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8/9/2019 Qa-0786--Automatic Control of Railway Gate Using Magnetic Switches
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Welcome
To
Lords institute of engineering and technology
Mechanical DepartmentBatch 2006-10
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Mini project
on
utomatic control of rail!ay
gate
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Embedded System "
#omputer $nside a %roduct
II In built
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&m'edded (ystem
&m'edded system is com'ination of hard!are )soft!are for specific application*
&m'edded system means the processor is em'eddedinto that application*
n em'edded product uses a microprocessor or
microcontroller to do one tas+ only*
$n an em'edded system, there is only one applicationsoft!are that is typically 'urned into .M*
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/o! an em'edded system
!or+s** $t !or+s !ith the help of 'oth the hard!are
and soft!are reuirements
/ard!are processor, memories, peripherals,
po!er supply etc**,
(oft!are assem'ly language program 3L%4
li+e c, c55 **,
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Types of em'edded systems
(imple em'edded system
e small electrical euipments
completes its !or+ !ith in theapproimated time
#omple em'edded system e used in military missiles for
target 'ased system
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Examples of embedded systems
7 &lectronic de8ices in the +itchen
&*g* 'read machines, food processors,
micro!a8e o8ens
7 Li8ing ooms
&*g* tele8isions, stereos, remote controls
7 Wor+ places
&*g* fa, pagers, laser printers, cash
registers, credit card readers
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Automotive & Industrial
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#hapter -2
Micro controller
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Micro controller
The first micro controller !as implemented in
196: 'y a car company !ol8es !agons in
their cars*
The 1st micro controller 3:0;:4 !as de8eloped
'y $ntel in 19<6*
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=ound in 19:;*
#orporate headuarters located in (an >ose, #alifornia*
? 'asic architecture !as de8eloped 'y t!o students @lf-
&gil BogenAand @?egard WollanA at the or!egian $nstitute
of Technology*
$% #ore !as sold to tmel 'y lf and ?egard
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ATMEL
T:9#, T90(, T Mega, T#
AT Mega
T Mega : , T Mega :C1C
T Mega :CC, T Mega 16 T Mega 2, T Mega 162,EEEE
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AT Mega Microcontroller
T represents the name of the manufacturing
company FTM&LG*
TM&L
d8anced Technology Memory &nd Logic
M&H
#loc+ =reuency of the micro controller 31M/I4
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=eatures of TMega:C1C
;0 %in $#, %D$% pac+age
/igh-performance, Lo!-po!er ? :-'it Microcontroller $(# rchitecture
10 %o!erful $nstructions J Most (ingle #loc+ #ycle&ecution 2 : Heneral %urpose Wor+ing egisters
%rogram and Data Memories
:K Bytes of $n-(ystem (elf-programma'le =lash
C12 Bytes &&%.M
&ndurance 100,000 Write&rase #ycles
C12 Bytes $nternal (M
C %rogramma'le $. Lines
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%in configuration From 1-40
ATMEGA
8515
Port A
Port B
Port C
Port D
Reset
XTAL2XTAL1
GD
!""
#C1B
ALE$CP
%&1
8
'
1&
1(
18
1'
2& 21
282'
)&
)1
)2
)'
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Memory Mapping of
Data Memory $0000
G. P. R
I/ORegisters
SRAM
*&&1+
*&&2&
*&&5+
*&&,&
*&25+
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Register Pairs /
Indirect Addressing
R r x pair R y pair
z pair
R27
R29
R31
R26
R28
R30
RalRa-
$025F
*&2 R2(*5+ R2,
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Status Register
$t is an : 'it (pecial register !here each 'it in the
register represents a =lag*
Interrupt
BitStor
eHa!
"arry
Si#n
%er&o'
(e#ati%e )ero
)ero
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#hapter -
$ sensors
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Wor+ing of $ pairs
%o!er supply
IRtran*mitter
IR re"ei%er"omparato
r
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DETETIO! FATORS:
(i factors typically affect the %ro'a'ility ofDetection 3%d4 of most area sur8eillance38olumetric4 sensors, although to 8arying degrees*
These are the 14 mount and pattern of emitted energy 24 (iIe of the o'ject
4 Distance to the o'ject ;4 (peed of the o'ject C4 Direction of mo8ement
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SE!SORS APPLIATIO!S:
Most sensors ha8e 'een designed !ith a specificapplication in mind*
The en8ironment categoriIes these applications!here they are most commonly employed*
The t!o 'asic en8ironments or categories areeterior and interior*
&ach of the t!o 'asic categories has a num'er ofsu'-sets, such as fence, door, !indo!, hall!ay, androom*
The first t!o of the follo!ing set of graphics sho! aF=&& T&&G illustration of the sensors mostapplica'le to the these t!o en8ironments*
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#hapter - ;
(tepper motor
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(tepper Motor /istory
Definition
#onstruction and .peration
Types of (tepper Motor
eal World (tepper Motor
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%icture of stepper motor
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#ircuit connections
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.peration principle of stepper motor
%&#NT$.
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%&#NT$. $f the stepper motor mo8es slightly andor ueers hac+ and
forth, there are a num'er of possi'le causes*
$f you are using a 'attery po!er supply, the 'atteries may 'e too!ea+ to po!er the motor properly*
!ote Batteries !ear out uic+ly 'ecause the current dra! fromstepper motors is usually high*
$f you su'stituted another transistor for the T$%120 %transistor, the su'stitute transistor may not 'e s!itching
properly or the current load of the stepper motor may 'e toogreat* (olution use T$%.120 transistors*
Oou ha8e the stepper motor improperly !ired into the circuit*#hec+ the coils using an ohmmeter and re!ire if necessary*
The pulse freuency is too high* $f the pulses to the steppermoor are going faster that the motor can react, the motor !ill
malfunction*
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#onclusion
This is to conclude that this project utomatic control
of rail!ay gate is useful to +no! !hen the train is
passes through the gate, and to close or open the gate
automatically as the train is a'out to reach the gate*Through !hich accidents can 'e a8oided as people
tend to cross the trac+ in spite the gate is 'eing closed
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