PV System Design Explained

7/24/2019 PV System Design Explained

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Photovoltaic System Design

Long Power Down Ahead . . .

Engr. Naeem Abas KalairAssistant Professor

Department of ElectricalEngineering, University of

Gujrat


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Discussion Topics

Power and Energy Crisis



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Power & Energy Crisis

Global Cataclysm

Electric Power Crisis

Oil Gas and Coal !eser"es


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Electric Power Crisis1

Ref 1M. H. Khan, Missing energy targets and its repercussions, Business & Finance, Review, Daily ang, 1!"1#"#!!$


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Electric Power Scenario

WAPDA Supply = 11,000 MW

Load demand = 15,000 MWDifference = 4000 MW deficit!

Annual increa"e = #00$1000 MW

Economic %ailure = &01' Deficit e(ceed" "upply!

)atc*in+ t*e la"t u"-f we "tart .alaa+* Dam today t*en it will e ready y

&01/1, to maintain t*e current 4000MW power deficit


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#P$ Demand Doubling E%%ect


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ossil uels Dependence'

ef12-EA, 3S DE, Au+u"t &, &00/ etrie6ed on April , &00'


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!enewable Energy !esources


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$ustainable Energy Options

Technology Present uture

7ydropower)apacity! 1&,500 MW 8&/,'00 MW1

Solar Ener+y ',000 9PD P)S-! 1:MW*;m&;eyond il y . Duffeye"!

il peain+ = &00'

a

il peain+ = &015

il peain+ = &010c

il peain+ = &0&0d

a%renc* "tudy 3S9S eport

c WE);-EA data

d WE eport 0#
http://www.lifeaftertheoilcrash.net/peakGraph.jpghttp://www.lifeaftertheoilcrash.net/peakGraph.jpg


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Global Energy Crisis

ossil uels Pea/inguels Pea/inga Pea/ingb Pea/ingc

Oil 0()'12 ()')'*()''( ()()3()1) ())1*())+,

Gas 0()('2 ()1)'

()'44

()'3()('5

Coal 0()(2 ()(' ()(+ ()(-

ef12 Ener+y cri"i"2 @urnin+ point of *umanity y udo de ui?ter &5 Fune &00#*ttp2;;&1ener+ycom

ef&2ASP eport &00#

ef2Simmon" C )ompany -nternational and >eyond il y . S Deffeye"

ef42)rude oil2 Supply utloo 9erman Ener+y Watc* 9roup *eaded and )*airman AAM) .SAef52)EA eport &00/, WE eport &00#, *ttp2enwiipediaor+;wiiGpeaoil

ef/2 W*at if coal i" runnin+ out too y D oert", &00', 9-S@

ef'2 Pea oilG Pea +a" may not e far e*ind Ener+y -ntelli+ence 9roup &00'

ef#27i+* noon for natural +a" y F Darley, www&1ener+ycomand 9et ready for anot*er oil "*oc y

L % -6an*oe from @7E %3@3-S@ *ttp2dieoffor+;pa+e:0*tm

ef:2 wwwener+yulletinnet;print;'
http://www.321energy.com/http://www.321energy.com/


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Global Energy Crisis

Possible Ends

%uel" End1a End&, Endc End4d

il &051$

&0'04

&1105

&0&5/$'

9a" &0#01$ &144 &1505 &0&:/$'

)oal &&/01$ 44&45 &1/#

a$ il C 9a", $ WE, c$ 3S9S, d$ t*er"

1 World oil, +a" and coal re"er6e"2 *ttp2;;enwiipediaor+;wii;%o""ilfuel, & atural +a" re"er6e" y country H$

-nfoplea"e com, il C 9a" Fournal, ol 10, o 4, Decemer 1:, &005, 4 )*$4, Ener+y Supply, @ale 4&,

World Ener+y utloo report, Fune &00# 5$3S9S World Ener+y A""e""ment @eam eport etrie6ed on Fanuary

1#, &00' / . Deffeye"$wwwprincetonedu;*uert;current$e6ent"$0/$0&*tml,' @*e end of fo""il fuel" y

L 9rant, P9, wwwnp+or+;forum"erie";fall;04forum*tm, #$-EA eport &00/,pp$1&'
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://www.princeton.edu/hubbert/current-events-06-02.htmlhttp://www.princeton.edu/hubbert/current-events-06-02.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel


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%o""il %uel" >acla"* )on"eIuence"

$top 6e%ore 7t O"erloads8

Else8


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P Sy"tem De"i+n )a"e De"i+nin+ a p*oto6oltaic "y"tem for a typical

uildin+ of 10,000 "Iuare feet lie 39, 7afiJ7ayat )ampu", Electrical En+ineerin+Department uildin+ We want to determine t*enumer of "olar panel", t*e D) atterie",in6erter" or;and rotary con6erter" to *arne""

"olar power in a ran+e of "ome 100W load"Specifyin+ "u"tation and cale "iJe" to run aper"onal +rid "y"tem


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$olar Power A"ailability


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$olar Electric Con"ersion

@ypical /$#W*;m& "olar power re"ult" in :0$100We;m&

or 10We;ft&

u"in+ 1&B efficiency "ilicon "olar cell" -tmean" :#:5B of t*e incident "olar li+*t flu( i" wa"ted

-f we comine P "y"tem wit* t*ermal "y"tem to u"e

wa"ted *eat! t*en *yrid "y"tem wor" at 50$/0B

efficiency t*at i" muc* etter t*an "imple P "y"tem

P*oto6oltaic @*ermal P@! i" more attracti6e t*an PK


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P Sy"tem De"i+n

@o de"i+n a "uitaly en+ineered P "y"tem, we "tart wit*

cu"tomer load" and a6ailale roof top "pace

ormally roof top i" enou+* for uildin+ electricity need"

and if not t*en we can con"ider it" "un facin+ wall" too

Let u" try to learn de"i+n procedure "tep y "tep


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)a"e Study

@o de"i+n a P "y"tem t*e electrical en+ineer

mu"t "tart from e(i"tin+ or intended load" to e

operated y "olar electricity Let u" con"ider atypical office type uildin+ u"in+ 500 fluore"cent

li+*t tue", 00 ener+y "a6er", &00 fan", 100

e(*au"t fan", 50 air conditioner", 10

refri+erator", & water pump", # tele6i"ion" and 5ettle" Let u" a""ume con6entional u"a+e time"

# AM to / PMfor +o6ernment uildin+" a" )--@


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9att hour 09h2 Calculations

10 7r" #AM$/PM!


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10 7r" #AM$/PM!


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Panel Energy Capacity

@o compen"ate t*e power lo"t in wire", attery andcontroller one need" to in"tall 10W* capacity to

meet appliance ener+y demand of 100W*

@*erefore, it i" recommended to multiply appliance

W* demand y 1 to in"tall t*e de"ired capacity of

t*e P Sy"tem panel" or module"

Panel energy 0capacity2 : ')))))) ; '.19h*day : '1))))) 9h*day


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Pea/ Panel Power

En6ironment Panel 9eneration %actor P9%!

De"ert area >aluc*i"tan! #/

)oa"tal area .arac*i! 4)loudy area 5$' day";mont*! 00

)loudy area 810 day" ;mont*! &5'

-"lamaad area doe" not fall under *i+* ri+*tne"" coa"tal area" -t i"

appropriate to a""ume P9% = 00 for -"lamaad ut - u"ed 4! @*e

pea panel power 1Wp =4W*;day! ie Panel W*;day P9%

Pea panel power Wp! = 1,00,000 4 = ':,00: watt"


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P Panel SiJin+

ormula

o of P module" = Wp Panel SiJe = Panel"

1 &00W P panel module" = ':,00: &00 = 1#:5

& 100W P panel module" = ':,00: 100 = ':0

'5W P panel module" = ':,00: '5 = 5054


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6attery Li%e actor

Wit* de6elopment in "olar cell tec*nolo+y t*e co"t of "olarcell" i" decrea"in+ ut t*e atterie" co"t i" "lowly increa"in+

due to *i+* demand Slow or low c*ar+in+ P "y"tem,alt*ou+* wor", ut "eriou"ly "*orten" t*e attery life "pan -t

i" ad6i"ale to increa"e panel "iJe from &0 to 0B of t*e

minimum capacity toincrea"e attery life

&00W P module" = 1#:5 N 1#:5 ( &5B = &/:

100W P module" = ':0 N ':0 ( &5B = 4'#

'5W P module" = 5054 N 5054 ( &5B = /1'


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Engineering


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!oo% Area Calculations

Power +eneration capacity of t*e "olar "y"tem depend" upon t*e

a6ailale roof "pace 3"ually monocry"talline P module" in ri+*t

"unli+*t can produce ten watt" power from 1 ft&

"iJe "olar cell it i"recommended to "tart wit* a6era+e +eneration capaility of 10 W;ft&

a""umin+ 1&B efficiency a" "*own ellow


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!oo% Area Calculations1 >a"ed on panel +eneration capacity a 100W P "y"tem reIuire" a

"pace of 10,000 ft&

& A moderately adeIuate "y"tem con"iderin+ lo""e" 10B! may

reIuire minimum 1,000ft& )on"iderin+ P9% 4!,100W P "y"tem may reIuire aout

',:00ft&roof area

4 A reliale P "y"tem addin+ "pare capacity of &5B &0$0B! for

lon+er attery life rea"on" may reIuire 4',#0 ft&roof "pace


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6attery $i=e Calculations

A rule of t*um for attery "iJe i" to in"tall a attery t*at

*a" at lea"t fi6e time" a" muc* capacity a" will e

needed to operate t*e appliance for one day

Multiplication factor" for 6ariou" type" of atterie" are

"*own ellow


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6attery $i=e Calculations

Multiply appliance W*;day for attery "iJe calculation" for

6ariou" type" of D) atterie" a" follow")10 attery = 1000,000 ( 5 = 5,000,000 W*

)100 attery = 1000,000 ( /5 = /,500,000 W*

Sealed attery = 1000,000 ( '5 = ',500,000 W*

e*icle attery = 1000,000 ( 10 = 10,000,000 W*

ormally people u"e 6e*icle atterie" for 3PS in Pai"tan


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9h to Ah Con"ersions

Appliance ener+y demand i" calculated in Watt$*our" W*! ut t*e attery capacity i" +i6en in

Ampere$*our" A*!

@o con6ert t*e appliance W* to A* di6ide t*e

appliance Watt$*our" y t*e attery 6olta+e

9happ> ? : ?;7;h > ? : 7;h : Ah


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9h to Ah Con"ersions

1& >attery

Appliance A* capacity = 5000,000 1& = 41/,//' A*

&4 >attery

Appliance A* capacity = 5000,000 &4 = &0#, A*

4# >attery

Appliance A* capacity = 5000,000 4# = 104,1// A*


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@umber o% 6atteries

%or a 1&;&4;4# D) P "y"tem t*e numer of &00A* )10 deep

c*ar+in+ atterie" may e e"timated a" follow"

'(? 6atteries

>atterie" 1&, &00 A*! = 41/,//' &00 = &0#4

(,? 6atteries

>atterie" &4, &00A*! = &0#, &00 = 104&

,5? 6atteries

>atterie" 4#, &00A*! = 104,1// &00 = 5&&


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6attery Capacity 7ssues

Pre6iou" calculation" *old for )10 deep di"c*ar+e rate! atterie" -f

t*e"e atterie" are not a6ailale t*en to u"e )100, maintenance

free and normal 6e*icle "tartin+ atterie" mae "ure to multiply t*e)10 attery a"ed capacity ratin+ y 1, 15 and & a" "*own in

@ale


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6attery 6an/ Connections


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Charge Controllers

@*e controller "iJe "*ould e ale to allow t*e "um of pea

current" of t*e P module" )ontrollerO" c*ar+in+ capacity

for 1&;&4;4# P Sy"tem are +i6en y

-)1&D = Wp 1& = ':,00: 1& = 1,5#4 A

-)&4D = Wp &4 = ':,00: &4 = 15,':& A

-)4#D = Wp 4# = ':,00: 4# = ',#:/ A

)*ar+e controller con"i"t" of c*ar+e and di"c*ar+e control unit"


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P Sy"tem Dia+ram


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Controller $i=e Calculations

Motorin+ eIuipment need often $4 time" more "tartin+

current compared to "teady "tate current" to eep

runnin+ 7i+* inru"* current duration 1$& "econd"

@*e di"c*ar+e controller minimum current capacity

"*ould e eIual to t*e "um of ampere" from all li+*t"

*eater appliance" time" 15, plu" t*e ampere" from all

appliance" wit* motor" time" $4


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Appliance Load"

Li+*t";*eater load" = &&4,000W*;day 10 = &&4 W

Motor type load" = /'/,000W*;day 10 = /'/ W

Steady State )urrent" 1& D) Sy"tem!

Acti6e load current" = &&,400 1& = 1#/' A

eacti6e load current" = /',/00 1& = 5/ A

)ontroller capacity A! = 1#/' N 5/ = '500 A

Pea @ran"ient )urrent"

Acti6e load current" = 1#/' ( 15 = A

eacti6e load current" = 5/1' ( = 1/,#:: A

)ontroller capacity A! = N 1/,#:: = 1:,/:: A


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-f all load" are not runnin+ at "ame time t*en di"c*ar+e

controller of minimum capacity of '500A can e u"ed

-f all load" are +oin+ to operate "imultaneou"ly t*en

ma(imum "iJe controller of 1:,/::A mu"t e u"ed

-t i" more economical and reliale to in"tall multiplec*ar+e;di"c*ar+e controller" at different circuit"


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7n"erter $election

@*ere are four type" of in6erter" All of t*em are

e(pen"i6e ut "Iuare wa6e i" c*eaper t*an modified

"Iuare wa6e in6erter t*at i" relati6ely c*eaper t*anPWM in6erter w*ic* i" c*eaper t*an "ine wa6e in6erter


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7armonic" Limit"

Accordin+ to -EEE :&:$&000, E /1'&' E3! and -E)/1000$$& "tandard" t*e full load current @7D e le""

t*an 5B and t*e 6olta+e @7D e le"" t*an &B for*armonic "pectra up to 4:t* *armonic

-t mean" "Iuarin+ wa6e" in6erter" output can not einterfaced wit* utility wit*out adeIuate in"tallation of

*armonic filter" Anot*er co"tly reIuirement

nly PWM and "inewa6e in6erter" Iualify ut e(pen"i6e


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Power Electronics Limitations

7i+* 6olta+e and current ratin+ "emiconductor de6ice"

are 6ery co"tly %ir"t i""ue i" to find t*e *i+* ratin+

de6ice" and t*e "econd i" to afford to uy it


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$tatic 7n"erters "s. !otary Con"erters

@o *elp "u"tainale ener+y culture manufacturer" *a6e already "tartedde"i+nin+1&$:/ D) attery powered "olar li+*t", "olar fan", "olar wa"*in+mac*ine", "olar refri+erator", "olar air condition" and "olar water pumpin+"y"tem"

%or e(ample, Sanyo manufacture" D) in6erter air conditioner" from 00 to&000 Watt" A Malay"ian company *a" introduced 1& #A and &4 4A D) air conditioner" of 00 watt" coolin+ capacitie" A )*ine"e company*a" introduced 5000$1#000 >@3 capacity &4;4# atter operated 1000watt" D) air conditioner" &4$400 D) inputted 5$&00A in6erter" area6ailale in maret

-f t*e owner doe" not want to c*an+e t*e e(i"tin+ appliance and wirin+ t*en*e;"*e may +o for D) to A) in6erter" or D) Motor$A) 9enerator "et" A1&;&4;4# D) motor can ea"ily dri6e a +enerator to produce "inu"oidal6olta+e at de"ired freIuency otary con6erter i" al"o called M9 "et


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P )ale SiJin+

-EEE 15&/ ecommended practice for te"tin+ t*eperformance of "tand$alone p*oto6oltaic "y"tem"! and

E) &00& ational electrical code;wirin+ met*od"!

recommend t*e total 6olta+e drop in feeder and ranc*

circuit" e le"" t*an 5B 4&B for 05 drop in 1& D)

"y"tem!, wit* t*e drop in eit*er feeder or ranc* circuit

limited to no more t*an B &1B for 05 drop in &4D) "y"tem!


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P )ale SiJin+

E) recommended ;ft *m";1000 ft! are "*own in @ale


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P )ale SiJin+

-f L i" t*e di"tance from "ource to load and S i" t*e

"ource attery! 6olta+e t*en percent 6olta+e drop

BD! in t*e wire i" +i6en y

@*e circuit re"i"tance ;ft ecome"


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P )ale SiJin+

Wire "iJe" of 50$wattfilament lamp and 500$wattelectric

iron located at di"tance of &0 mfrom a 1& D)attery

may e calculated a" follow"

-'5W ul! = P; = '5;1& = /&50 A

-500w iron! = P; = 500;1& = 41/' A


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P )ale SiJin+

%or 0:/ /&5A! and 0144 41/'A! ;ft 6alue"

E) Std recommend" to u"e wire "iJe # for 50$watt

lamp and t*e wire "iJe 0 for 500$watt electric iron


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%uture Scope


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Tan! "ou

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PV System Design Explained