelia. arian-qarTli aris mcire aziis samxreT-aRmo-savleTSi, e.w. gvianxeTuri saxelmwifos teritoriaze cnobili mxare, romlis centrsac qalaqi arani (Tanamedrove harani) warmoadgenda; es mxare xaTebis uSualo memkvidre mesxebis kuT-vnili teritoriaa (Sdr., zogi mecnieri xaTebis memkvidred qas-qebs miiCnevs)…

zogad StrixebSi Cven viziarebT S.gabeskirias varauds da da-vZenT, azo xaTebis memkvidre mosxebis an qasqebis modgmisa SeiZle-ba iyos (sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevas saWiroebs). ase rom, azosa da quj-farnavazis istoria qarTvelur tomTa Soris pirvelobisaTvis brZolas unda asaxavdes…

Sdr.: m.fasmerisa da l.zgustas kvlevebis kvalad, m.androni-kaSvili fiqrobs, rom azo skviTur-alanuri warmomavlobis saku-Tari saxelia da etimologiurad "Txas" ukavSirdeba (m. androni-kaSvili, 1966, gv. 131); ix. agreTve, m.sanaZe, 2000, gv.40-45: azo ami-erkavkasiaSi gadmosaxlebuli im skviTebis beladia, romelTac

Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebSi asureTisa da midiis sazRvarze Seqmnes skviTTa saxelmwifo - ariani (aria - indoelebis, sparselebis, mi-dielebis, skviTebis, alanebis Tavdapirveli TviTsaxelwodeba); "elinisturi xanis dasawyisSi samxreT kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis gacnobisas, mosulma berZnebma aq aiTvises Tqmule-bebi azoze; azo iazonad gaiazres…".

azo/iazonis Tema calkea sakvlevi, aq ki SegviZlia, vTqvaT: bibliisa da berZnuli miTebis ganmmartebelTa Tvalsazri-

siT, qarTvelTa Soreuli warsuli ukavSirdeba im Zvel mosaxle-


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obas, romelic evraziis centralur nawilSi - anatolia-kavkasiaSi cxovrobda.

2.1.2. mecnieruli mosazrebani

qarTvelTa istoriuli samSoblos Sesaxeb samecniero lite-raturaSi ramdenime mosazreba gvaqvs:

2.1.2.1. migraciis (kavkasiaSi mosvlis) Teoria. qarTvelTa istoriuli sacxovrisi iyo qaldea/xalde/qarTu,

romelic mdebareobda mcire aziaSi, Crdilo mesopotamiasa da tigros-evfratis saTaveebSi; qarTvelTa winaprebi amierkavkasia-Si movidnen Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi (i.WavWavaZe, 1955, gv.113; iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.412, 432-435; iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.28, 247-251). qarTvelebi amierkavkasiaSi mosulebad iTvlebian, agreT-ve, zogi berZnuli wyaros mixedviT; kerZod, dasavleT evropis ibe-riidan gadmosaxldnen aRmosavleTis iberiaSi - Savi zRvis aRmo-savleT sanapiroze (ix. zemoT).

samecniero literaturaSi gvaqvs migraciis Teoriis dasabu-Tebis mcdelobac; magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT ivane javaxiSvilis msjelobas:

"yvela qarTveli tomis samSoblo, rogorc viciT,

qaldia iyo (xazi Cvenia - t.f.); maSasadame, kavkasiaSi qarTvelebi iqidan unda mosuliyven... kavkasiis yvela uuZveles saflavSi na-povni Tavebis gazomvam daamtkica, rom Tavdapirvelad Cvens qveya-naSi TavgrZelebi anu dolixokefalebi cxovrobdnen; xolo ukve gansvenebulma prof. virxovma aRniSna, rom Tanamedrove qarTve-lebi da somxebi gansakuTrebiT Tavmokleni anu braxikefalebi arian... kavkasias qarTvelebi Zv.w. IX saukunis Semdeg unda mo-sdgomodnen" (iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.28, 50-55).

Tanamedrove anTropologTa daskvniT, saqarTvelos terito-riaze mosaxleobis uwyveti genetikuri erTianoba dasturdeba uZvelesi droidan dRemde; Tumca, kavkasiis anTropologiurma tipebma SesamCnevi TandaTanobiTi transformacia ganicades:


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"calkeuli niSnebisa da tipebis (doloqokranulidan braqikra-nulis mimarTulebiT) cvlas sazogadod TandaTanobiTi gada-svlis xasiaTi hqonda" (ix. m.abduSeliSvili, 1964; m.abduSeliSvi-li, 1971; l.biTaZe, 2002).

vfiqrobT, "qarTlis cxovrebis" adreuli teqstis mcdari ga-geba gaxda erT-erTi impulsi/safuZveli saqarTveloSi qarTvel-Ta araavtoqTonobis samtkiceblad; kerZod, "moqceva~ qarTli-sa~s" teqstSi vkiTxulobT:

"pirvel odes aleqsandre mefeman naTesavni igi loTis Svil-Tani wariqcina da SeBadna igini kedarsa mas queyanasa, ixilna na-Tesavni sastikni bunTurqni, msxdomareni mdinaresa zeda mtkuar-sa mixueviT, oTx qalaqad da dabnebi maTi: sarkine, kaspi, urbnisi da oZrxe da cixeni maTni: cixe~ didi sarkinisa~, ufliscixe~ kas-pisa, urbnisisa da oZrBisa~. daukvirda aleqsandres"...(Satberdis krebuli, 1979, gv.320).

Sdr., bunTurqebTan dakavSirebiT, "qarTlis cxovrebaSi" vki-TxulobT: aleqsandrem "gardamovlna kavkasni da movida qarTlad

da povna yovelni qarTvelni uborotes yovelTa naTesavTa sju-liTa. rameTu colqmrobisa da siZvisaTvis ara uCnda naTesaoba, yovelsa suliersa Wamdes, viTarca mxecni da pirutyvni, romelTa qcevisa warmoTqma uxm ars. da ixilna ra ese naTesavni sastikni warmarTni, romelTa-igi Cuen bunTurqad da yivCayad uwodT, msxdomareni mdinaresa mas mtkurisasa mixveviT, daukvirda ese aleqsandres..."...

am konteqstSi yivCayebis xseneba saerTod gaugebrobaa; es xal-xi ar saxeldeba ax.w. I aTaswleulSic ki; rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, isini mxolod Sedarebis konteqstSi arian naxsenebi XI-XII sauku-neebis redaqtoris mier. ufro problemuria Turqebisa da bun-Turqebis sakiTxi.

"matiane qarTlisa~s" mixedviT, istorikosTa nawili fiq-robs, rom saqarTvelos amJamindel teritoriaze araqarTvelebi (an araqarTvelebic) cxovrobdnen; mag.:

"dRevandel saqarTvelos teritoriaze winaelinistur xana-Si sxvadasxva araqarTveli modgmis tomi cxovrobda: "naTesavni


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igi loTis SvilTaganni, bunTurqni, honni..." (d.musxeliSvili, 1993, gv.341; ix., agreTve, iv.javaxiSvili, 1979, gv.236, 246: k.kekeli-ZesTan polemika). "moqceva~ qarTlisa~s" safuZvelze, zogi mkvle-vari Tvlis, rom bunTurqebi kavkasiis avtoqToni mosaxleobaa (m.seidovi, 1969; i. zeireki, 2003).

ukanasknel periodSi bunTurqebis sakiTxs sagangebo werili miuZRvna g.alasaniam; sakiTxis detaluri istoriografiis Semdeg

mkvlevari wers: "vfiqrobT, sworia im mkvlevarTa mosazreba, rom-lebsac d.baqraZis kvaldakval, es ambebi midiis xanaSi gadaaqvT, xolo qarTul wyaroebSi moxseniebul bunTurqebs skviTebad mi-iCneven"; xazarebi da bunTurqebi skviTebi arian (g.alasania, 2000, gv.23; m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.150).

marTlac, logikuria, rom sparsTa mefe qaixosrosgan otebu-li "Turqebi" skviTebTan gavaigivoT (m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.150; Sdr., Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoria, gv.526: "626-615 wlebs Soris kiaxsari ara marto amarcxebs skviTebs da midiidan erekeba maT, aramed aerTianebs iranis mTel zegans"). savaraudoa, rom leonti mrovelis dros termini Turqi velur tomTa gaerTianebis saxe-lad ganzogadda da dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT gvian dakonkretda. rac Seexeba terminebis: Turqi/bunTurqi mimarTebas:

"qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, aleqsandres wina periodSi, "yovelTa qarTvelTa" nebarTviT, mcxeTasTan axlos, mxolod qa-

laq sarkineSi dasaxlda sparsTagan otebuli Turqebis ZiriTa-di nawili: yovelTa qarTvelTa "inebes damegobreba maT Turq-

Ta, rameTu aqunda SiSi sparsTa, da SemweobisaTvis daimegobrnes Turqni igi gamosxmulni, da ganiyvanes (/daanawiles) yovelTa qa-laqTa Sina. xolo umravlesni maTganni movides da poves adgili erTi mcxeTas dasavliT kerZo, kldeTa Soris gamokveTili, Rrma, da moiTxoves adgili igi mcxeTelTa mamasaxlisisgan. misca da aRa-Senes igi, moizRudes mtkiced da ewoda mas adgilsa sarkine" (gv.15, 18); Sdr., mcxeTelma mamasaxlisma xarkis safasurad zanavSi

daasaxla nabuqodonosor mefis mier "otebulni uriani" (gv.15-16); "moqceva~s" mixedviT, zanavSi saxldebian qaldevelTagan gamo-sxmulni honni. samecniero literaturaSi miCneulia, rom honni


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aq imave skviTebs gulisxmobs, xolo qaldevelni - sparselebs (g.araxamia, 1994; m.sanaZe, 2000).

qarTuli wyaroebis warmodgenili faqtebidan ar Cans, rom amierkavkasiaSi bunTurqebi avtoqTonebi arian. aseve, nakleb sa-rwmunoa, rom Zvel mematianeT ori termini (Turqni da honni) hqo-nodaT skviTTa aRsaniSnavad. kvlevis am etapze ufro savaraudoa, rom skviTebs miemarTeba mxolod Turqi - velur tomTa zogadi saxeli X-XI saukuneebis saqarTveloSi.

samecniero literaturaSi sxvadasxvagvaradaa ganmartebuli termini bunTurqebi; kerZod (samecniero literaturis mimoxil-visaTvis ix. g.alasania, 2000, gv.21):

m.brose: pirvelyofili Turqebi - Sah-names Turanelebi, rom-lebic gandevna sparseTis mefe qaixosrom; e.TayaiSvili: bun- som-xurad Subis tars niSnavs; Sesabamisad, bunTurqi - Subosani Tur-qi; n.mari, i.yifSiZe, m.andronikaSvili: bunTurqi - avtoqToni, adgilobrivi; l.meliqseT-begi: bunTurqi Secdomaa paleografi-ulad; iyo hun-Turqi; g.meliqiSvili: Tavdapirveli Turqi; z.an-CabaZe: hunebi, kavkasieli Turqebi; v.gabaSvili: hunebi/gunebi; g.wulaia: avtoqToni Turqebi...

Cveni azriT, termini bunTurqi msazRvrel-sazRvrulis Se-rwymiT warmoqmnili kompozitia:

buni Turqi > bunTurqi, sadac buni niSnavs ZiriTad nawils, birTvs, mTavars (Sdr., il.abulaZe: buni - namdvili, mkvidri, Tumca, konteqstiT ufro ZiriTadi unda iyos; Sdr., m.androni-kaSvili, gv.297: bun - fuZe, ZiriTadi, saZirkveli): kompozitis Sinaarsi ki unda gavigoT, rogorc TurqTa ZiriTadi nawili: mcxeTasTan axlos aleqsandrem mravlad naxa is Turqebi, romle-bic kompaqturad dasaxldnen sarkineSi; Sdr.: danarCeni Turqe-bi/skviTebi qarTvelebma "ganiyvanes yovelTa qalaqTa Sina".

arqaul qarTulSi bunTurqis msgavsi msazRvrel-sazRvruli Tu kompoziti sxvac dasturdeba: iv.imnaiSvilis daskvniT, uZve-les qarTulSi msazRvreli win iyo (gvian damkvidrda postpozi-ciuri wyoba); Sdr., mag.: keTili Rvino~, puris Wama~, ucxo-Tesli,


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SuaRame, didZali, didfasi, erTSabaTi...(iv.imnaiSvili, 1957, gv.556, 277, 229; a.SaniZe, 1976, gv.57-58).

bunTurq- kompozitis amgvar etimologias amyarebs da kavka-siaSi TurqTa avtoqTonobis usafuZvlobas cxads xdis "qarTlis cxovrebisa" da "moqceva~ qarTlisa~s" teqstTa saTanado teqste-bis Sepirispirebac:

miCneulia, rom "qarTlis cxovrebis" erT-erTi wyaroa "mo-qceva~ qaarTlisa~"; es ukanaskneli ki TiTqosda mxars uWers kavka-siaSi TurqTa avtoqTonobisa da qarTvelTa migraciis Teorias.

ZiriTad StrixebSi "qarTlis cxovreba" da "moqceva~ qar-Tlisa~" marTlac emTxveva erTmaneTs:

bunTurqebi – saqarTveloSi aleqsandres mosvla - azos da-

toveba - sarkines xangrZlivi omi... zustad meordeba frazebic

ki, mag., "msxdomareni mdinaresa zeda mtkuarsa mixueviT" ("mo-qceva~ qarTlisa~") da "msxdomareni mdinaresa mas mtkurisasa mi-xveviT" ("qarTlis cxovreba")...

ZiriTadi gansxvavebebia: "qarTlis cxovreba": qarTli qarTvelTa qveyanaa; aq, qarTvel-

Ta nebarTviT, devnili Turqebi kompaqturad dasaxldnen mxo-lod sarkineSi (sarkineSi dasaxlebuli Turqebi bunTurqebi

arian!); aleqsandres dros qarTvelebi da sxva araqarTvelebi sarkineSi kompaqturad Casaxlebuli TurqebiviT velurebi

arian. "moqceva~ qarTlisa~": qarTlSi pirvelad mosul aleqsan-

dres bunTurqebi daxvdnen (rac sulac ar niSnavs TurqTa avtoqTonobas!); kerZod, maTi qalaqebi iyo: sarkine, kaspi (uflis-cixe), urbnisi, oZrxe... meored mosulma aleqsandrem isini daa-marcxa da es qveyana azos Caabara.

wyaroTa urTierTkavSiri uTuoa! bun-TurqTa problemas na-Tels mohfens warmodgenili teqstebis (fragmentebis) pirvela-dobis garkveva:

"moqceva~ qarTlisa~"-s Satberduli variantis (WeliSur

xelnawers Sesavali - mokle istoriuli eqskursi - aklia) Sesa-


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valSi dasaxelebuli e.w. bunTurqTa qalaqebi: sarkine, kaspi (uf-liscixe), urbnisi da oZrBe naxsenebia "qarTlis cxovrebaSic", oRond, amaTgan bolo sami sakuTriv qarTuli qalaqebia. "qar-Tlis cxovrebaSi" sxva qalaqebicaa: wunda, xerTvisi, Tuxarisi, Zveli mcxeTa, zanavi, rusTavi, samSvilde, xunani da sxva. mcxeTa yvelaze ufro didi da cnobili qalaqi iyo da ratom ar axsenebs

mas "moqceva~s" avtori Tu redaqtori? bunebrivia, mcxeTis da-arsebamde ver daiwereboda "moqceva~ qarTlisa~s" verc erTi

wyaro... samecniero literaturaSi gabatonebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom

"moqceva~s" Sesavali uZvelesi qarTuli wyaroa; vfiqrobT, amgvar

midgomas mxars ar uWers bunTurqTa epizodebis Sepirispireba "qarTlis cxovrebisa" da "moqceva~s" mixedviT; kerZod, rCeba STa-beWdileba, rom Cvenamde moRweuli "moqceva~s" Sesavali teqsti "qarTlis cxovrebis" adreuli redaqciis mokle da, amave dros, damaxinjebuli variantia; warmovadgenT saTanado frazaTa teq-stologiur analizs:

"cxovrebis" teqstSi sityvaforma mixveviT gulisxmobs mrav-lad; teqsti ase unda gavigoT:

aleqsandrem qarTlSi, mtkvris/mcxeTis gaswvriv (axlos) mrav-lad naxa bunTurqebis msgavsi veluri qarTvelebi (gv.17: aleqsan-drem "povna yovelni qarTvelni uborotes yovelTa naTesavTa sjuliTa. rameTu colqmrobisa da siZvisaTvis ara uCnda naTesao-ba..."). Sdr., "moqceva~s" teqstSi sityvaformis - "mixueviT" - Sina-arsi gaurkvevelia, ris gamoc am cnobili teqstis profesionali gamomcemlebi sxvadasxvanair punqtuacias iyeneben; Sdr.:

ilia abulaZe, 1964, gv.81: "ixilna naTesavni sastikni bunTurq-ni, - msxdomareni mdinaresa zeda mtkuarsa, mixueviT, oTx qalaqad, da dabnebi maTi".

b.gigineiSvili, el.giunaSvili, 1979, gv.320: "ixilna naTesavni sastikni bunTurqni, msxdomareni mdinaresa zeda mtkuarsa mixue-viT, oTx qalaqad, da dabnebi maTi" (aq sityvaforma mixveviT mZi-meebiT aRar aris gamoyofili).


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z.sarjvelaZis mier es adgili ganmartebulia, rogorc "miyo-lebiT"; miseuli teqsti ase gamoiyureba: "ixilna naTesavni sa-stikni bunTurqni - msxdomareni mdinaresa zeda mtkuarsa, miyole-biT/mixveviT oTx qalaqad" (z.sarjvelaZe, 1995); ganmarteba dausa-buTebelia; Sdr., iqve, z.sarjvelaZis mierve savsebiT marTebula-daa ganmartebuli sawyisi forma mixueva; kerZod: mixveva - mode-ba, mixveva; Sdr., moedo, daexvia.

daexvia (/moedo; Sdr., xvavi da gamoTqma: "buziviT exveoda") zmnisgan SeiZleba vawarmooT simravlis aRmniSvneli zmnisarTi mixveviT/mravlad/xvavierad, magram am zmnuri fuZisgan Tanamim-devrobis/miyolebis (miyolebiT) aRmniSvneli zmnisarTi ver

warmoiqmneba; Sesabamisad, erT sintagmad unda ganvixiloT msxdo-

mareni mixveviT anu, msxdomareni mravlad/miyriT; Sdr., z.sa-rjvelaZis azriT: mixveviT/miyolebiT oTxi qalaqi.

garda zemoTqmulisa, "moqceva~s" teqstis warmodgenili fragmentis meoreulobasa da saeWvoobas cxadyofs dasaxelebul

qalaqTa ganlagebac: oZrxe ar aris mtkvris xeobaSi, miT umetes, ur-bniss miyolebiT (Sdr.: "moqceva~ qarTlisa~" Seiqmna IX saukuneSi "ninos cxovrebis" safuZvelze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, daiwera VII sa-ukuneSi ucnobi avtoris mier; p.ingoroyva, l.janaSia, k.Tumanovi..).

vfiqrobT, naTelia: qarTvelTa qristianobamdeli istoriis gadmocemisas, "moqceva~s" avtori eyrdnoba "qarTlis cxovrebis" adreul redaqcias - mis Sesaval nawils (Sdr., n.berZeniSvili, 1990, gv.554-555); Cans, Sesavali nawili metad Semoklebulia da, ag-reTve, teqstis erTi monakveTis vergagebis gamo, Sinaarsic dama-xinjebulia. warmodgenili msjeloba kidev erTi faqtiT adastu-rebs iv. javaxiSvilis daskvnas:

wm. ninos Satberdiseuli cxovreba Zveli cnobebis gadamu-

SavebiTaa Seqmnili da, amave dros, bevr siyalbes Seicavs (ix. iv.javaxiSvili, I, gv.226-227). "qarTlis cxovrebis" Sesaxeb Sdr., m.sanaZis marTebuli daskvnac (m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.17, 26, 149): "qar-Tlis cxovrebis" vaxtang gorgaslamdeli nawili Sedgeba calkeu-li qronikebisa da "cxovrebisagan", romlebic sxvadasxva drosa da


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sxvadasxva avtoris mier daiwera. Sesabamisad, sruliad umizezod

iyo aqamde ugulebelyofili "qarTlis cxovrebis" anderZ-minawe-ri, romelic gvauwyebs, rom: "wigni ese qarTvelTa cxovrebisa vid-re vaxtangisamde aRiwereboda JamiT-Jamad"...

xazarul-skviTuri epizodis aRwerisas SedarebiT Tanamim-devruli da logikuria "qarTlis cxovreba"; mag., "qarTlis cxov-rebis" teqstSi garkveviT weria, rom qarTlSi aleqsandres da-xvdnen yovelni qarTvelni, magram isini iyvnen warmarTebi, ur-wmunoni, araqristianni (mematiane marTlmadideblobis apologe-ti beria!), da, amdenad, cudi qarTveli adamianebi; Sdr., aleqsan-dres mosvlamde, Zv.w. VI saukuneSi, nabuqodonosoris dros qar-TlSi "Semokrbes ese uricxvni naTesavni": xazarebi (CrdiloeTi-dan gadmosuli skviTebi), Turqebi (midiidan gamoqceuli skviTe-bi), ebraelebi, berZnebi, asurelebi... swored xalxTa am aRrevis

gamo "ipyres sjuli uborotesi yovelTa naTesavTasa. rameTu

colqmrobisaTvis ara uCndaT naTesaoba; yovelsa suliersa Wam-des; saflavi ar iyo, mkudarsa SesWamdes" (gv.16)... aleqsandres

Semosvlis drosac amave sityvebs imeorebs mematiane; qristiani

avtori Tu redaqtori Zveli drois warmarT qarTvelebsa da

araqarTvelebs adarebs Tavis TanamedroveTaTvis (XI-XII sauku-

neebis) nacnob velurebs - Turqebsa da yivCayebs. logikuria isic, rom teqstis momdevno nawilSi mematiane

CamoTvlis qarTlSi arsebul enebs (somxuri, qarTuli, xazaruli, asuruli, ebrauli, berZnuli; gv.16), magram maT gverdiT Turqul

enas ar axsenebs: albaT, Zveli avtorisTvis xazaruli ena is skviTuria, romli-

Tac qaixosrosgan gamodevnili "Turqebic" (skviTebic) metyvele-ben; xolo gviandeli redaqtorisa Tu leonti mrovelisTvis xaza-rebi ukve Turqebi arian, Sesabamisad, misTvis xazarulSi moiazre-ba TurqTa/bunTurqTa enac (Sdr.: z.aleqsiZe, 1991, gv.83-84; g.ala-sania, 2000, gv.25 da m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.32); Sdr.: qarTlis cxovrebis

Zveli qronikebis avtor-redaqtorTa mixedviT (da ara leonti

mrovelis azriT! Sdr., m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.32), xazarebis STamomav-

lebi arian osebi (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.12, 12-15).


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amrigad, qarTlis cxovrebaSi warmodgenili termini bun-

Turqi kompozitia: buni Turqi - birTvi (ZiriTadi nawili) Turqebisa. Sesabamisad, axali welTaRricxvis IX-X saukuneebis qarTul enaSi velurTa aRmniSvneli termini Turqi miemarTeba Zv.w. pirveli aTaswleulis Sua periodSi sparseTis mefe qiaxsa-risgan (qaixosrosgan) gamodevnili skviTebis im ZiriTad jgufs, romelic qarTvelebma kompaqturad daasaxles sarkineSi.

Sdr.: kavkasiaSi Turqulenovani xazarebi pirvelad Cndebian

ax.w. V saukuneSi, xolo yivCayebi - XI saukuneSi; Zv.w. VI-IV sauku-neebis xazarebi/"Turqebi" indoevropul enaze metyveli xalxia, xolo ax.w. X-XI saukuneebis xazarebi da Turqebi/bunTurqebi - Turqulenovani. "qarTlis cxovrebaSi", aseve, naTlad weria, rom "Semdgomad ganyofisa enaTasa", e.i. odiTganve (erebis gaCenis-Tanave), kavkasiaSi daemkvidrnen iafetis STamomavalni - Targamo-sis Zeni, maT Soris: qarTlosi, egrosi, kaxosi, herosi... droTa ganmavlobaSi sxva xalxebic Semoerivnen da, Sesabamisad, "iyvnes

qarTls esreT aRreul ese yovelni naTesavni, da izraxeboda qar-Tlsa Sina equsi ena: somxuri, qarTuli, xazaruli, asuruli, eb-rauli, berZnuli; maTgan farnavazma "ganavrco ena~ qarTuli da arRara izraxeboda sxua ena qarTlsa Sina Tvinier qarTulisa" (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.16, 26).

warmodgenil monakveTSi sxva faqticaa asaxuli: "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, Targamosis modgma (iberiul-

kavkasiuri xalxi da ara indoevropeli kimerielebi) cxovrobda mcire aziasa da kavkasiaSi (sakiTxis istoriisTvis ix.m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.166-167); e.i. istoriul qarTlSi ZirZveli mosaxleni Targamo-sianni arian, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi sxvebic damkvidrdnen. Cveni azriT, TargamosianTa da mosulTa integraciis procesi

iberiul-kavkasiuri erTobisgan sabolood mijnavs qarTvelur

modgmas:

kimerielebisa da skviTebis (e.w. bunTurqebis) amierkavkasia-Si Semosvla SeiZleba davsaxoT iberiul-kavkasiuri erTobidan

qarTveluri enobriv-eTnikuri erTobis (kontinuumis) gamomij-vnis erT-erT bolo faqtorad: swored Zv.w. VI saukunidan xdeba


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saerToqarTvelur koineSi skviTuri da sparsuli sityvebis didi nakadis Semosvla (saTanado masalisaTvis ix., m.andronikaSvili, 1966; a. billi, 2003). aqve aRvniSnavT, m.sanaZis azriT, skviTTa (in-doevropelTa) kavkasiaSi Semosvlamde (Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebamde) dRevandeli saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze (kaxeTis CaTvliT!) arsebobda protozanuri ena, romelsac, daefina ra skviTur-in-doevropuli metyveleba, imereTis, guriis, aWaris, imerxevis, tao-klarjeTisa da qarTl-kaxeTis teritoriaze warmoiqmna Cven-Tvis cnobili qarTuli - zanuri da skviTuri enebis "hibridi" ena (mosazreba gamoiTqva CvenTan zepir saubarSi; Sdr., agreTve, m.sa-naZe, 2001, gv.49-53). Cven ver gaviziarebT am TavisTavad saintereso

mosazrebas: saerToqarTvelur enobriv modelTan svanur-zanuri da sxva

qarTveluri kiloebis mimarTeba cxadyofs, rom samwignobro qar-TulisTvis amosavali ver iqneba e.w. protozanuri an protosva-nuri enobrivi modelebi (ix. qvemoT, 2.2.3.).

vfiqrobT, jerjerobiT ar Cans arc erTi myari sabuTi, vamtki-coT qarTvelTa araavtoqTonoba kavkasiaSi.

SeniSvna: qarTvelTa migraciis Teoriis sayrdenad ver gamodgeba, ase-ve, megasTenes cnoba (georgika, I, gv.30) nabuqodonosoris mier libii-dan (iberTa qveynidan) pontos zRvis marjvena mxares gadmosaxlebuli iberebis Sesaxeb (Sdr., ufalma amave nabuqodonosoris xeliT dasaja Tavisi rCeuli eri - ebraelebi).

2.1.2.2. amierkavkasiaSi avtoqTonobis Teoria

2.1.2.2.1. samxreTi amierkavkasia. T.gamyreliZisa da v.ivanovis mixedviT, qarTvelebi Tavidanve cxovrobdnen samxreT amierkavka-siaSi, kerZod, mcire kavkasionis (mesxeT-javaxeTis regionis) cen-traluri da dasavleTi nawilis mTianeTSi; Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi aqedan samxreT kavkasiis dasavleT nawilSi (kolxeTis dablobis-ken) ganxorcielda qarTveluri migraciebis pirveli talRa

(xazi Cvenia - t.f.); maTi metyvelebisa da damxvduri Crdilokavka-siuri tipis enebis SereviT saTave daedo svanur enas; "TandaTan svanuri ena CrdiloeTisaken, didi kavkasionis qedis mimarTule-


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biT gandevna momdevno migraciulma talRam, romelic pirvels mohyva daaxloebiT cxra saukunis Semdeg;" am procesSi warmo-qmnilma metyvelebam "SemdegSi mogvca Zveli kolxeTis erT-erTi ena - megrul-lazuri"; dasavleT mcire kavkasionis farglebSi da-rCenili saerToqarTveluri enis dialeqtebi safuZvlad daedo

qarTul enas, romlis matareblebi, gansaxldnen ra dasavleTis mimarTulebiT, gansazRvrul teritoriaze daefinen kolxuri enis matarebelT, ris Semdegac moxda lazuri da megruli enebis warmoSoba; CrdiloeTiTa da Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT gadaadgi-

lebulma tomebma aqedan (amJamindeli aRmosavleT saqarTvelo-dan - t.f.) gandevnes aRmosavlurkavkasiuri tipis enebze molapa-rake xalxi (T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv.880-881; T.gamyreliZe, 2000, gv.184).

ra faqtebs Tu logikur argumentebs emyareba warmodgenili hipoTeza?

samxreT amierkavkasiidan CrdiloeT amierkavkasiaSi e.w. "qar-Tveluri migraciebi" 5000-4000 wlebis winaa navaraudevi (T.ga-myreliZe, 2000, gv.184), amdenad, anTropologiuri monacemebis garda, amdroindel sxva raime faqtebze ver vilaparakebT: arqau-li leqsikisa da toponimikuri monacemebis mixedviT Seqmnili sa-Tuo varaudebi (romelTac sagangebod ganvixilavT aqve) faqte-bad ver CaiTvleba, warmodgenili Teoriis dasasabuTeblad saWi-ro anTropologiuri monacemebi ki ar arsebobs (ix. qvemoT).

T. gamyreliZisa da v .ivanovis argumentTagan aRsaniSnavia ori: saerToqarTveluri enis sam enad daSlis dro da praenis

leqsikis mixedviT aRdgenili garemo (cxovrebis wesi). ganvixiloT TiToeuli cal-calke: 2.1.2.2.1.1. qarTvelTa sami ena 4000-5000 wlis win? XX saukunis meore naxevarSi enaTmecnier g.klimovis glo-

toqronologiuri meTodiT gamokvlevebis (romelic, Tavis mxriv, iyenebda svodeSis metad saTuo meTodologias) Semdeg samecnie-ro wreebSi myarad damkvidrda azri, romlis mixedviTac jer kidev 5000-4000 wlis win arsebobda sami qarTveluri ena (Sesabamisad,


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sami qarTveluri tomi: qarTi, zani, svani), romelTagan erT-erTi - qarTuli - gabatonda kulturis enad (uTuod amgvarma midgomam istorikosebis gamokvlevebSi gaaaqtiura terminebi: qarTizacia da qarTvelizacia, romlebic, pirvel rigSi, gulisxmobs sxva qarTveluri tomebis Caylapvas - "gaqarTebas"/"gaqarTvelebas").

pirvel rigSi: ra safuZveli gvaqvs, rom marTlac qarTvelTa mxolod es sami tomi arsebobda Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi?

Sdr.: "uZvelesi droidanve moyolebuli qarTvelebi mraval

tomad danawilebuli yofilan; qristes Semdeg istoriuli wya-roebiT cnobili TiTqmis yvela tomi qristes winaT mravali sau-kunis manZilzec saistorio asparezze moqmedebda" (iv.javaxiSvi-li, 1960, gv.401). xeTur, asiriul, urartul, berZnul-romaul-bi-zantiur, somxur da sxva ucxour wyaroTa CvenebiT, II aTaswleu-lis dasasruls da I aTaswleulSi qarTveli tomebis istori-

ul teritoriaze (Crdilo mesopotamiidan kavkasionamde regi-onSi) cxovrobdnen qarTvelur ena-kavebze anu dialeqtebze mo-laparake da, Sesabamisad, qarTvelurad miCneuli Semdegi tome-

bi: muSqebi /mesxebi, diauxebi /taoxebi, kolaelebi, tibarene-

bi, iberebi /saspeirebi, quTebi, koraqsebi, marebi, beqe~rebi,

haliZonebi /xalibebi, xaldebi /qaldebi, mosino~kebi /hepta-

kometebi, biZerebi, Zidritebi, makronebi /makrokefalebi, fa-

sianebi, melanqla~nebi, ekriktikes mcxovrebni /ekeqe~rebi, he-

nioxebi, sanebi /Wanebi, sanigebi, lazebi, abazebi /obezebi, sva-

nebi /misimielebi, suano-kolxebi, amarantebi, tuskebi, kaxebi,

kuxebi, herebi, javaxebi, fxovelebi... (dawvrilebiT ix. zemoT). ris safuZvelze SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom amdeni tomis me-

tyveleba mxolod sam an oTx enad dajgufdeba? miT umetes, enisa da kilos gamijvnis pirobiTobis viTarebaSi SeuZlebelia raime iseTi daskvnis gamotana, romelic mxars dauWers 5000 wlis win qarTvelTa mxolod im sami enis arsebobas, romlebic TiTqosda arseboben dResac.

vfiqrobT, uZveles qarTvelur ena-kiloTa raodenobis da-sadgenad ufro gamosadegia wyaroebSi dadasturebuli tomebis


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saxelTa ricxvi, vidre dRevandeli viTarebis Sesabamisad, amJamin-deli svanebis, megrel-Wanebis Tu mesx-qarTlelebis "enebis" mi-xedviT, 4000-5000 wlis winac davuSvaT mxolod sami qarTveluri

enobrivi erTeulis arseboba... friad saeWvoa qarTvelur enobriv erTeulTa daSlis g.kli-

moviseuli TariRic, romelic emyareba leqsikur-statistikur

meTodsa da sakuTar saxelTa etimologias (ix. qvemoT 2.2.3.).

2.1.2.2.1.2. praenis leqsikis mixedviT aRdgenili garemo da

cxovrebis wesi. praenis mixedviT Zveli sacxovrisis Zieba sauku-neebis manZilze popularuli Tema iyo; qarTul sinamdvileSi am-gvari mcdeloba hqonda jer kidev ilia WavWavaZes Tavis polemiku-ri xasiaTis naSromSi: "ai, istoria" (i.WavWavaZe, 1987, gv.79).

monaTesave enobrivi erTeulebisTvis amosavali enis (fuZee-nis, praenis; Sdr.: protoena - winare ena, Tavdapirveli ena) Ziri-Tadi leqsika Tu dadgindeba (intensiuri Serevebis gamo, zogjer

warumatebelia amgvari cdebi), marTlac, SesaZlebelia winaremo-saxleobis sacxovrisisa da garesamyaros enobrivi xedvis warmo-dgena, Sesabamisad - Zveli teritoriisa Tu kulturis savaraudo

saxis aRdgena. bolo aTwleulebis manZilze Cvens sinamdvileSic gamoqvey-

nda saerToqarTveluri "enobrivi xedvis" amsaxveli ramdenime gamokvleva (g.klimovi, 1964, gv.37; g.meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.339-340; T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv.880-882; m.qurdiani, 2002), romel-Ta mixedviTac qarTvelTa winaprebis sacxovrisad Zv.w. IV-II aTas-wleulebis amierkavkasia da misi samxreTi regioni ivaraudeba; ma-galiTad, mcenareebis (anwli, gvimra, vaSli, verxvi, marwyvi, msxa-li, soko, cacxvi, Zewna, wifeli, wyavi...), cxovelebis (arCvi, daTvi, kverna, Txa, vaci, orbi, melia...) da sxva saerToqarTveluri saxe-lebis rekonstruqciiT g. klimovi varaudobs, rom qarTveluri mosaxleoba III-II aTaswleulTa mijnaze kavkasiis miwa-wyalze cxov-robda (g.klimovi, 1964, gv.37; g.meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.339).

warmodgenil problemas sagangebo werili uZRvna m.qurdian-


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ma; samecniero literaturaSi dadgenili saerToqarTveluri leqsikis (zRva, tba, Rele, wyali... xevi, klde, gori, tye, tevri, wvima, Tovli, gvalva, yinva, zvavi, Tbili... Zeli, naZvi, wifeli, wab-li... Sveli, maCvi, eSvi... SaSvi, kakabi, CxarTvi, Zera, mercxali, To-lia, tredi... Rorjo, Cxami...) safuZvelze igi askvnis: "saerToqar-Tveluri enis dialeqtebze metyveli tomebi cxovrobdnen, didi kavkasionis samxreTi kalTebidan moyolebuli, samxreTiT sakmaod

vrclad ganfenil teritoriaze, romelic srulad moicavda is-toriuli saqarTvelos teritoriasac. CrdiloeTi sazRvari qar-TvelTa pirvelsacxovrisisa iyo didi kavkasioni, dasavleT sa-zRvars ki Savi zRva warmoadgenda" (m.qurdiani, 2002, gv.86).

kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT: warmodgenili avtorebis mier sa-erToqarTveluri leqsikis mixedviT qarTvelTa winaprebis gare-mosa da eTnokulturis aRdgena sainteresoa, oRond, CvenTvis sa-kamaToa maT mier navaraudevi dro (ix., aqve, 2.1.2.2.1.1. da 2.2.3.).

T. gamyreliZisa da v. ivanovis TeoriaSi sakamaToa, agreTve, svanurSi Crdilokavkasiuri enebis substratis sakiTxi (gv.881); Cveni azriT, svanur kiloebSi marTlac STambeWdavia Cerqezuli enobrivi fena (ix. s.janaSias gamokvlevebi), magram ufro logiku-ri iqneba, vilaparakoT superstratze da ara substratze; ker-Zod, mravali faqti arsebobs imis samtkiceblad, rom svanuri me-tyveleba arqauli qarTulis is ganStoebaa, romelsac intensiu-rad Semoeria moZme kavkasielTa enobrivi elementebi (ix. qvemoT). Sdr., Tu T. gamyreliZisa da v. ivanovis azrs gaviziarebT, svanu-risTvis sayrdeni ena romelime Crdilokavkasiuri enaa...

2.1.2.2.2. samxreTi kavkasia. centralur amierkavkasiaSi (sa-

mxreT kavkasiaSi) qarTvelTa avtoqTonobis Teoria argumentire-bulad pirvelad wamoayena b. kuftinma. misi azriT, "samxreTi kav-kasia warmoadgenda qarTveli xalxis samSoblosac da uZveles sa-mSoblosac" (b.kuftini, 1949, gv.14-16, 37). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom b.kuftinis azriT, walkaSi aRmoCenili masalis mixedviT, STambeW-davi paralelebi ivleba samxreT kavkasiis kulturasa da Zvel

kreta-mikenis kulturas Soris (saubaria qalis rolisa da da-


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mwerlobis uZvelesi - ieroglifuri - nimuSebis erTianobis Sesa-xeb); b.kuftinis azriT (1941, gv.153), "TrialeTis yorRanTa brwyinvale kultura ueWvelad ekuTvnis qarTvel tomTa winap-rebs; garda amisa, Cven mier mopovebuli masala gvimtkicebs, rom samxreT kavkasiaSi arsebuli uZvelesi fesvebi qarTuli kultu-risa moqceuli yofila subaruli da xaTur-mcireaziuri eTniku-ri sistemebis urTierTzemoqmedebis zonaSi. es miT ufro sarwmu-noa, rom qarTvelursa da Crdilokavkasiur enebs, garda adreve SeniSnuli naTesaobisa elamur da xuri-mitanur enebTan (n.mari), agreTve aqvT mZlavri tendencia xaTuri enobrivi fenisaTvis da-maxasiaTebeli prefiqsuli warmonaqmnebisadmi (r.blaixStaineri da sxvebi)"; Sdr., agreTve: "qarTveli tomebi uZvelesi droidan cxovrobdnen saqarTvelos teritoriaze, amasTanave, safiqrebe-lia, rom isini nawilobriv dRevandeli saqarTvelos farglebs gareTac mosaxleobdnen, kerZod, mcire aziis Crdilo-aRmosavleT

raionebSi, samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis teritoriaze" (g.meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.341-342).

warmodgenili mosazreba ZiriTadad gaziarebulia Tanamed-rove samecniero literaturaSic:

"enaTmecnierebis, anTropologiis, arqeologiisa da istori-uli geografiis erToblivi monacemebis mixedviT, dRes sruliad

ucilobelia qarTvelTa winaprebis avtoqTonuroba kavkasiaSi..." (d.musxeliSvili, 2002, gv.5).

qarTvelebi avtoqTonebi arian im miwisa, romelzec amJamad

mkvidroben; m.qurdianis azriT, Tubalebisa da muSqebis qarTve-lurobac ueWveli faqtia...” (m.qurdiani, 2002, gv.59-60, 86).

SeniSvna: n.berZeniSvilis azriT, "saqarTveloSi qarTvel tomTa avtoqTonobis aRiarebiT unda davuSvaT araqarTvelTa avtoqTono-bac; brZola am tomebs Soris da qarTuli tomebis gamarjveba"; es sada-vo azri gaziarebulia d. musxeliSvilis mierac, kerZod, maTi azriT, qarTis tomis mier asimilirda Semdegi qarTveli Tu araqarTveli tomebi: bazalni, WarTalni, Trialni Tu Trelni, margvelni, kaspni, fxovelni, gogarni da sxva (ix. n.berZeniSvili, 1990, gv.363-364; d.musxe-liSvili, 2002, gv.5-6)... rogor mtkicdeba yvela am tomis (mag., fxovelebis, margvelebis...) araqarTveluroba?


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2.1.2.3. kavkasia-mcireaziaSi avtoqTonobis Teoria

akad. s.janaSiam 1940 wels enimkis moambeSi dabeWda koncefcia, romlis ZiriTadi debulebebi Sevida s. janaSias, iv.javaxiSvilisa da n.berZeniSvilis TanaavtorobiT 1943 wels gamoqveynebul "sa-qarTvelos istoriis" saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi; s.janaSias kon-ceptualuri sqema ase gamoiyureba:

"qarTvelebi warmoSobiT wina aziis Zvels mkvidr mosaxleo-bas ekuTvnian"; uZveles xanaSi (daaxloebiT 5000-6000 wlis winaT) qarTvelTa winaprebi (xeTur-iberiuli gvartomobis xalxi) cxov-robdnen wina aziaSi (mesopotamiidan kavkasionamde); isini aqedan gavrceldnen samxreT evropasa (balkaneTis, apeninisa da pirineis naxevarkunZulebze) da afrikis CrdiloeT sanapiroze. Semdeg ma-Ti sacxovrisi SeizRuda mcire aziiT; qarTvelTa uSualo winap-

rebi arian xeTa-subarebi, romlebic ganfenilni iyvnen Crdi-

lo mesopotamiidan kavkasionamde; Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasa-

wyisidan qarTvelTa sacxovrisis centri TandaTanobiT inac-

vlebs CrdiloeTisken (ix., agreTve: s.janaSia, 1952, gv.96-100; s.ja-naSia, 1987, gv.20-24, 44, 51).

h. klarkis, n.maris, iv.javaxiSvilisa da sxvaTa mosazrebebze dayrdnobiT, TiTqmis analogiuri mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli emigrant mecniersa da sazogado moRvawes - revaz gabaSvils: Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi kavkasiidan sparseTis yuremde da indoeTidan iberiis naxevarkunZulamde (espaneTi) mcxovrebi maRali kultur-is mqone xalxi kavkas-qaldeur erT rasas warmoadgenda (r.gabaSvi-li, 2001, gv.18).

Cven mier damowmebuli naSromi mokle reziumea 1967 wels frangulad gamoqveynebuli vrceli Sromisa; jerjerobiT CvenTvis misawvdomi ar aris r.gabaSvilis argumentebi, Sesabamisad, ver

vimsjelebT maT Sesaxeb; aqve aRvniSnavT, rom r.gabaSvilis naSro-mis qarTul-inglisur mokle variantSi warmodgenili zogi da-skvna ver dasabuTdeba.

s.janaSias koncefcia saTaves iRebs dibua de monpersesa da


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fridrix homelis mosazrebebisgan; swored am koncefciaze da-yrdnobiT jer kidev 1881 wels dimitri baqraZe wers: „eWv gareT

unda gvqondes, rom xsenebul xalxT (tibarenni, mosiknni, makron-ni, kolxni, iberni, albanni) namdvilad hWeriaT TiTqmis mTe-li sivrce halisis mdinaridam moyolebuli vidre kavkaziis

mTebamde... axla imaT qarTul STamomavlobaSi TiTqmis ar eWvneu-loben" (d.baqraZe, 1881, gv.26).

* * *

samuSao hipoTezad viRebT s. janaSias koncefcias; argumen-tebis Ziebisas mis mosazrebas or nawilad warmovadgenT:

a. Crdilo mesopotamia - anatolia - kavkasia: qarTvelTa winaprebis sacxovrisi;

b. qarTvelTa winaprebis gavrceleba samxreT evropasa da xmelTaSua zRvis samxreT sanapiroze.

a. sxvadasxva Taobis mkvlevarTa naSromebis gaTvaliswinebiTa da enobriv struqturaTa (STambeWdavi leqsikuri paralelebi, Ziri-Tadi fonematuri struqtura, aglutinaciuroba, ergatiuli konstruqcia...) SepirispirebiTi analiziT safuZveli gveZleva, s.janaSias kvalad, vivaraudoT:

Zv.w. V-III aTaswleulebis kavkasiasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi cxovrobdnen monaTesave winaaziur-kavkasiuri tomebi: xurite-bi, xaTebi, kavkasielebi; pirveli didi gaerTianebebi Seqmnes: xu-ritebma - CrdiloeT SuamdinareTSi, xaTebma - centralur mcire aziaSi/anatoliaSi; mogvianebiT, anatoliasa da kavkasiaSi (hali-

sis, Woroxis, mtkvris, rionis, evfratis, araqsis… xeobebSi)

Canan: musxebi, qaSqebi, urartuelebi, kolxebi, daianelebi... Tanamedrove lingvisturi kvlevebi safuZvels gvaZlevs, maT vuwo-doT "ergatiuli konstruqciis enis mqone xalxebi".

arqeologebi varaudoben, rom neoliTis manZilze dasavleTi da centraluri amierkavkasia kulturulad (enobriv-eTnikurad) er-


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Tiani iyo (o.jafariZe, 1989, gv. 385-385; l.nebieriZe, 2001, gv. 9). Tanamedrove arqeologiuri ZiebebiT cnobilia, agreTve, rom

gviani eneoliTis amierkavkasiaSi gvaqvs ori kultura: sionisa (rom-lis identuri keramika dasturdeba odiSSi, anaseulSi, gurianTa-Si) da Sulaver-SomuTefesa (l.nebieriZe, 2001, gv. 8-9; m.menabde, T.kiRuraZe, 2001, gv. 22; aqve, ix. masalebi sakiTxis istoriisaTvis).

sionis keramika mtkvar-araqsis kulturis substratad/saTaved

miiCneva (m.menabde, T.kiRuraZe, 1981, gv. 23; m.menabde, T.kiRuraZe, 2001, gv. 21; l.nebieriZe, 2001, gv. 10). varaudoben, rom mtkvar-araqsis kulturis centria centraluri amierkavkasia, Tumca, zogi Tana-medrove avtoris azriT, igi iSva aRmosavleT anatoliaSi. radio-naxSirbaduli meTodiT mtkvar-araqsis kultura TariRdeba Zv.w. IV

aTaswleuliT (daTariRebis dazustebisaTvis ix. g. qavTaraZe, 1983, gv. 88-96). sion-odiSis kulturis ganfenis areali winareqarTve-luri (iberiul-kavkasiuri) tomebis gansaxlebis velia; Sesabamisad, Tu ueWvelia sion-odiSisa da mtkvar-araqsis kulturebis geneturi kavSiri, savaraudoa, rom odiS-mtkvar-araqsis kulturis erT-erTi avtoria winareqarTveluri modgma.

Sulaver-SomuTefes kultura msgavsia Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleu-lebis zemomesopotamiis halafis kulturisa (T. gamyreliZe, v. ivanovi, 1984, gv.891-892; o. jafariZe, 1998, gv.182-183). o.jafariZis azriT, mrgvali Senobis agebis tradicia da alizis arqiteqtura arsebobas ganagrZobs mtkvar-araqsis kulturaSic; aqvea msjeloba tomTa moZraobis mimarTulebazec: xiTa da qviT mdidari amierkav-kasiisTvis moulodnelia alizis arqiteqtura; Sesabamisad, Su-laver-SomuTefes kultura amierkavkasiaSi samxreTidan vrcel-deba (o.jafariZe, 2001, gv. 84); Sdr. o.lorTqifaniZe, 1998, gv.183: ramdenadac mtkvar-araqsis kultura "farTod vrceldeba samxre-TiT, es SeiZleba metyvelebdes qarTveluri mosaxleobis garkveu-li masis samxreTiT gadaadgilebaze".

Sdr., o.jafariZe, 2001, gv. 86-87: "mtkvar-araqsisa da kirbeT-kerakis kulturebis samxreTiT gavrcelebis areali TiTqmis em-Txveva xuritebis adgilsamyofels, rac bunebrivad gvavaraudebi-


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nebs, rom xuritebi mtkvar-araqs-kirbeT-kerakis didi kulturis Tanaavtorebi arian". aqve ix. l.vulis mosazrebis kritika, rome-lic kirbeT-kerakis kulturis Semoqmedad xeTebs miiCnevs.

mtkvar-araqsis kulturis qmnadobis procesSi qarTveluri tomebis gverdiT sxva iberiul-kavkasiur tomebs ver xedavs o.jafa-riZe, romelic Tvlis, rom Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebamde didi xniT ad-re, Zv.w. VII-VI aTaswleulebSi daiSala iberiul-kavkasiuri enobriv-eTnikuri erToba (o.jafariZe, 1998, gv. 118), Sesabamisad, mtkvar-araqsis kulturis ZiriTadi Semoqmedni arian xuritulenova-

ni da qarTveluri tomebi (o.jafariZe, 1998, gv.183-185; agreTve: g.meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.338 da T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv.894, sadac navaraudevia, rom am kulturis erT-erTi Semoqmedi SeiZ-leboda yofiliyo indoevropuli modgmac; Sdr., g.qavTaraZe: "es kultura imdenad erTgvarovania, rom ver iqneboda araerTgvaro-vani mosaxleobis warmonaqmni. TviT Soreul regionebSi gavrce-lebisa da adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan Serwymis Semdegac ki inar-Cunebs Tavis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs"...mtkvar-araqsis kulturis avtoris Sesaxeb Cveni msjeloba ix., qvemoT).

gr. giorgaZe, 2002, gv.69: gasaTvaliswinebelia samecniero li-teraturaSi gamoTqmuli varaudi, "romlis mixedviT xuritebis gansaxlebis sazRvrebi Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis meore da III aTaswle-ulis pirvel naxevarSi teritoriulad emTxveva mtkvar-araqsis kulturis gavrcelebis sazRvrebs, met-naklebad - aRmosavleT

anatoliis adre brinjaos xanis kulturul areals. ufro damaje-rebelia xuritebis adreuli gansaxleba vanisa da urmiis tbebis regionSi. ar aris gamoricxuli varaudi, rom xuritebi Crdilo-eT mesopotamiis avtoqToni tomebi yofiliyvnen".

axlo aRmosavleTis ZiriTadi (avtoqToni!) mosaxleobis mier

Seqmnili mtkvar-araqsis kulturis sazRvrebi moicavda kavkasias (dasavleTiT - samtrediamde), aRmosavleT anatolias, Crdilo-dasavleT irans, aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTs, evropis na-wils, siria-palestinas (l.maxniki, 1972; o.jafariZe, 1976; g.avaliS-vili, 1994; o.jafariZe, 2001...). "mtkvar-araqsis kultura uaRre-


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sad Taviseburi movlenaa kavkasiis uZveles istoriaSi. arasodes, arc adre da arc Semdgom, es teritoria kulturis mxriv ar yo-fila ase erTgvarovani. amitom swored kultura warmoadgens am teritoriaze mosaxle xalxTa gamaerTianebel, udidesi mniSvne-lobis mqone Zalas. kulturaa maTi erTobis safuZveli da am er-Tobis gamomxatveli umTavresi niSani" (m.xidaSeli, 2003, gv. 82). am msjelobas mxars uWers musikaTmcodneTa daskvnac: n.maisuraZe, 1989, gv.71: "kavkasia odesRac winaaziuri musikaluri kulturis

arealSi Sedioda. mogvianebiT yalibdeba am kulturis kavkasiu-ri varianti, romlis warmoqmna kavkasiaSi mravalxmianobis Ca-saxva-ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba".

axlo aRmosavleTis avtoqToni mosaxleobis erTgvarovnebis Sesaxeb msjeloben anTropologebic:

l.biTaZe, 2002, gv.156: "dermatoglifikuri da serelogiuri masalebis analizi aCvenebs saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mWidro kav-Sirs winaaziur samyarosTan... istoriuli saqarTvelos mosaxle-oba imTaviTve ekuTvnoda erT did anTropologiur plasts, rome-lic Sedioda indo-xmelTaSuazRvispiruli rasis winaaziuri

ganStoebis SemadgenlobaSi". kvlevis am etapze ufro logikuria, vTqvaT: gviani eneoliTis

amierkavkasiis adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturis memkvidre mtkvar-araqsis kultura Seqmna ergatiuli konstruqciis enis/enebis

mqone kavkasiur-xurituli modgmis xalxma. Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi indoevropuli da sxva tomebis dawo-

liT "ergatiuli konstruqciis enis mqone xalxi" iwyebs swraf

divergencias. III-II aTaswleulTa mijnaze saqarTvelos terito-

ria kulturaTa da eTnosTa mkveTri dinebebis Serevis velSi

eqceva (Sdr., monaTesave enebs Soris arsebuli didi sxvaobis mi-zezi xSirad aris ara praenasTan didi xnis daSoreba, aramed in-tensiuri Serevebic); savaraudoa, am periodidan iberiul-kavkasi-uri enobrivi wris samxreTul variantSi iwyeba klasis morfo-logiuri kategoriis moSla, rac, Cveni azriT, ukve Zv.w. II

aTaswleulidan dasabams udebs iberiul-kavkasiuri enobrivi


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velisgan qarTveluris gamomijvnas. vfiqrobT, swored xuritul-xaTur-kavkasiur tomTa diver-

genciisa da konvergenciis xangrZliv procesSi yalibdebian cno-bili muSqebi, qaSqebi, abeSlaelebi, urartuelebi, karduxebi, sperebi, kolxebi, haliZonebi/xalibebi... mogvianebiT ki, Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodSi am monaTesave tomTa sacxovrisis ganapira regionebSi maT erevian skviT-alanebi, armenebi da sxva mosuli tomebi; sayuradReboa:

musikaluri teqstebis analizis Sedegebi mowmoben, rom osur

(da, garkveulwilad, somxur - t.f.) musikalur enas safuZvlad

kavkasiuri substrati udevs (n.maisuraZe, 1989, gv.58). Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulSi mimdinare eTnosTa didi Serevebis Se-

degebi aisaxa asurelebSic da urartuelebSic: "eniT semiti asu-relebi anTropologiurad narev xalxs – semituri elementisa da aziuri modgmis xuritebis Serevis produqts warmoadgenen... urartuli panTeonis qalRmerT arubanis musasirSi Zv.w. VIII sau-kuneSi moupovebia iranuli saxelwodeba bagmaSTu; es movlena mi-uTiTebs, rom xuri-urartul mosaxleobas Seeria iranuli tomi"

(g.meliqiSvili, 1999, gv.29, 41). Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevridan kavkasiaSi lokalizebu-

li ergatiuli konstruqciis enis mqone xalxis erTi nawili - qarTvelur-kavkasiuri modgma (kolxebi, mosxebi/muskebi, taoe-lebi, abaSebi/abazebi, Crdilokavkasielebi...) halisis, mtkvris, Woroxis, rion-yvirilis, enguris, liaxvis xeobebSi da Crdilo-kavkasiis nawilSi qmnis did kolxur-yobanur kulturas; ro-melsac, pirobiTad, SeiZleba vuwodoT aia-kolxeTis eTno-kul-tura. albaT, nawilobriv, mis velSive Canan e.w. nairis qveynebi, centraluri kabadokiis aRmosavleT (da Crdilo-aRmosavleT) na-wilSi mcxovrebi mesx/muSqebis, qaSqebis, tibarenebisa da sxva qar-Tveluri tomebis sacxovrisebi. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa T.miqelaZis daskvna:

"aias samefo win uswrebda kulxas gaerTianebas; amitom miTSi oqros sawmisis Sesaxeb aietis samefos saxiT aisaxa daiaenis (igive


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aias) samefo, romelic jer kidev Zv.w. XII saukunis miwurulSia da-mowmebuli tiglaTfileser I warweraSi" (T.miqelaZe, 1974, gv.79-85); Sdr., daiaenis mefe 60 toms winamZRolobs; maT Soris arian Savi zRvis sanapiros tomebic; Sdr., agreTve: "argonavtikis uZve-les versiebSi, qveyana, sadac argonavtebma ilaSqres, berZnebisa-Tvis aias saxeliT iyo cnobili, xolo ufro gvian ki – kolxidad

moixsenieba" (o.lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.32). savaraudoa, rom centralur da aRmosavleT anatoliaSic ar-

qeologiurma Ziebebma kolxuri kulturis kvali aRmoaCinos; Sdr., ioseb flaviusis azriT, mosox/meSexebi kabadokiaSi arian; amave azrs adastureben Tanamedrove mecnierebic, ix. n.xazaraZe, 2000, gv.12: "hekateseuli da herodoteseuli mosxebi-mesxebi Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebSi kabadokiaSi, md. halisis (dRevandeli yizil-ir-makis) auzSi mcxovrebi tomebis aRmosavleTiT mdebare terito-riaze binadrobdnen, dRevandeli tokat-yarahisar-giumuSxanes sanaxebSi, xolo Zv.w. IV saukunis bolo meoTxedSi istoriul sa-mxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos regionSi (samcxe, javaxeTi, klarje-Ti, egri, SavSeTi, eruSeTi, tao, kola, artaani, basiani) Zlieri politikuri gaerTianeba Seqmnes, romlis samxreTi sazRvari dRe-vandel erzinjanTan gadioda; straboni am gaerTianebas "mosxebis qveyanas" (mosxikes) uwodebs, xolo "moqceva~ qarTlisa~s" avtori - arian-qarTls".

davZenT: logikuria, rom Zv.w. VII saukuneSi balkaneTidan samxreTis

gziT (Sdr.: herodotes mixedviT, Crdilokavkasiis uReltexile-bidan) kimerielebisa da skviTebis gamanadgurebeli Semosevis Sem-deg mesxur-kolxuri (mosxur-qaSquri) tomebis kulturulma cen-trma anatolia-kabadokiidan CrdiloeTiT gadmoinacvla: jer sa-mxreT amierkavkasiaSi (TorTumSi? artanujSi? olTisSi?), Semdeg

ki - Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebSi, ufliscixe-mcxeTasa da quTaisSi; Sdr., quj-farnavazis periodSi centri xdeba mcxeTa/Tbilisi, magram Semdgom periodSic, qarTveluri modgmis kulturul-politi-

kuri centrebi amave geografiul samkuTxedze moZraoben: ba-


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na/artanuji (aSoti, daviTi) - noqalaqevi/quTaisi - (bagrati/gi-orgi) - Tbilisi (daviTi/Tamari)...

kolxuri kulturis Semqmneli xalxis saxelmwifos ZiriTadi

ena, savaraudoa, iyo saerToqarTveluri koine/ena, romlis uSua-lo memkvidrea samwignobro qarTuli (ix.qvemoT).

b. mecnierebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze rTulia, sa-bolood gadawyvetilad CaiTvalos samxreT evropisa (balkane-Tis, apeninisa da pirineis naxevarkunZulebze) da afrikis Crdi-loeT sanapiros araindoevropeli mosaxleobisa da protoqar-Tveluri xalxis (enebis) naTesaobis problema, Tumca, saamisod

bevri sayuradRebo monacemi arsebobs; kerZod: a. mtkvar-araqsis kulturis STambeWdavi elementebi dastur-

deba ara mxolod aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi, aramed -

evropaSic: "centralur da aRmosavleT evropis rig kulturebSi Zv.w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevarsa da Zv.w. II aTaswleulis pir-vel naxevarSi (adreuneticis, glina III - Snekerbergi, belotiC-be-lacerkva da sxva) SeiniSneba msgavseba kavkasiis adrebrinjaos xa-nis kulturasTan (l.maxniki). Tanac Tanxvdoma imdenad didia, rom is ver aixsneba konvergenciulobiT an savaWro kontaqtebiT. albaT adgili hqonda mtkvar-araqsis kulturis matarebel tom-Ta SeRwevas kavkasiidan evropaSi" (g.avaliSvili, 1994, gv. 55). g.mi-rcxulavasa da n.mircxulavas azriT, Zv.w. III aTaswleulis dasa-wyisidan aRmosavleT evropis metalurgia mWidrod aris dakavSi-rebuli kavkasiasTan; am dros kavkasiaSic da evropaSic batonobs

dariSxaniani brinjao, Tumca ungreTSi Cans antimonianic. mas

karpatul-dunaispirul liTons uwodeben da aRniSnaven, rom formebi ZiriTadad mainc kavkasiuria. am periodSi da, SeiZleba cota ufro adrec, kavkasiaSic aris antimoniani brinjao - afxaze-Tis dolmenebsa da saCxeris masalebSi. didia msgavseba Tixis

plastikaSic... unda aRiniSnos, agreTve, Crdilokavkasiuri

mtkvar-araqsuli masalebis kavSirebi evropul masalebTan. es kav-Sirebi unda aixsnas jer kidev niko maris mier navaraudevi kavkasii-


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dan meliTone iafeturi tomebis didi gadasaxlebiT (g.mircxu-lava, n.mircxulava, 2001, gv.5). samecniero literaturaSi kavka-sia-evropis xazze tomTa gadaadgileba navaraudevia ori gziT: kavkasia - aRmosavleT evropa - dasavleT evropa; kavkasia-mcire azia - evropa (g.avaliSvili, 1994, gv. 55). orive mosazreba mxars uWers mtkvar-araqsis kulturis kavkasiur warmomavlobas, Tumca damatebiT kvlevas moiTxovs xalxTa gadasaxlebis mimarTulebis sakiTxi.

b. ZiriTadad eTnologiur-kulturologiuri xasiaTis msje-lobebis safuZvelze XIX-XX saukuneebSi specialistTa erTi na-wili miiCnevda, rom Zv.w. V-III aTaswleulebSi protoqarTveluri (protokavkasiuri) modgma "aRavsebda ara mxolod kavkasias, ara-med indostanis naxevarkunZulis did nawils, xmelTaSuazRvis auzs, Crdilo da samxreT evropas, pirineebs, egeosis arqipelags da mcire azias" (z.gamsaxurdia, 1991, gv.27-29; aqve, ix.: v.humbol-dtis, n.maris, s.yauxCiSvilis, t.margvelaSvilis, a.losevis, o.nee-raxeris, r. gordezianis da sxva mkvlevarTa mosazrebebis Sesaxeb). g.qavTaraZis kvlevam saintereso paralelebi warmoaCina minosuri kretisa da anatoliis mosaxleobis pelazgebTan identifikaciis TvalsazrisiT (g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv.13-19); Sdr., pelazgebi arian etruskTa winaprebi; etruskebi apeninis naxevarkunZulze modian dasavleTi mcire aziidan; Sdr.: berZnuli miTologiis mixedviT, kolxidis mefe aieti pelazgia (a.uruSaZe, 1964, gv.16-17, 22-26: ber-Znuli wyaroebis mixedviT, kolxeTis mefe aieti korinTodanaa; iasoni da medea korinToSi Cadian, rogorc TavianT samemkvidro

qveyanaSi, xolo medeas SviliSvili ilosi mermerosis Ze troas omis dros korinTos patroni iyo).

samecniero literaturaSi aqtiurad ganixileba kavkasiuri folklorul-eTnografiuli monacemebisa (oqros sawmisi, miTo-logiuri gmirebi, gveli/gvelveSapi, miwis rituali, saxlis saZir-kvlis Cayris rituali, batonebis/RvTaebebis gamxiaruleba...) da xaTuri miTologiuri Tu sakulto sistemebis saerToobis Tema (samecniero literaturisa da sakiTxis mimoxilvisTvis ix.: g.qav-


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TaraZe, 1985, gv.36-38; q.sixaruliZe, 2003; xelnaweri Sroma); mag., f.haasi askvnis, rom Tqmuleba oqros sawmisis Sesaxeb xaTuri warmoSobisaa, xolo oqros sawmisis kulti gavrcelebuli iyo

mTel wina aziaSi (o.lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.34). Tanamedrove kulturologiur-anTropologiuri Ziebani sa-

intereso Tanxvedras avlens uZveles kavkasiur-winaaziur da wina-reberZnul miTebs Sorisac; mag., q.TuiTis azriT, homerosiseuli Tesalieli aqilevsi da qarTvelur-afxazur-osuri amirani bev-ri ramiT hgvanan erTmaneTs (orive gmiris deda aris bunebis qal-RmerTi; qalRmerTi/deda mokvdav monadiresTan wveba gamoqvabul-Si; orive gmiri SeiZleba iqces mTavari RmerTis metoqed; Svili udrood tovebs dedis saSos da, saerTod, dedis gareSe rCeba; orive xdeba uZleveli meomari; orive Tavisi saxlis (oikosis) ga-reT, liminalur sivrceSi cxovrobs; orive gmirs amarcxebs Rmer-Ti Suamavlis gamoyenebiT... amiranisa da aqilevsis ciklebi warmoadgenen erTsa da imave winaistoriul simboloTa mtevnis variantebs (q.TuiTi, 1998).

Sdr., agreTve, q.TuiTis Semdegi sxva daskvna: kavkasiis erebSi farTod gavrcelebulia nanadirevi, SeWmuli

da Semdeg gacocxlebuli jixvis xis beWis (proTezis) miTologi-uri motivi; mas paralelebi eZebneba evropaSic da aziaSic; ker-Zod, es miTologiuri motivi SemorCenilia sami evraziuli qedis: alpebis, kavkasionisa da hidukuSis irgvliv mosaxle xalxebSi; es faqti exmianeba amerikeli paleolingvistis - jon bengstonis mier

navaraudevi makro-kavkasiuri uZvelesi enis (mosaxleobis, sadac

baskebic Sediodnen) arsebobis SesaZleblobis ideas (q.TuiTi, 1996). ar Cans SemTxveviTi, rom xis beWis miTologiuri motivis mqone xalxebis enebi msgavsebas avlenen: iberiul-kavkasiuri, bas-kuri da buruSuli enebi ergatiuli konstruqciisani arian. es faqtebi ar aris sakmarisi, am enaTa/eTnosTa saerTo warmomavlo-ba rom vamtkicoT, Tumca, faqtebi niSandoblivia... am konteq-stSivea saintereso qarTvel mkvlevarTa terminebi: protoqarTu-li, protoiberiuli (s.yauxCiSvili, z.gamsaxurdia), iberiul-


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kavkasiuri (iv.javaxiSvili, arn.Ciqobava...) da sxv., romlebic jon bengstonis terminebze (makrokavkasiuri, sinokavkasiuri/denekav-kasiuri) adrea Seqmnili da warmatebulad damkvidrebulic.

c. egeosuri, qarTvelur-kavkasiuri da mcireaziur-anatoli-uri enobrivi masalis siaxlove da am mimarTulebiT kvlevis per-speqtiuloba aCvena r.gordezianma; kerZod, is askvnis: "egeosursa da qarTvelur enebs Soris arsebobs garkveuli mimarTeba; es mi-marTeba xSirad ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre amis warmodgena surs zogierT mecniers... muSaobis am mimarTulebiT gagrZelebam, yvela iberiul-kavkasiuri enisa da xmelTaSua zRvis Zveli enebis

Rrma SedarebiTma analizma SeiZleba momavalSi mravali sayura-dRebo aRmoCenis winaSe dagvayenos" (r.gordeziani, 1970, gv.253); "qarTveluri da, saerTod, kavkasiuri masalis gaTvaliswineba sa-vsebiT aucilebeli gaxdeba xmelTaSua zRvis iseT kulturaTa Se-swavlisaTvis, romelnic dRemde amden amoucnob saidumlos inaxa-ven" (r.gordeziani, 1985, gv.170; problemis istoriisaTvis ix., ag-reTve, a.nemirovski, 1983, gv.80-82).

d. n.marisa da arn.Ciqobavas azriT, ergatiuli konstruqciis mqone baskuri da iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis (xalxebis) naTesa-

obac "uTuod dadebiTad wydeba" (n.mari, 1927; arn.Ciqobava, 1979, gv.302); Sdr., sxvadasxva enobrivi movlenis analizis Semdeg a.to-vari wers: "kavkasiuri enebi erTimeorisgan Rrmad gansxvavebul

Taviseburebebs amJRavneben, magram baskurTan naTesaoba arc erTi maTganisTvis ar gamoiricxeba... baskur-kavkasiuri naTesaobis faq-ti, SemCneuli espaneli fitas mier da dadasturebuli Suxar-dtis, trombetis, ulenbekis, diumezilis, boudas da lafonis mi-er ufro sistemuri Seswavlis safuZvelze, aris aRmoCena, rome-lic Zalze Soreuli da ucnobi warsulidan momdinare faqts gamoavlens..." (a.tovari, 1980, gv.33-35). baskur-qarTveluri enob-rivi siaxlovis maCvenebeli STambeWdavi paralelebia warmodgeni-li a.tovaris naSromze darTul arn.Ciqobavas gamokvlevaSi - "bas-kuris naTesaobis sakiTxi ant.tovaris wignSi: "baskuri ena"; ker-Zod, leqsikuri paralelebis garda, arn. Ciqobavas azriT, basku-


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risa da iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis istoriul-genezisuri mimar-Tebis amsaxveli saerTo struqturuli movlenebia: postpozici-uri msazRvrelis mimarTeba brunvis procesTan; ergatiuli

brunva; zmnis pirovani, klasovani da klasovan-pirovani uRle-

ba; obieqtisa da subieqtis aRniSvna gardamaval zmnaSi; orga-

nuli da aRweriTi warmoebis xvedriTi wona; zmnis fuZis saxe-

luri buneba; gvaris kategoria; ergatiuli konstruqciis ar-

seboba sintaqsSi; saxelis gramatikuli klasis kategoria da

semantikuri kategoria (vin? da ra ?) da sxva. baskur-kavkasiuri naTesaobis Sesaxeb faseuli msjelobebi

aqvT: n.mars, iv. javaxiSvils, k.ulenbeks, h.fogts, r.lafons, h.kin-tanas, S.ZiZigurs, i.zicars, i.brauns, g.CantlaZes, n.sturuas, s.ga-bunias... gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa i.zicarisa da i.braunis na-Sromebi (problemis mimoxilvis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve, g.burWulaZe, 2005, gv.196-202).

Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi sifrTxiliT ekide-bian winareqarTveluri samyarosa da winareberZnuli kulturis igiveobis Temas; Tumca, specialistTa mier warmodgenili lin-gvistur-kulturologiur-istoriuli paralelebi marTlac Se-iZleba iyos winareqarTvelur-kavkasiuri (aRmosavleT iberiu-li), pelazguri, etruskuli, baskuri da sxva Zveli enebis, Sesaba-misad, iberiuli modgmis xalxebis didi saerTo warsulis mam-tkicebeli (etruskul-pelazguri eTnosis mcireaziuri warmo-mavlobis Sesaxeb ix.: r.gordeziani, 1970; a.nemirovski, 1983, gv.61; g.qavTaraZe, 1985 da sxv.). problema axali Taobis mkvlevars elis (vinc arsebul codnas axleburi meTodiT Seajamebs).

amrigad, specialistTa kvlevebis Sedegebis mixedviT

SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom qarTvelTa winaprebis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisi iyo kavkasiac da mcire aziis erTi nawilic; Tumca, rTulia sazRvrebis zustad gansazRvra. uZvelesi periodis werilobiTi wyaroebis ararsebobis pirobebSi am mimarTulebiT

garkveuli informacia SeiZleba mogvces arqeologiurma Ziebebma, isic im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki enaTa divergencia/interfernciis


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daTariRebiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mocemuli eTnosis istoriisa da arqeologiuri kulturis sinqronizeba.

winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da qarTvelur-kavkasiuri...

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2.1.3. winaaziuri kulturuli samyaro da

qarTvelur-kavkasiuri (iberiul-kavkasiuri)enobrivi veli;

winaaziur-kavkasiur monaTesave enaTa mimarTebis sqema

samecniero literaturaSi gansxvavebuli mosazrebebia mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Semoqmedi xalxis vinaobis Sesaxeb; ik-veTeba problemisadmi damokidebulebis erTi saintereso aspeqti: mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Semoqmedad Crdilokavkasiuri tomebi naklebad moiazrebian:

o.jafariZe, 1998, gv.183: mtkvar-araqsis kulturis ZiriTadi

Semoqmedni arian kavkasiuri tomebi, upiratesad, xuritule-

novani da qarTveluri.

T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv.894: mtkvar-araqsis kul-

turis Semqmnelni da matarebelni arian xurituli, samxreT-

kavkasiuri (qarTveluri) da indoevropeli eTnosebi...

Sdr.: rusi arqeologebis - e. krupnovisa da r.munCaevis - va-raudiT, mtkvar-araqsis kulturis avtori SeiZleboda yofiliyo

iberiul-kavkasiuri enobriv-eTnikuri erToba (narkvevebi, I, gv.337-338). am konteqstSi CvenTvis sainteresoa a.meies mosazreba, kerZod, igi SesaZleblad miiCnevda Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleulebSi Ta-namedrove kavkasiuri enebis, baskurisa da wina aziis zogi mkvdari enis winapari enobrivi erTobis arsebobas (i.zicari, 1955, gv.52).

rogorc vxedavT, bolo periodis mkvlevarTa naSromebis mixedviT mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Semoqmedia "samxreT kavkasiu-ri" anu qarTveluri eTnosi: aRar Cans "iberiul-kavkasiuri eT-

nosi"; mizezi martivia: maTi azriT, iberiul-kavkasiuri enobrivi erTobis arseboba

friad saeWvoa; an: Tuki arsebobda, Zv.w. V-III aTaswleulebSi igi ukve daSlilia, Sesabamisad, am enis mflobeli xalxi ver iqneboda "mtkvar-araqsis kulturis" Semoqmedi. sanimuSod mogvyavs g.meli-qiSvilis mTavari argumenti (leqsikuri nasesxobebis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT):

g.meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.338: "Tundac rom vaRiaroT odesRac

iberiur-kavkasiuri erTobis arseboba, aseTis moTavseba Zv.w.


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III aTaswleulSi SeuZlebelia", vinaidan III aTaswleulSi ukve arsebobda "iberiul-kavkasiuri" enebis calkeuli jgufebi (saer-ToqarTveluri, saerTodaRestnuri)... cnobili istorikosi am-gvar daskvnas akeTebs e.w. leqsikur-statistikuri meTodiT

g.klimovis mier "dadgenili" "qarTvelur enaTa" daSlis TariRis safuZvelze. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, amgvari gziT dadgenili dro

enaTa arseboba/daSlisa metismetad saeWvoa da, Sesabamisad, dro-is mocemul monakveTSi eTnosTa yofna/aryofnis dasturad ver

gamodgeba.

Sdr, agreTve, o.jafariZe, 1976, gv.17-20, 93: kavkasiuri enobrivi da kulturuli erToba ukve daSlilia Zv.w. V aTaswleulSi; III aTaswleulSi ki sabolood Camoyalibebulia kavkasiis mosaxleo-bis ZiriTadi eTnikuri jgufebi...

Cveni azriT, amgvari qronologiebi friad sakamaToa bevri mi-zezis gamo (ix. qvemoT); Sdr.: arn. Ciqobavam kargad icoda i.diako-novis, g.klimovis, T.gamyreliZis, g.maWavarianisa da sxvaTa mosaz-rebebi Tu argumentebi saerTokavkasiuris arsebobisa da saerTo-qarTveluris daTariRebis Sesaxeb, magram iberiul-kavkasiuri er-Tobis drod is mainc varaudobda 3000 wlis winandel dros:

"iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi monaTesave enebia, maT warmoSoba aerTianebT. es ZvelisZvel viTarebas gulisxmobs: savaraudod sa-

mi aTasi wlis winandels da, albaT, Zvel adgil-samyofels, kavka-siis samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wyals" (arn.Ciqobava, 1978, gv 253); Se-sabamisad, Cveni fiqriT, saerToqarTveluris arseboba Zv.w. I

aTaswleulSi unda vivaraudoT; Sdr.: mkvlevarTa erTi nawili saerToqarTveluris arsebobas varaudobs Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleu-lebSi (ix.: v.ivanovi, T.gamyreliZe 1984, gv.880; m.qurdiani, 2003, gv.44 da sxv. ix. qvemoT 2.2.3.).

araqarTulenovani mkiTxvelisTvis ucnobia arn.Ciqobavas is argumentebi da daskvnebi, romlebic ueWvels xdis iberiul-kavka-siuri enebis naTesaobas (ix. "iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Sesavali", 1979); moviyvanT ramdenime debulebas:

1. iberiul-kavkasiur praenas axasiaTebda xmovanTa martivi da TanxmovanTa rTuli sistema; xmovanTa uZvelesi viTareba daculi


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aqvs qarTvelur, xunZur, afxazur-adiRur, bacbur-inguSur enebs, xolo TanxmovanTa viTareba ukeT Semogvinaxa naxurma da qarTve-lurma enebma;

2. fuZis umartivesi saxe istoriulad erTmarcvliani Cans; igi Sedgeboda Tanxmovnisa da determinatiuli sufiqsisgan. de-terminatiuli sufiqsebi gamovlenilia qarTvelur, adiRur, da rig daRestnur enebSi;

3. sqesis kategoria ucxoa yvela iberiul-kavkasiuri enisTvis; aq gamoiyofoda mamakacis, qalis, nivTis, cxovelis da sxva semanti-kuri klasebi, romlebic morfologiuradac gamoixateboda saTa-nado prefiqsebiT; Cans, klasebis mixedviT xdeboda brunebac da uRlebac... mxolod amgvarad SeiZleba aixsnas saerTo morfolo-giuri inventaris arseboba saxelur da zmnur morfemebSi.

4. iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi aglutinaciuria; pirveladia prefiqsacia, meoreulia sufiqsacia;

5. iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi moqmedebiTi gvari formdeba kau-zativis mawarmoeblebiT;

6. yvela cocxal iberiul-kavkasiur enaSi gvaqvs ergatiuli konstruqciis winadadeba;

7. qarTvelur, afxazur-adiRur, naxur da Cerqezul enebSi mravlad vlindeba saerTokavkasiuri leqsika...

"rac ufro Rrmad SeviWrebiT iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa isto-riaSi, miT ufro meti saerTo aRmoCndeba" (gv. 274).

arn.Ciqobava da iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis sko-

lis sxva warmomadgenlebi aTwleulebis manZilze qarTvelurTan mimarTebiT warmatebiT ikvleven imierkavkasiis enebs; Sedegad

gamovlenilia mravali leqsikuri paraleli; mag., qarTvelur-Cer-qezuli leqsikuri paralelebis Sesaxeb ix. g.rogava, 1956; aqve sa-interesoa imis aRniSvnac, rom qarTveluri da afxazur-adiRuri saerTo leqsikuri fondis arsebobas aRiarebs g.klimovic ki, ro-melic iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis naTesaobis Teorias ar izia-rebs, magram 40-mde aseT leqsikur erTeuls gamoyofs (g.klimovi, 1969); qarTul-afxazuri bgeraTfardobis Sesaxeb ix. q.lomTaTi-Zis gamokvlevebi (1977 da sxv.), agreTve, b.foCxua, 1974.


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mdidari samecniero literaturis mixedviT, iberiul-kavka-siuri enebis erTiani leqsikuri fondis Sesaxeb sagangebod msje-lobs b.foCxua; misi azriT, qarTvelursa da sxva iberiul-kavkasi-ur enebs saerTo warmomavlobisa aqvT ZiriTadi leqsikuri fon-dis mravali sityva; kerZod: deda, mama, coli, oboli... Tve, dRe, mze, yinavs, ca, zafxuli, samxari... barkali, bayvi, guli, idayvi, marjvena, mkerdi, mxari, piri, ZuZu, wamwami, wveri, Wipi, tvini, fil-tvi, fxa, xeli, Zvali, muxli... guguli, mgeli, Rori, yvavi, Tagvi, ciyvi, qaTami, matli, mweri, kalia, pepela, WianWvela, Zu, xvadi, berwi, RuRuni, xvixvini... dika, maxa, seli, yana, vaSli, msxali, leRvi, kakali, soko, WinWari, anwli, ZeZvi... vin, man... sami, xuTi, aTi, asi, cali, tyupi... didi, mrgvali, rbili, TeTri, yviTeli, Txeli, Zveli, msxvili... Seazanzarebs, eSinia, wovs, wvavs, Wams, svams, susxavs, ustvens, fuvdeba, dgas, icinis, lokavs, goravs, ur-tyams, abams, qsovs, Tesavs, Weds... kedeli, yveli, Zmari, celi, jaWvi da sxv. (b.foCxua, 1974, gv. 328-330; aqvea dasaxelebuli is iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi, sadac warmodgenili sityvebi dasturdeba; saer-To iberiul-kavkasiuri leqsikisTvis ix., agreTve, gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.91-93).

iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisa Tu eTnosebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Tanamedrove samecniero naSromebi ufro metad amyareben iberi-ul-kavkasiur enaTa/xalxTa naTesaobis Teorias; kerZod, ukanas-kneli gamokvlevebis mixedviT, Crdilokavkasiur enebsa da qar-

Tvelurs Soris dgindeba regularuli da kanonzomieri bge-

raTSesatyvisobebic; kerZod, arn.Ciqobavas, g.rogavas, q.lomTa-TiZis, e.bokarevas, t.gudavas, s.xaidakovis, s.nikola~evisa da sxva-Ta gamokvlevebze dayrdnobiT, m.Cuxuam 2001-2004 wlebSi gamoqvey-nebul naSromebSi warmoadgina STambeWdavi qarTvelur-naxur-

daRestnuri saerTo masala: istoriul-SedarebiTi analizis Se-degad gamovlinda ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondis 500-ze meti erTeu-li, romelic saerTokavkasiuri warmomavlobisaa; m.Cuxuas naSro-mis Sesabamisad, aq davimowmebT leqsikur erTeulTa nawils (m.Cuxuas gamokvleva srulad ibeWdeba iberiul-kavkasiuri enaT-mecnierebis 35-e tomSi):


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saerToqarTveluri sun-, sul-, *s…-en-, zan. S…-an-(d), Sur-, svan. S…-em- S…-en-, Sur- Sul-; bacb. sa sin Sdr.: mr. r. sin-

bu~, CaCn. s› sin (mr. r. sin-oS), as-ar "gasuliereba, gamxneveba", ing. s› sin-, Øas-ar id; saerTonaxuri sin- winarenaxuri *s…in-; xunZ. sún-t-, and. Sun-n-, boTl. Sa¹-, tind. hun-, bagv. hun-, kar. Su-, axvax. S…an- "dasunva"; winaredaRestnuri *s…-an-.

saerToqarTveluri mos-: sa-mos-el-i, zan. (meg.) mos- "mosva", svan. mas-; bacb. {merSi}: CaCn. merC‹ merSi: ing. merCi merSi, winarenaxuri. mesr-i "sudara"; xunZ. musru, bejit. musru, did. musru, ruT. sˆr "samare", lak. suru…, arCib. soro "sudara", winare-daRestnuri musr-u….

saerToqarTveluri sel-i, zan. su(l-): svan. sˆl-; bacb. fsa "qe-ri", CaCn. suos, ing. sos (redupl.) "особый вид ржи" nax. *fsal- winarenaxuri b-sal; darg. susul, lak. sus, lezg. sil, Tab. sur-sul, aR. s‘lºsul-en, xin. sil-q, kriw. sil-sil, budux. sˆl-sˆl winaredaRestnuri *sul-.

saerToqarTveluri ser-i "Rame", zan. ser-i; bacb. fsar-eh "gu-Sin", fsar-lo "saRamo", CaCn. sar-ah–, ing. sar-–h, saÉr-Ée "saRamo", winarenaxuri fsar- *s…ar; xunZ. son- "guSin", and. son, tind. soni, axvax. Suni, arC. san-Gi, Tab. san "wuxel", xin. san, xvarS. hun-lÀ, hun-

i-ja "guSin", darg. sa, wax. san-x½a, saerTodaRestnuri san- wina-redaRestnuri *sar-.

saerToqarTveluri *gus-: qs-ov-a *gs-ov-, zan. rS-*qS-

*gS, svan. JiS- *gus-; bacb. qes- *ges- "saqmianoba", CaCn. qÉes-

*ges-, qis- "naqsovi", ing. qes- *ges-, qis- "tilo", winarenaxuri *ges- (saqmianoba _ qsova; semantemaTa mimarTebisaTvis Sdr. svan. lˆC…min/luC…min 1. "gakeTebuli", 2. "moqsovili"); xunZ. be-s´-, and. beS´-, Rod. his´-i, axvax. gos´-ur, karat. qeS´-en/qerS´-en "moqso-


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va", did. ri-S-a, hunz. re-S-a, darg. bu-S-es, lak. SáS´-an *qáS´-an, lezg. aru-S-un "darTva", ru-S-un "qsova".

saerToqarTveluri *…s-: vs-eb-a, sa-vs-e, zan. o-fS-a/e-fS-a "sa-vse", fS-af-a "vseba", mo-fS-a/go-fS-a, svan. g…eS-/g…S- *…S-; bacb. se-fs- "berva", "afueba", CaCn. so-…s- "gavseba, afueba, duRili", ChaGar su…s _ `Rvino duRs", ing. so-…s- "gaberva, afueba", Sdr. winarenaxuri de-…s-, *…s "gaberva"; xunZ. re-C´- "duGili", darg. ru-J-ir "duRili", lak. Sár-an id, winaredaRestnuri *de-S-.

saerToqarTveluri nems-: nemsi, aWar. lems-i, zan. lifS-i/liS-i

*nimS-i; bacb. {urs}, CaCn. urs, ing. Шurs- winarenaxuri *nus; xunZ. nus, and. besun, boTl. besun, Rod. besun, Wam. besu¹, tind., bagv., kar. besun, axvax. me¹Su meun (mr.r. meSuna), winaredaRes-tnuri *nuseb "dana".

saerToqarTveluri s…el-i "Srati", zan. (megr.) S…en-i

*S…ar-i "Txis qoni", svan. S…el "Srati"; bacb. Sar- "do", CaCn. Sar

"Srati, do", ing. S–r, saerTonaxuri S…ar *sEal; xunZ. S´…ar, boTl. Sára, tind. Sári, kar. Sáre, Wam. sára "Srati, sEeli", wina-redaRestnuri s…al-e.

saerToqarTveluri sof-: sof-el-i, m-sof-l-io, zan. (megr.) sof-, svan. s…if- "moedani sofelSi", "safixvno"; bacb. fhe, CaCn. fha, ing. fh– "sofeli" *fSe saerTonaxuri *s…e; and. hon, axvax. hani, kar. hana, tind. hana, darg. Si, lak. Sara- (valu), arCib. xor, lezg. x‘r, aR. hur, zax. xi… "sofeli", xin. s…i; saerTodaRestnuri *S…ani/*s…ani.

saerToqarTveluri *s…-: s…-e, s…-am- "wasma", "mosma", zan. s…- "wasma", "mosma"; bacb. bos "feri", bas-lo Tasar "SeRebva", CaCn.


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buos-/ bas-, ing. bos-/bas- winarenaxuri *ba-s…; xunZ. bo-x½-, and. bu-S, yam. bu-h-, bagv. bi-S-, kar. bu-x…- "wasma", winaredaRestnuri *bi-s…-.

saerToqarTveluri ne-st…-, st…-ir-i, st…-en-a, zan. S…it-in-, mi-Svit-ia, svan. ne-Str-@l/ne-Sdr-@l (pl. tantum) "nestoebi"; bacb. {Sot-}: CaCn. S~ed-ag/Sod-ag, qist. Sud-uq (ax.), ing. S…od-ilg

"дудка", winarenaxuri *Set… *set…; xunZ. hiSt-, axvax. Sít-, arCib. S…it "stvena", winaredaRestnuri *sit…-.

saerToqarTveluri -s mic. br. niS., zan. -s: svan. -s; bacb. -s, CaCn. -s: ing. -s/-z erg. br. niS., winarenaxuri -s; darg. -s/-z, lezg. -z, aR. -s mic. br. niS., winaredaRestnuri -s.

saerToqarTveluri *s/h-as…: asuli, zan. osur-, svan. ha-

suS/has…-iS; bacb. ~-oh, CaCn. ~-oç ~-oh, ing. ~-oç *~-oh "qa-liSvili", winarenaxuri *~-aS- *~-as-; xunZ. ~-as/~-aSa, and. ~-

oSi, axv. ~-aSe, tind., Wam. ~-ah ~-aSa, kar. ~-aSe, boTl. ~-eSi, bagv. ~-aS, Rod. ~-aSi, lezg. r-uS, Tab. r-iS, aR. r-uS, ruT. r-ˆS, wax. ~-ˆS, arC. d-iS-dur, sin. r-iSi "asuli", winaredaRestnuri ~-as- "qa-liSvili".

winareqarTveluri *v-as…-(ar): us…-ar-i (saba) "vaJiSvili"; bacb. v-oh, CaCn. v-oç *v-oh, ing. v-oç *v-oh "vaJiSvili", wina-renaxuri *v-aS- *v-as-; xunZ. v-as/v-aSa, and. v-oSo, axv. v-aSa, tind., Wam. v-aha v-aSa, kar. v-aSa, boTl. v-aSa, bagv., Rod. v-aSa, did. uju /uji, darg. urSi, lak. ars, arC. v-iS-du "axalSobili vaJiSvi-li", xin. Si "vaJi" winaredaRestnuri *v-as- (Sdr., qarTveluri vaJ-i, romelic saerTokavkasiuri *vasu-/*Eas- fuZidan momdinare SeiZleba iyos da ara - nasesxebi; t.f.).

saerToqarTveluri m-ze "mze", ze (zeze, ze-da, ze-viT), zan. bja (megr.)/mjora (yan.), ji(no) "ze/zeviT", svan. mij/mˆj, jib "zeviT"; bacb. {zu}, CaCn. z„‹ *z‹ "sxivi", ing. z„ˆ "sxivi", winarenaxuri zi id;


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xunZ., lak. i-z-an "встать", arC. bu-c-is, lezg. aƒ´…a-z-un, Tab. zu-J…-

uz, aR. Gu-z-as, ruT. lu-z-un, wax. ulu-z-ar-as "adgoma"; winaredaRes-tnuri -z- "zesvla" (Sdr. qarT. ze, ze-v-iT, ze-da...).

saerToqarTveluri *deSa/*ZeSa zan. diSqa/diSka, svan. zeq.

zeSq deSq); bacb. dos, CaCn. dos/duos, ing. dos/doas "SeSa", winare-naxuri *doS(-a); xunZ. rox½ (rox½a) "tye", and. reSa, boTl. ruSa, Rod. ruSa, bagv. roSa, kar. roSa, axvax. ruSa "xe", Wam. …rha/roSa, tind. roSa/roha, kar. (tokit.) rox½a "xe", "tye", lak. murx½ "xe", lezg., xin. viS@ "xe", winaredaRestnuri *doSa..

saerToqarTveluri vaS-l-i/*vaSali, zan. uSq-ur-i/uSq-ir-i, svan. …isg-… …iSg-… *…iSq-l; bacb. {aS}: CaCn. çaj: ing. çaj "vaSli", winarenaxuri *vaS-; xunZ. eC, axvax. „eCe, kar. „eCi, tind. ØeCi, yam. ØeS, hinux. iSi, hunz. e¹S, darg. „inc, lak. hivC, arC. anS, lezg. iC, Tab. veC/viC, aR. heC veC, kriw. ~eC veC, budux. ~eC veC, xin. mˆC veC, ud. ¥S/¡S veS, winaredaRestnuri *veS-.

saerToqarTveluri Sen-/*S…-en-, Sen-i, zan. si(n), sqan-i, svan. sg@~, bacb. ho(n), CaCn. huo(n), ing. huo(n) "Sen", winarenaxuri *S…en; xunZ. mun …un * h…un, darg. hu, lezg. …ue * h…un, ruT. Gu hun, wax. Gu hun, ud. Gun/un hun, xin. …ˆ h…ˆn, arCib. un hun "Sen", saerTodaRestnuri *S…un-.

saerToqarTveluri Sver-: u-Sver-i, svan. Sg…ir (zs.) /Sk…ir

(lnt.) "sircxvili"; bacb. eh-ar; ing. e-h-ar, winarenaxuri *e-har

"sircxvili"; xunZ. sur-, and. sur-/suli, boTl. sur-, yam. sul sur, tind. sur, kar. sur- (sure) "Sercxvena", axvax. Suli Suri "sircxvi-li", winaredaRestnuri *Sur.

saerToqarTveluri Su-: S…-en-i-s, Su-en-ier-i, Sn-o ( S…eno), zan. sq…-, o-sq-u{n} "Svenis", squ-a (Wan.)/ sq…-am-i (megr.) "lamazi", svan. sg…-, x-o-sgu-n "SeSvenis", ma-sg…-a "Sesaferisi", sg…-’n


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"Sno"; and. Su…-, boTl. sú, Rod. Sub, Wam. hŒb/hub, bagv. hŒb, tind. ho‡ob, kar. x½ohob, axvax. So "хорощий", saerTodaRestnuri *Su-.

saerToqarTveluri Tq…en, Tq…en-i: zan. Tq…a(n), Tquan-i, svan. sg@~; bacb. Su, CaCn. Su, ing. Suo, winarenaxuri *sT…en/S…en; xunZ. nuj, and. bisíl, boTl. biSTi, Rod. biTé biSTe, Wab. biT´(i)

biSTi, tind. bisá, bagv. biSTi, axvax. uSdi "Tqven", winaredaRestnu-ri -*sT…-/S…-.

saerToqarTveluri *sT…-: sT…-el-i rT…-el-i "Semodgoma"; bacb. stab-o "Semodgoma", CaCn. {sTa…-}, ing. {sa…-},winarenaxuri sTa…-; boTl. cíb-uru, axvax. cíb-era "zamTari", did. sebi, hunz. sib-ar, lak. súvT *sTu…, arCib. soT´-iƒ´ґ , Tab. C…ul, wax. cu…-al, xin. c´ˆv-aj (*cˆv-ar) "Semodgoma", winaredaRestnuri sTu…-.

saerToqarTveluri ZaG-l-i/*ZaR-al-i, zan. JoG-or-i; svan. jeG/jeG-…; bacb. woK woKa, CaCn. wuoKa; ing. woK– "jiqi", wina-renaxuri *ZoG(ar-) woK-(ar-); xunZ. wirK, and. wirK, axvax. wiKo

"focxveri", lak. winiK/Wn@y…, winaredaRestnuri *ZiG-(or-)

wiK-(or). saerToqarTveluri *deZ…-/ZeZ…: "ZeZvi", zan. (Wan.) danZ-i

*daZ…-i; bacb. {ZiZ}-, CaCn. ZiZ-– /ziz-–, ZiZ-ig "yvavili", ing. Ziz-–

*ZiZ-a; winarenaxuri *ZiZ-; xunZ. zaz "ekali", axv. jaja, darg. ZawZi/cácé, lak. các, lezg. cáZ, Tab. ZaZa, aR. zaz, ruT. ziza, ud. cac, winaredaRestnuri *ZaZi (Sdr. adiR. ze*Ze).

saerToqarTveluri Z…al-i, zan. {Jol-}; svan. JiJ… *J…iJ…il

(redupl.) *J…il (Sdr., aWar. ZiZgva~/jijgva~ "Zvalmsxvili kaci" - t.f.); bacb. {za(l)}, CaCn. sal/zal, ing. sa(l) zal "nekni", winarenaxu-ri *Zal-; and. jala, boTl. jola, Wam. zala, "nekni", winaredaRestnuri *Zal(a).


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saerToqarTveluri Zu…-/Zuv-i, Zu, zan. Ju-a *Ju…-a, svan. Ju{…}-a "Zukna"; bacb. jabo "Zroxa", CaCn. ja, ing. j– vainax. *ja…o, winarenaxuri *Za…o "Zroxa",; xunZ. zi…u, and. zi…u boTl., Rod. zini, Wam. zin, bagv. zin, tind., kar. zini, axvax. ji¹…o/jon "Zroxa", did. zi~a, xvarSi. zi¹a, ruT. zer, wax. zer, kriw. zar, bud. zar, ud. Cur

*Jur id; winaredaRestnuri *Zi…u "Zroxa". saerToqarTveluri ƒueza, zan. (megr.) xozo *x…ajo (Sdr.

afxaz. a-ƒ…aja); bacb. ƒaC—, CaCn. ƒ‰C–, ing. ƒaC– "sagzali", wina-renaxuri *ƒaZ-e ƒ‰J-e; xunZ. ƒuƒanCed, bej. xic, xvarS. xac, hinux. darg. halwa/h…alwa "блин", winaredaRestnuri *ƒ (…)a(l)Z-a.

saerToqarTveluri cal-i, carieli, cale, zan. (megr.) Cvara "cale" *Cor-a, svan. h@r-i "carieli"; bacb. cha, CaCn. caç caha, ing. caç/cha caha "erTi", winarenaxuri cah-; xunZ. co, and. se-, axv. Ce-, did. si-, darg. ca, lak. ca, lezg. sa-, Tab. sa-, aR. sa-, ruT. sa-, wax. sa-, arC. os, xin. sa, ud. sa "erTi", saerTodaRestnuri *ca.

saerToqarTveluri *barc(x)-, farcx-i, zan. bucx/burcx-, svan. cxa

"frCxili"; xunZ. furucґ *burcú *burcú, and. rebcú *bercú, bagv. berec´, boTl. fercú, Wam. bi~acá biracá, Rod. recí be-

recí, tind. becí/berec´, kar. becé/bercé/ feric´, axvax. „ebecé, did. birus, hinux. berus, darg. duraZ, lezg. T‘rgz d‘res, Tab. curc

Turuc d-uruc aR. duruc, wax. ve~ica berca, ud. fenec´ b-erec´

"kavi", winaredaRestnuri *b-erc-e "kavi". saerToqarTveluri cic-i: cic-i-naTela, zan. (Wan.) CiC-i; bacb.

cic-a-‡o, CaCn. cac-/cafc-/cic-, ing. ciec-› "mweri", winarenaxuri *cic-; xunZ. ic, and. reci/resu, axvax. reSe, kar. resa, bagv. res, boTl. resa, darg. hems, lak. nu…ca., Tab. sur, ruT. ~is, wax. ic, ud. céc´ "моль", winaredaRestnuri *cec (Sdr. somxuri cic "моль", rac romelime iberiul-kavkasiuri enidan Cans nasesxebi).


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saerToqarTveluri *cxarT…-/carTx… (Sdr., waTx-/wyaT-, barty-/bRart-...), CxarT…, "CxarTvi", svan. CxuruSt/Cxur…iSd

*CxarST…; bacb. {SurTx}- (Sdr. qarT. SurTx-i), CaCn. SatKa(n), ing. SurtK› "ласка", winarenaxuri *carTx…- *CarTx…-; xunZ cat¾u, and. sart¾u *cart¾u, yam. sat¾u *cart¾u "ласка", saerTodaRes-tnuri *cart¾…- (Sdr. bgeraTSesatyvisoba: qarTv. Tx: nax. Tx: daR. t¾).

saerToqarTveluri berw-i, zan. bury-i, svan. bruy; bacb. b„arw-

o¹, CaCn. b„arz-a¹ *b„arZ-an *b„arw-on, ing. b„arZ-› b„arw-

o¹№"jori", winarenaxuri *barw-on "jori"; xunZ. „orwen, boTl. „or-

wen, Rod. „orwin, kar. „urwina, hin. hurwum, hunz. horwum/horwom

"jori", winaredaRestnuri *borw-en *horw-en. saerToqarTveluri w…-: "wva", zan. y…- "wva", svan. y- *y…-;

bacb. we, CaCn. wˆ/i, ing. wi "cecxli", winarenaxuri we; xunZ. wa, and. wa~, axvax. Jari, bejit. wo, did. wi, xvarS. wa/wo *w…a, darg. wa, lak. w… *w…i, lezg. wa~, Tab. wa, aR. wa, ruT. wa~, wax. wa/wa~, budux. wa, arCib. ow *wo *w…a, xin y@ "cecxli", wina-redaRestnuri *w(…)a "wva, cecxli" (Sdr., qarTuli enis aWaruli kilos wiwa~ "cecxli" bavSvis enaze - t.f.).

saerToqarTveluri wK: ne-(r)-wK-…-i, wK-al-i, wK-l-ul-i, zan. le-yK-v-a/le-mJk-va, yK-ol- "wylva", svan. n@-SK-… *ne-JK-…; bacb. {wKal-Š}, CaCn. wK@l-a/wKel-a, ing. wK@l-› "mosqo siTxe", winarena-xuri *wK-al-e; xunZ. háwú, axvax. awí, Wam. haw´, bagv. ha¬…

haw´…, did. nocu, xvarS. ~u¹cu nucu, hunz. ~a¹cu nacu s. did. nawu "nerwyvi", lak. onwu nowu "cingli", winaredaRes-tnuri na-w-… "nerwyvi".

saerToqarTveluri wif-, *ma-w-(if)-e/ m-wif-e, zan. mo-ny-a, svan. mˆ-h-i mˆ-y-i "mwife"; bacb. maw-r-i¹, CaCn. mierza/merZa


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maZ-r-i¹ maw-r-i¹, ing. merZ– ma-r-i¹ *maw-r-i¹, winarenaxu-ri ma-w-r-in "gemrieli"; and. miwá, boTl. miwá, Wam. miwáb, bagv. miwáb, kar. iwáb, axvax. miwá-dabu, lak. nawu-sá, lezg. var-

wi, xin. win "gemrieli", winaredaRestnuri mi-w-a "tkbili". saerToqarTveluri *wov-: wova, zan. wu- wov-, svan. wob-

"wova"; bacb. wup-, CaCn. wub-, ing. wub "wova", winarenaxuri. *wuv-; xunZ. wún-k-, and. wún-d-, axvax. wún-, tind. cú-~lÀa wú-~lÀa, Wamal. wún-a, bagv. wún-, boTl. wún-d-, lak. wup, arCib. wu-r-bos "wova", darg. wup-baryi, aR. sup-as *wup-as, kriw. yu… ~eriJ,

Zud. yuf-, saerTodaRestnuri *wuv-/wum- wun. saerToqarTveluri *wued-/w…eT-, w…eT-i, zan. y…aT-

/w…aT-, svan. …d h…id y…ed "cvari, wveTi"; bacb. darw-, CaCn. derz/Z, ing. dar "wvimianoba", saerTonaxuri *darw- (*dawwina-renaxuri *wad; t.f.); xunZ. wád/wad, and. wá, boTl. wá~, Wam. w´‰, bagv. wá~, kar. wá~, axvax. wári wádi "wvima", boTl., Rod. wái wári, lezg. stal *wdal, Tab. wadal, aR. war, kriw. wadi

"wveTi", "siTxe", winaredaRestnuri *wad. saerToqarTveluri wod- "wodeba", "kiTxva", "saxeli", svan.

y…d-, li-y…d-i "SekiTxva"; bacb. weTґ "saxeli", "dideba", CaCn. w~T´, ing. w~eT´, winarenaxuri *wed; did. wod-er-a/Jod-ir-a "gawo-deba (xelis)", hunz. wod-, hinux. wod-, lezg. yal, Tab. yal, aR. yal. arCib. yaT "Tqma, metyveleba", winaredaRestnuri *wod "gawodeba", "miwodeba".

saerToqarTveluri wen- "mowveva", Zv. qarT. wan-a wen-a

"wveuleba", "lxini", zan. (megr.) yan-af-a "mowveva, daZaxeba", Wan. yan-d-a "qorwili, wveuleba", svan. her- *yer- yer- *yen- "da-bareba, gamoZaxeba"; xunZ. wé, and. wé, boTl. wé, Wam. wé…, bagv. wJe…, kar. wJe…, axvax. wé…e "stumari", winaredaRestnuri we-

…-e "stumari". Sdr. adiR. xa-y› "stumari".


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saerToqarTveluri w…-er-: w…er-i, zan. w…anJ/d-i *y…aJ-

i *y…ar-i, y…ar-, svan. (h)…er-e (h…er- *y…er-) "wveri"; bacb. yan-ik, CaCn. y~en-ig/g, inguS. yien-g "nikapi", winarenaxuri *w…ar-

*y(…)an- "wveri"; darg. muwur, lak. yiri, lezg. Cúru *yuru, Tab. miJir *miyir, aR. muJur *muyur, arCib. moyor, ruT. miyri, wax. muyru, xin. miyeS *miyej *miyer "wveri", winaredaRestnu-ri *(mV)-*w…ar*w…ir "wveri"...

enaTmecnieruli kvlevis am etapze danamdvilebiT SeiZle-

ba iTqvas, rom saerToqarTveluri, saerTonaxur-daRestnuri

da saerToafxazur-adiRuri leqsikis bazaze dgindeba kanon-

zomieri da regularuli bgeraTSesatyvisobani, rac saSuale-bas iZleva, aRdges saerTokavkasiuri leqsika da, Sesabamisad, iv.ja-vaxiSvilis, arn. Ciqobavas, i. cercvaZis, g. rogavas, q. lomTaTiZis, d. imnaiSvilis, T. goniaSvilis, o. kaxaZis, e. lomTaZis, g. Tofuri-as, g. burWulaZis, v. Sengelias, T. gvancelaZis, m. Cuxuas, c. bara-miZis, r. abaSias da mraval sxvaTa kvalad, seriozulad vimsjeloT

iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis naTesaobis Sesaxeb; Sdr., T. gamyreli-Zisa da g. maWavarianis sayuradRebo msjelobac: "saerTo-qarTve-luri enobrivi tipi arqauli periodisa SeiZleba davaxasiaToT

Semdegi zogadi niSnebiT: (1) uaRresad rTuli konsonantizmi da ukiduresad martivi vokalizmi (monovokaluri sistema); (2) fo-nologiurad relevanturi moZravi dinamikuri maxvili; (3) srul-xmovnoba gviandeli srulmarcvlovnobis adgilze; (4) formawar-moebasa da sityvawarmoebaSi prefiqsaciis upiratesi roli su-fiqsaciasTan SedarebiT. miRebuli modeli uaxloes tipologi-ur paralels poulobs mTis iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, gansakuT-rebiT dasavlur-kavkasiur jgufSi" (T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, 1965, gv. 470); "struqturul-tipologiuri niSnebi, romlebic

qarTvelur enebs aaxloveben Crdilokavkasiur enebTan, uTuod

Soreul warsuls ganekuTvneba, maSin rodesac saerToqarTvelu-ri tipis indoevropuli niSnebi ufro gviandeli qronologiuri Srisaa" (g. maWavarianis am citatisa da arn. Ciqobavas komentare-bis Sesaxeb sagangebo msjeloba ix., T. gamyreliZe, 2000, gv. 28-29).


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Cven ki davZenT: savsebiT marTebulia daskvna, rom arqauli qar-

Tveluri ena ufro axlos unda yofiliyo sxva iberiul-kavka-

siur enebTan, vidre gviandeli, ramdenadac, Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodSi indoevropel tomTa kavkasiaSi Semosvlis gamo qar-TvelurSi gaCnda STambeWdavi superstratuli indoevropuli fena, romlis gamoc, savaraudoa, qarTveluri garkveulwilad da-emsgavsa/"daenaTesava" indoevropul enobriv models. arqauli

tipologiuri igiveobis fonze iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi da-

dasturebuli mravalricxovani da regularuli bgeraTSes-

atyvisobani, vfiqrobT, seriozul safuZvels unda iZleodes

amierkavkasiuri da imierkavkasiuri enebis naTesaobis samtk-

iceblad.

eris istoriis kvlevisas arsebiTia, aseve, xalxuri musikis istoria (m.bromlei); am aspeqtiT, qarTuli sinamdvilisTvis sa-yuradReboa n.maisuraZis msjeloba, romelic efuZneba ra sxva mo-mijnave dargebis mkvlevarTa (k.zaksi, i.xaSba, b.brliaevi, d.arayiS-vili, S.aslaniSvili, i.kikviZe...) naSromebs, askvnis:

iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis mflobeli xalxebis musikalu-

ri enebi momdinareoben kavkasiur-winaaziuri musikaluri fu-

Zeenidan. winaaziur samyarosTan mWidro kulturul-istoriuli kavSirebi mJRavndeba qarTuli "iavnanas" melodiasa (romelic

eZRvneba neoliTis dasasrulidan arsebuli nayofierebis RvTae-ba nanas)da winaaziuri musikaluri nimuSebis uZveles SreebSi". intonaciur da harmoniul elementTa erTgvarovnoba, mravalxmi-anobis formebi, tipologiuri msgavseba ganviTarebis Semdgom procesSi da saerTo kavkasiuri musikalur-intonaciuri xasia-

Ti metyveleben kavkasiis teritoriaze odesRac erTiani musika-luri kulturis arsebobaze... "musikaluri masala mkafiod

warmoaCens qarTvelur tomTa gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas, mis wamyvan rols am kulturis Camoyalibebasa da Semdgom ganviTare-baSi, romelic ZiriTadad kavkasiuri musikalur-intonaciuri da harmoniuli azrovnebis farglebSi mimdinareobda" (n.maisuraZe, 1989, gv.61-71; n.maisuraZe, 2002, gv.246); garda amisa, aqve dasabuTe-bulia, rom afxazuri musikaluri dialeqti/ena "melo-intona-


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ciurad uSualo kavSirs avlens aRmosavlurqarTvelur, fSaur-xevsurul (fxour) simRerebTan (n.maisuraZe, 1989, gv.65-67; n.mai-suraZe, 2002, gv.245). Sdr., agreTve: qarTveluri sakravebi parale-lebs poulobs ara mxolod afxazeTSi, zogadad, Crdilo kavkasia-Si, aramed, Zvel wina aziaSic (m.SilakaZe, 1970, gv.55-57); qarTuli simRerebis glosolaliebs paralelebi eZebneba afxazur da CeC-nur simRerebSi (m.SilakaZe, 1999, gv.206).

yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, qarTvelTa enobriv-kulturul-eTnikuri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb Cveni mosazreba Sem-degnairad Camoyalibdeba:

winaaziur-kavkasiuri didi modgmisgan Zv.w. III aTaswleul-

Si (mtkvar-araqsis II periodi) gamomijnul iberiul-kavkasiur

kontinuumSi Zv.w. II aTaswleulis manZilze ufro Rrmavdeba

enakilokavuri danawevreba (enobrivi cvlilebani ganapiroba

eTnosTa Serevebmac):

enis cvalebis Sinagani kanonzomierebebidan gamomdinare, Tu

mravalwaxnagovani Serevebis gamo, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ya-libdeba mravali enobrivi erTeuli (ena/kilo), magram isini inar-Cuneben amosaval ZiriTad lingvistur maxasiaTeblebs (fonematu-ri struqtura, zmnis sirTule, ergatiuli konstruqcia...) da sa-erTo warmomavlobis leqsikis nawils; Sesabamisad, ieroglifu-ri damwerlobis wyalobiT cnobili kavkasiuri samyaros monaTe-save winaaziuri enobrivi masala asaxulia rogorc Tanamedrove

qarTvelur, aseve, Cerqezul (afxazur-adiRur), naxur/CeCnur

da lekur enebSi; swored amitomaa, rom iberiul-kavkasiuri

enebis calkeuli mkvlevarebi maTTvis kargad cnobili enis

msgavsebas xedaven xeTur, xuritul, elamur Tu Sumerul eneb-

Si; Sdr., mag.: "vefxistyaosani" moicavs qristianul, miTologi-ur, gmirul, aseve, XII saukunis istoriul da kulturul-eTnog-rafiul aspeqtebs; TiToeuli am dargis specialisti Tavisi kom-petenciis farglebSi iazrebs am genialur qmnilebas...

kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT: sxvadasxva iberiul-kavkasiuri enis specialisti Tavisi sa-

kvlevi enisTvis damaxasiaTebel enobriv movlenas rom xedavs ro-


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melime winaaziur enaSi, bunebrivia, vinaidan iberiul-kavkasiu-

ri ojaxis enebi momdinareoben winaaziur-kavkasiuri uZvelesi

enobrivi erTobisgan: Sesabamisad, TiToeul iberiul-kavkasiur

enas uTuod aRmoaCndeba raime saerTo rogorc Zvel winaaziur, aseve, dRevandel sxva iberiul-kavkasiur enebTan.

iberiul-kavkasiuri enobrivi velisgan sakuTriv qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros gamomijvna (rac, mag., aisaxa klas-kategoriebis moSliT) dawyebuli Cans kavkasiasa da anatoliaSi mZlavri indo-evropuli nakadis SemosvliT Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze; mkveTri daSoreba ki savaraudoa Zv.w. I aTaswleulis manZilze, kerZod, skviT-kimerielTa da sparsuli modgmis tomTa Semoseve-bis dros; Cans, am Serevebs asaxavs osur-armenulSi arsebuli mZlavri iberiul-kavkasiuri substratuli da qarTvelurSi arsebuli indoevropuli superstratuli fenebi. Sdr., zogi specialistis azriT, qarTveluri ena aris narevi ena; masSi gamoi-yofa ori fena: dasavlur-kavkasiuri da indoevropuli (g.dee-tersi, 1957, 13-15; Sdr., T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani, 1965, gv.35-378; indoevropulidan nasesxebi fuZeebisaTvis ix.: m.andronikaSvili, 1966; T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984; m.andronikaSvili, 1996). aqve ga-saTvaliswinebelia r.gordezianis daskvnac: "berZnul wyaroTa monacemebi sxvadasxva egeosur gadmosaxlebaTa Sesaxeb kavkasiaSi gvianbrinjaos xanis ganmavlobaSi sinamdviles unda Seesabamebo-des. rogorc Cans, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, swored maTi Sedegi unda iyos qarTvelur enaTa saboloo diferenciacia" (r.gorde-ziani, 1985, gv.167); davazustebT, Cveni azriT, am gadmosaxlebeb-sac SeiZleba daeCqarebina iberiul-kavkasiurisgan qarTvelu-ris gamomijvna (da ara "qarTvelur enaTa saboloo diferencia-cia") Sdr.: Crdilokavkasiur enebTan SedarebiT qarTveluri ena-kiloebi erTgvarovania.

zogad StrixebSi ganvixilavT iberiul-kavkasiuri da Zveli winaaziuri enebis mimarTebas:

xaTuri da iberiul-kavkasiuri:

Zv.w. XXIII saukunidan aTasi wlis manZilze centralur ana-


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toliaSi, mogviano periodebis kabadokiis, pontos... teritori-ul velSi (Sdr., sxvadasxva drois dedaqalaqTa saxelebi: xaTu-sa/boRazqoi; mazaka/masaxa) arsebuli xaTis Zlieri samefos saxel-mwifo ena - xaTuri ena, Sumerulisa da xuritulis msgavsad, er-gatiuli konstruqciisa da aglutinaciuri tipis enaa; specia-listTa erTi nawilis varaudiT, igi enaTesaveba Tanamedrove qar-Tvelur enas (qr.girbali, r.Smidt-brandti, S.gabeskiria...), meo-re nawilis azriT ki - afxazur-adiRur enebs (e.foreri, i.diako-novi, v. ivanovi, i.dunaevskaia, m.Cuxua...).

kerZod: Cerqezul-afxazur-adiRur ena-kiloebTan genetur naTesaoba-

ze miuTiTebs: zmnis agebuleba, ergatiuli konstruqcia da zogi mo-rfemis msgavseba (v.ivanovi; ix., agreTve, gr.giorgaZe, 2002).

qarTvelur ena-kiloebTan genetur naTesaobas adasturebs: ergatiuli konstruqcia, morfemaTa identuroba (mesame piris niSnebi: h, s), kuTvnileba-warmomavlobis -el sufiqsi da la-/le- prefiqsi da mravalricxovani leqsikuri paralelebi; mag., 2002 wlis maisSi qarTvelologTa IV saerTaSoriso simpoziumze ("in-tegraciisa da dezintegraciis procesebi kavkasiaSi") wakiTxul

moxsenebaSi: "qarTvelur-anatoliur-egeosuri enobrivi parale-lebis sakiTxisaTvis" robert Smidt-brantma, qr.girbalis kva-lad, xaTuri warmomavlobis sityvebad miiCnia didi, wvima, puri, laparaki, smena, cxvari, Savi, cuva - Zu ("coli") da sxva; misi az-riT, xaTuri ena kavSirSia saerToqarTvelur enasTan. Sdr., urartuli RvTaeba diduani, qarTv. didi da xaTuri didi... warmodgenil masalas Sdr., agreTve: xaTuri RvTaeba arma qarTve-luri – armazi da berZnuli – hermesi (berZnul panTeonSi herme-si winareberZnuli - pelazguri (?) samyarodanaa SeTvisebuli).

xaTurTan mimarTebiT sayuradReboa S.gabeskirias mraval-wliani kvlevis Sedegebi; misi azriT: enobrivi, arqeologiuri, mi-Tologiuri da folkloruli masalis gaTvaliswinebiT dginde-ba, rom "xaTebi arian qarTvelTa winaprebi da Sesabamisad, xaTuri ena aris winareqarTuli ena, romelic asaxulia indoevropul-xe-


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Tur anu nesiturad daweril teqstebSi" (S.gabeskiria, 1998, gv.29); xaTebis saxeli momdinareobs qarTi formisgan (S.gabeski-ria, 2003, gv.35).

xaTebis memkvidreni arian qaSqebi, am ukanasknelT ki afxazur-adiRur xalxTanac akavSireben da kolxebTanac (ix. gr.giorgaZe, 2000; gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.95-106; (problemis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.89-93); Sdr.: qasqebi didi xnis manZilze eome-bodnen mosul xeTebs. amave teritoriaze welTaRricxvaTa mijna-zec aqtiurad Canan qarTveluri tomebi; SemTxveviTi arc is Cans, rom, qarTuli tradiciiT, kabadokieli wmindanebi qarTvelTa uaxloes winaprebad miiCnevian (ix. z.gamsaxurdia, 1991, gv.37).

damowmebul literaturaSi sayuradRebo argumentebia warmodgenili rogorc xaTuri enisa da Cerqezulis (resp. afxa-zur-adiRuris), aseve xaTurisa da qarTveluris geneturi siax-lovis aspeqtiT; es ki iZleva safuZvels, vTqvaT:

xaTuri ena axlo monaTesavea saerTo iberiul-kavkasiuri

kontinuumisa; iberiel-kavkasieli xalxis ena-kiloebi xaTu-ris paralelurad arsebobda da ramdenime aTeuli enis saxiT

dRemdea Semonaxuli; Sesabamisad, bunebrivia, rom xaTurTan sazi-aro enobriv-leqsikuri movlenebi Semogvinaxa rogorc Tanamed-rove Cerqezul-afxazur-adiRurma, aseve qarTvelurma enobrivma samyarom.

xurituli da iberiul-kavkasiuri:

Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebSi xuritulad molaparake xalxs Tavi-si saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi hqonda Crdilo mesopotamia-Si; Zv.w. XVI saukunidan mis saxelmwifos erqva miTani, xolo Zv.w. IX-VI saukuneebSi - urartu.

xurituli enac aglutinaciuri da ergatiulia. samecniero

literaturaSi warmodgenilia mtkiceba xurituli da Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiuri enebis naTesaobisa (i.brauni, g.klimovi, i.diakonovi, s.starostini...); miuTiTeben xuritul da naxur-da-

Restnur aTeulobiT saziaro leqsikur erTeuls da ganixilaven morfologiur erTeulTa msgavsebas (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix.:


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v.iarceva, 1990; m.qurdiani, 2001; gr.giorgaZe, 2002). xurituli da

qarTveluri enebis naTesaobis varauds gamoTqvamdnen jer kidev s.janaSia, arn. Ciqobava... am bolo periodSi gamoqveynda, agreTve, n.nozaZisa da m.qurdianis gamokvlevebi, sadac sayuradRebo da-skvnebia warmodgenili xuritul-qarTveluri enebis naTesaobis samtkiceblad; kerZod, laparakia moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReobis warmoebis, deponensebis, rezultatiuri droebis, zmnis poli-personalizmisa da TanxmovanTa harmoniuli kompleqsebis msgavse-ba-identurobasa da mravalricxovan leqsikur paralelebze (n.nozaZis mosazrebis Sesaxeb ix. gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.74-76). sani-muSod moviyvanT m.qurdianis daskvnas:

"xuritulsa da urartuls TanxmovanTa pirveladi harmoniu-li kompleqsebi axasiaTebT da igive maxasiaTebeli maTi fuZe-enis-Tvisac rekonstruirdeba. TanxmovanTa harmoniuli decesiuri kompleqsebi am tipisa ar aris damaxasiaTebeli aRmosavlur-kavka-siuri (naxur-daRestnuri) enebisTvis arc sinqroniaSi da arc di-aqroniaSi - is ar rekonstruirdeba arc saerTo-naxur, arc saer-To daRestnur qronologiur doneze da, miT umetes, arc saer-To-naxur-daRestnuri (aRmosavlur-kavkasiuri) fuZe-enis done-ze. aseTi sistema principulad ucxoa aRmosavluri kavkasiuri enebisTvis. msgavsi sistema aRmosavluri enebidan mxolod qarTve-lur (samxreT-kavkasiur) enebSi gvaqvs sinqroniaSi da is diaqro-niaSic aRdgeba saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe enis doneze" (m.qurdia-ni, 2001, gv.183-184; m.qurdiani, 2003, gv. 70-71).

SeniSvna: Sdr.: mraval leqsikur erTeulTa garda, erTgvaria: qarTve-luri da urartuli enebis brunvebis raodenoba (zogi brunvis yali-bic ki emTxveva), ergativisa da zmnis gardamavloba-gardauvlobis mi-marTeba, naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmuli saxelis saSualebiT zedsar-Tavi saxelis warmoeba, nawilobriv zmnis sufiqsacia da sxv. (n.mari, 1917, gv.131-135; g.meSCaninovi, 1927, gv.111-115; g.wereTeli, 1939, gv.9; g.meliqiSvili, 1960, gv.53-60, 79).

Cveni azriT, rogorc ukve zemoT gvqonda aRniSnuli, erTi mxriv, xurituli enisa da naxur-daRestnuris, meore mxriv ki - xu-


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ritulisa da qarTveluris siaxlove, mimaTiTebelia yvela am enis (Sesabamisad, am enaTa mflobeli xalxebis) naTesaobisa: xuritu-li da iberiul-kavkasiuri enobrivi erTeulebi erTmaneTis

monaTesavea da xaTurTan erTad saTaves iRebs saerTo winaazi-

ur-kavkasiur enobriv velSi.

samecniero literaturaSi, sul mcire, erTi saukunea, grZel-deba diskusia calkeuli iberiul-kavkasiuri da Sumeruli ene-bis naTesaobis realurobis Sesaxeb; bevri leqsikuri paralelia gamovlenili Sumerulsa da qarTvelurSi (ix., mag., a.seisis, k.kra-meris, i.karseTis, m.wereTlis, j.SaraSeniZis, h.fenrixis da mraval

sxvaTa mosazrebebi da gamokvlevebi; literaturisaTvis ix.: arn.Ciqobava, 1979, gv.257-307; gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.22-27). kvlevis am etapze aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom am mimarTulebiTac metad

perspeqtiulia mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba. qarTveluri ena-kiloebisa da winaaziur-egeosuri enebis

naTesaobis TvalsazrisiT sakiTxis istoria da saintereso masa-la warmodgenilia r.gordezianis (1980, 1985), T. gamyreliZisa da v.ivanovis (gv.892-894) fundamentur naSromebSi, Tumca maT es masa-la nasesxobebad miaCniaT.

uTuod sayuradReboa, agreTve, z.gamsaxurdias dakvirvebebi; mag., misi azriT, "tar- fuZidan nawarmoebi uZvelesi saxelebi da toponimebi gvxvdeba jer kidev paleo-mediteranul da paleo-kav-kasiur (kolxur) samyaroSi. fuZe tar RvTaebis aRmniSvnelia da misgan aris nawarmoebi uZvelesi mcireaziuri amindisa da Weqa-qu-xilis RvTaebebis saxelebi, romelTac vefxistyaosanebad gamosa-xavdnen uZvelesi sakulto mRvimeebis kedlebze (Sdr., SoTa rus-Tvelis "vefxistyaosnis" mTavari gmiri - vefxistyaosani tarie-

li). Taru egeosur-anatoliuri fuZea, elva-Weqis RvTaebis aR-mniSvneli (aqedan momdinareobs qarTuli sityva "tarosi" - amin-dis aRmniSvneli)... fuZe Tar paleomediteranuli, paleokavkasiu-ri da mcireaziuri enobrivi samyarodan modis da warmoadgens mi-steriaTa sakralur sityvas, Teonims, RvTaebis saxels, kerZod, mcireaziur tarus, Weqa-quxilisa da amindis RvTaebis saxelwo-


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debas, romelsac vefxistyaosnad gamosaxavdnen uZveles mcireazi-ur (anu protoqarTul) misteriebsa da sakulto mRvimeebSi. aqe-dan warmodga kapadokiur enaSi sityva "tarhuala", rac Zlevas, ga-marjvebas niSnavs. es fuZe pre-semituri, pre-indoevropul da pre-qamitur enebsa da kulturebs ukavSirdeba, xolo xeTurSi, sa-nskritSi, aqadurSi da sxva semitur qveynebSi, aseve sxva aRmosav-lur qveynebSi aqedan unda iyos gadmosuli" (z.gamsaxurdia, 1991, gv.242-245; ix., agreTve: r.gordeziani, 1970, gv.37; gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv. 84). m.Cuxuas azriT (2003, gv.73), sakuTar saxel tariels Sesa-tyvisobebi eZebneba qarTvelur dialeqtebSic; kerZod, Sdr.; sa-mwignobro qarTuli tarieli - zan. toro/turu/torua (Sdr.: Wan., taroni); svan. ter(e), tarE/terE...

pelazgur-etruskul-qarTveluri saerTo enobrivi STambeW-davi masalaa warmodgenili agreTve r.gordezianisa (1970) da g.qavTaraZis (1985) naSromebSi.

SeiZleba davaskvnaT: jer kidev XIX saukunis mkvlevarTa mier

navaraudev winareberZnul-winaaziur-qarTvelur-Crdilokavkasi-ur enobriv-eTnikur naTesaobas, romelic samecniero problemad

aqcies n.marma, iv.javaxiSvilma, s.janaSiam, arn.Ciqobavam da sxvebma, ufro da ufro meti argumenti uCndeba...

kavkasiur-winaaziuri (axloaRmosavluri) enobriv-eTnikuri

erTobis divergenciis savaraudo qronologia, Cveni azriT, ase gamoiyureba:

Zv.w. VII-IV aTaswleulebi: axloaRmosavluri enobrivi samya-ro;

Zv.w. IV-II aTaswleulebi: iberiul-kavkasiuri, xurituli, xa-Turi... enobriv-kulturuli velebis warmoqmna-arseboba;

Zv.w. I aTaswleuli: qarTveluri enobriv-eTnikuri samyaros

CamoZerwva... SeniSvna: vgulisxmobT, rom Sidaenobrivi divergenciis paralelu-rad, yvela droSi mimdinareboda enaTa mravalwaxnagovani konvergen-ciuli procesebi, romlebic pirdapirproporciulia eTnosTa Serevis xarisxisa. Zvel Tu Tanamedrove kavkasiur da winaaziur enebSi (indo-evropuli da semituri enebis CaTvliT) STambeWdavia superstratu-


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li, substratuli da adstratuli fenebi. Cveni msjelobis Sesabamisad, iberiul-kavkasiuri da

winaaziuri Zveli enebis mimarTebis amsaxveli sqema Semdegi saxiT

warmosdgeba:

Sdr., m.Cuxuas sqema, romelic daibeWda 2003 wels gamoqveyne-

bul naSromSi: "qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni"; am sqemis mixedviT, winareiberiul-kavkasiuri (alarodiuli) enisgan momdinareni arian:

Sumerul-iberiul(qarTvelur)-etruskul-pelazguri erToba, xaTur-afxazur-adiRuri erToba, huritul-urartul-naxuri erToba, lelegur-albanur-daRestnuri erToba, baskur-korsikul-kelt-iberiuli... erToba. vfiqrobT, SeuZlebelia sxvadasxva jgufebad warmovidginoT,

erTi mxriv, xaTur-Cerqezuli, meore mxriv, qarTvelur-Sumeru-li, mesame mxriv ki - huritul-naxur-albanur-daRestnuri; ro-gorc teritoriuli, aseve, enobriv-kulturul-anTropologiu-ri paralelebi ufro met safuZvels iZleva, calkeul enobriv er-Tobebad ganvixiloT:

iberiul-kavkasiuri (aRmosavleTiberiuli), xuritul-urartuli, Sumeruli, xaTur-dasavleTiberiuli...

Sumeruli enobrivi

veli

xuritul-urartuli

enobrivi veli

iberiul-

kavkasiuri

enobrivi veli

xaTur-

pelazguri

enobrivi veli

saerToqarTveluri

koine

kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri

enobrivi kontinuumi

kolxuri kulturis sazRvrebis sakiTxi arqeologiuri...

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2.2. aietidan farnavazamde: kolxuri kultura";

aietis qveynis SesaZlo oficialuri enis

- saerToqarTveluri enis -

Teoriuli modeli da arsebobis dro

2.2.1. kolxuri kulturis sazRvrebis sakiTxi arqeologiuri

monacemebis mixedviT

arqeologTa da eTnologTa Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom brinjaos xanaSi dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTve-loSi Tvisobrivad erTgvari – Zeluri tipis monogamiuri dasax-lebebia; gansxvavebas qmnis mxolod nagebobaTa garegnuli forma, romelic Sepirobebulia klimaturi pirobebiT (p.buxraSvili, 2003, gv.122-124, 199-207). II aTaswleulis Sua periodidan Woroxis xeobasa da mtkvris zemowelSi ukve dasturdeba kolxuri kultu-ris elementebi; mag., yarsis muzeumSi daculia istoriuli saqarTvelos provinciaSi - artaanis regionSi - napovni II aTas-wleulis Sua periodis kolxuri kulturis nimuSebi; analogiu-ri masalaa centralur qarTlSic (ix. samTavros gvianbrinjao-ad-rerkinis keramikis identuri masala):

i.gagoSiZisa da j.afaqiZis gamokvlevebma savsebiT daadastura b.kuftinis mosazreba, rom Sida qarTlis arqeologiuri masala kolxuri kulturis organuli nawilia: "aTaswleulidan moyo-lebuli, taxtiZirisa da cxinvalis regionis arqeologiuri masa-la mxolod kolxuri kulturis "filtraciiT" ver aixsneba; qar-Tlis iberia uSualo monawilea didi kolxuri kulturisa" (i.ga-goSiZe, 1964, gv.86; i.gagoSiZe, 1997; i.gagoSiZe, 2003; j.afaqiZe, 2002).

al. ramiSvilis daskvniT, II aTaswleulis bolosa da I aTas-wleulis dasawyisSi kolxuri kultura farTodaa gavrcelebu-li "mTeli Sida qarTlis teritoriaze", xolo "Tlis samarovan-ze gamovlenili materialuri kultura, ZiriTadad, kolxur-yo-banur samyarosTan Cans dakavSirebuli" (al. ramiSvili, 1999,


- 260 -

gv.130). Sdr., agreTve: "II aTaswleulSi samxreT-dasavleT saqar-TveloSi dominirebs centralur-amierkavkasiuri kultura, mag-ram I aTaswleulis dasawyisidan aq materialuri kulturis xasi-aTi mkveTrad icvleba da kolxuri elementebis safuZvelze ya-libdeba" (v. liCeli, 1999, gv.106).

aqve, sayuradReboa m.abduSeliSvilis daskvna: uZvelesi

periodidan rkinis xanis CaTvliT, saqarTvelos teritoriaze

mosaxleobis SedgenilobaSi raime arsebiTi Zvrebi ar

momxdara. amierkavkasiis monacemebis "msgavsi anTropologiuri tipi SeiniSneba, agreTve, kavkasiis qedis gadaRma, yobanis kulturis matareblebSi" (m.abduSeliSvili, 1987, gv. 27).

kolxur-yobanuri kulturis gavrcelebis mTel arealsa da qronologiur sazRvrebs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom kolxuri kulturis Semqmneli modgmis Tu saxelmwifos po-litikur-kulturuli gavlenis Tavdapirveli veli moicavda SavizRvispireTs sinopidan soWamde, Woroxis xeobas, mTel dasav-leT saqarTvelos, mtkvris zemowels mcxeTis CaTvliT, liaxvis xeobas da Crdilo kavkasiis nawils; Sesabamisad, naklebsarwmunoa mosazreba, rom Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebSi "unda gaevrcelebina Tavisi Zalaufleba kolxur saxelmwifoebriobas aRmosavleT saqarTve-lozec" (i.gagoSiZe, 1965, gv.87; Sdr., t.futkaraZe, 1999, gv.16; t.futkaraZe, 2000, gv.330-332; i.gagoSiZe, 2003, gv.95). Sdr.: istori-ul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, varaudoben, rom kolxuri kulturis sazRvrebi moicavda II aTaswleulSi mcxovrebi qasqebis/musqe-bis/mosxebis, Sesabamisad, Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis mosxikes mosaxle-obis gansaxlebis teritoriasac mdinare halisis auzamde (n.xaza-raZe, 1984, gv.193); aqvea mtkiceba (gv.194), rom "zemo evfratispi-

reTSi Zv.w. XII saukuneSi mosuli muSqebi, aseve Zv.w. X saukunis

bolo meoTxediT daTariRebul xarTafus luviur-ierogli-fur warwerebSi moxseniebuli musqebic organulad ukavSir-

debian im regions, sadac, Zveli berZnuli werilobiTi wyaroe-

bis mowmobiT, qarTveluri, saxeldobr, mosxur-mesxuri

warmoSobis tomebi iyvnen gansaxlebuli"... niSandoblivia, rom muSqebis teritoria da istoriuli kaba-


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dokia erTmaneTs garkveulwilad faravs... logikurad daismeba sakiTxi muSqebisa da kabadokielebis naTesaobis Sesaxebac (Sdr., ioseb flaviusi: "mosoxebs axlaxan kabadokielebi ewodaT"). am fonze, ukve sayuradRebo argumentad gamodgeba strabonis cnoba mosxebis teritoriis gviandeli danawilebis Sesaxeb (welTaRri-cxvaTa mijnaze mosxebis qveynis erTi nawili aqvT kolxebs, meore - iberebs, mesame - armenielebs). mosxebis qveynisa da Zveli kolxeTis identifikaciis, agreTve, levkoTeas taZris lokalizaciis sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix., a.ioseliani, 1973). vfiqrobT, muSqe-bis, mesxebis (mosxebis) da kolxebis igiveoba - qarTveluri

warmomavloba udavoa (Sdr.: saTanado argumentebis gareSe, muS-qebs protoarmenebad Tvlis i.diakonovi; ix., i.diakonovi, 1985).

logikuria varaudi, rom kolxuri arqeologiuri kultura moicavda Zveli kolxas sazRvrebs (es kultura Seiqmna kolxas saxelmwifoSi):

urartuli da asuruli wyaroebis mixedviT, II aTaswleulis meore naxevarsa da I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi Savi zRvis sa-mxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi arsebobda kolxas samefo, romlis sa-mefo qalaqi Woroxis xeobaSi iyo ildamusa. i. javaxiSvilis, g. me-liqiSvilis, g. imnaZisa da sxvaTa azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom kulxa/kolxa etimologiurad dakavSirebulia istoriul ko-

lasTan - erTi qarTveluri olqis saxelTan, igi mraval toms aer-Tianebda. samecniero literaturaSi n.maris mier dasmulia saki-Txi ildamusasa da artanujis igiveobis Sesaxeb; am dakavSirebis damatebiT argumentad SeiZleba gamodges warmodgenili ori saxe-lis fonematuri msgavseba: TanxmovanTa faqtobrivad identuri Semadgenloba da xmovanTa didi msgavseba (fonetikurad

problemuria mxolod pirveli xmovnis sakiTxi)... aqve sayuradRe-boa d.xaxutaiSvilis daskvna: kolxas SeqmnaSi arsebiTi roli

unda Seesrulebina samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos, sadac rki-

nis warmoebis centri iyo (d.xaxutaiSvili, 1995, gv.70-71). miCneu-lia, rom Woroxis xeoba metalurgiis centri iyo: "arsad saqar-TveloSi ar aris aRmoCenili iseTi raodenobiT adreuli saxeo-


- 262 -

bis culebis damamzadebeli yalibebi, rogorc aWaris teritoria-ze; saxeldobr, saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil yalibTagan 1/3 aWaraze modis" (m.inaZe, 2000, gv.113).

arqeologTa daskvniT, gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis period-Si (Zv.w. XIII-IX ss) dasavleT saqarTvelos dasavleT nawilSi sxva arqeologiuri kulturaa da aRmosavleTSi sxva; amave dros faqtia, adreqristianuli periodis CaTvliT, kolxuri kultura STambeWdavadaa warmodgenili ara mxolod samxreT saqarTvelosa da dasavleT saqarTvelos Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi (v.jafa-riZe, 2002), aramed qarTl-kaxeTis centralur nawilsa da Crdi-lokavkasiSic ki (ix. zemoT). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebis mijnaze qarTveluri modgmisa da kulturis cen-tri ufro samxreTiTaa sagulvebeli, unda davuSvaT, rom kolxu-ri kulturis gavrcelebis veli ZiriTadad emTxveva qarTvelur

enobriv samyaros; Sdr., kolxur-yobanuri kulturis sazRvrebi: sinopi, yobani, biWvinTa (soWamdea kolxuri TeTris veli); Sdr., leonti mroveli: qarTli - xunanidan vidre speris zRvamde...

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleTi nawilis materialuri ma-sala ufro SeiZleba asaxavdes qarTveluris monaTesave sxva tome-bis kulturas.

niSandoblivia: g.meliqiSvilis azriT, kolxi saerToqarTve-

lia, zogadqarTvelia (ix., narkvevebi, I, gv. 432); Sdr., agreTve: m.inaZis (2001, gv.96-97) daskvniT, e.w. kolxuri skeptuxiebi ar iyo

tomobrivi gaerTianebebi; amgvarive avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebi iyo qarTlSi; Sdr., farnavazis saxelmwifo amave (teritoriuli) principiTaa dayofili saerisTavoebad (m.inaZe, 2002, gv.103).

kolxas Sesaxeb originaluri msjelobaa warmodgenili a.bil-lis naSromSi (a.billi, 2003); moviyvanT mis ramdenime debulebas:

- kolxeTis samefos arseboba, rac qarTul samecniero

literaturaSi ganixileba rogorc faqti, wyaroebiT ar

dasturdeba; - am regionSi pirveli qarTuli saxelmwifo yalibdeba

romaelebis, sarmatebisa da alanebis aqtivobis Semdeg qristemde II saukunis dasasruls;


- 263 -

- saqarTvelo Savi zRvis napirebze Camoyalibebul im berZnul-skviTuri samyaros nawils warmoadgenda, romelic

gansakuTrebulad ganviTarda swored evrazieli momTabareebis zegavlenis gamo...(a.billi, 2003, gv. 54-62).

a.billis am naSromSi gaanalizebulia saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili adreuli samarxebis masalebi, magram saTanadod araa Seswavlili istoriuli saqarTvelos mTeli sivrce; garda amisa, sakmarisad gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris berZnuli, asiriuli, urartuli, qarTuli (da sxva) werilobiTi wyaroebi da arc qar-Tul samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli argumentirebuli

mosazrebebi. p.buxraSvilis marTebuli SeniSvniT, a.billis mier

"momizezeba imisa, rom igi ar flobs qarTul enas, argumentad

ar gamodgeba" (p.buxraSvili, 2003, gv. 63-66). vfiqrobT, sakamaTo ar aris, rom Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebis

mijnidan kavkasiasa da Crdilo anatoliaSi arsebobs qarTveluri saxelmwifoebi; erT-erTi iyo aia/kolxa, romlis saxelsac

argumentirebulad ukavSireben kavkasiaSi realurad arsebul

arqeologiur kulturas.

kolxuri kulturis enis sakiTxi

- 264 -

2.2.2. kolxuri kulturis Semqmneli

eTnosis enis sakiTxi

arqeologiuri kultura TavisTavad arc erT enaze ar metyve-

lebs, amdenad, keramika Tu liTonis nawarmi raime mtkicebis saSu-alebas ar iZleva; materialuri kulturis memkvidreobiTma xasi-aTma mxolod garkveuli eTnokulturuli da politikuri velis arsebobaze SeiZleba migvaniSnos. rogorc ukve iyo aRniSnuli, arqeologiuri kulturis Semqmneli xalxis enis xasiaTze warmo-dgena SeiZleba mogvces an konkretulma werilobiTma Zeglebma, an lingvisturi analizis Sedegebma; kolxuri kulturis enis dadge-nis mcdelobisas lingvistebs ori tipis argumentebi mohyavT; ramdenad myaria isini? ganvixiloT TiToeuli cal-calke.

samecniero literaturaSi kolxuri kulturis Semoqmedi eTnosis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, pirveli mosazre-ba gamoTqva i.diakonovma: misi azriT, "kolxuri kultura Tavisi gavrcelebulobis mTel arealze, maT Soris, Crdilo-aRmosav-leT SavizRvispireTSic da samxreT aRmosavleT ordumde dasav-lur-qarTul eTnoss ekuTvnis" (i.diakonovi, 1968, gv.120,106); eT-nosis Sesaxeb gamoTqmul am varauds araviTari dasabuTeba ar ax-lavs (amis Sesaxeb ix. T.miqelaZe, 1974, gv.74). aqve xazgasmiT aRvniS-navT, rom i.diakonovis msjelobaSi ar Cans dasavlur-qarTuli eT-nosis calke erTeulad gamoyofis argumenti; SeiZleba vivarau-doT, rom is eyrdnoba g.klimovis mier 1952 wels gamoTqmul mo-sazrebas, romlis mixedviTac saerToqarTvelur modgmas 40 sau-kunis win gamoeyo svanuri ena, xolo 28 saukunis win - zanuri ena.

toponimiisa da arqeologiuri masalis analizis safuZvelze T.miqelaZe Seecada i.diakonovis azris dasabuTebas; zanurisa da svanuris gamoyofis daTariRebisas is daeyrdno g.deetersis, T.gamyreliZisa da g.maWavarianis azrs saerToqarTveluridan jer

svanuris, Semdeg ki zanuris gamoyofis Sesaxeb. arqeologiuri ma-salis miseuli analizi faseulia, magram toponimTa irgvliv lin-gvisturi msjeloba bevr upasuxo kiTxvas tovebs, Sesabamisad, da-skvnebic metad saeWvoa (kritikuli analizi ix. qvemoT; ix., agreT-


- 265 -

ve, t.futkaraZe, 2002), magaliTad, gaWirdeba misi Semdegi debule-bis gaziareba: "zanurenovani kolxebi rionis qvemo welze ukve

III aTaswleulis dasawyisSi unda vivaraudoT" (T.miqelaZe, 1974, gv.72)...

3000-5000 wlis win svanuris, zanur-qarTulisa da zanuris ar-sebobas Tanamedrove mecnierTa erTi nawilic varaudobs; moviy-vanT citatebs bolo periodis sami gamokvlevidan:

d.losaberiZe: Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis pirveli naxevari miCneu-li unda iqnas saerToqarTveluri enidan svanuri enis gamoyofis sawyis etapad; svanuri mosaxleoba gansaxlebuli iyo kolxeTis dablobze, xolo qarTul-zanuri erToba - rion-yvirilasa da qarTlis regionSi; "dasavleT saqarTvelosa da aRmosavleT sa-qarTvelos dasavleT regionTa (mesxeTi, Sida qarTli) msgavsebas adasturebs anTropologiuri monacemebic" (d.losaberiZe, 1992, gv.230-231).

SeniSvna: d.losaberiZis TavisTavad saintereso gamokvleva enaTa di-vergenciis dausabuTebel sqemas eyrdnoba: avtori ukritikod iRebs glotoqronologiuri meTodiT miRebul metad saTuo Sedegebs da acxadebs, rom Zv.w. IV aTaswleulidan ukve arsebobda svanuri da qar-Tul-zanuri enebi; Sesabamisad, cdilobs, svanur da qarTul-zanur

"enaTa" mflobel "eTnikur erTobebs" moargos imdroindeli arqeo-logiuri lokaluri variantebi, romlebic, sulac, geografiuli pi-

robebiT SeiZleba iyos gansazRvruli.

T.gamyreliZe: Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi ukve arsebob-da megrul-lazuris winapari "zanuri" dialeqti, romelzedac

"tyavi" aRiniSneboda tyovi/tkovi sityvebiT; aia-qveynis mefe aie-ti da misi memkvidreni... dasavlur-qarTul dialeqtze metyveleb-dnen, romlis dRevandeli gagrZelebaa CvenTvis cnobili megruli da lazuri (T.gamyreliZe, 1998, gv.3).

o.lorTqifaniZe: "iqmneba myari safuZveli mtkicebisaTvis, rom arqeologiurad dadasturebuli Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevrisa da I aTaswleulis eTnokulturuli sistema ekuTvnis dasavleT saqarTvelos wamyvan eTnoss, romelsac berZeni da roma-eli avtorebi moixsenieben saxelwodebiT: "kolxebi", xolo maT


- 266 -

qveyanas - kolxidad. kolxebi ki aRiarebulni arian dasavlurqar-Tul eTnosad, romelTa ena - zanuri anu megrul-Wanuri ena warmoiqmna saerToqarTveluri fuZe enis diferenciaciis Sede-gad" (o.lorTqifaniZe, 1999, gv.113)... TavisTavad cxadia, cnobili arqeologis daskvna emyareba lingvistTa, kerZod, g.klimovisa da T.gamyreliZis mosazrebebs.

XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi samecniero literaturaSi Semu-Savda gansxvavebuli mosazrebac; kerZod, r.gordezianis azriT, legendaruli kolxeTis mosaxleobis didi nawili jer kidev ara-diferencirebul qarTul-zanur enaze laparakobda; swored es enaa kolxeTis Sidaoficialuri ena (r.gordeziani, 1993, gv.38-39). avtori am daskvnebs akeTebs termin fasisis analizis safuZvelze: hesiodes (VIII-VII s.s.) dros dadasturebuli "fasisi" aSkarad

dRevandeli foTi ( faTi) toponimis eqvivalentia, e.i. "zanuri jer Camoyalibebuli ar iyo" - askvnis r.gordeziani (iqve gv.39).

rogorc vnaxeT, kolxur-yobanuri kulturis gavrcelebis areali farToa; igi moicavs: Woroxis xeobas, mTel dasavleT sa-qarTvelos, mtkvris zemowels mcxeTis CaTvliT, liaxvis xeobas da Crdilo kavkasiis nawils; Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi aq bevri qarTve-lur-kavkasiuri tomi cxovrobda; bunebrivia, maT Tav-TavianTi ena-kilo hqondaT. samwignobro enis ararsebobis pirobebSi Se-

uZlebelia, did arealze ganivrcos da xangrZlivi droiT uc-

vlelad SenarCundes erTi ena; mravali monaTesave dialeqturi erTeulis pirobebSi iqmneba koine, romlis simyare damokidebu-lia monaTesave tomTa urTierTobis xarisxze, saerTo saxelmwi-fos/kulturis siZlieresa da werilobiT fiqsaciaze. logiku-ria vifiqroT, rom farTod gavrcelebuli kolxuri arqeologi-uri kulturis paralelurad arsebobda saerTokolxuri (qar-Tveluri) enobrivi koine, romelsac pirobiTad saerToqarTve-

luri ena SeiZleba vuwodoT. Cans, Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua peri-odSi swored am saerToqarTveluri kontinuumis bazaze iqmneba qarTveluri asomTavruli damwerloba (qarTveluri anbanis Seq-mnis istoriis versiebisaTvis ix.: r.patariZe, 1980; T.gamyreliZe, 1989; l.WilaSvili, 2005).


- 267 -

kolxuri kulturis enis struqturis dadgenis Tvalsazri-siT, sayuradReboa qarTveluri samyarodan berZnulSi nasesxeb

sityvaTa Cveneba: saukuneebis manZilze berZnulSi Sesuli qarTveluri topo-

nimebi da eTnonimebi, rogorc wesi, saerToqarTveluri (resp. qar-Tuli samwignobro enis) fonematuri struqturis mixedviTaa warmodgenili; mag: hesiodes mier VIII saukuneSi dadasturebulia faTisi (Sdr., foTi); III-I saukuneebSi gvaqvs: kutaiisi, sarapani-si (Sdr., Sorapani), ekre(a)tikes (egrisis) miwa, abazkoi (afxa-

zeTi), afSileTi, suani... (gansxvavebuli msjelobisaTvis ix. r. gordeziani, 1993, gv.39, 48, 55, 61, 63). r.gordezianis mier warmo-dgenili masala, Cveni azriT, ufro adasturebs, rom Zv.w. I aTas-wleulis dasasruls berZnebisTvis cnobili iyo swored saerTo-qarTveluri Tu samwignobro qarTuliseuli: faT-, quTais-, sa-rapanis- da suan- formebi, rac gvavaraudebinebs, rom Zv.w. I aTas-wleulis manZilzec, welTaRricxvaTa mijnazec da Semdegac, ber-Znebs urTierToba hqondaT sisina a tipis (saerToqarTvelurisa da samwignobro qarTulis analogiuri) enis mqone qarTvelobas-Tan. arsebobs e.w. TariRiani toponimic: Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodis centralur kolxeTSi sisina a tipis enis arsebobas adasturebs Zv.w. VII saukunis Semdeg daarsebuli qalaq quTaisis saxelis qarTveluri variantebi (ix. qvemoT).

mkvlevarTa erTi nawili varaudobs, rom argonavtTa xomal-dis saxeli saerToqarTveluri egr- (egrisi) Ziris arg- zanuri variantisgan momdinareobs, amdenadac, II aTaswleulSi zanuri arsebobdao - amtkiceben isini... xomald argos saxelis warmomav-loba berZnulis mixedviTac aixsneba (Sdr., berZnuli qoronimi argosi, an berZnuli saxeli argos - "uqmi"; Sdr., a.uruSaZis az-riT, argonavti - uqmi/moxetiale menave/mezRvauri (Sdr., T.ga-myreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv.908).

kolxuri kulturis enasTan dakavSirebiT zogadad mainc

unda ganvixiloT saerToqarTveluri enis Teoriuli modelis

sakiTxi.


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rogorc wesi, monaTesave enobrivi (dialeqturi) erTeule-bisTvis amosavali struqturis dadgena xdeba istoriul-Sedare-biTi meTodiT: realurad arsebuli enobrivi (fonematuri, mo-rfologiuri, sintaqsuri, semantikuri) struqturebis Sepiris-pirebiTi analiziT aRadgenen saerTo (amosavali) enis Teoriul

models. qarTvelur sinamdvileSi rekonstruqciis proceduras aiolebs TxuTmetsaukunovani werilobiTi Zeglebi da mravalri-cxovani, magram struqturulad erTgvari dialeqtebis arseboba (dialeqtTa dajgufeba da zogadi daxasiaTeba ix. qvemoT); TiTqmis ori saukunis manZilze qarTvelologTa didi RvawliT, qarTve-lur dialeqtTa SepirispirebiTi analizis safuZvelze dadgeni-lia dialeqtTaSorisi bgeraTSesatyvisobebi da morfologiur-sintaqsur-semantikuri mimarTebani; aRdgenilia praenis ramdeni-me variantic; kerZod:

samecniero literaturaSi arsebobs mosazreba, rom saerTo-qarTveluri enis fonematuri struqturis Teoriuli modeli ZiriTadad Suasibilanturi rigiTa da sonanti bgerebiT gan-

sxvavdeboda samwignobro qarTulisagan (T.gamyreliZe, g.maWava-riani, h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, m.qurdiani...). paralelurad, mra-vali gamokvleva daiwera, sadac naCvenebia saerToqarTveluri

enisa da samwignobro qarTuli enis struqturuli (fonematu-

ri, morfologiuri, sintaqsuri, semantikuri) identuroba; kerZod, arn.Ciqobavas, g.rogavas, q.lomTaTiZis, v.Sengelias, T.gvancelaZis, m.Cuxuas da sxvaTa azriT, samwignobro qarTuls daculi aqvs amosavali ZiriTadi struqturuli modelebi...

warmodgenil mosazrebebs Soris ZiriTad gansxvavebas Suasi-bilanturi rigisa da sonantebis arsebobis sakiTxi qmnis; amJa-mad Cvens mizans ar warmoadgens arsebuli polemikis mimoxilva (am problemis Sesaxeb male gamovaqveynebT calke gamokvlevas); aR-vniSnavT ki:

Cveni azriT, saerToqarTveluri Z, c, w, z, s sibilantebis orgvari refleqsebi zanur-svanurSi logikurad ixsneba foneti-kuri garemocviT, morfonologiuri SezRudviT, saerToqarTve-


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lurSive paraleluri variantebis arsebobiT (ix. arn.Ciqobavas, v.Tofurias, g.rogavas... gamokvlevebi; ix., agreTve: t.futkaraZe, 1988; t.futkaraZe, 1996; m.Cuxua, 2003 da r.abaSias mier 2001-2004

wlebSi gamoqveynebuli naSromebi). ar aris gamoricxuli, saer-ToqarTvelur sityvaTa nawilis fonetikur-semantikuri ucvle-loba zogjer ganpirobebuli iyos terminTa socialuri statu-siT; mag., saerToqarTveluri cxeni zanurSi pirvandeli formi-Taa SemorCenili (g.rogava, 1960); ar dasturdeba mosalodneli *Cxani varianti. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom TanxmovanTagan bgeraTSesa-tyvisobebs gvaZlevs winaenismieri afrikatebi da spiranti bgere-bi, rac am lingvistur erTeulTa sawarmoTqmo TaviseburebiT - lokaluri rigis labilurobiT - unda aixsnas.

axlaxan gamoqveynebul o.qajaias megrul leqsikonSi sityvaTa didi nawili samwignobro enisa da centraluri qarTveluri ki-loebis analogiuria (t.futkaraZe, e.dadiani, 2003); vfiqrobT, am konteqstSi ver gamodgeba samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli terminebi: bgeraTSesatyvisobaTa darRveva da sesxeba, vinaidan, Tuki amden sityvaSia darRveva, an amdeni sityvaa "nasesxebi" sxva qarTveluri kiloebidan Tu samwignobro enidan, maSin sakuTriv megruli kilos kuTvnileba raRa rCeba? Sesabamisad, ufro logi-kuria, vTqvaT:

megrul metyvelebas ucvlelad Semonaxuli aqvs bevri sa-

erToqarTveluri sityvaforma; Sesabamisad, e.w. "bgeraTSesi-tyvebaTa darRvevis" asaxsnelad srulebiT ar aris aucilebeli, saerToqarTvelurSi davuSvaT Suasibilanturi rigis arseboba. Sesabamisad, saerToqarTvelurisTvis samwignobro qarTuli-

sebri TanxmovanTa sistema unda aRvadginoT, rogorc amas varau-dobda arn. Ciqobava.

aseve, aSkarad damajerebelia g.maWavarianisa da T.gamyreli-

Zis msjeloba saerToqarTvelurSi i/~ da u/E/v sonantebis da-

Svebis Sesaxeb im damatebiT, rom i/~ da u/E/v sonantebi dResac

arsebobs TiTqmis yvela qarTvelur qvesistemaSi (msjelobisaTvis ix. t.futkaraZe, 1998).


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samecniero literaturaSi sakamaToa agreTve qarTvelur ena-kiloTa "daSlis" sqema; kerZod, g.deetersis, g.klimovis, T.gamyre-liZis, g.maWavarianis da sxvaTa azriT, saerToqarTvelurs jer

gamoeyo svanuri, Semdeg, zanur-qarTuli erToba daiSala zanur

da qarTul enebad; arn. Ciqobavasa da q.lomTaTiZis varaudiT, sa-erToqarTvelurs jer gamoeyo zanur-svanuri "SiSina" Tanxmov-

nuri variantebis mqone enobrivi erToba, Semdeg ki zanur-sva-

nuri daiSala zanur da svanur enobriv erTeulebad (sakiTxis istoriisa da problemis mimoxilvisTvis ix. m.qurdiani, 1996).

cnobilia: saerToqarTvelurTan mimarTebiT, TanxmovanTa er-Tgvari refleqsebi aqvT zanur da svanur kiloebs; Tuki davuS-vebT, rom saerToqarTvelurs jer svanuri gamoeyo da 1000 wlis Semdeg qarTul-zanuri daiSala qarTulad da zanurad, warmoud-geneli faqti unda vaRiaroT: hipoTeturi qarTul-zanuri enis Tanxmovnebma zustad igive refleqsebi mogvca zanurSi, rac - sa-erToqarTveluri enis Tanxmovnebma 1000 wlis win - svanurSi. vfiqrobT, zanur-svanuri TanxmovanTa sistemis erTnairoba

mxars uWers zanuri da svanuri kiloebis Tanadroulobas. calke samsjeloa qarTveluri bgeraTSesatyvisobebis Camoya-

libebis (Tu darRvevebis) konkretuli mizezebis Ziebac: gavrcelebuli varaudiT, zanur-svanuri bgeriTi refleqsebi

warmoiqmna "warmoTqmis ukan gadaweviT" (arn.Ciqobava); amgvari mosazrebis safuZvels iZleva Z > j, j > jg, a > o, e > a tipis regularuli procesebi.

qarTvelur enobriv velSi bunebrivia labiovelarizaciis

procesi (Sdr., sxva enebSi aqtiuria palatalizacia, nazaliza-cia...); cnobilia, rom saerToqarTvelur TanxmovanTa gansxvavebu-li refleqsebi zanur-svanur formaTa mxolod erT nawilSi das-turdeba; kerZod, Z, c, w, z, s, j, C, W, J, S sibilantebi mxolod saer-ToqarTvelur fuZeTa erT nawilSi iZleva bgeraTSesatyvisobebs

(meore nawilSi ucvleli rCeba). vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevebSi za-nur-svanuri refleqsebis warmoqmna unda aixsnas saerToqarTve-lurSive labiovelarizebuli bgerebis arsebobiT (Crdilokavka-siuri enebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli da saerToqarTvelurisTvisac


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bunebrivi labiovelarizebuli bgerebis Sesaxeb arsebuli mdidari samecniero litaraturis mimoxilvasa da msjelobas calke warmovadgenT); Sdr.: Tanamedrove yvela qarTvelur kilo-sa Tu samwignobro enaSic bgeraTa CamoTvlisas Tanxmovnebs da-hyveba susti labialuri komponenti (Sdr., qarTveluri: a, bE, gE, dE, e, E, zE, TE, i, kE, lE, mE, nE, o, pE... da rusuli: а, бе, ве, ге,

де, е...). aqve sainteresoa cnobac, rom yoveli enis saartikulacio

Cvevebi memkvidreobiTia (z.jafariZe, i.strelnikovi, 1981). labiovelarizebul bgeraTa mezobloba Cans mizezi zanurSi

saerToqarTveluri a-s zanur o-d qcevisa; kerZod, vfiqrobT, za-nur dialeqtebSi saerToqarTveluri a-s nacvlad o-s warmoqmna ganpirobebulia saerToqarTveluri a xmovnisa da mezobeli Tan-xmovnis labialuri komponentis SerwymiT: labializebuli Tan-

xmovnis labialuri komponenti da momijnave a xmovani gvaZlevs

o-s. aralabializebuli Tanxmovnis mezoblad arsebuli a o-s ar

iZleva. swored am da sxva mizezebiT (ix. qvemoT) SeiZleba aixsnas is mravali "darRveva", roca saerToqarTveluri a zanur kiloeb-Si ar iZleva o-s. analogiuri sqemiT unda mivudgeT saerToqar-Tveluri e-s qarTvelur refleqsebs: e > a processac garkveuli fonetikuri garemocva apirobebs; Sdr.: dRe - dRa, mze - mJa, wnex- - Winax-... magram: nemsi/lemsi (aWar.) - lemSi/lefSi (zan.), verZi - erji, Sveli - sqveri/msqveri; e-s ucvleloba umlautiT ver aixsne-ba, vinaidan igive bolokiduri i xmovani gvaqvs mraval sxva Se-mTxvevaSi, Tumca mainc gvaqvs saerToqarTv. e > zan. a procesi

(Tesli/Tasi, mozveri/mozari, kveri/kvari... Sdr., h.fenrixi, z.sa-rjvelaZe, 1990 da sxv.)... aqve sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom Tuki davuSvebT saerToqarTv. e zan. a bgeraTSesatyvisobis regula-rulobas, maSin zanur kiloebSi pirveladi e xmovani saerTod ar

unda gvqondes... labiovelarizebul bgeraTa mezobloba Cans mizezi saerTo-

qarTveluri e-s depalatalizaciisa svanurSi (e.w. ukana mimarTu-lebis umlauti): saerT.qarT. e > svan. @/a; labiovelaruli bgeris

gavleniT palatalizaciis xarisxis kleba sxva SemTxvevebSic Sei-


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niSneba; mag., T.gamyreliZem daadgina ugamonakliso wesi (T.gamyre-liZe, 2000, gv.27-28): zanurSi saerToqarTveluri S gvaZlevs sq

kompleqss, Tuki mas bagismieri v/E mosdevs: SEeli > *SqEeri >

sqEeri, SaSEi > zesqEi... Cveni azriT, am SemTxvevaSic wyvilbagis-mieri bgeris gavleniT moxda wina Tanxmovnis depalatalizacia. zanurSi ganxorcielebuli e > a procesis mizezic labialur

komponentsa da sityvis struqturis cvlilebis sxva aspeqtTan (sxva bgeris kleba aCerebs e > a process?) mimarTebiTaa saZiebeli; sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevas iTxovs.

zanur-svanurSi saerToqarTvelur ukananunismier Tanxmov-nebs velaruli bgera uviTardebaT: j > jg, C > Cq, W > Wy; am SemTxve-vebSi amosavali Cans saerToqarTveluri labiovelarizebuli

bgera; Sdr., SemTxveviTi ar Cans, rom yvela qarTvelur kiloSi gvaqvs velarul da labialur komponentTa variantuli gamovle-na: waTx-/wyaT-, barty-/bRart-, balR-/bRar-, bRert-/berty-;

xvlik-/slikv-, kvic-/kicv-, burT-/birTv-, Cxikv-/Cxvik-, Rawv-

/Rvanw-, da Tval-/Tol-, qveyana/qoyana tipis monacvleobani (t. futkaraZe, 1996); garda amisa, saerToqarTvelurSive harmoniuli kompleqsebisa (winaenismieri xSuli+ukanaenismier spiranti) da iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi labializebuli bgerebis arseboba sa-fuZvels iZleva davuSvaT, rom qarTveluri dialeqturi bgeri-

Ti refleqsebi asaxavs saerToqarTvelurSive mimdinare vela-

rizacia-labializaciis aqtiur procesebs (qarTvelur enobriv velSi velarizacia-labializaciis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. t.futka-raZe, 1998).

Sdr.: palatalizebuli Tanxmovnebis mezoblobaSi gvaqvs

delabializaciis procesic: ukananunismieri palatalizebuli Tanxmovnebis mezoblad saerToqarTveluri (an zanuri) o ganic-dis delabializacias: oci > eCi, Rori > (Roji >) Reji (Sdr., T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani, 1965, gv.167)... saerToqarT. war-, zan. Wor- > *Wel- > Wil- (Sdr., m.Cuxua, 2003, gv.354; xmovanTa Sesatyvi-sobebis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve, qvemoT: 2.2.3.).

labialur, labializebul Tu palatalizebul TanxmovanTa


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mezobloba sxva iberiul-kavkasiur monaTesave enobriv erTeuleb-Sic xmovanTa gansxvavebul refleqsebs apirobebs; mag., afxazurSi

o xmovani poziciuri warmoSobisaa; igi miRebulia a xmovnisgan E-s, an labializebuli sxva bgeris a-ze gavleniT (q.lomTaTiZe, 1976, gv.49); "rig nasesxeb sityvaSi gamsesxebeli enis o xmovnis ad-gilas mosalodneli Ea kompleqsis nacvlad gvxvdeba a, Tuki o-s win uZRvis bagismieri, SiSina da zogi sxva bgera (q.lomTaTiZe, 1976, gv.51) da sxva.

warmodgenil sakiTxze msjelobisas arsebiTia, gaviazroT

isic, rom mocemul monaTesave enobriv erTeulebs Soris foneti-kur-gramatikuli sxvaobis maRali xarisxi SeiZleba Sepirobebu-li iyos ara mxolod am erTeulTa adreuli divergenciiT (pra-enidan adreul etapze gamoyofiT), aramed sxva mizezebiTac; ker-Zod, cvlilebani SeiZleba gamoewvia eTnosTa intensiur Sere-

vebs: kompaqturi gadasaxlebebi Tu Camosaxlebebi apirobebs su-perstratul an substratul movlenebs, Sesabamisad, orive Se-mTxvevaSi, stimuli eZleva swraf da kanonzomier fonetikur

procesebs; aqve, Sdr., T.uTurgaiZe, 1998, gv. 62: "imis mixedviT, Tu

romeli ena imarjvebs Serevis dros, ganarCeven substratul, su-perstratul da adstratul SemTxvevebs. Serevis yvela saxeo-baSi moqmedebs enaTa Serevis erTi da igive kanonzomierebani" (mag., qarTuli da naxuri enebis Serevebis amsaxveli masala ix. T.uTurgaiZe, 1966, gv. 12).

sakuTriv qarTvelur sinamdvileSi: Cveni azriT, sarwmunoa, rom dRevandeli svanuri kiloebis me-

tad gansxvavebuloba saerToqarTveluri enobrivi modelisgan Sepirobebulia ara svanuris siZveliT, aramed kavkasionis kalTeb-ze sxva iberiul-kavkasiur, Turqul da alanur tomTa xSiri mi-graciebiT; am procesebma qarTveluri enis svanur mikrosistemeb-Si stimuli misca mravalferovan fonetikur procesebs. svanTa metyvelebaSi didia superstratul movlenaTa kvali fonematur

struqturasa da morfologiur inventarSic ki; mag., sakuTriv qarTveluri warmomavlobis ar Cans: palatalizebuli xmovnebi, -em, -SE/-ES brunvis niSnebi da sxv. Sdr., agreTve, Cerqezuli Cans


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svanuri ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondis iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa: muryvam "koSki", C@J "cxeni", mus "Tovli", uCxa "wvima", lemesg "ce-cxli", Rol~aq "cxvari, verZi", fayv "qudi" da sxv. samecniero li-teraturis mimoxilvisa da msjelobisaTvis ix.: s.janaSia, 1959, gv.81-124; agreTve, t. futkaraZe, 1998. superstratuli danaSrevis garda, svanurSi mimdinare aqtiuri fonetikuri procesebis mize-ziT STambeWdavadaa Secvlili sakuTriv qarTveluri warmomav-lobis formebic (ix., n. maris, a. SaniZis, arn. Ciqobavas, v. Tofu-rias, m. qaldanis, g. rogavas, z. WumburiZis, T. gamyreliZis, g. maWa-varianis, t. gudavas, T. SaraZeniZis, k. gaguas, a. onianis, i. Cantla-Zis, q. TuiTis, r. babluanis, g. gazdelianis, r.Wkaduas, r.saRlianis da mraval sxvaTa naSromebi); axlaxan am Temas safuZ-vliani gamokvleva uZRvna m. Cuxuam (2003).

amrigad, Cveni azriT, saerToqarTveluri enis (agreTve, sa-mwignobro qarTulisa da Tanamedrove qarTveluri dialeqtebis) ZiriTadi fonematuri struqtura Semdegi saxiT warmoidgineba:

Tanxmovnebi: b, f, p, d, T, t, Z, c, w, z, s, j, C, W, J, S, g, q, k, R, x, B, y, h, m, n, r, l (winaenismier bgerebs SeiZleba hqondeT labiovela-rizebuli alofonebic);

xmovnebi: a, e, o (Sdr., T.gamyreliZe, 1989, gv.126; misi azriT, zemoT warmodgenili bgeriTi sistema mxolod arqauli qarTu-lisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli);

sonantebi: i/~, u/E/v. T. gamyreliZis, g. maWavarianis, h. fenrixisa da sxvaTa azriT,

saerToqarTvelur sonantTa rigSi aRdgeba m, n, r, l fonemebic. T. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianis Sromatevadi kvlevis Sedegebis Sesaxeb sxvagan gveqneba msjeloba; sonantebTan dakavSirebiT ki aq aRvniSnavT:

profesional specialistTa mier xangrZlivi kvleviT dadge-nili wesebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, axleburad SevxedoT bevr prob-lemas; mag., T. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianis daskvniT (gv. 74-83), ZaRl-, matl-, Tafl- tipis formebs ver miviCnevT saerToqarTve-luri *ZaRal-, *matal-, *Tafal- arqetipebis reducirebul vari-antebad (ix., ar.Ciqobava, 1942, gv. 106-107), vinaidan, aseT SemTxveva-


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Si, ar unda ganxorcielebuliyo l > r procesi (Sdr.: mamali/mu-muli, bali/buli, msxali/msxuli...): "bolokiduri *l-s r-Si gada-svlis albaToba megrul-WanurSi matulobis imis mixedviT, Tu

ramdenad uaxlovdeba fonetikuri TvalsazrisiT *l-s winamavali elementi Tanxmovnur elements" (gv. 79). aq msjelobis gagrZeleba ori gziT SeiZleba: Tafl-/vaSl- tipis sityvebSi amosavlad gvaqvs sonanti, romelic gaxmovanda zanurSi (swored am daSvebis mixed-viT, T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani da sxvebi saerToqarTvelurSi aRadgenen m, n, r, l sonantebs), anda, saerToqarTvelurSive un-

da davuSvaT -l-/-r-/al-/ar-... sufiqsebis variantuloba: qar-Tvelur kiloTa nawilsa da samwignobro enaSi gabatonda oden-Tanxmovniani varianti, xolo zanur kiloSi - xmovniani, romelmac

megrulsa da Wanur kiloebSi transformaciiT mogvca -or-/-ol-. sayuradReboa isic, rom Svel-, gvel-, mgel- tipis fuZeebSi Tavda-pirveli l a-sTan SedarebiT viwro e-s mezoblad ar iZleva r-s (aq is ufro aRsaniSnavia, rom s.qarTv. e zanurSi ar gvaZlevs a-s l >

r procesis gamo). marcvlovani sonantebis rekonstruqciis saTu-oobis TvalsazrisiT agreTve niSandoblivia: rogorc wesi, T.ga-myreliZisa da g.maWavarianis mier sonantebad CaTvlili m, n, r, l

Tavkidur poziciaSi ar iZleva xmovnian refleqsebs; es faqtic

Tafl-, ZaRl-, matl- tipis fuZeebSi sonori (da ara sonanti!) l-s sufiqsobas uWers mxars. aSkaraa: warmodgenil sam varauds Soris (srulxmovniani formis reduqcia sakuTriv qarTulSi; saerTo-qarTvelurSi sonanti r, l, n, m fonemebis daSveba; qarTvelur ki-loebSi -l-/ar- paraleluri sufiqsebis arseboba) ufro naklebi winaaRmdegobani axlavs mesames.

ZiriTadad, arqaul samwignobro (saeklesio) qarTuls emTxve-va rogorc saerToqarTveluri enis brunvisa da mwkrivis mo-rfologiuri kategoriebi, aseve, saxeluri da zmnuri paradig-mebi (morfologiuri kategoriaa mwkrivi, brunva; bruneba da uR-leba formaTa paradigmaa; ix. t.futkaraZe, 1997; Sdr., W.qiria, 2003); kerZod, qarTvelur dialeqtTa SepirispirebiT Cans, rom amosavali saerToqarTveluri modelebia Semdegi ZiriTadi saxe-


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luri da zmnuri struqturebi (TvalsaCinoebisaTvis zogan maga-liTebi mogvyavs erT-erTi dasavlurqarTuli - megruli - dialeq-tidanac; saerToqarTveluri enis rekonstruqciis principebis, qarTvelur dialeqtTa zogadi daxasiaTebisa da qronologiis Se-saxeb ix. qvemoT):

saxelis formawarmoebis ZiriTadi yalibebi:

saxelobiTi (fuZe, fuZe+i/0): kac, kac-i, koC-i... moTxrobiTi (fuZe, fuZe+0/nawevari/nawilaki): TviTon, abraam, kac-man, koC-q... micemiTi (fuZe+s/as/an): kac-s, koC-s/ko-s... naTesaobiTi (fuZe+is/iS/in): kac-is, koC-iS... mimarTulebiTi (fuZe+isa/iSa): kac-isa, koC-iSa... daniSnulebiTi (fuZe+isad/iSoT/iSd): kac-isad, koC-iSoT... moqmedebiTi (fuZe+iT): kac-iT, koC-iT... viTarebiTi (fuZe+ad/oT/d): kac-ad, koC-o(T)...

saxelis sityvawarmoebis ZiriTadi yalibebi: fuZe+sufiqsi (kac-ur-i; koC-ur-i), prefiqsi+fuZe (na-tex-i,

no-tex-i), prefiqsi+fuZe+sufiqsi (m-xatv-ar-i, ma-xant-al-i)... zmnuri formawarmoebis ZiriTadi yalibebi (saeklesio

mwerlobis enaSi daculia ufro Zveli viTareba, magram qarTve-luri kiloebis Tvisobrivi erTianobis saCveneblad nimuSebi mo-gvyavs Tanamedrove saliteraturo enisa da megruli kilos I pi-ris mixedviT, qarTveluri kiloebis monacemebis SepirispirebiTi analizisaTvis ix. b.jorbenaZe, 1995, gv.217-227):

samw. qarT.: wer-s - iwers - iwereba; megruli: Warun-s - iWa-runs - i-War-u…

samw. qarT.: a-Tes-v-in-eb-s; megruli: o-Tas-af-u-an-s... am SemTxvevebSic amosavali Cans samwignobro qarTulisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli variantebi; Sdr., agreTve, zmnuri sxva formebi: awmyo usruli - piris niSani+fuZe+Temis niSani/0 (v-xat-av,

v/f-xant-un-q; m-xat-av, m/f-xant-un-q).


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myofadi - zmniswini+piris niSani+Temis niSani (da-v-xat-av, do-v/f-xant-un-q; da-m-xat-av, do-m/f-xant-un-q).

uwyveteli - piris niSani+fuZe+od/d (v-xat-av-d-i, v/f-xant-un-d-i; m-xat-av-d-i, m/f-xant-un-d-i).

xolmeobiTi - zmniswini+piris niSani+fuZe+od/d (da-v-xat-av-d-i, do-v/f-xant-un-d-i; da-m-xat-av-d-i, do-m/f-xant-un-d-i).

awmyos kavSirebiTi - piris niSani+fuZe+od/d+mwkrivis ni-Sani (v-xat-av-d-e, v/f-xant-un-d-a/e; m-xat-av-d-e, m/f-xant-un-d-a/e).

myofadis kavSirebiTi - zmniswini+piris niSani+fuZe

+od/d+mwkrivis niSani (da-v-xat-av-d-e, do-v/f-xant-un-d-a/e; da-m-xat-av-d-e, do-m/f-xant-un-d-a/e).

usruli wyvetili - piris niSani+fuZe+mwkrivis niSani (v-xat-e, v/f-xant-i; m-xat-e, m/f-xant-i).

sruli wyvetili - zmniswini+piris niSani+fuZe+mwkrivis niSani (da-v-xat-e, do-v/f-xant-i; da-m-xat-e, do-m/f-xant-i; ga-v-i-gone, megr. ge-v-gon-i, Sdr., aWar. ge-v-gon-e).

II usruli kavSirebiTi - piris niSani+fuZe+mwkrivis niSani

(v-xat-o, v/f-xant-a/e, m-xat-o, m/f-xant-a/e). II sruli kavSirebiTi - zmniswini+piris niSani+fuZe+mwkri-

vis niSani (da-v-xat-o, do-v/f-xant-a/e, da-m-xat-o, do-m/f-xant-a/e) Sdr. xmovanprefiqsiani zogi zmnuri yalibi:

I - piris niSani+fuZe+Temis niSani/0 (m-i-xat-av-s, m-i-xant-u; v-u-xat-i-var, v-u-xant-u-q).

II - zmniswini+piris niSani+fuZe+Temis niSani/0 (da-m-i-xat-av-s, do-m-i-xant-u; da-v-u-xat-i-var, do-v-u-xant-u-q).

III - piris niSani+fuZe+mwkrivis niSani (m-e-xat-a, m-i-xant-u-d-u; v-e-xat-o, v-u-xant-u-d-i).

IV - zmniswini+piris niSani+fuZe+mwkrivis niSani (da-m-e-xat-a, do-m-i-xant-u-d-u; da-v-e-xat-o, do-v-u-xant-u-d-i).

V - piris niSani+fuZe+(od/d+)mwkrivis niSani (m-e-xat-o-s, m-i-xant-u-d-a-s; v-xat-od-e, v-u-xant-u-d-a).

VI - zmniswini+piris niSani+fuZe+(od/d+)mwkrivis niSani

(da-m-e-xat-o-s, do-m-i-xant-u-d-a-s; da-v-xat-od-e, do-v-u-xant-u-d-a)...


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aqve SeiZleboda mogvetana saeklesio qarTuli enisTvis dama-xasiaTebeli e.w. xolmeobiTi formebi, magram, ramdenadac aRmo-savluri mTis kiloebis garda sxva qarTvelur dialeqtebSi amgva-ri formebi ar dasturdeba, maTi aq dasaxelebisgan Tavs vikavebT. miT umetes, warmodgenili yalibebic sakmarisia saerToqarTve-luris enobrivi saxis warmosadgenad...

winadadebis agebulebis TvalsazrisiTac, samwignobro qar-Tulisa da qarTvelur dialeqtTa Cvenebac msgavsia; kerZod, mar-tivi winadadebis struqtura agebulia koordinaciis principis mixedviT (koordinaciis principisaTvis ix. arn.Ciqobava, 1968). amosaval viTarebad, am SemTxvevaSic, samwignobro qarTulis vari-anti unda davigulvoT.

SeniSvna: male gamoqveyndeba wigni "qarTveluri dialeqtologia" (t.futkaraZe, e.dadiani), sadac ufro vrclad da sabuTianadaa warmodgenili saerToqarTveluri, sakuTriv qarTuli da zanur-sva-nuri masalis sistemuri erTgvaroba. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom gamosaqvey-neblad vamzadebT qarTul-qarTveluri zmnis axal paradigmas, sadac

zmnis formacvalebis or ZiriTad sqemadaa ganxiluli: aRmqmeli su-bieqtis yalibi (m-Sia, minda, miyvars, mixatavs...) da moqmedi subi-eqtis yalibi (v-xat-av, da-v-xatav, da-v-xat-e...).

saerToqarTveluri enobrivi koines bazaze Camoyalibebu-

li zogadqarTveluri saxelmwifo (Tu tomTaSorisi) ena arse-bobas agrZelebs samwignobro qarTulis saxiT; Sesabamisad, misi gavleniT, qarTvelTa centraluri kiloebis intensiuri cvaleba ar xdeba, xolo ganapira kiloebi, istoriuli Sidaenobrivi cvli-lebebisa da mezobel enaTa gavlenis xarisxis mixedviT, met-nakleb

transformacias ganicdis; kerZod, dasavlurqarTveluri (zanur-svanuri) dialeqturi variantebis erTi nawili, saukuneebis man-Zilze Crdilokavkasiuri enebis gavleniT, metad icvleba da iqmne-ba svanuri kiloebi. jer berZen-bizantielTa, Semdeg ki Turqul

tomTa gavleniT, seriozul cvlilebebs ganicdis zanuri kilos samxreTuli kilokavebi. Turqulis gavleniT icvleba, agreTve: heruli, taouri, imerxeuli da sxva (es procesebi dawvrilebiT

ganxiluli gvaqvs wignSi: "qarTveluri dialeqtologia"). msjeloba sxva mimarTulebiTac SeiZleba ganvaviTaroT:


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Tanamedrove qarTvelTa sametyvelo erTeulTagan saerTo-qarTvelurs ufro uaxlovdeba samwignobro qarTuli da masTan axlos myofi centraluri kiloebi (kaxuri, qarTluri, imeru-li...); saerToerovnuli enis velisgan daSorebam, ucxoenovanma

gavlenebma da sxva mizezebma saerToqarTvelursa da samwignob-

ro qarTuls met-naklebad daaSora svanuri, zanuri, fxouri,

heruli, fereidnuli da sxva kiloebi; am dialeqtebSi leqsi-kur sesxebebTan erTad intensiuri fonetikuri da morfologiu-ri procesebi ganviTarda; Sesabamisad, ganapira kiloebSi bevri enobrivi movlena SedarebiT gvianaa warmoqmnili. SeiZleba iT-qvas: zanur-svanuri Tu fxouri kiloebi saerToqarTvelurTan mimarTebiT ufro bevr enobriv siaxles Seicavs, vidre qarTlu-ri an imeruli; mag., xmovanTa sistemis, brunvebisa da sxva enobrivi faqtebis mixedviT, balszemouri kilo ufro "axalia", vidre

kaxuri kilo. miuxedavad imisa, rom svanurs SenarCunebuli aqvs xanmetoba da kaxurs ara, ZiriTadi fonematuri da gramatikuli movlenebis TvalsazrisiT, kaxurs ufro meti arqaizmi (saerTo-qarTvelurTan saerTo!) aqvs Semonaxuli, vidre balszemours; kerZod, saerToqarTvelurTan mimarTebiT svanur kiloebSi

gviandelia: palatalizebuli xmovnebi, "gadaweris wesebiT" (T.gamyreliZe, 1968), ukana mimarTulebis umlautiT (m.qaldani) da sxva transformaciebiT (ix. mag., m.Cuxua, 2003) saxeSecvlili formebi, brunvaTa jer jidev Camouyalibebeli, e.w. narevi sistema da sxva. aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom qarTuli (qarTvelu-ri) enis centraluri kiloebi, ganicdian ra samwignobro enis

aqtiur mravalsaukunovan gavlenas, garkveulwilad adaptir-

debian axal saliteraturo normebTan, rac qmnis maTi axalwar-moqmnilobis efeqts.

kolxuri enisa da kulturis saerToqarTveluroba dadasturdeba, an uariyofa saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis drois Sesaxeb argumentirebuli msjelobiT.

saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro

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2.2.3. saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro

saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis drois Sesaxeb samecniero

literaturaSi sxvadasxva mosazrebaa: iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa istoriuli qronologiis Tvalsaz-

risiT, CvenTvis sayrdeni varaudi gamoTqmuli aqvT k.bergslands, h.fogtsa da arn.Ciqobavas:

k.bergslandi, h.fogti: hipoTeturi saerToqarTveluri ena "Zveli welTaRricxvis bolo aTaswleulSi unda movaTavsoT" (k.bergslandi, h.fogti, 1972, gv. 255);

arn.Ciqobava: "iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi monaTesave enebia, maT

warmoSoba aerTianebs. es ZvelisZvel viTarebas gulisxmobs; sava-raudod, sami aTasi wlis winandels (Sesamabisad, saerToqar-

Tveluri navaraudevia Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi - t.f.), da, albaT, Zvel adgil-samyofels, kavkasiis samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wyals. am enaTa ganviTareba sxvadasxva gziT warimarTa; ara erTs sxva enas

gadahyrian; saukuneTa manZilze araerTi dialeqti Tu ena warmo-qmnila Tu gamqrala/gaTqvefila sxva enaSi. amitom gasakviri is ki ar aris, rom iberiul-kavkasiur enebs "gasaocari nairgvaroba" axasiaTebs, aramed is, rom fonetika-morfologia-sintaqsSi (ase-ve, leqsikaSic) niSandoblivi saerTo Tvisebebi SerCeniaT" (arn.Ciqobava, 1979, gv.253); Sdr., mkvlevarTa erTi nawili saerTod

uaryofs iberiul-kavkasiur erTobas da saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis drod varaudobs Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleulebs (6-7 aTasi wlis winandel dros). amgvari mosazrebebi saTaves iRebs enaTa daTariRebis e.w. glotoqronologiuri meTodis Sedegebidan da sityvaformaTa mcdari analizidan;

kerZod: a. glotoqronologiuri anu leqsikur-statistikuri meTo-

di SemuSavebulia amerikeli lingvistebis - moris svodeSisa da robert lizis mier gasuli saukunis 40-ian wlebSi. am meTodiT

momuSave specialistebs sjeraT, rom yvela enaSi ZiriTadi leq-

sikuri fondis cvalebis siCqare TiTqmis erTgvaria drois grZel monakveTSi; Sesabamisad, mkvlevrebi monaTesave enaTa Ziri-


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Tadi leqsikuri fondidan iReben 100 an 200 sityvas da maTi cvli-lebebis koeficientis mixedviT adgenen enaTa diferenciaciis dros...

winaswarve aRvniSnavT, rom es meTodi ver iTvaliswinebs enis

leqsikis cvlis sixSiris xarisxs intensiuri adstratuli gavle-nebis an sametyvelo kodTa superstratuli, Tu substratuli Se-revebis pirobebSi; agreTve, cnobili faqtia, rom enis cvlilebis

tempi sxvadasxva epoqaSi sxvadasxva SeiZleba iyos; amdenad, leqsi-kur-statistikuri meTodi Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi did ndo-bas ver poulobs. amJamad aris mcdelobebi, Seiqmnas am meTodis gaumjobesebuli variantebi, magram Tundac ramdenime saukunis win mimdinare sametyvelo kodTa Serevis xarisxis (Sesabamisad, enobriv cvalebaTa xasiaTis) gansazRvris SeuZlebloba amgvar va-raudebs mtkicebulebebad ver aqcevs (glotoqronologiis meTo-dis kritikisaTvis ix.: k.bergslandi, h.fogti, 1972; d.kristali, 1989, gv.331; t.futkaraZe, 2000, gv.327; T.gvancelaZe, 2004 da sxv.).

leqsikur-statistikuri meTodiT qarTvelur enaTa daSlis pirveli daTariReba 100-sityviani sacdeli siis mixedviT ekuT-vnis g.klimovs; misi azriT, saerToqarTvelurisgan svanuris gamo-yofa daiwyo II aTaswleulis, xolo zanurisa - I aTaswleulis da-sawyisSi (g.klimovi, 1952, gv.119). amave meTodiT, oRond 200-si-tyviani siiT, qarTvelur enobriv erTeulTa divergencia daaTa-riRes T.gamyreliZem da g.maWavarianma; maTi kvlevis Sedegebis mi-xedviT, saerToqarTvelurs svanuri gamoeyo Cvens welTaRricxva-mde X saukuneSi, xolo qarTul-zanuri divergencia moxda wel-TaRricxvaTa mijnaze (T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani, 1965, gv.17). aSka-raa, rom erTi da imave meTodiT miRebulia ori sxvadasxva (1000 wliani sxvaobis mqone!) Sedegi.

mogvianebiT, 1984 wels, v.ivanovisa da T.gamyreliZis mier

gamoqveynebul fundamentur SromaSi - "indoevropuli ena da in-doevropelebi" - saerToqarTveluri enis daSlis axali qrono-logiaa SemoTavazebuli; igi gameorebulia T.gamyreliZis mier

1998 wels gamoqveynebul statiaSi - "kolxeTis mosaxleobis eT-nikuri vinaoba anu ra enaze metyvelebda aieti". am gamokvle-


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vebSi ukve uaryofilia leqsikur-statistikuri analiziT miRe-buli daskvna da qarTvelur enaTa daSlis TariRad miCneulia 4000-5000 wlebis winandeli periodi; kerZod, svanuris gamoyofa ivaraudeba III aTaswleulis dasawyisSi, zanurisa ki - Zv.w. II aTas-wleulSi (T. gamyreliZe, v. ivanovi, 1984, gv. 909; T. gamyreliZe 1998, gv.3; ix., agreTve, z. sarjvelaZe, 2000, gv. 27, sadac zanuris ar-sebobis mamtkiceblad miCneulia prokopi kesarielTan damowme-buli moxirisi: aq, ratomRac, s CaTvlilia maincdamainc qarTvelur

S-d); amgvari koreqtireba ZiriTadad moxda saerToindoevropu-lidan saerToqarTvelurSi nasesxebi fuZeebis daSvebisa da tyav- fuZis Sesatyvisad zanuri tyov- variantis aRdgenis sa-fuZvelze, rac, Cveni azriT, aseve sakamaToa (ix. qvemoT).

glotoqronologiuri meTodiT miRebuli daskvnebi, ro-gorc vxedavT, Tavad maTi avtorebisTvisac ki ukve aRaraa sarwmu-no, istorikosTa didi nawili ki amgvar qronologias eyrdnobo-da da eyrdnoba (Tumca gvaqvs gamonaklisic; Sdr., mag., k. ficxela-uri 1973, gv.193).

b. saerToqarTveluris daTariRebisaTvis ver gamodgeba verc

sityvaTa saeWvo analiziT miRebuli daskvnebi; mag., T.miqelaZe fiqrobs, rom Crdilo amierkavkasiaSi qarTvelebi avtoqToni mo-saxleoba ar aris (ix.: T.miqelaZe, 1974); amierkavkasiaSi jer movid-nen svanebi Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi - 5 000 aTasi wlis win; e.i. misi az-riT, am dros ukve arsebobda svanuri ena!), Semdeg - megrel-Wanebi, bolos ki - sakuTriv qarTebi. am mosazrebis sabuTad T.miqelaZes miaCnia qarTlSi dadasturebuli "svanuri" toponimi "kojori". svanur metyvelebaSi koj kldes niSnavs; koj- ki T.gamyreliZisa da g.maWavarianis mier qarTuli klde fuZis Sesatyvisadaa miCneuli.

saenaTmecniero literaturaSi koj- da klde fuZeTa identu-roba gaziarebuli ar aris (ix. h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, 1990); ko-jor- sakuTriv qarTulis kuTvnilebacaa, kerZod, araferi uSlis xels, rom koj- saerToqarTvelur Zirad CavTvaloT (j Sesatyvi-sobas ar iZleva g.maWavarianis mier dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad);


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miT umetes, -or- sufiqsis arseboba svanur niadagze ver aixsneba, qarTulSi ki igi dasturdeba; Sdr.: tba - tb-or-i; sur-i (vanis Zveli saxeli), sur-eb-i da mdinaris saxeli - sul-or-i. "qarTlis cxovrebisa" da vaxuStis monacemebze daydrnobiT, lingvistTa mi-er koj- fuZisaTvis amosavlad miCneulia koJ-; am fuZis ZiriTadi semantikaa "magari da amaRlebuli adgili". koJori/koJrebi (go-ra, mTa) dadasturebulia saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi (T.goniaS-vili, 1937, gv.128-129; g.bedoSvili, 2001, gv.206; Sdr., m.gegeSiZe, 1966, gv.190-209, sadac aris sqematuri mtkiceba, rom kojorisTvis amosavalia rko jvari). qarTul kiloebSi dasturdeba amosavali sityvaformebic: koJi/koJe (imer. leCx.) - "amaRlebuli qviani ad-gili" da koJi/koJri (aWar.) - "magari warmonaqmni kanze". vfiqrob, naTelia, rom koJ-/koj- Ziri saerToqarTveluri monacemia da ara mxolod svanuri.

aseve sakamaToa, Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi dadasturebuli fa-sisi sityvis amosavlad svanuri faSd davsaxoT (da am gziT "davaZ-veloT" svanuri metyveleba), vinaidan faT amosavali sityvis ka-nonzomieri svanuri Sesatyvisi faSd ver mogvcems faSid/faSad

variantebs (Sdr., T.miqelaZe, 1974. gv.11; g.meliqiSvili, 1959 gv.61); Sdr., rogorc wesi: qarTv. T svan. Sd; qarTuli Txili - svan. Sdix; qarT. daTvi - svan. daSdu; qarT. xuTi - svan. xuSd/ÍoxÍiSd.

toponimTa da nasesxeb sityvaTa saeWvo lingvisturi analizis Semdeg cnobili arqeologi T.miqelaZe kategoriulad askvnis:

svanurenovani mosaxleoba samxreTidan movida - "protoxeTu-ri wiaRidan gamovida" (T.miqelaZe, 1974, gv.19); protoxeTebTan kontaqtebis dros svanuri ukve mowyvetili iyo saerToqarTve-lur wres da damoukideblad arsebobda" (iqve, gv.20)... Sesabami-sad, svanuris gamoyofis TariRia Cvens welTaRricxvamde me-3 aTaswleuli, xolo zanuri ena Camoyalibebulad CaTvlilia Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi: "sruliad udavoa, rom liTonis nawarmica da ke-ramikuli produqciac, romelic gamoyenebaSia samxreT-aRmosav-leT SavizvispireTSi da dasavleT saqarTveloSi Zv.w. II-I aTas-wleulebSi, zanurenovan eTnikur erTobas ekuTvnis..." (T.miqela-


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Ze, 1974, gv.75,19)... T.gamyreliZem da v.ivanovma qarTuli tyav- fuZis zanur vari-

antad aRadgines tyov- varianti, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mikenuri ko-vo sityvis amosavlad iqna navaraudevi.

uZveles berZnulSi - mikenurSi - es sityva tyavis mniSvnelo-biT II aTaswleulis dasawyisidan dasturdeba (T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv.908-909). saerToqarTveluridan berZnulSi si-tyvebis sesxeba gamoricxuli ar aris, bunebrivia, mosalodnelia kidec, magram tyav-fuZis kov-Tan dakavSirebas saeWvos xdis za-nurSi tyov- fuZis realurad arsebobis sakiTxi.

saerToqarTvelur a-s zanurSi ramdenime kanononzomieri refleqsi udasturdeba; xSir SemTxvevaSi a ucvleli rCeba, transformaciis ZiriTadi saxe ki aris

saerToqarTveluri a - zan. o:

kaci - koCi, da - do, cxra (cxara) - Cxoro... vvaraudobT, rom zanurSi a > o process apirobebs winamavali

labializebuli Tanxmovani. Tu Zireuli a-s momdevnod bagismieri spiranti dastur-deba, a-s labializacia ferxdeba da a e:

ZarRvi jerRvi arCvi ercqemi tyavi tyebi SaSvi zesqvi... (Sdr.: tba/taba - toba). Tu a-s momdevno bagismieri spiranti ikargeba, an igi gada-dis u xmovanSi, maSin a o u (Sdr., t.gudavas wesi):

daTvi doTi TunT Tagvi Togi mTugi mayE(al)i moy muyi qacvi qoci quci... Sdr.: cacxvi cocxu ducxu


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naZvi noZu nuZu... Tu bolomarcvliseuli a-s momdevnod dakargulia Tan-xmovani, a ucvleli rCeba (winamavali Tanxmovnis labializebis xarisxis miuxedavad):

Zama jima (Sdr., jimalefi) da da (Sdr., dalefi) mama muma (Sdr., qarT. mam-al-i, zan. mum-ur-i) deda dida (Sdr., qarT. ded-al-i. zan.dad-ul-i)... zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, lazursa da megrul-

Si dRes arsebuli tyeb- "tyavi" fuZe saerToqarTveluridan mo-mdinare Tavdapirvel zanur variantad unda CaiTvalos (Sdr., ag-reTve, m.qurdiani, 2003 gv. 46); berZnuli koas istoria ki sakvle-via; Cven saeWvod gveCveneba misi kavSiri qarTul tyav- formasTan

da, miT umetes, legendarul oqros sawmisTan... axlaxan gamoqveynda m.qurdianis statia (m.qurdiani, 2003), sa-

dac aris mcdeloba, damtkicdes, rom megrul-Wanuri metyveleba arsebobda jer kidev Sumerebis dros (!).

SeniSvna: prof. m.qurdiani iziarebs iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis na-Tesaobis Teorias. misi azriT, raki Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi ukve arse-bobda zanuri, saerToqarTveluri savaraudoa Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleu-lebSi; aseT SemTxvevaSi, rodisRa unda yofiliyo saerTokavkasiuri ena? Zv.w. VIII-VII aTaswleulebSi? e.w. nostratul enaTa ojaxis da-Svebis msgavsad, aseTi Soreuli naTesaobis Teoria varaudis sfe-ros ver gascildeba, vinaidan kvlevis amJamindeli meTodebis mixed-viT, aravis SeuZlia zustad Tqvas, kavkasiasa da wina aziaSi konkre-tulad rogori struqturis ena arsebobda Zv.w. VII-VI aTaswleu-lebSi; metic, mecnierTaTvis met-naklebad cnobili enobriv-eTni-kuri erTobebi yalibdeba adre brinjaos xanidan - Zv.w. IV aTaswleu-lidan; bolo gamokvlevebiT, qalaquri tipis dasaxlebebi ivaraude-ba Zv.w. IX-VIII aTaswleulebSi (neoliTuri revoluciis Semdeg), magram mecnierebis amJamindeli miRwevebis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia naTlad ganisazRvros 10 000 wlis winandeli enobriv-eTnikuri suraTi.

enaTa istoriis daTariRebisas samecniero literaturaSi


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farTod gamoiyeneba enobrivi kontaqtebis amsaxveli sesxebis faq-tebi. es meTodi warmatebulia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca na-Tladaa garkveuli konkretuli enobrivi masalis warmomavloba da gamoricxulia mocemuli sityvis (morfemis) kuTvnileba mesa-me, ufro Zveli enisadmi. m.qurdianis statiaSi meTodi sworadaa SerCeuli (2003, gv.44-51), magram gaWirdeba dasaxelebul sityvaTa miCneva maincdamainc megrul-Wanur an svanur formebad; miT ume-tes, saeWvoa, zanuridan Sumerulsa da xeTurSi, xolo svanuridan saerToiranulSi sesxebis mtkiceba; kerZod:

m.qurdianis azriT, Sumerulma zanurisgan isesxa "vaSli": zan. uSquri > *huSqur > hEaSqur > haShur (m.qurdiani, 2003, gv.46). aq auxsnelia u > Ea procesi; garda amisa, amgvarive logikiTa da fo-netikuri cvlilebis sxva gzis daSvebiT SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom Sumeruli varianti momdinareobs saerToqarTveluri *EaSal- formidan:

*EaSal- > *aSol- > *haShol- / *haShur-: dasaSvebia bilabia-luri E komponentis gadaadgileba: E...a > o (Sdr., qarTvelur ki-loebSi dadasturebuli paraleluri formebi: fetE-/fút-, eqEs-/úqs-, Tok-/TekE, fur-/firE...) da xmovanTa fSvinvieri Semar-Tva; Sumerul sityvaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT vaS- fuZe da -ur- su-fiqsic; Sdr.: saerToqarTvelur *vaSl-/*vaS-al- fuZes Sesatyvi-sebi daeZebna CeCnur-inguSurSi da daRestnur enebSi; Sesabami-sad, m.Cuxuam saerTonaxur formad aRadgina *vaS-, xolo saerTo-daRestnur variantad - *veS- (m.Cuxua, 2004). saerTokavkasiuri sa-varaudo forma Cans vaS- Ziri. fuZis mawarmoebeli (determinan-ti) qarTveluri -l-/al- sufiqi unda iyos saerToindoevropul-Si arsebul *Samlu fuZeSi: EaS-l- > *SaE-l- > Samlu (Sdr., T.gamyreliZe, v. ivanovi, 1984, gv.641-642, 881). garda amisa, xaTur

enaSi arsebobs SaEaT "vaSli" sityva (gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.90; S.ga-beskiria, 1998, gv.28; S.gabeskirias azriT, saerToqarTveluri *EaSal- fuZe asaxulia xaTur SaEaT formaSi; mosazreba gamoiT-qva 2004 wlis 13 noembers CvenTan zepir saubarSi). Crdilokavkasi-uri vaS- da qarTveluri vaS-l- formebis Sepirispireba gvavara-


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udebinebs, rom xaTurSi momxdaria E/S bgeraTa metaTezisi (adgilSenacvleba), fuZeSi ki gamosayofia -aT sufiqsi.

vfiqrobT, rogorc qarTvelurisTvis, aseve Sumerulisa

Tu xaTurisTvis amosavali varianti unda veZioT Zvel kavkasi-

ur-winaaziur enobriv velSi... sakamaToa, agreTve, m.qurdianis msjeloba aqaduri gurpis-

u/gursip ("samxedro aRWurvilobis raRac nawili spilenZisa-gan") sityvisTvis amosavlad zanuri gurpij- (gulis piri) kompo-zitis miCneva: zanur kiloebSi r > j procesi ase Zveli ver iqneba; garda amisa, msgavsi logikiT, araferi uSlis xels, aqaduri for-misTvis amosavlad saerToqarTveluri kompozitic dagvesaxa (qarTveluri enobrivi samyarosTvis bunebrivi r/l da s/r

monacvleobis daSvebiT)... aseve iTqmis m.qurdianis mier warmo-dgenil sxva dakavSirebazec: xeTuri iSTam-ana/Tumm-an "yuri" da qarTv. *sTami/sTumi "yuri", Sdr.: sa-sTum-al-i; saerToiranuli *azi-dahaaka da qarTv. *asTakEi "xvliki" (m.qurdiani, 2003, gv.48-51); aqve SevniSnavT, rom saerToqarTveluri arqetipi daadgina da misTvis sxva iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi Sesatyvisi fuZeebi daZebna m.Cuxuam; misi azriT, es saerTokavkasiuri fuZe nasesxebi aqvs ber-Znuls (m.Cuxua, 2000, gv.54-55).

Zv.w. II aTaswleulis I naxevarSi sakuTriv qarTulis, zanuri-sa da svanuris cal-calke arsebobis damtkicebas cdilobs d.mus-xeliSvilic; kerZod, is msjelobas agebs cxvar-/cxovreba da me-cxvareoba sityvebisa "TrialeTis arqeologiuri kulturis" mi-marTebaze (d.musxeliSvili, 2002, gv.6): "mecxvareoba cxovrebis sinonimad mxolod Sua brinjaos xanaSi SeiZleboda gamxdariyo; ramdenadac cxovreba sakuTriv qarTuli enis leqsikur fonds ganekuTvneba, unda davaskvnaT, rom Sua brinjaos xanis e.w. "Tria-leTis kulturis" matarebeli tomebi, ZiriTadad, marTlac, aRmosavlel-qarTveli tomebi unda yofiliyvnen". pativcemul

mkvlevars unda gaeTvaliswinebina, rom saerToqarTvelurSic aR-dgeba cxovar- fuZe, romlisTvisac amosavalia cxov-/cxoE- Ziri,


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vfiqrobT, sicocxlis semantikiT (Sdr., saerToqarTv. cxovari, samwign. qarT. cxovari/cxvari, zan. Sxuri/Cxuri/mCxuri); amave Zirs eyrdnoba sityvebi: cxov-el-i ("cocxali"), cxov-n-eb-a, ma-cxov-ar-i... yvela am formis sayrdeni Ziri unda iyos -cx-, rome-lic SeiZleba gamoiyos cx-en- da co-cx-al- (*so-cx-al-/*ho-cx-al-; Sdr., m.Cuxua, 2003, gv.338-339) fuZeebSic; fuZeTa mimarTebisa-Tvis ix.: arn.Ciqobava, 1938; z.sarjvelaZe, h.fenrixi, 1990; m.Cuxua, 2003 (qarTv. cxvar-/cxovreba da xaTur zar-/zari- fuZeebis seman-tikur-formobrivi mimarTebis Sesaxeb ix., g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv. 120-121).

logikuria, davaskvnaT, rom, Tu maincdamainc, g.klimovis kva-lad, cxovreba sityva mecxvareobis semantikiT gvinda davtvir-ToT (risi aucilebloba sulac ar dgas), cxovar- > cxovreba mi-marTeba saerToqarTvelurSic SegviZlia davuSvaT, xolo cxov-

rebis ZiriTad semantikad sicocxle ufro unda aRvadginoT (da ara mecxvareoba).

Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dasamtkiceblad nasesxebi masalaa gaanalizebuli T.gamyreliZi-sa da v.ivanovis mier; maTi daskvniT, mtkvar-araqsis kulturis fo-rmirebis periodSi gverdigverd arsebobdnen saerToindoevropu-li, saerToqarTveluri da saerTosemituri enebi, rasac cxad-yofs saerToindoevropulidan saerToqarTvelurSi nasesxebi Semdegi leqsika (masalas moviyvanT Tanamedrove qarTuli vari-antebis mixedviT): beravs, brge, goni/Seigen/Seigno, devs/vdeb, eq-vsi, eSvi, Tixa, Txa, kbens, krefs, matli, mkerdi, rgavs/alagebs, sis-xli, tef-/Tbili, upe/ube, qmari, Soba (T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv. 877-879). dasaxelebuli masala sam jgufad SeiZleba warmovadginoT:

a. qarTveluri leqsikuri erTeulebi, romlebic masalob-

rivad ufro axloa ara saerToindoevropul, aramed romelime

indoevropuli (dadasturebuli) enis fuZesTan, Sesabamisad, isini gacilebiT gviandel nasesxobebad SegviZlia miviCnioT; maga-liTad, Sdr:


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eqvs- (salit. qarTv. eqvsi, zan. amSvi/anSi, svan. usgEa), saer-Toind.: seks (aqac da qvemoTac indoevropuli Zirebi mogvyavs ga-martivebuli laTinuri anbanis mixedviT) da berZ. eks; qarTvelu-ri fuZis xmovani segmenti/prefiqsi Cans berZnulSi da ara - saer-ToindoevropulSi; vfiqrobT, aSkaraa: Tuki qarTvelurSi sesxe-ba moxda indoevropuli enisgan, logikuria davuSvaT, rom es enaa Zveli berZnuli da ara - saerToindoevropuli (Sdr.: saerToqar-TvelurSi berZnulidan sesxeba SesaZlebelia mxolod Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebSi; es dro eTanxmeba saerToqarTvelurisTvis Cven mier navaraudev dros). ar gamoiricxeba eqvs- fuZis saerTokavka-siurobac; yvela SemTxvevaSi, paralelurad gansaxilvelia saer-ToqarTveluri da ZvelberZnuli variantebi, rac am erTeulTa Tanadroulobazec miuTiTebs.

uRel- (salit.qarTv. uReli, zan. uRu, svan. uREa), saerTo-ind. iukom "uReli", xeT. iukan, Zv.ind. yuga, berZ. ζυγου/ugo (Sdr., rus. иго)... formobrivad (sityvis struqturis mixedviT) qarTve-lur formasTan ufro axlosaa g Tanxmovniani fuZe; Sesabamisad, indoevropul enas Tu nasesxebi ara aqvs es fuZe iberiul-kavkasi-uri enobrivi velidan (ix. qvemoT) da ueWvelad dadgeba saerTo-qarTvelurSi uR-/uRo fuZis sesxebis sakiTxi, msesxebel enad un-da davuSvaT Zveli berZnuli (an wina aziis romelime) ena.

tef-/Tb- (salit.qarTv. gan-v-tef/vaTbob/Tbili, zan. vot-ibua/tibu "vaTbob/Tbili", svan. li-tb-i-d-e/xotbida/tebdi "gaTboba/gauTbia/Tbili"), saerToind. *tep-, Zv.ind. tapah, Zv.iran. tap, osur. tavun "Tboba", osur. tevd "Tbili", berZn. te(r)mos, laTin. tepidus... niSandoblivia, rom Zvel indoevropul enebSi warmodge-nili fuZe a gaxmovanebiTaa, Sesabamisad, logikuria m.andronikaS-vilis daskvna: "qarTuli Ziri tef- Tavisi fonetikuri ieriT

yvelaze axlos dgas am indoevropuli fuZis osur formasTan" (1966, gv. 109). sakuTriv qarTveluri (svanuri) enisTvis bunebrivi segmentaciiT ar xerxdeba d-s axsna teb-d- fuZeSi, amitom, vfi-qrobT, rom svan. tebd- formisaTvis amosavali SeiZleba iyos


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osur-alan. tevd (> *tefd- > tebd-). Cveni azriT, ufro naklebwi-naaRmdegobrivia qarTv. tef-/Tb-, osur-alan. tep- da berZnul-la-Tinuri tep- Zirebis paralelurad ganxilva, vidre qarTvelur da saerToindoevropul enaTa monacemebis Tanadroulad miCneva.

mkerd- (samwign. qarTv. mkerdi, zan. kidiri, svan. muWEed/mu-Wod), berZn. kardia, roman. kradie... samecniero literaturaSi saka-maToa saerToindoevropulSi gulis aRsaniSnavad *kert- fuZis aR-dgena (Sdr., T.gamyreliZe, v.ivanovi, 1984, gv. 800); garda amisa, Tan-xmovanTa Semadgenlobis mixedviT, qarTvelur formasTn ufro ax-losaa realurad dadasturebuli berZnuli sityva, vidre hipo-Teturi saerToindoevropuli fuZe.

aqve davZenT, rom dausabuTebeli da saeWvoa, agreTve, qarTv. ber-/ber-av-s formis saerToindoevropuli warmomavloba (berva leqsemis qarTuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb ix., m.androni-kaSvili, 1966, gv. 173).

b. leqsikuri erTeulebi, romelTa qarTveluri warmomav-

loba ufro sarwmunoa, vidre - indoevropuli; Sdr.: kben- (salit.qarTv. kbens/kbili, zan. kib-ir-an-s/kib-ir-i; Sdr.,

qarTv. kib-e), saerToind.: kemb- "gaxeva, kbena", keb-/kep- "yba, piri, Wama" da kombo "kbili"; T.gamyreliZisa da v.ivanovis mier am for-maTa amosavlad miCneulia kemb- "gaxeva" (iqve, gv. 815, 879); Sdr., Wamis/kbilis mniSvnelobiT indoevropul enebSi ZiriTadia et-

/dan-/dent- ZiriTadi fuZe. vfiqrobT, saerToindoevropuli kemb-

"gaxeva" fuZisgan qarTveluri kb-/kib- "kbena/kbili" gamoyvana problemuria; miT umetes, rTuli dasamtkicebelia saerTo-indoevropulidan saerToqarTvelurSi sesxeba. Cveni azriT, qar-Tveluri zmnisTvis amosavalia qarTvelur-kavkasiuri kib- fuZe (kib-e*kib-), romelmac mogvca *kib-en-s > kbens da kib-il-i > kbi-li/kibiri variantebi.

g. fuZeebi, romlebic dasturdeba sxva iberiul-kavkasiur

enebSic; Sesabamisad, ufro bunebrivi iqneba, erTmaneTs Sevupi-


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rispiroT da erT qronologiur doneze ganvixiloT am jgufis si-tyvaTa saerTokavkasiuri da saerToindoevropuli arqetipebi (da ara - saerToqarTveluri da saerToindoevropuli); Sdr.:

saerToqarTveluri: gen-/gon- "mogoneba," "goneba"; iCq. gan, ing.

ga(n), bacb. gua¹ "Kureba, xedva"...(imierkavkasiuri enebis masala mogva-

woda m.Cuxuam).

saerToqarTveluri *berZ-/EerZ-i; zan. (megr.) erJ-i *varJ-i; bacb. borw, CaCn. burZ/z, ing. borZ "mgeli", winarenaxuri borZ; xunZ. baw *barw, and. bowo, axv. baya, boTl., Rod., Wam., bagv. tind. ba-

wa, kar. bawe, lak. barw, darg. bec "mgeli", winaredaRestnuri *barZ.

saerToqarTveluri: *daƒal- "Txa"; and. rixa ← *dixan, Sdr.: axvax.

i¹xa, boTl. rixa, yam. inxa/rixa "cxvari"...

saerToqarTveluri *Zax-/*Zaƒ-: *Zax-il-i/*Zax-el-i/sax-el-i, saxe, zan. Joxo, svan. jaxe "saxe"; afx. abaz. a-x½Z "saxeli", iCq. xaZ-, ing, xaZ-, ba-

cb. xaw "gagoneba, smena"...

saerToqarTveluri *kel-: keloba "koyloba" (saba) Sdr., aWar. kel-av-s

"koylobs"; iCq. ing. {ka…}, bacb. k"av-e¹ "koyli", k"av- "koyloba"...

saerToqarTveluri *krab: "krefa"; xunZ. bakar-, and. bakar-, bej. bova-

kol- "Sekreba, собрать"...

saerToqarTveluri *matal-/matli "yia"; afx., abaz. a-maT "gveli", hunz.

beti "yia", bej. farti, lezg. b‘t-r‘y, Tab. bit, lak. ~ati "yia, gveli"...

saerToqarTveluri *oTx: "oTxi", saerTonaxuri ~aTxu "eqvsi", aG. ~ar-

xid, ruT. rixud "eqvsi"...

saerToqarTveluri *…ara/*ar…a/*…r…a/rua "rva", megr. bruo

(<*…r…a), svan. ara, "rva"; iCq. barh, ing. barh, bacb. barl" "rva"; darg.

berh-al id...

saerToqarTveluri *si-sx-li; afx.abaz. a-Sa¶ "sisxli"; Sdr., xeTuri eSxar-/iSxar- "sisxli" (gr.giorgaZe, 1999, gv. 63).

saerToqarTveluri *Se…/S…-: "Soba", "Sveba"; afx. abaz. a-Sa…-ra "goyebis daKra", saerTonaxuri da-lÀ- "gaCena"...

saerToqarTveluri *qom-: "qmari", "vajkaci", zan. qom-oJ-i "qmari",

qom-ol-i "vajkaci"; saerTonaxuri *qom-on "mamri, xvadi"...


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saerToqarTveluri *bas…-/fes…-: fes…-i, fos-o fesv-i: zan. fos-i/fosv-i; bacb. -na-fs-or "Ziri", CaCn. {-no-Es-ar}, ing. -{no-Es-–r}, winarenaxuri na-bes…-ar; xunZ. bosen "bude", and. beSon, boTl. be-

Sen, Rod. beSen, bigv. behu¹, kar. berx½…an, axvax. beS…ani "bude,

logini", Wam. beha¹, tind. bex…a¹/beh…a¹ "logini, bude", winared-aRestnuri *bes…-ani.

saerToqarTveluri *lag-: "lageba", zan. login- "dalageba"; "logini"; iCq.

menga, ing. m@ng‹"logini"... saerToqarTveluri *ber: "Seberva, berva"; xunZ. fun-, and. fud-, bagv.

furi "daberva", "qari"...

saerToqarTveluri *uGel-: "uGeli"; afx. {a-G…a} sitKvaSi a¶-c°a-

G…a-ra "xariT xvna", saerTonaxuri d-uK, lezg. vik, wax. oq, arC. otK... momavali Ziebebi sxva qarTvelur-kavkasiuri warmomavlobis

Zirebsac gamoavlens (aseTi Cans, mag., gvari; Sdr., n.mgelaZe, 2004, gv. 87); saerToqarTvelur-naxur-daRestnuri diB- "Tixa" fuZis Sesaxeb ix. m.Cuxua, 2003, gv.93...

faqtia isic, rom warmodgenili leqsikis did nawils Sesa-tyvisebi gaaCnia indoevropul enebSic. SesaZloa, aseTi fuZeebi momdinare iyos, sulac, savaraudo e.w. nostratuli kontinuu-

misgan. Tuki amgvari makroerToba saerTod arsebobda, maSin mis-gan momdinared unda miviCnioT iberiul-kavkasiuri kontinuumi

da ara mxolod sakuTriv saerToqarTveluri (b.foCxua SesaZleb-lad miiCnevs qarTvelurTan erTad nostratul enebSi ganxilul

iqnas mTis iberiul-kavkasiuri enebic; ix. b.foCxua, 1974, gv. 341; Sdr., iliC-svitiCi, 1967). savaraudo sqemaa:

nostratuli kontinuumi > iberiul-kavkasiuri enobrivi

erToba (aseve: indoevropuli, semitur-qamituri, draviduli, uraluri...) > qarTveluri enobrivi erToba (aseve: afxazur-adiRuri, naxuri, daRestnuri)... garkveulwilad am Tvalsazriss dauWers mxars jon kolarusos kvlevis Sedegebic: mis naSromSi warmodgenilia leqsikuri paralelebi dasavleT Crdilokavkasi-ur da indoevropul winare enebs Soris (j.kolaruso, 2003, gv. 41-61; ix., agreTve, q.TuiTis mimoxilva afxazur-adiRuri da indoev-


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ropuli enebis naTesaobis kvlevis istoriis Sesaxeb; q.TuiTi, 2003, gv. XIV-XV); vfiqrobT, ufro logikuria, am SemTxvevaSic

Tanadroulad miviCnioT saerTo indoevropuli da saerTo

iberiul-kavkasiuri masala. aqve aRvniSnavT: enaTa divergenciis paralelurad mimdinareobda mezobel

enaTa urTierTgavlenebisa da mravalmxrivi konvergenciis

procesebi, Sesabamisad, uZveles fenebSi enobrivi movlenebis

erTgvarobis (msgavsebis) dadasturebisas gaWirdeba mtkiceba,

genetur naTesaobasTan gvaqvs saqme Tu sesxebasTan.

* * * saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis droze garkveuli infor-

macia SeiZleba mogvces qarTvelur kiloebSi arsebulma im si-tyvebma, romelTa saerToqarTveluri arqetipi nasesxebia da Se-saZlebelia sesxebis daTariRebac; magaliTad, vfiqrobT, saerTo-qarTvelurSive arsebuli sparsulTan ziari zogi sityvafor-

ma Zv.w. VI saukunes ver gaSordeba (Sesabamisad, ufro adre gamo-iricxeba sakuTriv zanur-svanuri enobrivi erTeulebis arsebo-ba); aseTebi Cans: zari, kuarTi, tye, Zewkvi, wiT-s/wiT-eli... di-di albaTobiT, warmodgenili formebi sparsuli warmomavlobi-saa an sparsulis gziTaa Semosuli (saTanado msjelobisaTvis ix. m.andronikaSvili, 1966); ar gamoiricxeba isic, rom m.andronikaS-vilis mier sparsulad miCneuli zogi fuZe Zveli winaaziuri, an saerTokavkasiuri enebidan modiodes sparsulSic da qarTvelur-Sic; mag., m.andronikaSvili sparsul-skviTur nasesxobebad miiC-nevs verZ-, zax-/Zax- (Zaxi-li), fesv-, zam-, kel- fuZeebs, Tumca, maT Sesatyvisebi eZebnebaT sxva iberiul-kavkasiur-winaaziur

enebSic (masala ix. zemoT); samagaliTod ganvixilavT zam- Zirs: zam-:

saerToqarTveluri *zam- "weli", "dro": za-fxul-i, zam-Tar-i, zan. zo-Tonji, svan. zo-mxa/za~-maxe "weli+axali"; bacb. So (*jo):


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CaCn. S…o (*jo): ing. Su ( Suo *jo) "weli", winarenaxuri *zo*jo; xunZ. zo-b "ca", "weli", and. zubu, tind. zebu, boTl. zi…u, Rod. zibu, darg. zab "wvima", lezg. sá-…/cá-… "ca", Tab. Za-…, aR. Za-…, xin. Zo *za-…, kriw. za-…, budux. za-… "weli", winareda-Restnuri *za-b (b nivTTa gr. kl. niS.)...

Sdr.: zam-an "dro", "sezoni", "saaTi" (qarTv. Jam-i), romelic

dadasturebulia: arameulSi, ebraulSi, arabulSi, TurqulSi; Sdr. saSualsparsuli - zam/zamistan "zamTari"; qarTul zamTar-

fuZeSi *Tar- Tovlis aRmniSvneli fuZe Cans (Sdr.m.andronikaSvi-li, 1966, gv.321-322; h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, 1990), ramdenadac, igi-ve za- fuZe gamoiyofa zafxul- kompozitSic: za-fx-ul-i, sadac

za- aRniSnavs "dros", "sezons", xolo fx-/*fax- - mzes, mzis Tvals; Sdr.: fax-/fx- - Tvali (fax-ur-i; i.CantlaZe, 2004); laz. mafxa (mowmendili ca), svan. mefxe (mowmendili ca), fxiani, fxizeli, zan. fxoni, xevs. fxre ("Ria"), svan. li-fxer ("gaxsna"), qarTv. mx-el-a (m.Cuxua, 2003)...

Sdr.: za-mTari - dro (sezoni) Tovlisa; za-fxuli - dro (sezoni) gaxsnili cisa (anu: mzis Tvalisa;

Sdr., svan. imfxKl - ca ixsneba, idarebs). am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa, agreTve, sityvaforma Ramis is-

toria: m.andronikaSvils is miaCnia sparsul nasesxobad, magram, n.barTaias azriT, qarTulSi arabulidanaa Semosuli. vfiqrobT, ramdenadac Zvel qarTul teqstebSive dasturdeba Rame sityvis-gan warmoqmnili sxva leqsikuri erTeulebi (saRamo, naRveli <

*naRmeli < *na-Ram-el-i, Ramori/Ramura, meRamuri, RamismBmobari, RamiT, maradRame, mRamiobi, naRamevi, saRamuri, siRame, daRameba, SuaRame...) da qarTvelur dialeqtebSic gvaqvs kanonzomieri Sesa-tyvisi (Ruma), Rame saerToqarTvelur monacemad unda davsaxoT

(amosaval formad unda vigulvoT *Rame); Sdr., arabulSi misi

mniSvnelobebia: dafarva, danaRvlianeba, bneli, burusiT moculi; dardi, mwuxareba; sicxe, papanaqeba...); Sesabamisad, logikuria, da-


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vuSvaT: saerToqarTvelurSi Rame Tuki nasesxebia, igi Semosulia

arameulidan an asiriulidan; ar gamoiricxeba arc saerToqarTve-luridan/iberiul-kavkasiuridan misi sesxeba semiturSi (saida-nac Sevida sparsulSic), dasaSvebia Ram- Ziris momdinareoba sxva, ufro Zveli enobrivi kontinuumidan. yovel SemTxvevaSi, aSkaraa qarTvelur-arameul-sparsul fuZeTa uSualo urTierTkavSiri, rac Zv.w. I aTaswleuls ver gascildeba.

SeniSvna: sagangebo kvlevas saWiroebs somxurSi arsebuli qarTvelu-ri leqsikac; aRniSnulia, rom misi erTi nawili axlosaa zanur fuZe-ebTan. ramdenadac somxurSi arsebiTia qarTvelur-kavkasiuri sub-strati, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, e.w. "zanur" formaTa warmoqmna av-xsnaT saerToqarTveluris (an armenebis damxvduri romelime sxva qar-Tveluri tomis metyvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebel) formaTa tran-sformaciiT; mosalodnelia, agreTve, gviandeli (qristianuli lazi-kis droindeli) nasesxobani uSualod lazuridan (somxurSi sakuTriv lazuri formebis Sesaxeb ix., mag., i.SilakaZe, 1983).

vfiqrobT, m.andronikaSvilis, T.gamyreliZis, v.ivanovis, d.musxeliSvilis, m.qurdianis da sxva avtorTa mier sainteresod

gaanalizebuli leqsikuri paralelebi mainc ver iZleva damajere-bel daskvnas saerToqarTveluri enis Zv.w. V-III aTaswleulSi ar-sebobis Sesaxeb; kerZod, amgvari sakamaTo masalis mixedviT ver da-vadgenT saerToqarTveluri Tu sakuTriv qarTuli enebis arsebo-bis dros; garda amisa, rekonstruirebuli da aradokumentirebu-li enebis savaraudo leqsikuri bazis mixedviT aseT Soreul

droSi rTulia dadgindes: sesxebasTan gvaqvs saqme (romeli mimar-TulebiTaa nasesxebi?) Tu saerTo warmomavlobasTan.

sagangebod aRvniSnavT, rom mecnierebisTvis dRemde cnobil

eTnikur erTobebTan dakavSirebuli uZvelesi didi saxelmwifo-ebrivi warmonaqmnebi Zv.w. IV aTaswleulidan dasturdeba; garda amisa, Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi navaraudevi msoflios yvela ena ukve mkvdaria, xolo aRdgenili praenebis (miT umetes, protoenebis) struqtura mniSvnelovnad (arsebiTad!) gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove enebisgan; Tuki Sumerebis dros zanuris, svanuris Tu qarTulis


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arsebobas davuSvebT, gamodis, rom msoflioSi arsebul enaTagan 5000 wlis manZilze mxolod qarTuli, svanuri da megrul-Wanuri "enebi" inarCuneben TavisTavadobas, rac aralogikuria:

msoflioSi ar arsebobs didi samwerlobo tradiciis mqo-

ne enac ki, romelsac 50 saukunis ganmavlobaSi SeenarCunebinos

Tavisi ZiriTadi saxe; miT umetes, aseTi ver iqneba umwerlobo

tomobrivi ena Tu kilo. 1000 wlis manZilzec ki mxolod did sa-mwerlobo tradicias SeuZlia, Seanelos enis mniSvnelovani cvlilebis procesi; 4000-5000 wlian Tvisobriv ucvlelobaze ki, vfiqrobT, laparakic zedmetia. enaTa daTariRebis Sesaxeb msje-lobisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT samwerlobo tradiciis mqone da umwerlobo enebis asakis tipologia: Tuki awmyodan gavadevnebT

Tvals amJamindel enebs, aRmoCndeba, rom werilobiTi tradiciis enebis umravlesoba ver gadaSordeba 2000 weliwads; miT umetes, Zneli dasajerebelia, rom umwerlobo enebma Tavi SeinarCunes 5000-6000 wlis manZilze.

enobriv erTeulTa Cven mier warmodgenili analizi da msje-loba mxars uWers saerToqarTveluris daSvebas ufro Zv.w. pir-vel aTaswleulSi; Sesabamisad, iberiul-kavkasiuri erTobis ar-seboba savaraudebelia Zv.w.IV-II aTaswleulebSi (Sdr.: v.ivanovi, T.gamyreliZe, 1984, gv.880; m.qurdiani, 2003, gv.44 da sxv.).

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT: II aTaswleulis dasasruls qarTveluri tomebi moicavdnen

aRmosavleT da samxreT SavizRvispireTs (soWidan sinopemde), mtkvris xeobis did nawils da Woroxis xeobas mTlianad; tomTa-Sorisi oficialuri ena unda yofiliyo saerToqarTveluri enobrivi modelis mqone ena - sisina a tipis ena (da ara: ararsebu-li qarTis tomis ena, zanuri, Teoriulad navaraudevi zanur-qar-Tuli ena an sxva romelime enobrivi erTeuli). am saerToqarTve-lurma modgmam Seqmna Zveli wyaroebiT cnobili saxelmwifo

aia/kolxa da arqeologiuri kvlevebiT aRmoCenili kolxuri

kultura, romlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi regioni iyo istoriu-li kolas mxare (aqedanaa nawarmoebi kolxa: kol-a/i > kol-x-a). savaraudoa, es saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba moicavda e.w. nai-


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ris qveynebis nawils. Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi es saxel-mwifo ramdenime nawilad iSleba: dasavleT nawilSi warmoiq-mna SedarebiT gviandeli kolxida (centriT - dasavleT saqar-Tvelos teritoriaze: naqalaqevi, vani, quTaisi); samxreT-aRmo-savleT da aRmosavleT nawilSi - diaoxi da sxv.

azos, qujisa da farnavazis dros nawilobriv aRdga erTiani saqarTvelo centriT - mcxeTaSi; farnavazma saqarTvelo dayo sa-mTavroebad, SemoiRo damwerloba saerTo qarTveluri enis baza-ze, gamoacxada saxelmwifo religia (am dros cal-calke ar arse-bobda iberia da kolxeTi; Sdr., g.meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.422).

Sesabamisad, dRevandel lazTa, megrelTa, imerxevelTa, mesx-Ta, kaxTa, svanTa, herTa, fxovelTa da sxva qarTveluri modgmis TemTa didi winaprebi: miTebSi gadasuli aietic da medeac, mogvi-anebiT, azonic, qujic, farnavazic, qarTamic, rostamic, gorgasa-lic, leonic, Wyondidelebic da iovane petriwic oficialurad

saerToqarTvelur, an mis struqturul adekvat, zogadqarTul

samwignobro enaze metyvelebdnen, werdnen da, rac mTavaria, er-Toblivad qmnidnen ramdenime aTaswlovan qarTvelur (mosxur-kolxur-iberiul) kulturas.

qujisa da farnavazis saqarTvelo

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2.3. qujisa da farnavazis saqarTvelo;

23 saukunis winandeli saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo ena da qarTvelTa dialeqtebi;

qarTveluri damwerloba

2.3.1. istoriuli realiebi

Zv.w. pirveli aTaswleulis Sua periodSi, urartus dacemis Semdeg istoriuli kolxeTis aRmosavleTi da samxreT-aRmosavle-Ti nawili sparseTis xelSi gadadis (me-19 satrapia), samxreT-Savi-zRvispireTi nawili (Semdgomi pontos samefo) berZnebs uWiravT, xolo darCenili "mcire kolxeTi" - qarTuli wyaroebis qarTli

(dasavleTi qarTli - egrisi da aRmosavleTi qarTli - qarTl-ka-xeT-kuxeT-hereTi, samxreTi qarTli - mesxeTi), xarks uxdis ra sparseTs, nominalurad inarCunebs damoukideblobas.

Zv.w. IV saukuneSi aleqsandre makedonelis mier sparseTis da-marcxebis Semdeg, qarTvelebs miecaT erTiani saxelmwifos - sru-liad qarTlis - aRdgenis SesaZlebloba. qarTvelTa mefis statu-si miiRo berZenTa mier daniSnulma azom; azo warmoSobiT samxre-Ti mesxeTidan/kabadokiidan Cans (v.goilaZe, 1991, gv.52; n.xazaraZe, 2001, gv.394). "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, misi sataxto qalaqi gaxda mcxeTa; azos mmarTvelobas daeqvemdebara aRmosavleT sa-qarTveloc (gviandeli mcire iberiac), egrisic, mosxikes terito-riac da Crdilo kavkasiis nawilic ki (osni, lekni da xazarni) - berZenTa proteqtoratis qveS erT saxelmwifod gaerTianda

qarTvelur tomTa didi nawili (Woroxis, mtkvris zemowelis, ior-alaznis, aragvis, rion-engurisa da kodor-klisuris xeobe-bi). SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom berZnebis interesSi Sedioda kav-kasionis uReltexilebis kontroli da azos amitomac aarCevines mcxeTa dedaqalaqad.

qarTlis sazRvrebs daaxloebiT amgvaradve gansazRvravs "mo-


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qceva~ qarTlisa~": aleqsandrem azos "miuboZa mcxeTa~ sajdomad da sazRvari da-

udva mas hereTi, da egris wyali, da somxiTi da mTa~ crolisa~" (Satberdis krebuli, 1979, gv.320). Zveli qarTuli wyaroebidan Cans, rom amave azos dros qarTvelTa saxelwifos saxeli iyo qar-

Tli (RvTaeba qarTis/xaldis xalxis qveyana). saberZneTis daqvemdebarebas qarTveloba didxans ver Seguebia: berZenTa Sinaareulobis Jams (diadoxosebis brZola), qarTu-

li saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT, mcxeTis mamasaxlisis - uflo-sis STamomaval samaras - memkvidre farnavazma da egrisis erisTav-ma qujim, Crdilokavkasiel moZmeTa daxmarebiT, daamarcxes ber-Znuli orientaciis azos jarebi da, faqtobrivad, didi kolxeTis

sazRvrebSi aRadgines sruliad qarTlis saxelmwifos damouki-debloba. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mefis uflebis Sesaxeb

msjeloba sainteresodaa warmodgenili mematianis mier; kerZod, mefobis erT-erTi pretendenti - quji - eubneba meores - farna-vazs:

"Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa, da Sen gmarTebs uf-

loba Cemi" (e.i. vinaidan qarTvelTa Soris gamorCeuli gvaris

STamomavali xar, Cven, yvelani - sxva qarTvelebi - Sen unda dage-morCiloTo)... erTiani qarTlis mefe farnavazma saxelmwifo rva did saerisTavod dayo. "qarTlis cxovrebis" es monakveTi sainte-resoa saqarTvelos maSindeli sazRvrebis TvalsazrisiT:

sruliad qarTlis aRdgenis Semdeg "egris wyals quemoT da-

rCa berZenTa, rameTu mkAdrTa mis adgilisaTa ara inebes gan-

dgoma berZenTa. maSin farnavaz misca da~ TAsi ovsTa mefesa co-

lad, da meore da~ TAsi misca qujis colad. da misca qujis que-

yana egris wyalsa da rions Sua, zRviTagan mTamde, romelsa Si-

na ars egrisi da suaneTi, da daamtkica igi erisTavad mun. da

man quji aRaSena cixe-goji.

maSin farnavaz uSiS iqmna yovelTa mterTa TvisTagan da mefe iqmna yovelsa qarTlsa da egursa zeda. da ganamravlna yovelni mBedarni qarTlosianni, ganawesna erisTavni rvani da spaspeti.

erTni gagzavna margvis erisTavad, da misca mciriT mTiTgan,


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romel ars lixi, vidre zRuadmde, rions zemoT (yvela variant-Si ikiTxeba "vidre zRuamde"; Sdr.: s.yauxCiSviliseuli gaswore-ba). da amanve farnavaz aRaSenna orni cixeni, Sorapani da dimna.

da gagzavna meore kaxeTisa erisTavad, da misca aragviTagan

vidre hereTamde, romel ars kaxeTi da kuxeTi.

mesame gagzavna xunanisa erisTavad, da misca berdujis mdi-

nariTgan vidre tfilisamde da gaCianTamdis, romel ars garda-

bani.

meoTxe gagzavna samSAldis erisTavad, da misca skvireTisa

mdinariTgan vidre mTamde, romel ars taSiri da aboci.

mexuTe gagzavna wundis erisTavad, da misca fanvariTgan

vidre Tavadmde mtkurisa, romel ars javaxeTi da kola da ar-

taani.

meequse gagzavna oZrBis erisTavad, da misca taSiskariTgan

vidre arsianTamdis, nostis TaviTgan zRuamdis, romel ars sa-

mcxe da aWara.

meSAde gagzavna klarjeTis erisTavad, da misca arsianiTgan

zRuamde. da merve, quji, iyo erisTavi egrisisa.

xolo erTi daadgina spaspetad da misca tfilisiTgan da

aragATagan vidre tasiskaramde da fanvaradmde, romel ars Si-

da-qarTli. da ese spaspeti iyo Semdgomadve winaSe mefisa,

mTavrobiT ganagebdis yovelTa erisTavTa zeda. xolo amaT

erisTavTa queSe, adgilTa da adgilTa, ganaCinna spasalarni da

aTasisTavni, da maT yovelTagan movidoda xarki sameufo da sae-

risTavo"... (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.24-25). am vrcel amonaridSi Cven yuradRebas mivaqcevT farnavaz-qu-

jis saxelmwifos gaerTianeba-aRdgenis nebayoflobiT xasiaTs (JamTaaRmweris xedva zog specialists gulubryviloba hgonia):

egris wyals quemoTa mxareSi - Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTve-loSi mcxovrebma qarTvelobam ar ineba (!) berZnebisgan gandgoma da isev berZenTa proteqtoratis qveS darCa... Zveli qarTveli mematianis azriT, es mxarec egrosis wilia, xolo gviandeli CanarTis mixedviT - afSil-afxazeTi. romauli wyaroebis cnobiT, welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze am adgilebSi (dioskuriis midamoebSi)


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lazebi cxovroben. amgvarad, qarTvel mematianeTa Txroba amowmebs, rom Zveli

kolxeTis did nawilSi isev aRdga qarTvelTa saxelmwifo (Sdr., anania jafariZe, 1994, gv.62: kolxeTis samefos wiaRSi safuZveli

eyreboda erTian qarTul saxelmwifos Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneebSi). saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enad farnavazma gamoacxada qarTuli ena, romelic, rogorc zogadqarTuli Tu tomTaSorisi ena, yve-la qarTveluri tomisTvis erTnairad iyo misaRebi. saistorio

wyaro, aseve, farnavazs miawers qarTuli mwignobrobis anu anba-nis Seqmnas ("qujis orientacia, Seqmniliyo erTiani saqarTvelo, SeuZlebelia mogvIianebiT SeTxzuliyo. farnavazis reformis-tul moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebul, Cveni azriT, realistur faq-tebs, mematiane ver gamoigonebda"; g.qavTaria, 2000, gv. 28).

lingvistur-kulturologiuri kvlevis Tanamedrove etapze sakmao safuZveli gvaqvs, vTqvaT:

farnavazis dros qarTvelur tomebs hqondaT saerToqarTve-luri (zogadqarTuli) enobrivi koine, romelsac saxelmwifo

enis funqcia hqonda; Sdr., mematiane wers: "da arRara izraxebo-da sxua ena qarTlsa Sina Tvinier qarTulisa"; Sdr., imave mema-tianis azriT, farnavazamdel qarTlSi qarTulTan erTad Tana-arsebobda: somxuri (anu urartulis memkvidre ena – t.f.), xaza-ruli, asuruli, ebrauli da berZnuli; xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavia isic, rom aq saerTod ar aris saubari arc calkeul qarTvelur

tomTa enebsa Tu dialeqtebze da arc Crdilokavkasiur enobriv erTeulebze.

Zvel RvTaebaTa sakiTxis mimoxilva cxadyofs, rom am perio-dis saqarTveloSi SenarCunebulia mcireaziur sxva monaTesave

xalxebTan kulturuli erToba; Sdr.: .gr.giorgaZe, 1985, gv.156: "qarTuli warmarTuli RvTaebebis sameuli tipur mcireaziur

RvTaebebs ganasaxierebda: armazuli triada daaxloebiT Zv.w. III saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi "Seqmna" axladwarmoqmnili qarTlis

saxelmwifos pirvelma mefem - farnavazma Zvel mcireaziul mo-delTan mimsgavsebiT; Cans, aseTi "modeli" arsebobda anatoliaSi


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ara marto xeTur-xuritul xanaSi, aramed - momdevno periodSic

(Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi), rodesac xeTur-xurituli kulturisa da religiis tradiciebi jer kidev ar iyo gamqrali aRmosavleT mci-re aziaSi".

ix., agreTve, v.goilaZe, 1991, gv.52: "moqceva~ qarTlisa~"-Si ar-sebuli cnobiT, gacisa da gas kerpebi aleqsandre makedonelis mi-er qarTlis mmarTvelad dadgenilma azom arian-qarTlidan

gadmoitana"; xeTebis samefos dedaqalaq xaTusas (axlandeli bo-Razqoi) "samefo WiSkarze" arsebuli RvTaeba xacis gamosaxuleba da iqve aRmoCenil lursmul warwerebSi amave RvTaebis aRweri-loba identuria armazuli gacis qarTuli aRwerilobisa; Sesaba-misad, vfiqrob, "arian-qarTli kapadokiaa, xolo azos mamis sagam-geo teritoria mcire aziaSia saZiebeli".

SeniSvna: istorikosTa nawili ndobiT ar ekideboda "qarTlis cxov-rebis" cnobebs; Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi ufro da ufro amyarebs jer

kidev 1919 wels mari broses mier Tavis ukanasknel "memuarebSi" gamo-Tqmul azrs: "qarTlis cxovreba qarTvel tomTa uZvelesi istoriisa-Tvis savsebiT sandoa; kidev metic, qarTul matianeTa cnobebi sandoa ara mxolod kavkasiis tomTa istoriis Sesaxeb, aramed wina aziis is-toriisaTvisac" (a.baramiZe, 1986, gv.116).

sarwmuno Cans amgvari varaudic: miTridateebis ponto da kabadokia ZiriTadad qarTveluri

tomebiT dasaxlebuli qveynebi iyo, magram qarTvelur saxelmwi-fod imitom ver daimkvidres Tavi, rom iq saxelmwifo ena da da-

mwerloba ar iyo qarTuli; Sdr., saqarTveloSi ponto-kabadoki-idan arian mosuli azoc, wminda ninoc da kabadokieli wminda mame-bic; maT aq egulebodaT TavianTi naTesavebis ZiriTadi sacxovri-si. saqarTveloSi wminda giorgis gamorCeuli Tayvaniscema eTni-kuri fesvebiTac SeiZleba iyos motivirebuli.

qarTuli anbani da farnavazisdroindeli saxelmwifo

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2.3.2. qarTuli anbani da farnavazisdroindeli

saxelmwifo enis fonematuri modelis sakiTxi

arqauli qarTuli samwignobro enis fonematur struqtura-

ze msjelobisas arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba asomTavrul anbans, vinaidan qarTuli damwerlobis msgavsi srulyofili anbanuri sistemis Seqmna SeuZlebelia enis bgeriTi Sedgenilobis zusti analizis gareSe.

droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTuli anbanis asoTa moxazuloba gamravalferovnda (asomTavruli, nusxuri, mxedruli), magram enis fonematur struqturaSi arsebiTi cvaleba ar momxdara; garda amisa, Zveli qarTveli ucnobi mwignobrebis mier Tavidanve iseTi sizustiT iyo dadgenili qarTveluri enis sametyvelo

bgerebi, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebis miRwevebis fonzec ki idealuria arqauli qarTulis fonemaTa da grafemaTa Sefardeba.

qarTuli saistorio tradicia, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qar-Tuli samwignobro enisTvis anbanis Seqmnas farnavazis saxels ukavSirebs. samecniero literaturis erT nawilSi gaziarebulia amgvari pozicia; meore nawilSi qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis TariRi gadaweulia Zv.w. VII saukuneSi, zogi mkvlevris azriT ki, qarTu-li anbani Seiqmna qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxade-bis Semdeg (literaturis mimoxilvisTvis ix. r.patariZe, 1980; T.gamyreliZe, 1989). Cven ar gamovricxavT SesaZleblobas, rom qar-Tuli anbanis ZiriTadi modeli Seiqmna farnavazis dros, rome-lic, mogvianebiT, qristianuli literaturis Targmnis period-Si, berZnuli anbanis gavleniT "dazustda" - daemata qarTulisa-Tvis ucxo ramdenime aso-niSani (Ä, uÂ...).

erT saintereso garemoebas miaqcia yuradReba episkoposma anania jafariZem; misi azriT, anbani qristianobis Semosvlis Sem-deg rom Seqmniliyo, am qristianul Rvawls uTuod aRniSnavdnen qarTveli mematianeni, ramdenadac, rogorc wesi, isini sasuliero

moRvaweni iyvnen (a.jafariZe, 1994, gv.90). amave dros, faqtia isic, rom qristianobamdeli qarTuli warwerebi ar aris Semonaxuli, Tumca, nekresis warwerebis msgavsad, kidev ra siurprizs gvimza-


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debs axali aRmoCenebi, ufalma uwyis... romel periodSi Seqmniladac ar unda vivaraudoT qarTuli

anbani, aSkaraa, rom igi zustad asaxavs TanxmovanTa, sonantTa da xmovanTa saerToqarTvelur sistemas; garda amisa, gvaqvs sakmarisi argumentebi, vamtkicoT, rom qarTuli asomTavrulis Semoqmedi uTuod icnobda rogorc finikiur, aseve berZnul anbanur siste-mas; swored am konteqstSia saintereso erTi garemoeba:

finikiurSi gamoixateboda E da ~ bgerebi, xolo berZnulSi - u da i; qarTul damwerlobaSi Tavidanve gvaqvs oTxive bgeris fardi aso-niSani; vfiqrobT, rom asomTavrulis v swored wyvil-bagismier umarcvlo bgeras gamoxatavda da ara kbilbagismier spi-rants (dawvrilebiT ix. t.futkaraZe, 1998). warmodgenili ori sonantis oTxive alofoni aisaxeboda agreTve runul da, gamomdi-nare aqedan, axal goTur damwerlobaSi, romelic Zveli goTuri-sa da berZnuli uncialuri damwerlobisagan Seiqmna (goTurisa da uncialuri berZnulis mimarTebisaTvis ix. T. gamyreliZe, 1984, gv.101; agreTve, r.patariZe, 1980, gv. 137); goTurisave E niSnis saxe-li emTxveva qarTuli v (vini) niSnis saxelwodebas; SeiZleba da-vuSvaT, rom goTuri anbanis Semqmnels an qarTuli anbanic edo

win, an qarTulic da etruskul-goTuric am niSans finikiurisgan iReben...

SeniSvna: runuli damwerloba saTaves iRebs etruskulisa-

gan; Tu gaviTvaliwinebT imasac, rom zogi mkvlevari etrus-

kuls saerToqarTvelur enasTan akavSirebs, sainteresod

SeiZleba dadges zogi sxva sakiTxic.

sayuradReboa: qarTulSi, finikiuris analogiiT, v/E-s Sesa-bamisi niSani gamoxatavs 6 ricxviT mniSvnelobas, goTurSi ki, ber-Znulis msgavsad, 400-s Seesabameba; goTuri u-s asoniSani me-16 ad-gilzea da 70 aRniSnavs; qarTulSi am adgilas o zis.

rac Seexeba u sonantis marcvlovan variants: berZnulSi, Tavdapirvelad, 23-e aso-niSani u-s Seesabameboda;

mogvianebiT mas daakisres O-s aRniSvna da u-sTvis digrafi Semoi-Res; 23-e niSnis ricxviTi mniSvnelobaa 400.

Cveni azriT, ganviTarebis amgvarive gza unda gaevlo qarTu-


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li asomTavrulis 23-e niSan Â-sac, igi Tavdapirvelad u-s gamosa-xatavad Seqmnes; mogvianebiT ki, berZnulis analogiiT ukana rigis bagismieri xmovnisTvis SemoRebuli digrafis (uÂ) damkvidrebis Semdeg, igi ui/Ei segmentis simbolod damkvidrda; O/Ei qarTul-Si fonema ar iyo, amitomac Â niSnis gamoyenebaSi garkveuli aRre-vebi damwerlobam Tavidan ver aicila, Tumca, rogorc xanmeti teqstebis analiziT Cans, Â (vie) ZiriTadad ui (da ara Ei/vi) kom-pleqss Seesabameboda...

Cvens mosazrebas amyarebs ramdenime garemoeba: a) qristianuli kanonikuri wignebis Targmnisas mTargmneli

valdebuli iyo, mkacrad daecva dedanTan Sesabamisoba; gamomdina-re aqedan, berZnuli anbanis mixedviT xdeboda damwerlobis "ga-marTva"... Sdr., swored am mizeziT TiTqmis uaryofil iqna goTu-ri runuli warmarTuli xasiaTis anbani (T. gamyreliZe, 1989, gv.100)... savaraudoa, qristianobis Semdeg msgavsi reforma qarTu-lSic moexdinaT, romlis erT-erTi Sedegic iyo berZnulis mibaZ-viT digramis SemoReba u bgerisaTvis da 23-e grafemis damkvidre-ba O/ui/Ei kompleqsis aRsaniSnavad.

b) uÂ-s ricxviTi mniSvnelobis uqonlobis axsna berZnulis analogiiT nakleb logikuria; imave goTurSi digramis nacvlad

monograma gvaqvs, romelsac sakuTari ricxviTi mniSvnelobac aqvs. qarTuli anbanis Semoqmedma abruptivTa (p, t, w, W, k, y) garda, berZnulisagan gansxvavebul kidev 12 sametyvelo bgeras (E, ~, J, R, C, c, z, q, p, j, h) mouZebna originaluri aso-niSani, srulyo ri-cxviTi mniSvnelobebis sistema, berZnulisaTvis bunebrivi da qar-TulisaTvis ucxo me-16 aso-niSnis adgilas qarTulisaTvis dama-xasiaTebeli sonantis umarcvlo alofonis - ~-s grafema Casva, amiT ganasxvava ra ~ da i alofonebi... anbanis Semqmnelis genia-luri Wvretisa da Rrmad mecnieruli analizis fonze auxsnelia, erTi mxriv, qarTuli digramis da Sesabamisi berZnuli pirvel-wyaros sruli grafikuli erTgvaroba, meore mxriv ki, misiT mar-cvlovani da umarcvlo variantebis gamoxatva...

aSkaraa, rom digrama amovardnilia qarTuli anbanTSemoqme-


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debis procesidan, rac mis gviandelobaze unda metyvelebdes; garda amisa, Tuki qarTuli asomTavruli anbani qristianobis Sem-degaa Seqmnili berZnulis analogiiT, amdeni gansxvavebuli bgeri-saTvis grafemis Semqmnel qarTvel anbanTSemoqmeds ratom gau-Wirdeboda qarTul enaSi ase intensiurad gamoyenebuli bagismie-ri spiranti Tanxmovnisa da bagismieri xmovnis grafikuli gamij-vna, maTTvis originaluri grafemebis Seqmna maSin, roca ganasxvava ufro rTulad gasamijni /i/ da /~/?

g) qarTuli anbanis grafemebi saocari simyariT gamoirCevian aRsaniSnisa da aRmniSvnelis mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT; gamonak-liss qmnis mxolod u sonanti fonemis alofonTa gamoxatva (iSvi-aTad SemCneulia i/~ grafemebis monacvleobac; imnaiSvili, 1982, gv.117), kerZod, mkvlevarTa mier dadgenilia, rom v gamoxatavs E/v alofonebs; Â niSani u/E/Ei (da ara ui-s), xolo uÂ - u/E-s (saki-Txis istoriisaTvis ix., agreTve, k. danelia, z. sarjvelaZe, 1997)... Tumca, am dros ara gvaqvs zusti kriteriumi, gavarkvioT, mag., SexuabT formaSi igi marcvlovan bgeras aRniSnavda Tu umar-cvlos (ak.SaniZis varaudi Tanamedrove qarTulis Cvenebas efuZ-neboda! ix. ak. SaniZe, 1976, gv.20); agreTve, Zvel qarTulSi baZEa, xatEa tipis sawyisebSi v grafema gvaqvs; rogorc anton kaTali-kosi Tvlis, aq E bgera unda igulisxmebodes... sxva magaliTebis moyvanac SeiZleba...

SeniSvna: samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom Zvel qarTulSi u grafema, SesaZloa, mxolod marcvlovan

bgeras aRniSnavda; mogvianebiT E-Ti gamoixateboda u-s reduq-ciiT miRebuli E/v (T.Jordania, 1889, gv.11-12; v. Tofuria, 1979, gv.164; m. kobaiZe, 1990, gv.150)...

vfiqrobT, sonantis alofonTa gamoxatvaSi arsebuli ryeva swored digramis SemoRebam gamoiwvia; manamde v-s Seesabameboda

wyvilbagismieri E alofoni, xolo Â niSans - marcvlovani va-

rianti. kbilbagismieri spiranti anbanSi ar gamoixateboda, vinaidan igi qarTulisTvis arabunebrivia (t.futkaraZe, 1998, gv.71-75); labiodentaluri Tanxmovani ar iyo finikiurSi da arc

qarTuli anbanis safuZvlad navaraudev berZnul klasikur anban-


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Si; qarTuli anbanis me-6 aso-niSani, romelic Tavidan wyvilbagismieri spirantis (sonantis alofonis) gamosaxatavad

Seiqmna, kbilbagismierad gaazrebul iqna gvian Sua saukuneebSi laTinuri enis gramatikebis gavleniT (Sdr., Tu enaSi gvaqvs labiodentaluri mJReri fonema v, im enebSi vlindeba yru f

fonemac). Cveni azriT, Zveli qarTulis kuali, leku, SexuabT... tipis formebSi sruli xmovania aRniSnuli da ara E. es ukanaskne-li ivaraudeba qva, qveli, yveli, wyvili, xvale, pirveli, svla... ri-gis sityvebSi. qristianuli kanonikuri Zeglebis qmnadobis mogvi-ano periodebSi avtorebi aqtiurad cdilobdnen u alofonis Se-sabamisi rTuli grafemis Secvlas isev Â an u martivi niSniT...

d) ana dedofliseuli "qarTlis cxovrebis" xelnaweris avto-ri zogi v-s Tavze wertils svamda (iv. javaxiSvili, 1949, gv.137); ma-riam dedofliseul xelnawerSi am adgilas u gvaqvs (yueli); an-ton kaTalikosma E aso-niSani SemoiRo... Cveni azriT, amis axsna Semdegnairad SeiZleba: antonis dros qarTuli anbanis v niSniT

gamoxatuli bgera laTinuris gavleniT ukve kbilbagismieradaa gaazrebuli... ar aris gamoricxuli, rom antonma E SemoiRo sa-kuTriv u-sgan miRebuli umarcvlo variantis aRsaniSnavad; sakiTxi Semdgom Ziebas saWiroebs (ix. anton kaTalikosi, 1885; gv.116-117; 285-286).

amgvarad, finikiur da berZnul anbanur sistemaTa gamocdi-lebis safuZvelze Seqmnil qarTul asomTavrul damwerlobaSi

aisaxeboda saerToqarTveluris Tu arqauli qarTulisTvis dama-xasiaTebeli sonanti fonemebis alofonebic. am garemoebis gamo

finikiur da sakuTriv berZnul sistemebTan SedarebiT, qarTuli

anbani ufro srulyofilad gamoiyureba; Sdr.: finikiuri anbani

ZiriTadad konsonantur fonemebs gamoxatavda; xmovani fonemebis

damatebiT berZnulma gaaumjobesa sametyvelo bgerebis gamoxatvis

sistema, qarTul anbanSi ki sonant fonemaTa alofonebic aisaxa... vfiqrobT aSkaraa: saerToqarTvelursa da arqaul qarTulSi navaraudevi yvela

fonema da i da u sonantTa alofonebic (i/~, u/E) TiTo grafemi-Taa dadasturebuli asomTavrul anbanSic da mxedrulSic; Sesa-


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bamisad, sruli safuZveli gvaqvs, vTqvaT, rom saerToqarTvelu-risa da samwignobro qarTulis fonematuri struqturebi igive-

obrivi monacemebia.

2.3.3. Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa

Camoyalibebis dro

dialeqtebis warmoqmnis dinamika Cven ase warmogvidgenia: Tanamedrove dialeqtebi yalibdeba samwignobro enisa (oficia-luri enis, koines) da zepiri metyvelebis mudmivi urTierTgavle-nis pirobebSi (zepiri metyveleba SeiZleba arc iyos samwignobro

enis monaTesave enobrivi erTeuli; e.w. gadafarvis kriteriumis

Sesaxeb ix. i.gosensi); istoriuli kiloebi ki warmoiqmneba saerTo

enis divergenciiTa da mezobeli enobrivi erTeulebis gavleniT. rogorc wesi, samwignobro enis gavlena metia politikur da religiur centrTan axlos myofi mosaxleobis metyve-

lebaze; gamomdinare aqedan, mosalodnelia, rom meti cvaleba ga-nicadon ganapira dialeqtebma, miT umetes, ganapira regionebSi

metia mezobeli xalxebis enaTa Tu wes-CveulebaTa gavlenebi. na-Tqvamis sailustraciod mravali faqtis moyvana SeiZleba; sanimu-Sod davasaxelebT palatalizebuli xmovnebis arsebobas ganapira qarTvelur (svanur, herul da, nawilobriv, fxour, mesxur da za-nur) dialeqtebSi...

samecniero literaturaSi saerToqarTveluri enisgan dia-leqtTa gamoyofis drosa da Tanamimdevrobis Sesaxeb azrTa didi

sxvadasxvaobaa: rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, ufro logikuri

da argumentirebulia mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac saerToqar-Tvelurisgan samwignobro enis formirebis paralelurad Camoi-nakvTa ori ZiriTadi dialeqturi wre: e.w. sisina Tanxmovnebiani dialeqtebi: qarTlur-kaxur-mesxur-fxour-heruli kiloe-

bi da e.w. SiSina Tanxmovnebiani dialeqtebi: zanur-svanu-

ri kiloebi; droTa ganmavlobaSi, SiSina kiloebis erT nawilSi sxva enobriv cvlilebebTan erTad, rig SemTxvevebSi, ganxorciel-da a-s labializacia o-d da e-s depalatalizacia; Sedegad mivi-

Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa Camoyalibebis dro

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ReT Tanamedrove zanuri dialeqtebi. Crdilokavkasiel eTnosTa mezoblad mcxovreb SiSina zanur-svanur kiloze molaparake qarTvelTa metyvelebaSi sxva enobriv (fonetikur, morfonolo-giur, morfologiur...) procesebTan erTad ganxorcielda Tan-xmovanTa da xmovanTa palatalizacia (da sxva movlenebi), ramac

saTave daudo svanTa dialeqtebis warmoqmnas. cnobilia, rom monaTesave enobriv sistemebs Soris arsebuli

bgeraTSesatyvisobani istoriulad Camoyalibebuli movlenaa (msjelobisaTvis ix. v.Sengelia, 1999). saerTo enobrivi sistemis-gan dialeqturi variantebis formireba xangrZlivi fonetikuri procesebis Sedegia, amdenad, logikuria, davuSvaT, rom amosava-li fonemis kanonzomieri da regularuli dialeqturi bgeriTi variantebi erT istoriul-qronologiur monakveTSi Camoyalib-da; mag., saerToqarTveluri *s fonemisgan zanur-svanuri S-s

warmoqmnis procesi erTdroulad ganxorcielda suani > Soni, asi > oSi sityvebSi, kac-is > koC-iS formantSic da quTaisis sa-kuTari saxelis kargad cnobil qarTvelur variantebSic: quTai-si/quTeisi/quTeSi/quT@S.

drois romel monakveTSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo es fone-tikuri procesi?

zanur-svanuri dialeqturi wris Camoyalibebis TariRis zeda zRvris dasadgenad sayuradRebo argumentebs iZleva qalaq quTa-isis istoria da misi saxelis variantTa istoriuli mimarTeba:

samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom qu-Taisis saxeli Seiqmna saerToqarTveluri enis doneze (a.uruSaZe, 1993, gv.33; a.oniani, z.sarjvelaZe, 1971, gv.174 ; g.gabunia, 1973, gv. 23). marTlac, quTaisis saxelis variantebSi warmodgenili bge-raTSesatyvisobebi ver gaCndeboda am dasaxlebuli punqtis daar-sebamde; amdenad, logikuria, davuSvaT, rom warmodgenili qar-Tveluri variantebi Camoyalibda quTaisis daarsebis Semdeg; Se-sabamisad, quTaisis istoriisa da misi saxelis nairsaxeobaTa mi-marTebis mixedviTac SeiZleba davazustoT zanur-svanuri dia-leqtebis formirebis sawyisi periodi.

mailto:quTaisi//quTeSi//quT@S

mailto:quTaisi//quTeSi//quT@S


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quTaisis daarsebis dro. quTaisis istorias mravali naSro-mi mieZRvna. quTaisSi pirveli arqeologiuri aRmoCenis avtorad

samecniero literaturaSi aRiarebulia cnobili qarTveli sazo-gado moRvawe giorgi wereTeli (g.wereTeli, 1882). quTaisis "qvey-nis" teritoriaze sxvadasxva dros arqeologiur gaTxrebs awar-moebdnen: r.Smidti, l.kozlovski, g.nioraZe, p.Wabukiani, m.ivaSen-ko, b.kuftini, n.kilaZe-berZeniSvili, l.musxeliSvili, g.lomTaZe, l.jiqia, o.lorTqifaniZe, m.nioraZe, v.liCeli, v.jafariZe, g.kvir-kvelia, o.lanCava, g.isakaZe...

arqeologiuri masalis Seswavlis safuZvelze quTaisis isto-riaSi ganviTarebis ramdenime ZiriTadi periodia gamoyofili:

1. Zv.w. VIII-IV saukuneebi - qalaqis dafuZnebisa da dawinau-rebis periodi;

2. Zv.w. IV-ax.w. IV saukuneebi - qalaqis dakninebis, anu e.w. "bneli" periodi;

3. IV-V saukuneebi - quTaisis, rogorc egrisis mTavari qala-qis, aRorZinebis periodi;

4. VI-VII saukuneebi - quTaisi kargavs politikur priori-tets;

5. VIII-X saukuneebi - quTaisis xelaxali aRmavloba egris-afxazeTis dedaqalaqobidan - sruliad saqarTvelos de-daqalaqobamde (sakiTxis istoriisa da bibliografiisa-Tvis ix. o.lorTqifaniZe, 1994 da o.lanCava, 1996).

quTaisis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebulia ori monografia: 1960 wels daibeWda vladimer CakvetaZis "quTaisis istoriidan" da 1962, 1989 wlebSi - vaxtang jaoSvilis "quTaisi"; 1994 wels gamoi-ca mniSvnelovani samecniero krebuli: "quTaisi uZvelesi droi-dan XIII saukunemde"; warmodgenil gamokvlevebSi sarwmunodaa miCneuli arqeologebis mier miRebuli daskvnebi quTaisis daar-sebis Sesaxeb.

quTaisis daarsebis drosTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs gansxva-vebuli mosazreba, kerZod, l.sanikiZis, a.uruSaZis, g.gabunias da sxvaTa azriT, quTaisi warmoiqmna Zv.w. meore aTaswleulis Sua pe-riodSi; kerZod, l.sanikiZes argumentad mohyavs is faqti, rom


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apolonios rodoseli "argonavtikaSi" kutaias moixseniebs mxo-lod im qalaqTa gverdiT, romlebic arsebobdnen Zv.w. meore aTas-wleulidan; "argonavtikaSi" antikuri periodis "axali" qalaqebi sxva SemTxvevaSi ar saxeldeba (l.sanikiZe, 1971; a.uruSaZe, 1993, gv.44; g. gabunia, 1973, gv.29). odnav gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi hqonda s.yauxCiSvils (s.yauxCiSvili, 1969). r.gordeziani ar gamo-ricxavs aia-sa da kutaias igiveobas, magram sakiTxs dasabuTebu-lad ar miiCnevs (r.gordeziani, 1993, gv.46).

Zv.w. VII-VI saukunidan moyolebuli, quTaisi metad dawinau-rebuli da cnobili qalaqia, kolxeTis dedaqalaqia, amdenad, lo-gikuri iyo, antikur periodSi apolonios rodosels daeSva, rom miTuri aia igive kutaia iyo; Sesabamisad, 1000 wlis winandeli ai-etisa da iazonis gamiTebuli ambis Txrobisas bunebrivia quTai-sis moxsenieba saberZneTis uZveles qalaqebTan erTad. kvlevis Ta-namedrove etapze, ramdenime mizezis gamo, upirveles problemad

Cven swored aietis samkvidrosa da kutaias igiveoba gvesaxeba; kolxas dedaqalaqi Woroxis xeobaSia Tu rionis?

mecnierTa erTi nawili (n.mari, g.meliqiSvili, T.miqelaZe, 1974, gv.84 da sxv.) varaudobs, rom istoriuli kolxas dedaqalaqi - aietis rezidencia - iyo samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi (arta-nujSi); Sesabamisad, iazoni movida ara rionis, aramed Woroxis xe-obaSi;

aqve sayuradReboa isic, rom Zv.w. XV-X saukuneebis kolxuri brinjaos cnobil ganZTagan ufro meti samxreT-dasavleT saqar-TveloSia aRmoCenili, vidre dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoria-ze (T.miqelaZe, 1974, gv.40); sakuTriv quTaisis teritoriaze (go-razec da rionis pirasac) mikvleuli masala ki Zv.w. pirveli aTas-wleulis VIII saukunes ar scildeba.

adgilis zusti gansazRvriT, "qarTlis cxovrebaSi" quTaisi

pirvelad ax.w. VIII saukunidan dasturdeba (o.lorTqifaniZe, 1994, gv.20), qarTul sabuTebSi ki - XI saukunidan (T.yauxCiSvili, 1994, gv.33). berZnul wyaroebSi 11 saukuniT Zveli, kerZod, Zv.w. III saukunis damowmeba gvaqvs. ufro adreuli wyaroebi sando loka-lizacias ar gvaZleven.


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kolxas dedaqalaqis Sesaxeb SegviZlia vimsjeloT mdinare fa-zisis mixedviT, magram, Zv.w. III saukunidanve moyolebuli, fazi-sad moixsenieba Woroxic, rionic da kidev, yubanic da araqsic (sa-kiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. m.berZniSvili, 1969, gv.89 da g.grigolia, 1994, gv.49-50, 55); Woroxic sanaosno mdinare iyo (arTvinamde) da rion-yvirilac (Sorapnamde)... berZnuli wyaroebiTve, zRvidan ai-etis qalaqamde manZili 55 km ar aRemateba, rac saZiebel qalaqad

ufro artanujs gvavaraudebinebs (ix. g.meliqiSvili, 1954; Sdr. o. lorTqifaniZe, 1966); Tumca, Woroxis kalapotidan artanujamde - TurTumis msgavsad maRali mTebiT dacul xeobaTa Sesayar

qalaqamde - 10-15 km manZilze SeuZlebelia naviT mgzavroba. sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevas iTxovs.

quTaisis aRmocenebis drois TvalsazrisiT, jerjerobiT, uf-ro sarwmunod arqeologTa daskvnebi migvaCnia: danamdvilebiT

SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom quTaisis saqalaqo cxovreba dawyebulia Zve-li welTaRricxvis VIII-VI saukuneebSi (o.lorTqifaniZe, 1988; o.lorTqifaniZe, 1994; o.lanCava, 1996).

quTaisis saxelis variantebi. istoriul wyaroebSi quTai-sis saxelis aTze meti variantia dadasturebuli, kerZod, 1993 wels gamoqveynebul akaki uruSaZis gamokvlevaSi: "quTaisi ber-Znul da romaul wyaroebSi" damowmebulia:

kutaia, kute (likofroni, Zv.w. III s.), kutaiisi (apolonios rodoseli, Zv.w. III s.), kuteisi ("orfikuli argonavtika", ax.w. IV s.), kuta (stefane bizantieli, ax.w. VI s.), kotiaioni/ko~taioni, kutaisi, kutatisi, kutatusi ["ase eZaxi-

an lazebi"] (prokopi kesarieli, ax.w. VI s.), kotaisi (agaTia sqolastikosi, ax.w.VI s.)... a.uruSaZis dakvirvebiT, "damowmebul yvela formaSi Tavda-

pirveli da amosavalia kut/quT Ziri, romlis u xmovans kanonzo-mierad enacvleba o, o~, oE xmovnebi" (a.uruSaZe, 1993, gv.31).

VII saukunis e.w. somxur anonimur "geografiaSi" quTaisis aR-saniSnavad gamoyenebulia kota forma.

"qarTlis cxovrebaSi" da sxva werilobiT ZeglebSi CvenTvis


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saintereso qalaqis saxelis ramdenime varianti gvidasturdeba: quTaTisi, quTaTi, quTaisi; qarTvelur dialeqtebSi ki damowme-buli gvaqvs: quTeisi, quTeSi da quT@S.

quTaisis saxelis warmodgenili mravali varianti xuT Ziri-Tad jgufad warmodgeba: 1.kota/kuta, 2.kutaia, 3. kuTaiisi/quTa-isi/ quTeisi/quTeSi/quT@S, 4.quTaTi, 5.quTaTisi/quTaTusi... amaTgan sainteresoa mesame jgufi, sadac toponimis qarTvelur va-riantebSi ueWvelad dasturdeba s/S bgeraTSesatyvisoba.

toponim quTaisis etimologia. toponim quTaisis ramdenime etimologia arsebobs; mas qva/qua sityvasTan akavSirebdnen d.me-RvineTxucesiSvili, v.CakvetaZe (1960, gv.55), v.jaoSvili (1989, gv.57). g.Jordanias mixedviT, quTaisi darqmeulia misi amgebis sa-xelis - quTaTis - mixedviT. n. balanCivaZis azriT, "albaT arse-bobda kutas gvari Tu tomi, romlis saxeli miuRia quTaiss". qa-laqis etimologias quTas gvars ukavSirebs g.eliavac. g.gabunias (g.gabunia, 1996, gv.244; g.gabunia, 1999, gv.97-99) varaudiT, quTaisi SeiZleba miRebuli iyos kompozit quT-aia-sgan; mkvlevari ar

gamoricxavs SesaZleblobas, rom saxelwodeba aia-quTaia-quTaTi-si dakavSirebuli iyos qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisis proble-masTan; kerZod, an erT-erTi mTavari qarTveluri eTnarqis, an ci-ur mnaTobTa Zvelkolxuri RvTaebis saxeli iyos.

arc erTi avtoris mosazrebas sarwmuno lingvisturi dasa-buTeba ar axlavs...

mecnierTa erTi nawili toponimis fuZes araqarTveluri warmomavlobisad miiCnevs; kerZod: n. mari da s.kakabaZe afxazur

q˚Ta ("sofeli") sityvas ukavSireben; i.jiSkariani - arCibul qu-

Tas ("qali"), k.hani da a.uruSaZe SesaZleblad Tvlian, amosavlad

berZnuli kutos "tyavi" davsaxoT (am da sxva mosazrebebis mimo-xilvisTvis ix. v.CakvetaZe, 1960, gv.49-55; a.uruSaZe, 1993, gv.42-43 da m.inaZe, 1994, gv.64).

Cveni azriT, quTaisis qarTuli warmomavloba eWvs ar iwvevs. aseve, qarTveluri variantebis SepirispirebiT aSkaraa, rom uZve-lesi forma da qalaqis oficialuri saxelwodebaa quTaisi;

mailto:kuTaiisi//quTaisi//quTeisi//quTeSi//quT@S

mailto:kuTaiisi//quTaisi//quTeisi//quTeSi//quT@S


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ucxour wyaroebSi qalaqis saxeli qarTveluri arealidanaa Se-Tvisebuli. quTaTi SedarebiT gvian Seqmnili dialeqturi (zanu-ri) forma Cans. SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom quTaTisi/quTaTusi am ori formis kontaminaciiTaa warmoqmnili (Sdr., a.oniani, z.sa-rjvelaZe, 1971, gv.174).

svanuri quT@S formis warmoqmnis Semdegi gza unda vivarau-doT: quTaisi > *quTa-iS-i > quT@-iS/quT@S (Sdr., a.oniani,z.sa-rjvelaZe, 1971, gv174); zanuri quTeSi ki Semdegnairadaa miRebu-li: quTaisi > quTeisi/quTeiSi > quTeSi.

quTaisis saxelis yvela variantis morfologiuri analizi (gansakuTrebiT svanuri quT@S < *quTa-Si < *quTa-iS-i) mxars uWers toponimis fuZed quTa-s (berZnuli formiT: kota/ko~ta) ganxilvas.

p.ingoroyvas azriT, SemTxveviTad ar unda CaiTvalos is gare-moeba, rom erTmaneTs emTxveva jiqeTSi mdebare "Zveli lazikis" Temis saxelwodeba (quTasi/qoTaSi) da amJamindel qalaq quTaisis saxeli. a.uruSaZis azriT, amave fuZes SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes qsenofontes mier dasaxelebuli erT-erTi qarTvelur-kolxuri satomo saxeli ko~tebi (a.uruSaZe, 1993, gv.32); amgvari azri gamo-Tqmuli aqvs T.yauxCiSvilsac (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.59). vfiqrobT, ko~tebi formisTvis amosavalia *quTebi; Sdr., VI sau-kunis moRvawis, prokopi kesarielis cnobiT, Zvelad quTaiss ko~taioni erqva; m.inaZis mixedviT ki, quT- fuZiani saxeli kolx-Ta miwas, mxares aRniSnavda (m.inaZe, 1994, gv.64). aseve, ar gamoiri-cxeba, rom warmodgenili quT- fuZe momdinareobdes xaT-/qaT- fuZisgan: xaT/qaT > quT (a-s labializaciiT).

amgvarad, quTaisis saxelis lingvisturi analiziT aSkaraa, rom toponimSi warmodgenilia quT-/quTa Ziri da -is saerToqar-Tveluri formanti. ramdenadac, arqeologiuri monacemebis mi-xedviT, qalaqi quTaisi daarsebulia Zveli welTaRricxvis VIII-VI saukuneebSi, bunebrivia, unda davuSvaT, rom -is saerToqar-Tveluri formantis zanur-svanuri varianti -iS/-S da, Sesabami-sad, zanur-svanuri dialeqtebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli konso-


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nanturi sistema Camoyalibda Zveli welTaRricxvis pirveli

aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi.

Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtTa formirebis drois qveda zRvris dadgenis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa welTaRricxvaTa mi-jnisdroindeli berZnuli cnobebi lazebis, svanebisa da suano-kolxebis arsebobis Sesaxeb; mag., klavdios ptolemaiosis (100-178) cnobiT, bzifidan rionamde cxovroben lazebi, manralebi, ekrik-tikes qveynis mcxovrebni... maT CrdiloeTiT cxovroben aqa~ebi, kerketebi da suanokolxebi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.160); Sdr., le-ontisTvis egrisi da suaneTi zogjer sinonimebia...

dRes rTulia msjeloba, Tu konkretulad ra saxisa iyo am tomTa metyveleba; naklebadaa savaraudo, rom welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze lazur-megruli ukve Camoyalibebuli iyo CvenTvis cno-bil lingvistur sazRvrebSi, Tumca zanur-svanuri dialeqturi wris formirebis procesi uTuod dawyebulia.

* * *

dasavlurqarTveluri (SiSina) dialeqturi wris Camoyalibe-ba, vfiqrobT, SeiZleba daukavSirdes or istoriul movlenas:

_ Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasasruls qarTveluri tomebiT dasax-lebuli teritoria ramdenime samefodaa warmodgenili (ponto, lazika, iberia...); sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebriv velSi moqceva aferxebs qarTveluri modgmis TemTa (eTnografiul jgufTa) kulturul Tanacxovrebas; samxreT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi

ufro knindeba qarTuli/qarTveluri samwignobro-oficialuri

enis statusi, Sesabamisad, aqtiurdeba zepiri metyvelebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli fonetikuri movlenebi. vfiqrobT, am periodi-dan saerToqarTveluri enis aRmosavlur variantSi gvaqvs pala-talizebuli bgerebis mqone sparsuli enis gavlena (Zv.w. II sauku-neSi mtkvar-araqsis auzSi mZlavroben sparsuli tomebi), dasav-lur-qarTvelur zepir metyvelebaSi ki piriqiT: aqtiurdeba wi-naenismieri labiovelarizebuli bgerebisgan velarizebuli har-moniuli kompleqsebis (Jg, Sq, jg, Cq, Wk...) warmoqmna, labiovela-


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rizebul Z, c, w, z, s bgerebisgan j, C, W, J, S fonemebis formireba. Semdgom etapze dasavleT saqarTvelos baris mosaxleobis metyvelebaSi momijnave TanxmovanTa labialuri komponentis mona-wileobiT xorcieldeba a > o, e > a gadabgereba; mTis mosaxleobis

metyvelebaSi xmovanTa labializaciis process aferxebs (da cvlis) palatalizacia, romelic axasiaTebs svaneTis mosazRvre Crdilokavkasieli xalxebis enebs; Sdr.:

qarTveli mematianis cnobiT, mefe saurmagma Tavisi xelisuf-lebis gansamtkiceblad Crdilo kavkasiidan gadmoasaxla "kavkasis

naTesavTa naxevarni, da romelnime maTganni warCinebul yvna, sxua-ni dasxna mTiuleTs - didoeTidan vidre egrisamde, romeli ars

suaneTi" (q.c., 1955, gv.27). droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTvelurma mo-dgmam CamosaxlebulTa asimilacia moaxdina, magram Crdilokavka-sielTa dialeqtebi (Tu enebi), Cans, ukvalod ar dakargulan: ma-Ti superstratuli kvali aSkarad Cans svanTa dialeqtebis fone-matur struqturaSi palatalizebuli xmovnebis (dawvrilebiT

ix. t.futkaraZe, 1998), saxelis paradigmaSi e.w. ormagi brunvebisa da Crdilokavkasiuri tipis ergativis, leqsikuri nasesxobebisa da svanTa metyvelebis zogi sxva Taviseburebis saxiT.

zanur-svanuri kiloebis formirebis drosTan dakavSirebiT

sainteresoa, aseve, Tbilisis istoria: Tavidanve zogadqarTve-luri Rirebulebis mqone am qalaqs qarTvelur dialeqtebSi Sesa-tyvisobebi ara aqvs.

zanuri da svanuri enobrivi erTeulebis warmoqmnis dasru-lebis dadasturebul TariRad SeiZleba miviCnioT daviT da kon-stantines wamebis dro: nawarmoebSi gvxvdeba toponimi Wyondidi

(warmomavlobis saxeli - Wyondideli); Sdr.: berZnul-bizantiur

Tu qarTul wyaroebSi manamde dadasturebuli toponimebi sisi-na tipis enis models mihyvebian.

gorgaslis Semdeg dawyebuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebri-vi ngreva arabobam daasrula: sarwmuno Cans, rom swored am peri-odSi dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriebze sabo-lood Camoyalibda ori didi dialeqturi wre: megrul-lazur-


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Wanur-svanuri da imerul-qarTl-kaxur-mesxur-herul-fxour-Takveruli; Sdr., a.jafariZis saintereso msjeloba (1994, gv.65):

"Cveni mematianeni aTaswleulTa manZilze yovelgvari yoyma-nis gareSe Cveni saxelmwifos rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT

nawilSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas qarTvelebs uwodeben (xazi, aqac da qvemoTac, Cvenia – t.f.)... sxvadasxva qarTuli tomebis er-Tian xalxad gadaqcevas xeli uTuod imanac Seuwyo, rom saxelmwi-fos Camoyalibebis dros qarTuli fuZeenis daSlis xarisxi didi ar iyo. tomebis enebi axlos iyvnen erTmaneTTan; qarTebis, zane-bisa da svanebis enebi, cxadia, am ori aTas xuTasi wlis win erTma-neTis mimarT dialeqtebs warmoadgendnen. isini damoukidebel

enebad (? - t.f.) Camoyalibdnen Semdgom, safiqrebelia, mas Semdeg, rac farnavazis mier Seqmnili saxelmwifo daiSala - vaxtang gor-

gasalis Svilebis dros" (Sdr., svanurs Zveli qarTuli enis dia-leqtad ganixilavs T.mibCuani; ix., 1993, gv.464).

Tanamedrove qarTvelur kiloTa (zanur, svanur, fxour...) Camoyalibebis drois TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa enobriv mona-cemTa SepirispirebiTi analizic; ganvixilavT ramdenime faqts:

qarTvelur kiloebs samwignobro enis msgavsi brunvaTa siste-ma aqvT; sxvaoba dasturdeba ergativis gaformebisa da nar-Tania-ni mravlobiTis TvalsazrisiT:

samecniero literaturaSi miCneulia, rom -man/-ma/-m forman-tiani moTxrobiTi saxelobiTTan erTad gvianaa Camoyalibebuli (msjelobisa da sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. T.uTurgaiZe, 1986, gv.16-22). arqaul samwignobro enaSi ergativi warmodgenilia saxelis fuZiT (abraam), me, Sen, Cven, Tqven, man, maT, vin, TviTon nacvalsaxelebiT, an man nawevriani yalibiT (kac-man); svanur ki-loebSi e.w. adiRuri tipis ergativia gabatonebuli, xolo zanur

kiloebSi ergativs awarmoebs -q segmenti, romelic, Cveni azriT, megrul, raWul, taour, imerxeul da sxva qarTvelur kiloebSi farTod gavrcelebuli qe/qi/qo/qve/ki/xo/ho nawilakis naSTia:

qo/qve/qe dadasturebiTi nawilaki droTa ganmavlobaSi Seer-


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wya zog SemTxvevaSi saxelur fuZes, zogan ki - zmnis pirian for-mas; kerZod, iq sadac mosalodnelia dadasturebiTi nawilakis povniereba, magram saxeluri fuZe saxelobiTi brunvis formiTaa (awmyosa da myofadis formebi pirvelsa da meore pirSi), zmnur

formas -q sufiqsad miuerTda, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki - saxelur fu-Zes. amosaval konstruqciad vvaraudobT: kac qo/qve dauZaxa >

koCq duZaxu...

SeniSvna: sakiTxis istoriisaTvis: q.lomTaTiZes mxolod megru-li zmnebis I da II pirSi arsebuli -q sufiqsi miaCnia qo dadastu-rebiTi nawilakis naSTad (q.lomTaTiZe, 1946, gv. 133); T.maxarob-liZis azriT ki, megruli ergativis -q da megruli zmnebis -q masa-lobrivad erTi da igivea: orive momdinareobs koC- fuZis pirveli Tanxmovnisgan (T.maxarobliZe, 2005, gv. 46-56).

vfiqrobT, aSkaraa, rom iberiul-kavkasiuri specifikuri brunvis - ergativis -man da -q nawilakebiani variantebi Camoyalib-da zanur-svanuri kiloebis formirebis Semdeg, xolo svanur ki-loebSi adiRuri tipis ergativis damkvidrebis dro SeiZleba da-ukavSirdes welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze kavkasiis xalxebis did Camo-saxlebas; gamomdinare aqedan, logikuria, rom amJamindeli ergativis Camoyalibebis drod vivaraudoT ax.w. I aTaswleuli. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom iberiul-kavkasiurSi, saerToqarTvelur-sa da arqaul qarTulSic arsebobda ergativi, romelic orgva-rad gamoixateba:

saerToqarTveluri warmomavlobis ergatiul (aranominati-ur, araakuzatiur) konstruqciaSi aRmqmel subieqts warmoad-gens saxeluri/nacvalsaxeluri fuZe, an micemiTSi dasmuli saxe-li (e.w. Zveli ergativi?), romelsac zmnur formaSi Seesabameba: m, g-, s-/h-/x-, gv- piris niSnebi: mindis, mSiis, mwyuris, mwads, mi-yvars... rogorc wesi, am tipis zmnebi uZvelesi formaciisani arian (arn.Ciqobava, 1948, gv.5); Sdr.: istoriul ergatiul konstruqci-aSi moqmed subieqts warmoadgens saxeluri/nacvalsaxeluri fu-Ze, an -man/qe nawilakdarTuli saxeli (axali ergativi), romelsac

zmnur formaSi Seesabameba: v-, s-/h-, -s, -a, -en, -es...


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SeniSvna: orive rigis niSnebi gvevlinebian rogorc realuri obieq-tis, aseve realuri subieqtis gamomxatvelad; maTi ganawileba Sepi-robebuli Cans zmnuri semantikiT: aRmqmel subieqts gamoxatavs m-s rigi (ufro arqauli warmoSobisa: me > m), xolo moqmed subieqts - v-s rigi (b > E/v?). arqauli tipis ergatiuli konstruqciisa da piris niSnebis e.w. inversiis Sesaxeb sxvagan gveqneba sagangebo msjeloba.

faqtia: saxelobiTis Tavdapirveli forma erTnairi gvaqvs yvela qarTvelur kiloSi (fuZe+i / fuZe+e), e.i. misi formireba momxdaria zanur-svanuri wris kiloebis Camoyalibebamde. aqve vityviT, rom zog kiloSi saxelobiTis i formantis dakargva ix-sneba maxvilis zemoqmedebis gamo bolokiduri xmovnis mokvecis tendenciiT (ix. mag. a.arabuli, 1981, gv.120-124). logikuri Cans da-skvnac, rom: -ma/-q niSnebiani ergativis formebi samwignobro

enasa da zanur kiloebSi warmoqmnilia zanur-svanuri dialeq-

turi wris gamomijvnis Semdeg (Sdr., i.imnaiSvili, 1961, 641-642). T.gvancelaZis varaudiT, samwignobro qarTulis nar-Taniani

mravlobiTi, xucesi da zanuri kiloebis uCaSi saSualebas unda iZleodes, zanuris gamoyofis drod ganvsazRvroT ax.w. V sauku-ne; kerZod, xucesi asaxavs xanmetobis periods, xolo uCaSi – hae-metobisas (azri gamoTqmulia zepiri saubris dros). igive x- pre-fiqsia svanur xoSa "ufrosi", "didi" sityvaSi (x-ucesi/uCaSi/x-oSa sityvebSi xanmetobis x- prefiqsi gamoyo a.SaniZem; ix. g.roga-va, 1956, gv. 293).

warmodgenil mosazrebebTan mimarTebaSia gasaazrebeli xan-metobis problema da saerToqarTv. sa – zan. o Sesatyvisobis sa-kiTxic:

_ svanur da fxour kiloebSi garkveuli modificirebiT

piris niSnad dRemdea SemorCenili e.w. xanmetobis droindeli

x- prefiqsi:

ax.w. V-VII saukuneebis qarTuli xanmeti teqstebis normis msgavsad, svanurSi x- piris niSani daculia xmovniT dawyebul

zmnebTan subieqtur meore da obieqtur mesame pirSi (x-iSxi "iw-vi", x-asyi "akeTeb", x-atbide "aTbob"... x-alat "uyvars", x-ahEdi


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"aZlevs", x-agdi "sZinavs"...). igive x- prefiqsi unda gamoiyos pirve-li piris x+E- segmentSi (sakiTxis istoriisa da msjelobisaTvis ix.: g.rogava, 1956; m.suxiSvili, 1986; n.maWavariani, 1986), kerZod, saerToqarTvelurisa da samwignobro qarTulis msgavsad, svanur

kiloebSic pirveli piris niSania E/v, romelic arabagismieri xmovnebis win daculia ucvlelad, bagismieri bgerebis mezoblad

ikargeba, xolo TanxmovniT dawyebul zmnebSi Semonaxulia infiq-sis saxiT (msgavsi distribucia Cveulebrivia sxva qarTvelur ki-loebSic). rac Seexeba x+E- segmentis x-s: logikuri Cans, davuS-vaT:

x- pirveli piris zmnur formaSi arsebuli iribi obieqtis ni-Sania; droTa ganmavlobaSi, svanur formebSi xE- erTian morfe-mad gadaazrianda da sxva SemTxvevebSic ganzogadda; gviandeli analogiuri movlenaa -nar- da -neb- e.w. rTuli sufiqsebis warmo-qmnac (t.futkaraZe, 1986).

h/x/s (< sa-/ra-) prefiqsisaTvis amosavali Cans klas-katego-riis niSnoba (arn.Ciqobava, 1944), vinaidan sxvagvarad gaugebari iqneboda ori, gramatikulad gansxvavebuli piris – mesame obieq-tisa da meore subieqtis warmodgena erTi da imave niSniT; Sdr., Zveli samwignobro enis monacemebi: aRxumarTe, SexuabT... hvscode, hkiTxe.

Zvel samwignobro qarTulSic da svanur, TuSur, xevsurul

masalaSic (mi-x-gvrian, x-qonda, da-x-kazmavs, x-mkidi, da-x-farven...) amosavalia s/h; dialeqtebSi savaraudoa Semdegi fonetikuri

procesi: s/h > h > 0 da s/h > x > (R): saTanado fonetikur garemoc-vaSi swored x-s (da ara h-s) SeuZlia mogvces mJReri R: maRgvris, Rgvandi, Rgonebav (Sdr., a.SaniZe, 1920 da a.WinWarauli, 1960, gv.96-98). gurul-aWarul kiloebSic gvaqvs piris niSnad fonetikur ni-adagze miRebuli x (ix. q.lomTaTiZe, 1938; m.cincaZe, m.faRava, 1998

da sxv.), oRond, aq h > x procesi fuZiseuli TanxmovniTacaa ganpi-robebuli; Sesabamisad, gurul-aWarulSi gamovlenili x xanmeto-bis periodisad ver miiCneva.

aSkaraa:


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meore subieqturi pirisa da mesame obieqturi piris niSnad x

– e.w. xanmetoba saerToqarTveluri movlena Cans. saerToqarTve-lurSive arsebuli h/x monacvleobis Sedegi unda iyos zog kilo-Si h > 0 procesis ganviTareba, zogan ki – x-s damkvidreba (Sdr.: mkvlevarTa nawili fiqrobs, rom xanmetoba da haemetoba sakuT-riv qarTuli enis or kilos asaxavs).

gasarkvevi rCeba amosavali fonemis sakiTxi: fonetikuri procesebis xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, logikuri

Cans arn.Ciqobavasa da g.rogavas Tvalsazrisi s-s uwinaresobis Se-saxeb. nivTis klas-niSani s, rogorc g.rogava varaudobda, fone-tikur niadagze gvaZlevda h-sa da x-s Soris gardamaval bgeras (arn.Ciqobava, 1944; g.rogava, 1956). Cans, samwignobro enis stan-dartizaciis Zvel etapebze zogi literaturuli skola piris niSnad h-s azogadebda, zogi skola ki – x-s; saboloo normad ki damkvidrda zmnuri fuZis dasawyisis Sesabamisi bunebrivi fone-tikuri variantebi: bagismierebTan da ukanaenismierebTan - h, wina-enismierebTan – s, sxva SemTxvevebSi - 0. e.i. zanur-svanuri kiloe-

bis formirebis procesSi meore subieqturi da mesame obieq-

turi piris niSnad saerToqarTvelur enaSi (enobriv koineSi) gaaqtiurebuli iyo x varianti.

_ cnobilia, rom samwignobro qarTulis sa- prefiqss za-

nurSi Seesabameba o-; jer kidev n.marisgan samarTlianad miCneu-lia, rom zanurSi dakargulia TanxmovniTi nawili: saqaTme/ oqo-Tume, saxli/oxori, *socxali/cocxali/oCxari... savaraudoa Sem-degi fonetikuri procesi:

saerToqarTv. *sa-/ha > zan. ho/o (ar aris aucilebeli, davuS-vaT, rom zanurSi gvqonda s-s Sesatyvisi iseTi S, romelic ver

Zlebs o-s win; Sdr., m.Cuxua, 2003, gv.338). vfiqrobT, samwignobro qarTulis V-X saukuneebis xanmetoba-

haemetoba-sannarevoba, svanur-TuSur-xevsuruli xanmetoba, zanu-ri *huCaSi > uCaSi da *ho > o procesebi drois erT monakveTSi

iRebs saTaves. ramdenadac, svanur-fxourma kiloebma piris niSnad

Semoinaxa -x/R, logikuria davuSvaT, rom zanur-svanuri dialeq-


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turi wre formirdeba haemetoba/xanmetobis periodSi; es dro

ki emTxveva zanur-svanuri dialeqturi wris gamomijvnis Cven mier

zemoT navaraudev periods – axali welTaRricxvis dasawyiss (aq-ve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom swored am droidan Cndeba wyaroebSi termini soanas/Soanas "svani").

ganvlili 20 saukunis manZilze samwignobro qarTulis gavlena ufro aqtiuri iyo centralur qarTvelur kiloebze da, amitomac, isini naklebad daSordnen saerToqarTvelurs, maSin roca gramatikuli normebis CarCoebisgan Tavisufali ganapira kiloebi metad Seicvalnen: qarTveluri enobrivi sistemis farglebSi aq bevri saintereso, imanenturi enobrivi movlena gamovlinda; aRsaniSnavia isic, rom saqarTvelos nairgvari landSaftis (zogadad, garesamyaros) niWierad aRqmis gamo, dialeqtebze molaparake sazogadoebam mravali mxatvruli saxe da saerToqarTveluri leqsikuri erTeuli Semoinaxa; Sesabamisad, qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro - normirebuli mravalsaukunovani ena da aTeulobiT dialeqti - erTi mTliani da didi zogadqarTuli kulturaa.

kganvlilifjg

daskvnis nacvlad

a. naSromSi gamoyenebul zog terminTa

ganmarteba da ZiriTadi debulebebi

terminebi

eTnikuri erTobis, eTnikuri jgufis, eTnosisa da eris Zi-riTadi maxasiaTeblebia:

istoriuli dedaena (erTiani enobrivi xedva-aRqma), istori-uli kultura (tradiciuli religiur-kulturuli Rirebule-bani), istoriuli mexsiereba, istoriuli fsiqikuri wyoba (tra-diciul garemosTan mimarTebiT formirebuli enobriv-kultu-ruli mentaloba) da istoriuli teritoria/saxelmwifo.

eTnikuri terminebiT: eTnosi, eTnikuri jgufi, subeTnosi

da misT. unda aRiniSnos damoukidebeli eTnostruqturisa da sa-kuTari enis mqone adamianTa erTobebi.

teqnikuri termini Temi gulisxmobs erTi eTnosis SigniT ar-sebul lokalur jgufebs; Sdr.: eTnosi - Temi - pirovneba ise mie-marTeba erTmaneTs, rogorc ena - kilo - idioleqti. eTnolin-gvisturi aspeqtiT, dRes qarTveli eris calkeuli Temebia: aWar-lebi, gurulebi, imerlebi, imerxevelebi (SavSelebi), kaxelebi, lazebi, leCxumlebi, livanelebi, maWaxlelebi, megrelebi, mTiu-lebi, moxeveebi, raWvelebi, samcxelebi, svanebi, taoelebi, fere-idnelebi, fSavelebi, qarTlelebi, CaRmaTuSebi, wovaTuSebi, xev-surebi, javaxebi, herebi (ingiloebi)...

ena aris garkveuli semantikis mqone bgeriT niSanTa - enobriv niSanTa - istoriulad Camoyalibebuli sistema, romelic warmo-adgens samyaros xedva-aRqmis, azrovnebis, codnis Senaxvis da ko-munikaciis saSualebas.

ZiriTadi debulebebi

- 324 -

dedaena (Muttersprache; Mather tongue, Native language) aris winap-rebis mier Seqmnili kulturis ena, romelic, rogorc samyaros

xedva-aRqmis sistema, mraval Taobas aerTianebs (magram Tu, mag., romelime afrikeli daibada safrangeTSi da is Tavis dedaenad

franguls Tvlis, bunebrivia, mis dedaenad franguli miiCneva). dedaena mTavari enaa da ara maincdamainc mxolod biologiuri mSoblis ena.

dialeqti aris mocemuli eris/naciis saerTo-saxalxo (ofici-aluri) enis ganStoeba, romelic qveynis teritoriis erTi nawilis mosaxleobis an romelime socialuri fenis zepiri (araoficialu-ri) urTierTobis saSualebas warmoadgens. konkretuli samety-

velo erTeuli monaTesave struqturis mqone oficialuri, sa-mwignobro (standartuli) enis dialeqtad CaiTvleba, Tuki am sa-metyvelo kodis mflobel sazogadoebas istoriulad monawile-

oba miRebuli aqvs mocemuli samwignobro enis SeqmnaSi. Sesaba-misad:

umwerlobo enad unda miviCnioT enobriv-eTnikuri erTobis mqone im sazogadoebis metyveleba, romelsac sakuTar dedaenaze ara aqvs werilobiTi kultura da Semoqmedebis Tu saqmiswarmoe-bis procesSi iyenebs sxvaTa mier Seqmnil samwignobro enas. um-werlobo ena zepiri formiT (dialeqtebis, kilokavebis, Tqmebis, Jargonebis saxiT...) arsebobs.

winareqarTveluri da qarTveluri tomebi/xalxebi

uZvelesi droidan qristianobamde

Zv.w. V_III aTaswleulebSi kavkasiasa da wina aziaSi farTod

iyvnen ganfenilni ergatiuli konstruqciis enis mqone kavka-siur-xuritul-xaTuri tomebi. ZiriTadad kavkasiur-xuritul

mosaxleobas ukavSirdeba mtkvar-araqsis kultura. Zv. w. III aTaswleulSi indoevropuli da sxva tomebis dawo-

liT "ergatiuli konstruqciis enis mqone xalxi" iwyebs swraf divergencias.

ZiriTadi debulebebi

- 325 -

Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan welTaRricxvaTa mijnamde saqarTvelos istoriul teritoriaze cxovrobdnen qarTvelu-rad misaCnevi da, Sesabamisad, qarTvelur ena-kavebze anu dialeq-tebze molaparake Semdegi monaTesave tomebi: muSqebi/mosxebi/me-sxebi, daianelebi/diauxebi/taoxebi, kolaelebi, tibarenebi,

iberebi/saspeirebi/sapirebi, quTebi/koitebi/kvitebi, koraqse-

bi, marebi, beqe~rebi, haliZonebi/xalibebi, xaldebi/qaldebi,

mosino~kebi/heptakometebi, diZerebi, biZerebi, Zidritebi,

makronebi/makrokefalebi, fasianebi, melanqlainebi, ekrikti-

kes mcxovrebni/ekeqe~rebi, henioxebi, sanebi/Wanebi, sanigebi/sa-

nikebi, lazebi, afxazebi, abaskebi, afsarebi, svanebi/misimie-

lebi, svano-kolxebi, amarantebi (kolxuri tomi), tuskebi, ka-xebi, kuxebi, cxumebi, fxovelebi, herebi... araiSviaTad, qarTvelur (zogjer ki monaTesave iberiul-kavkasiur) tomebs Temonimebad/eTnonimebad/avtoeTnonimebad aqvT erTi fuZisgan nawarmoebi saxelebi; Sdr., mag., sityva-formebis sami rigi: sani, zani, svani... afxazi, afsili, afSili, afsua, abaza... xaldebi, qaldebi(Wanebi), xalibebi...

halisis, mtkvris, Woroxis, rion-yvirilis, enguris, liaxvis... xeobebSi ganfenili qarTveluri modgma imierkavkasiaSi mosaxle zog monaTesave tomTan erTad Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan aqtiurad qmnis did kolxur-yobanur kulturas; kolxuri kul-turis Semqmneli xalxis saxelmwifos ZiriTadi ena, savaraudoa, iyo saerToqarTveluri koine/ena.

qarTvelTa istoriuli samwignobro ena – sasuliero mwer-

lobis ena (e.w. Zveli qarTuli ena) efuZneba saerToqarTvelur

enobriv koines; qarTuli samwignobro enis Tanamedrove varian-

ti da qarTveluri dialeqtebi (lazur-megruli, svanuri, me-

sxuri, qarTl-kaxuri, raWuli, heruli, fxouri...) uSualo ga-

grZelebaa saerToqarTvelurisa da istoriuli samwignobro

enisa; Sesabamisad, naklebsarwmunoa mosazreba, rom qarTuli sa-

literaturo ena efuZneba qarTlurs, kaxurs, an sxva romelime erT qarTvelur kilos.

ZiriTadi debulebebi

- 326 -

samwignobro qarTulsa da qarTvelur kiloebs Soris sxvaoba matulobs dedaqalaqTan (sasuliero-kulturul da mmarTvelo-biT centrTan) kilos daSorebis pirdapirproporciulad. samwig-nobro qarTulis gavlenis velis klebis Sesabamisad, qarTvelTa Tanamedrove saSinao-sametyvelo erTeulebi unda daiyos centra-lur, ganapira da saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis gareT

arsebul dialeqtebad; Tavis mxriv, ganapira dialeqtebs eqvs jg-ufad warmovadgenT, kerZod:

centraluri kiloebi:

kaxuri, qarTluri, imeruli, leCxumuri, guruli. ganapira kiloebi:

mesxuri kiloebi: aWaruli, livanuri, maWaxluri, imerxeuli, taouri, samcxuri, javaxuri;

heruli kiloebi: kakuri, aliabaTuri; fxovuri kiloebi: CaRmaTuSuri, fSavuri, xevsuruli, moxe-

vuri, mTiulur-gudamayruli; aqve SeiZleba ganvixiloT wovaTu-

Suric;

raWuli kiloebi: barisraWuli, mTaraWuli; svanuri kiloebi: laSxuri, lentexuri, Coluruli, balsqve-

mouri, balszemouri zanuri kiloebi: megruli, lazuri (xofuri, viwur-arqabu-

li, aTinuri). saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis gareT arsebuli

qarTvelTa kiloebi:

fereidnuli, "Cveneburebis qarTuli" (bursa-inegolSi, adafazar-izmiTSi, gonensa da kaizeris midamoebSi gadasaxlebul

qarTvel muhajirTa metyveleba) da yizlar-mozdokuri qarTuli. mezobel xalxTa enebSi qarTveluridan Sesuli onomastikuri

masalis, qarTveluri nasesxobisa da e.w. TariRian toponimTa ana-lizi safuZvels gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom Tanamedrove qarTveluri ena-kiloebi (samwignobro qarTuli, megrul-lazuri, svanuri, fxovuri, mesxuri da sxva kiloebi) saTaves iReben welTaRricxvaTa mijnidan.

ZiriTadi debulebebi

- 327 -

urartul-kavkasiuri RvTaeba xaldis saxeli, qarTveluri warmomavlobis eTnonimebi: xaldebi, qaldebi (Zveli xalibebi –

straboni), karduxebi; qarTvelur tomTa sacxovrisebis aR-

mniSvneli qoronimebi: qaldia/xaldea/xaitiqi (igive WaneTi/Wa-nivqi - movses xorenaci; giorgi mTawmindelis "akaTistos sakiTxa-vis" qarTuli versiis mixedviT - megrelTa mxare), adiRuri enis SafsuRuri dialeqtis xayuCur kilokavSi qarTvelis aRsaniSni Zveli saxeli xalHde, Woroxis saTaveebTan mdebare vercxlis saba-doebis qalaqis - qaldias saxeli da sxva faqtebi safuZvels gvaZ-levs davuSvaT, rom qoronimi qarTli da eTnonimi qarTueli mo-mdinareoben urartul-kavkasiuri RvTaebis - qaldi/xaldi/qar-Tu/kardu-s saxelisgan; amosaval formad savaraudoa: *qard-/qald-: *qard- > xald-; *qard-/*qarT- > qarT+l-; *qard-/*qarT- >

qarTu > qarTu-el-i... qarTu-el-i qarTvelTa uZvelesi avtoeT-nonimi (endogenuri eTnonimi), qarTli ki - qarTvelTa saxelmwi-fos uZvelesi qarTulenovani qoronimi Cans.

obieqtur kritikas eqvemdebareba kaxelTa, herTa, imerTa, lazTa, megrelTa, mesxTa, fxovelTa da a.S. qarTvelur tomTa qarTizacia/qarTvelizaciis Teoria - sxva tomTa asimilacia e.w. qarTis tomis mier:

istoriuli wyaroebi saerTod ar icnobs qarTis toms, Sesa-bamisad, logikuri Cans varaudi: ZiriTadad mravali qarTveluri tomis konsolidaciiT Zv.w. II d I aTaswleulebis mijnaze Seqmnili didi qarTveluri/kolxuri gaerTianebis TviTsaxelwodebad

mkvidrdeba ara romelime tomis saxeli, aramed saerTo RvTaebis-gan momdinare saxeli qarTu-el-i.

ZiriTadi debulebebi

- 328 -

b. iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis, saerToqarTveluri enis, sa-

mwignobro qarTulisa da qarTvelTa

Tanamedrove dialeqtebis mimarTebis

amsaxveli sqema

enaTa genealogiuri xe igeba monaTesave enobrivi erTeule-bis mimarTebis mixedviT, magram xSirad gaTvaliswinebulia kon-kretuli eTnosis (eris) istoriac: enad saxeldeba xdeba eris (eTnikuri erTeulis) mixedviT; Sesabamisad, genealogiuri sqeme-bi ver gamodgeba enobriv erTeulTa statusis zust ganmsazRvre-lad (Sdr. g.cocaniZe, 2002).

Cven mier wignSi warmodgenili msjelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, msoflios enaTa genealogiuri sqemis iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa StoSi Seva mxolod yovelTa qarTvelTa saerTo ena - qarTve-

luri ena; yvela sxva enobrivi erTeuli am zogadqarTuli enis ki-loebad unda warmodges. Zvel winaaziur enebTan mimarTebis ga-TvaliswinebiT, qarTvelTa sametyvelo erTeulebis istoriuli sqema Semdeg saxes miiRebs (warmodgenili divergenciuli sqema pi-robiTia, vinaidan nebismieri enobrivi erTeulis formirebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia mezobel enebTan/dialeqtebTan Serevis per-speqtiva da konvergenciuli procesebi; mag., aSkarad Cans, rom qarTvelurisaTvis ZiriTad iberiul-kavkasiur fenaSi asaxulia xaTuri da xurituli Sreebi; garda amisa, gvaqvs indoevropuli superstratuli dafenebac...):

ZiriTadi debulebebi

- 329 -

Zv.w.VII-

IV aTasw.

Zv.w.III

aTasw.

Zv.w.II aTasw.

welTaR-

ricxvaTa mijna

ss ii ss ii nn aa

kilouri veli

arqauli qarT.

saxelmw. ena

winaaziur-kavkasiuri enobrivi veli

xaTuri

qarTvelur-

kavkasiuri

xurituli …

Sumeruli …

s.Cerqezuli

koine

s.qarTvel.

koine

s.vainaxuri

koine

s.daRestnuri

koine

SS ii SS ii nn aa kilouri veli

qar

Tv

. sa

ekle

sio

-sax

elm

w.

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t.:

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met

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nar

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cen

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uri

mes

xu

ri

Tak

ver

ul-

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uli

her

uli

fxou

ri

zan

uri

(laz

ur-

meg

ruli

)

svan

uri

samwignobro enis variantebi: saeklesio,

saero mwerlobisa da samecniero stilebi

len

texu

ri

laS

xu

ri..

.

imer

uli

qar

Tlu

ri

kax

uri

...

aWar

uli

maW

axlu

ri

tao

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liv

anu

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sam

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ri:

aTin

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ax.w

. IV

-X

sauk

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ax.w

. X

V-X

VII

I

sauk

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bi

XI-XXI s.s.

Documents

qarTvelebi - ortakfikir.com · saxelwodebebis istoria-etimologiebi... saqarTvelos gareT naklebad icnoben saqarTveloSi Seq-mnil qarTvelologiur kvlevebs, amitomac, qarTulis ar-mcodneTaTvis