Putting Nigeria to Work: A Strategy for Employment and Growth

8/9/2019 Putting Nigeria to Work: A Strategy for Employment and Growth

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@ B \ F N P B G H ^ B H @ F Y F E G Q D F H P

Nguhtrbfs kh` \fobghs

Quttbho Hbofrbk tg _grm

K trktfoy igr Fdpegydfht kh` Orgwtj

Ygemfr Prfbnjfe

F`btgr


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K ^trktfoy igr Fdpegydfht kh` OrgwtjYgemfr Prfbnjfe

F`btgr


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Pfefpjghf 0 33 ;> ;< ;; ;1

Pjbs vgeudf bs k prgùnt gi tjf stkii gi tjf Bhtfrhktbghke Lkhm igr \fnghstruntbgh kh`@fvfegpdfht / Pjf _gre` Lkhm. Pjf ibh`bhos, bhtfrprftktbghs, kh` nghneusbghs fxprfssf` bh tjbsvgeudf `g hgt hfnfsskrbey rfiefnt tjf vbfws gi tjf Fxfnutbvf @brfntgrs gi Pjf _gre` Lkhm gr tjfogvfrhdfhts tjfy rfprfsfht.

Pjf _gre` Lkhm `gfs hgt oukrkhtff tjf knnurkny gi tjf `ktk bhneu`f` bh tjbs wgrm. Pjf lguh`-krbfs, ngegrs, `fhgdbhktbghs, kh` gtjfr bhigrdktbgh sjgwh gh khy dkp bh tjbs wgrm `g hgt bdpeykhy cuòdfht gh tjf pkrt gi Pjf _gre` Lkhm nghnfrhbho tjf efoke stktus gi khy tfrrbtgry gr tjffh`grsfdfht gr knnfptkhnf gi sunj lguh`krbfs.

\bojts kh` Qfrdbssbghs

Pjf dktfrbke bh tjbs pulebnktbgh bs ngpyrbojtf`. Ngpybho kh` / gr trkhsdbttbho pgrtbghs gr kee gitjbs wgrm wbtjgut pfrdbssbgh dky lf k vbgektbgh gi kppebnklef ekw. Pjf Bhtfrhktbghke Lkhm igr\fnghstruntbgh kh` @fvfegpdfht / Pjf _gre` Lkhm fhngurkofs bssfdbhktbgh gi bts wgrm kh` wbeehgrdkeey orkht pfrdbssbgh tg rfprgùnf pgrtbghs gi tjf wgrm prgdptey.

Igr pfrdbssbgh tg pjgtgngpy gr rfprbht khy pkrt gi tjbs wgrm, pefksf sfh` k rfqufst wbtj ngdpeftfbhigrdktbgh tg tjf Ngpyrbojt Nefkrkhnf Nfhtfr Bhn.,


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v

Igrfwgr` xv

Qrfiknf xbx

Knmhgwefòdfhts xxb

Kllrfvbktbghs kh` Dfksurfdfhts xxbbb

Gvfrvbfw ;

Hbofrbks Orgwtj Qfrigrdkhnf Pjf Hff` igr k Hfw Orgwtj ^trktfoy >

Jgw tg Bdpefdfht tjf Orgwtj ^trktfoy

^fntgrke Bhtfrvfhtbghs kh` Ofgorkpjbn Ignus 0

K``rfssbho tjf Ibvf Lbh`bho Nghstrkbhts tg Orgwtj 9

Hgtf :

Njkptfr ; Fdpegydfht kh` Orgwtj bh Hbofrbk 2

Ygemfr Prfbnjfe

Gvfrvbfw 2

Hbofrbks Orgwtj Qfrigrdkhnf ;:

Bhùstrbke QgebnyNurrfht Njkeefhofs

kh` unnfssfs ;0>

Fhtfrprbsf kh` Bhùstry @bkohgstbns kh`

Qgebny ^fefntbgh ;61

Nghneusbghs ;9>

Hgtfs ;90

Njkptfr 6 Eklgr Dkrmft Prfh`s kh` mbees @fvfegpdfht ;9?Cgrofh Lbeeftgit

Gvfrvbfw ;9?

Dftjg`gegoy ;9:

Pjf Hbofrbkh ^mbees @fvfegpdfht kh` Prkbhbho

Ekh`snkpf ;?1

^mbees Knqubsbtbgh bh tjf Bhigrdke ^fntgr ;: ^gdf Qgebny Qrbhnbpefs igr Fiifntbvf Fhtfrprbsf

kh` Bhùstry @fvfegpdfht ;0?

6.; Ygnktbghke Fhtfrprbsf Bhstbtutbghs kh` Bhhgvktbgh

Fhtfrprbsf Bhstbtutbghs ;?>

6.< \gef gi Prk`f Kssgnbktbghs bh mbees @fvfegpdfht ;

;.0 Fvgeutbgh gi Qrgùntbgh Bhtfhsbty igr ^gdf ûnnfssiue

Egwfr-Bhngdf Nguhtrbfs >>

>.; _jfrf @g Cgls Oft Nrfktf`7 2?

>.< _jfrf @g Lfttfr Cgls Oft Nrfktf`7 2:

>.> Fvgeutbgh gi Qrgùntbgh Bhtfhsbty igr NguhtrbfsEbmf Hbofrbk kh` Dgrf ûnnfssiue Nguhtrbfs ;1.0 Fvgeutbgh gi Fxpgrt Bhtfhsbty igr Hbofrbk kh`

Dgrf ûnnfssiue Nguhtrbfs ;10

>.6 ^fntgrke Cgl Nrfktbgh, mbee \fqubrfdfhts, kh`

Fxpgrt Bdpgrtkhnf ;1

0.< Qrgùntbvbty Dfksurfs igr Bh-Sghf kh` Gut-gi-SghfFhtfrprbsfs ;>:

0.> Fhtfrprbsf _kofs tg Ykeuf-K``f , Egnktbghke, kh`

Qgebny Ykrbkhts ;>2

0.0 Ibrd Pfnjhbnke Fiibnbfhny3 Bhnfhtbvf Pkmfrs kh`

Bhnfhtbvf @fnebhfrs ;01

0.6 Ibrd Pfnjhbnke Fiibnbfhny, Bhsb f kh` Gutsb`f

^pfnbke Fnghgdbn Sghf ;01

0.9 Hbofrbk Bh-Sghf Qfrnfptbghs gi Mfy Bhvfstdfht

Nebdktf Nghstrkbhts ;0

9.; Lfhbh3 Prfh s bh O@Q Orgwtj, Bdpgrts kh`

Dbrrgr Bdpgrts,


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9.< Hbofrbks kh` Lfhbhs Dbrrgr kh` Giibnbke Bdpgrts

gi Pfxtbef Qrg`unts,


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>.; _btjbh-Nguhtry ^jkrf gi Fdpegydfht bh Dkhuiknturbho,

;2?1:0 kh` ;2:6 ;11

>.< Oeglke jkrf gi Fdpegydfht bh Dkhuiknturbho,

;2?1:0 kh` ;2:6 ;1;

>.> Njkhofs bh Bhùstrbke trunturf Gvfr tjf Qkst @fnk`f ;1:

>.0 Kvfrkof Orgwtj gi Ykeuf-K``f` pfr Qfrsgh

Fdpegyf` bh ^frvbnfs, ;2:1.6 ^frvbnfs bh Hbofrbk kh` Gtjfr Nguhtrbfs ;;1

0.; Fxpgrt Fxpkhsbgh Orkht Feboblbebty Irkdfwgrm ;10.> Ekogs Irff Prk`f Sghfs ;>>

0.0 Fdpegydfht Efvfe gi Gpfrktbho Fhtfrprbsfs

bh Nkeklkr IPS ;>9

0.6 Qrgùntbvbty Dfksurfs _btjbh kh` Gutsb`f

gi Sghfs, ly Bhùstry ;0;

0.9 Ykeuf Njkbhs\figrd kh` Bhstrudfht

Bhtfrvfhtbghs Dktrbx ;6

6.0 Pfnjhbnke Ngeefof Orkùktf Gutput ly Qrgorkdkh` Ofh`fr,


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6.;; Hudlfr gi Prk`f Nfrtbibnktfs Bssuf` ly Ork`f

kh` Rfkr,


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xv

^bhnf


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Jgw nkh tjf rfngddfh`ktbghs gi tjf lggm, wjbnj bs fhrbnjf` ly k

rfvbfw gi sunnfssiue orgwtj-prgdgtbho pgebnbfs bh gtjfr nguhtrbfs, lf

bdpefdfhtf` bh Hbofrbk7 Ibrst, bt wbee lf nrbtbnke tjkt tjfrf bs iurtjfr

`ftkbef` khkeysbs gi lbh`bho nghstrkbhts tg orgwtj bh spfnbibn vkeuf njkbhs

bh ofgorkpjbnke krfks tjkt jkvf tjf pgtfhtbke tg lfngdf rfobghke orgwtj

juls. Pjf lggm kerfk`y b`fhtbibfs sgdf gi tjfsf nghstrkbhts. Pjfy bhneu`f

k smbees okp bh tjf nghstruntbgh sfntgr, tjf eknm gi dg`frh tfnjhgegobfs bh

tjf bhigrdktbgh kh` ngdduhbnktbghs tfnjhgegoy sfntgr, kh` tjf klsfhnf

gi kh bhtforktf` egobstbns prgorkd igr tjf igg` prgnfssbho bhùstry.

^fngh`, tjbs khkeysbs ngue` lf usf` tg lube` nghsfhsus lftwffh tjf

pulebn kh` tjf prbvktf sfntgr gh tjf sjkrbho gi rfspghsblbebtbfs bh k``rfss-bho tjfsf nghstrkbhts. Igr fxkdpef, dbtboktbho sjgrtngdbhos bh pjysbnke

bhirkstrunturf wbee rfqubrf bhtfrvfhtbghs ef` ly tjf pulebn sfntgr, sunj ks

tjf `fvfegpdfht gi bhùstrbke neustfrs. Prkbhbho tg lrbòf tjf smbees okp

wbee lfst lf `ghf bh pkrthfrsjbp lftwffh tjf pulebn kh` tjf prbvktf sfn-

tgrs, ks kerfk`y sunnfssiueey `fdghstrktf` bh tjf rfnfht fstklebsjdfht gi

Bhhgvktbgh Fhtfrprbsf Bhstbtutbghs (BFBs). Knnfss tg ibhkhnf nkh lf

bdprgvf` tjrguoj bhhgvktbghs ef` ly tjf prbvktf sfntgr, sunj ks tjf `fvfe-

gpdfht gi spfnbke dgrtokof iknbebtbfs.Pjbr`, bdpefdfhtktbgh gi khy korff` dfksurfs wbee hff` tg lf rfou-

ekrey dghbtgrf` ly tjf rfefvkht stkmfjge`frs. Hbofrbk kerfk`y jks k hud-

lfr gi igrk wjfrf rfprfsfhtktbvfs irgd tjf pulebn kh` tjf prbvktf sfntgrs

dfft rfouekrey, kh` wjfrf tjf stktus gi korff` upgh kntbghs kbdf` kt

bdprgvbho tjf ngdpftbtbvfhfss gi nfrtkbh sfntgrs ngue` lf `bsnussf`. unj

rfvbfws sjgue` lf gpfh tg tjf pulebn.

Fxpfrbfhnf bh dkhy nguhtrbfs jks sjgwh tjf pgtfhtbke gi bhtfrvfhtbghs

tkroftf` kt sfntgrs wbtj tjf jbojfst orgwtj kh` fdpegydfht pgtfhtbke._jbef sfntgr-wb`f rfigrds rfdkbh hfnfsskry, dfksurfs kbdf` kt spfnbibn

vkeuf njkbhs nkh jfep lrbho klgut `fsbrf` rfsuets gvfr tjf sjgrt tfrd.

Jgwfvfr, k iuh`kdfhtke ngh`btbgh igr tjf sunnfssiue bdpefdfhtktbgh gi

tjbs orgwtj strktfoy wbee lf nghtbhuf` sguh` dknrgfnghgdbn pgebnbfs. Pjf

k`gptbgh gi kh gbe-prbnf-lksf` ibsnke ruef sbhnf wks nfhtrke tg lrbho-

bho kh fh` tg tjf lggd-lust nynefs gi tjf pkst tjkt wfrf njkrkntfrbzf` ly

fxnfssbvf ogvfrhdfht spfh`bho. Pjf lfhfibts gi bts bdpefdfhtktbgh wfrf

kppkrfht ùrbho tjf oeglke ibhkhnbke nrbsbs wjfh Hbofrbk wks klef tg `rkw

gh tjf Fxnfss Nru`f Knnguht tg ngdpfhsktf igr sjgrtikees bh gbe rfvfhufkh` dkbhtkbh ibsnke spfh`bho kt kpprgprbktf efvfes. Qru`fht dghftkry kh`

ibsnke pgebnbfs kh` sguh` `flt dkhkofdfht wbee lf tjf lksbs igr nghtbhuf`

dknrgfnghgdbn stklbebty, wbtjgut wjbnj khy orgwtj strktfoy kbdf` kt jkr-

hfssbho Hbofrbks iuee fnghgdbn pgtfhtbke nkhhgt lfngdf fiifntbvf.

xvb Igrfwgr


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B jgpf tjkt tjf rfngddfh`ktbghs gi tjbs lggm kh` tjf wky igrwkr` igr

sustkbhf` cgl-ofhfrktbho orgwtj bh Hbofrbk wbee lf `flktf` wb`fey bhsb`f

kh` gutsb`f tjf nguhtry. B kesg jgpf tjkt tjf gutngdf gi sunj k flktf wbee

nghtrblutf tg tjf `fvfegpdfht kh` bdpefdfhtktbgh gi k ngst-fiifntbvf,

jboj-qukebty, kh` uhbqufey Hbofrbkh orgwtj strktfoy tjkt wbee dfft tjf

fxpfntktbghs gi tjf pfgpef, pkrtbnuekrey tjf kspbrktbghs gi vuehfrklef

orgups, sunj ks wgdfh, ygutj, kh` tjf rurke kh` urlkh pggr.

Glbkofeb Mktryh Fzfmwfsbeb

Ybnf Qrfsb`fht, Kirbnk \fobgh

Pjf _gre` Lkhm

Igrfwgr xvbb


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xbx

^bhnf ;222, Hbofrbk jks dk`f sbohbibnkht prgorfss bh fnghgdbn rfigrd.

^guh` dknrgfnghgdbn pgebnbfs, ngdlbhf` wbtj strunturke rfigrds kbdf`

kt bhnrfksbho tjf suppey rfspghsbvfhfss gi tjf fnghgdy, usjfrf` bh sus-

tkbhf` jboj orgwtj, `rbvfh ly tjf hgh-gbe fnghgdy. Pjf Gntglfr


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`rkit Ybsbgh


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xxb

Pjbs rfpgrt wks prfpkrf` ly k _gre` Lkhm tfkd ef` ly Ygemfr Prfbnjfe,

wjg bs tjf gvfrkee f`btgr gi tjf stu`y. Pjf prbhnbpke kutjgrs krf Ygemfr

Prfbnjfe (njkptfr ;), Eumf Jkywgg` kh` Irkhnbs Pfke (njkptfr ), Qftfr Dgusefy (njkptfr 0),

Cgrofh Lbeeftgit (njkptfr 6), kh` Oke \klkeekh` kh` F`dgh` Dcfmbqb

(njkptfr 9).

Pjf tfkd lfhfibtf` irgd nghtrblutbghs kh` ngddfhts ly Bsdkbe

\k`wkh kh` ûhbe ^bhjk (vkeuf njkbh khkeysbs)= ^bdfgh Fjub, EunksKmkpk, kh` Klbdlgek Kùlb (korbnueturf)= Egubsf Igx (eklgr dkrmft

khkeysbs)= Cgjh Howkigh (eklgr dkrmft stktbstbns) kh` Dkrnus Qgwfee kh`

Krvbe vkh K`kds (smbees `fvfegpdfht). Oegrbk Cgsfpj-\kcb nggr`bhktf` tjf

khkeysbs gi eklgr dkrmft `ktk bh njkptfr < ks wfee ks tjf rfvbfw gi Hbofrbks

tfnjhbnke kh` vgnktbghke fùnktbgh systfd bh njkptfr 6.

Qffr rfvbfwfrs wfrf Qkue Lrfhtgh, Kh`rfw @klkefh, khcky @jkr, Cgjh

Obefs, kh` Lrbkh Qbhtg.

Pjf ibhke vfrsbgh gi tjf rfpgrt lfhfibtf` irgd ngddfhts ly sfvfrkeHbofrbkh ogvfrhdfht dbhbstfrs3 @r. ^jkdsu`ffh Vsdkh, Dbhbstfr gi

Hktbghke Qekhhbho= Kllks \udkj, Dbhbstfr gi Korbnueturf= K`ftgmuhlg

Mkyg`f, Dbhbstfr gi Eklgr kh` Qrgùntbvbty= kh` Kmbekhlb Geksuhmkhdb,

Dbhbstfr gi Rgutj. Pjf eklgr dkrmft kh` smbees `fvfegpdfht khkeysbs wks

Knmhgwefòdfhts


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nghùntf` bh negsf ngeeklgrktbgh wbtj Drs. G. Kckyb gi tjf Dbhbstry gi

Eklgr kh` Qrgùntbvbty kh` wbtj Dr. Fmfzbf gi tjf Hktbghke Lurfku gi

^tktbstbns kh` wks `bsnussf` kt k stkmfjge`fr wgrmsjgp. Pjf njkptfr gh

bdpgrt lkhs lfhfibtf` irgd ngddfhts ly Dr. ûh`ky Gojkyfb gi tjf

Dbhbstry gi Ngddfrnf kh` Bhùstry, kh` wks `bsnussf` kt k stkmfjge`fr

wgrmsjgp.

Pjf rfpgrt wks f`btf` ly @flgrkj @kvbs.

xxbb Knmhgwefòdfhts


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xxbbb

Ki@L Kirbnkh @fvfegpdfht Lkhm

KOGK Kirbnkh Orgwtj kh` Gppgrtuhbtbfs Knt

LGB Lkhm gi Bh`ustry ]HbofrbkT

NKN Ngrpgrktf Kiikbrs Ngddbssbgh

NK@ ngdpftbtbvf k`vkhtkof fiybho

NKI ngdpkrktbvf k`vkhtkof igeegwbho

NNB nefkh nfrtbibnktf gi bhspfntbgh

NFP ngddgh fxtfrhke tkrbii NGDP\K@F Vhbtf` Hktbghs Ngddg`bty Prk`f tktbstbns @ktklksf

N\B nefkh rfpgrt gi bhspfntbgh

@IB@ @fpkrtdfht igr Bhtfrhktbghke @fvfegpdfht

FLK fvfrytjbho lut krds

FNK Fxnfss Nru`f Knnguht

FNG_K^ Fnghgdbn Ngdduhbty gi _fst Kirbnkh ^tktfs

FFO fxpgrt fxpkhsbgh orkht

FDF fdfrobho dkrmft fnghgdyFQK Fnghgdbn Qkrthfrsjbp Korffdfht

FQS fxpgrt prgnfssbho zghf

INP if`frke nkpbtke tfrrbtgry

I@B igrfboh brfnt bhvfstdfht

Kllrfvbktbghs kh` Dfksurfdfhts


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H@ hktbghke bpegdk

H@F Hktbghke @brfntgrktf gi Fdpegydfht

HFF@^ Hktbghke Fnghgdbn Fdpgwfrdfht kh` @fvfegpdfht

^trktfoy


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VH@Q Vhbtf` Hktbghs @fvfegpdfht Qrgorkddf

VHF^NG Vhbtf` Hktbghs F`unktbghke, nbfhtbibn, kh` Nueturke

Grokhbzktbgh

VHB@G Vhbtf` Hktbghs Bh`ustrbke @fvfegpdfht Grokhbzktbgh

YKP vkeuf-k``f` tkx

YFB vgnktbghke fhtfrprbsf bhstbtutbgh

_K\@K _fst Kirbnkh \bnf @fvfegpdfht Kssgnbktbgh

_@B _gre` @fvfegpdfht Bh`bnktgrs

_FN wfbojtf` feboblbebty nrbtfrbk

_PG _gre` Prk`f Grokhbzktbgh

Nurrfhny kh` Dfksurfdfhts

Vhbt gi nurrfhny bs tjf Hbofrbkh hkbrk.

Fxnjkhof rktf fiifntbvf Hgvfdlfr >, ;st

xxvb Kllrfvbktbghs kh` Dfksurfdfhts


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;

Qulebn `flktf bh Hbofrbk gh tjf nguhtrys prgorfss jks lffh `gdbhktf` ly

twg sffdbhoey gppgsbtf tjfdfs. Pjf ibrst bs tjf strgho orgwtj pfrigrd-

khnf gi tjf hgh-gbe fnghgdy sbhnf tjf rfturh tg `fdgnrkny bh ;222, kh`

fspfnbkeey sbhnf , wjbnj usjfrf` bh k pfrbg` ùrbho wjbnj tjf If`frke

Ogvfrhdfht gi Hbofrbk uh`frtggm `flt rfstrunturbho kh` ibsnke, ibhkhnbke,

bhirkstrunturf, kh` bhstbtutbghke rfigrds. ^trgho orgwtj ùrbho tjbs pfrbg`

jks lffh dkhbifstf` ly sjkrp bhnrfksfs bh korbnueturf prgùntbgh, wjgef-

skef kh` rftkbe trk`f, kh` nghstruntbgh, kh` ly tjf fdfrofhnf gi hfwbhùstrbfs, pkrtbnuekrey bh tjf ibhkhnbke, tfefngdduhbnktbghs, kh` fhtfr-

tkbhdfht sfntgrs. Pjf sfngh`, gppgsbho tjfdf bs tjkt Hbofrbks dunj

bdprgvf` fnghgdbn pfrigrdkhnf sffds tg jkvf `ghf ebttef tg rfùnf

uhfdpegydfht, fspfnbkeey kdgho tjf yguho. Pjf nghsfhsus bh sgnbfty bs

tjkt ygutj uhfdpegydfht bs gh tjf rbsf, wbtj kh kssgnbktf` hfoktbvf

bdpknt gh pulebn gr`fr kh` kh bhnrfksf bh dbebtkhny.

Pjf ogke gi tjbs lggm bs tg sjf` ebojt gh tjf fxtfht tg wjbnj Hbofrbks

dunj bdprgvf` fnghgdbn pfrigrdkhnf jks bdpkntf` tjf eklgr dkrmft,kh` tg `fvfegp k orgwtj strktfoy tjkt nkh fhjkhnf tjf fdpegydfht bhtfh-

sbty gi orgwtj. Pjf rfpgrt nghsbsts gi sbx njkptfrs. Njkptfr ; prgvb`fs kh

gvfrvbfw gi tjf lggms dkbh ibh`bhos, rfvbfws Hbofrbks orgwtj pfrigrd-

khnf irgd


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gi tjkt orgwtj pfrigrdkhnf. Njkptfr < khkeyzfs tjf fvgeutbgh gi tjf eklgr

dkrmft sbhnf ;222. Pjf khkeysbs ignusfs gh tjf sjkrf gi tjf igrdke kh`

bhigrdke sfntgrs bh fdpegydfht, tjf trfh` bh bhngdfs bh tjf igrdke kh`

tjf bhigrdke sfntgrs, kh` tjf uhfdpegydfht rktf. Njkptfr > k``rfssfs tjf

qufstbgh gi wjkt Hbofrbk nkh `g tg bhnrfksf tjf kvkbeklbebty gi qukebty cgls

kh` rf`unf rbsbho ygutj uhfdpegydfht. Njkptfr 0 `bsnussfs Hbofrbks

bh`ustrbke pgebny kh` bhvfstdfht fhvbrghdfht. Njkptfr 6 prgpgsfs strktf-

obfs igr smbees `fvfegpdfht= kh` Njkptfr 9 khkeyzfs tjf fiifnts gi rfstrbn-

tbvf trk`f pgebnbfs.

Pjf lggms dkbh ibh`bhos kh` nghneusbghs krf suddkrbzf` lfegw.

Hbofrbks Orgwtj Qfrigrdkhnf

^bhnf tg 0 pfrnfht bh

;226


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sfntgrs. Bh Bh`bk, bh pkrtbnuekr, tjf nghtrblutbgh gi tjf korbnueturf sfntgr tg

O@Q wks gh k rkpb`ey `fnebhbho pktj sbhnf ;261, kh` jk` ikeefh tg


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K`gptbgh gi k hktbghke smbees `fvfegpdfht irkdfwgrm.

Eblfrkebzktbgh gi trk`f pgebny.

Pjf orgwtj strktfoy wgue` igeegw tjrff pjksfs3 pjksf ; `brfntf` kt

nkpturbho ekrofr sjkrfs gi tjf `gdfstbn dkrmft= pjksf < kbdf` kt fxtfh`-

bho Hbofrbks knnfss tg rfobghke dkrmfts= kh` pjksf > kt prgdgtbho knnfss

tg tjf bhtfrhktbghke dkrmft. Pjfsf pjksfs `g hgt hff` tg lf sfqufhtbke,

ketjguoj bt bs ebmfey tjkt pjksf > wgue` gnnur ektfr tjkh pjksfs ; kh` .

Jgw tg Bdpefdfht tjf Orgwtj ^trktfoy^fntgrkeBhtfrvfhtbghs kh` Ofgorkpjbn Ignus

Bh `fvbsbho bdpefdfhtktbgh strktfobfs igr tjbs pjksf` orgwtj, tjf njgbnfgi sfntgrs kh` pgebnbfs bs nfhtrke.

_jbnj fntgrs7

K rfnfhtey ngdpeftf` ngdpftbtbvfhfss kssfssdfht gi sgdf ;0 vkeuf njkbhs;

bh tjf fnghgdbn ngrrb`grs gi Ekogs, Mkhg-Mk`uhk, kh` tjf ^gutj-Fkstfrh

rfobgh nfhtfrf` gh Nkeklkr, rfknjf` tjf igeegwbho nghneusbghs wbtj rfokr`

tg vkeuf njkbhs ks k sgurnf gi sustkbhklef orgwtj kh` fdpegydfht nrfktbgh.

^fntgrs wbtj tjf jbojfst fdpegydfht pgtfhtbke bhneu`f ebojt dkhuikn-turbho, nghstruntbgh, BNP, wjgefskef/rftkbe, dfkt kh` pguetry, gbe pked,

kh` ngngk. Pjf orgwtj strktfoy, wbtj bts ignus gh tjf sfrvbnfs kh`

dkhuiknturbho sfntgrs, bs nghsbstfht wbtj tjbs ibh`bho. Pjf ifksblbebty gi

knngdpebsjbho orgwtj bh tjfsf sfntgrs vkrbfs wb`fey ly ofgorkpjbnke

0 Gvfrvbfw


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krfk. Bh Ekogs, igr fxkdpef, BNP, nghstruntbgh, wjgefskef/rftkbe, kh`

ebojt dkhuiknturbho jkvf jboj forffs gi ifksblbebty= wjbef bh Mkhg, tjf

ifksblbebty gi ebojt dkhuiknturbho bs egwfr. Pjbs khkeysbs nghibrds tjf

hff` igr ofgorkpjbnkeey ignusf` bhtfrvfhtbghs.

Ghey twg vkeuf njkbhs wbtj jboj fdpegydfht pgtfhtbkegbe pked kh`

ngngkkrf bh tjf korbnueturf sfntgr. Bh`ff`, tjf fdpegydfht pgtfhtbke

gi tjf korbnueturf sfntgr bs ebdbtf` rfektbvf tg gtjfr vkeuf njkbhs, obvfh

tjkt iuturf orgwtj bh tjbs sfntgr wbee rfey ekrofey gh bdprgvfdfhts bh

prgùntbvbty. Ks dg`frh tfnjhgegobfs kh` fxtfhsbgh sfrvbnfs krf

k`gptf`, tjf rktbg gi gutput tg eklgr wbee rbsf, tjus ebdbtbho tjf pgtfh-tbke igr ekrof-snkef cgl nrfktbgh, lut kesg bdprgvbho prgspfnts igr

bhnrfksf` bhngdf. Jgwfvfr, jbojfr orgwtj bh dfkt kh` pguetry kh`

igg` prgnfssbho, wjbnj jkvf jboj fdpegydfht pgtfhtbke, wbee stbdu-

ektf orgwtj kh` fdpegydfht bh korbnueturf. \bnf kh` `kbry, wjbef

jkvbho dgrf ebdbtf` orgwtj kh` fdpegydfht pgtfhtbke, krf kesg gi

bhtfrfst, obvfh tjfbr jboj `forff gi ifksblbebty.

_jbef tjf korbnueturf sfntgrs pgtfhtbke igr cgl nrfktbgh bs ebdbtf`rfektbvf tg tjf gtjfr vkeuf njkbhs, bt rfdkbhs nghsb`frklef bh vbfw gi

tjf sbzf gi tjf eklgr igrnf fdpegyf` bh korbnueturf kh` tjf iknt tjkt,

bh spbtf gi tjf hff` igr prgùntbvbty okbhs, tjfrf krf stbee sbohbibnkht

pgssblbebtbfs tg fxpkh` tjf usf gi krklef ekh`. Mfy wkys tg bdprgvf

korbnueturke pfrigrdkhnf bhneu`f (;) rfigrdbho tjf pgebny fhvbrgh-

dfht, fspfnbkeey rfigrduektbho ifrtbebzfr pgebny= () bhnrfksbho korbnueturke fxpfh`bturf= (0) rfùnbho

vuehfrklbebty kh` fhjkhnbho igg` sfnurbty= (6) bdprgvbho dkrmft knnfss=kh` (9) strfhotjfhbho tjf rurke bhvfstdfht nebdktf.

_jbnj Bhtfrvfhtbghs7

Pjf ngddgh `fhgdbhktgr gi tjf prgpgsf` bhtfrvfhtbghs bs tjf hff` tg

bhnrfksf prgùntbvbty, ks tjbs bs tjf mfy tg rfùnbho ngsts kh` prbnfs sg tjkt

`fdkh` nkh rbsf. Qrgùntbvbty orgwtj bs kt tjf jfkrt gi khy sunnfssiue

strktfoy igr cgl nrfktbgh. Bdprgvbho prgùntbvbty orgwtj wbee, bh turh,

bdprgvf Hbofrbks ngdpftbtbvfhfss bh tjf oeglke fnghgdy.

Pjf rggt nkusfs gi Hbofrbks pkttfrh gi cglefss orgwtjtjf ibvf lbh`bhonghstrkbhts tg orgwtjkrf3

Bhk`fquktf pjysbnke bhirkstrunturf, bh pkrtbnuekr pgwfr kh` trkhspgrt.

Bhk`fquktf knnfss tg ibhkhnf.

Gvfrvbfw 6


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K pggr bhvfstdfht nebdktf kh` segw lurfkunrktbn prgnfùrfs.

K sjgrtkof gi smbeef` stkii.

Pjf jboj ngst gi bhputs ùf tg bdpgrt lkhs kh` gtjfr rfstrbntbvf trk`f

pgebnbfs.

K``rfssbho tjf Ibvf Lbh`bho Nghstrkbhts tg Orgwtj

Gvfr tjf sjgrt tfrd, fdpegydfht ofhfrktbgh nkh lf ikst trknmf` bi tjf

lbh`bho nghstrkbhts tg orgwtj bh tjf dgst prgdbsbho vkeuf njkbhs krf

k``rfssf` bh k sfefntbvf dkhhfr. Pjbs bs tjf nfhtrke kroudfht gi tjbs

lggm.

Qjysbnke bhirkstrunturf nghstrkbhts ngue` lf k``rfssf` tjrguoj3

Pjf prgvbsbgh gi wfee-iuhntbghbho bhirkstrunturf (fefntrbnbty, wktfr,

rgk`s, tfefpjghfs) tg egnkeey nghnfhtrktf` krfks (f.o., fxpgrt prgnfssbho

zghfs kh` irff trk`f zghfs). Pjbs kpprgknj wgue` lf pkrtbnuekrey subt-

klef igr tjrff vkeuf njkbhs3 ebojt dkhuiknturbho, fspfnbkeey bh Ekogs=

igg` prgnfssbho= kh` dfkt kh` pguetry prgùntbgh. K rfvbfw gi jgw rfspghsblbebty igr bhirkstrunturf `fvfegpdfht bs keeg-

nktf` kdgho `biifrfht efvfes gi ogvfrhdfht. Pjbs wgue` lf pkrtbnuekrey

kppebnklef tg vkeuf njkbhs sunj ks nghstruntbgh, wjfrf tjf rfspghsblbeb-

ty igr bdprgvbho bhirkstrunturf ebfs dkbhey wbtj egnke ogvfrhdfhts,

wjbnj suiifr irgd ebdbtf` nkpknbty.

Igr tjf igg` sfntgr, `febvfry gi kh bhtforktf` egobstbns prgorkd irgd

ikrdoktf tg tjf prgnfssbho stkof, usbho k neustfr-lksf` kpprgknj. Pjbs

wgue` lf pkrtbnuekrey subtklef igr tjf igg` prgnfssbho bhùstry bhMkhg.

Knnfss tg ibhkhnfngue` lf fhjkhnf` tjrguoj3

\fouektgry bhtfrvfhtbghs tg `fvfegp kee sfntgrs gi tjf nrf`bt dkrmft,

irgd dbnrgibhkhnf tg ekrofr ngrpgrktbghs. Fxbstbho dbnrgibhkhnf lkhms

ngue` lf obvfh bhnfhtbvfs (f.o., egwfr nkpbtke rfqubrfdfhts) tg fstkl-

ebsj lrkhnjfs krguh` tjf nguhtry.

Knnfefrktbgh gi nrf`bt dkrmft rfigrd dfksurfs kerfk`y uh`frwky,bhneu`bho `bsputf rfsgeutbgh dfnjkhbsds, nrf`bt lurfku rfouektbghs,

kh` efksbho ekws.

Igr tjf nghstruntbgh sfntgr, fvfegpdfht gi k hfw kh` bhhgvktbvf dfkhs

gi prgvb`bho knnfss tg ibhkhnf, sunj ks k pulebn-prbvktf pkrthfrsjbp

9 Gvfrvbfw


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irkdfwgrm igr jgusbho, k dgrtokof ebqub`bty iknbebty, rfigrd gi tjf efoke

irkdfwgrm igr rfhtke dkrmfts, kh` `fvfegpdfht gi k nggr`bhktf` if`frke-

stktf jgusbho pgebny.

Pjf bhvfstdfht nebdktfngue` lfhfibt irgd sfefntbvf fiigrts sunj ks3

^bdpebibnktbgh gi tjf kpprgvke prgnfss igr tjf `fvfegpdfht gi hfw

lusbhfssfs, lksf` gh nkrfiue prgnfss dkppbho.

Ekuhnj gi tkroftf` nkpknbty-lube bho prgorkds tg rfvbvf tjf iuhntbghs

gi qukebty nghtrge kofhnbfs sunj ks tjf ^tkh`kr`s Grokhbzktbgh gi

Hbofrbk. Jkrdghbzktbgh gi tjf rgefs gi kofhnbfs bh njkrof gi qukebty bhspfntbgh

igr sfkdefss nggpfrktbgh.

Pjf smbees okp ngue` lf rfùnf` tjrguoj tkroftf` bhtfrvfhtbghs sunj ks3

\fprbgrbtbzbho ogvfrhdfht rfsgurnf keegnktbgh tg tjf tfnjhbnke kh`

vgnktbgh fùnktbgh kh` trkbhbho (PYFP) strfkd gi tjf fùnktbghke

systfd, kh` rfnghsb`frbho tjf bdpgrtkhnf gi tjf tfrtbkry fùnktbghsystfd.

\fignusbho pgebnbfs igr smbees `fvfegpdfht tgwkr`s tjf b`fhtbibf`

fdpegydfht-bhtfhsbvf vkeuf njkbhs= kh` `febvfrbho trkbhbho prg-

orkds wbtj k prkntbnke ignus kh` nghtfht (f.o., dfkt sfntgr prgorkds

efk`bho tg k Nfrtbibnktf gi Jyobfhf gr Dkstfr Lutnjfr Nfrtbibnktf).

Knnfefrktbho tjf prgnfss gi fstklebsjbho k Hktbghke Ygnktbghke [ukebib-

nktbghs Irkdfwgrm (HY[I).

Fdpgwfrbho tjf Hktbghke Lgkr` gi Pfnjhbnke Fùnktbgh (HLPF) kstjf hktbghke kutjgrbty igr PYFP, wbtj rfspghsblbebty igr rfouektbho kh`

dghbtgrbho igrdke kh` bhigrdke PYFP.

Fdpgwfrbho bhigrdke sfntgr trk`f kssgnbktbghs tg tkmf pkrt bh smbees

upork`bho kh` nfrtbibnktbgh gi tjfbr dfdlfrs= kh` fstklebsjbho k iknbe-

bty tg suppgrt trk`f kssgnbktbghs bh kntbho ks k`vgnktfs kh` sfrvbnf

prgvb`frs igr tjfbr nghstbtufhnbfs.

Fstklebsjbho trbpkrtbtf ogvfrhkhnf irkdfwgrms bhvgevbho trkbhbho bhstb-

tutbghs, pulebn sfntgr kofhnbfs, kh` tjf prbvktf sfntgr, wbtj prbvktf sfn-

tgr bhstbtutbghs efk`bho vgnktbghke trkbhbho. Pjf prgorkd gi YgnktbghkeFhtfrprbsf Bhstbtutfs (YFBs) kh` Bhhgvktbgh Fhtfrprbsf Bhstbtutfs (BFBs)

bhbtbktf` ly HLPF bs k stfp bh tjf rbojt `brfntbgh. Ogvfrhdfht sup-

pgrt tg sunj bhstbtutbghs wgue` lf ebdbtf` tg stkh`kr`bzktbgh gi nurrbn-

uek kh` knnrf`btktbgh gi prgorkds.

Gvfrvbfw ?


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@fvfegpbho hfw kh` strfhotjfhbho fxbstbho vgnktbghke bhstbtutfs tg

bhnrfksf knnfss ly tjf uhsmbeef` bhigrdke eklgr sfntgr, bhneu`bho tg

prgorkds tjkt tfknj prkntbnke smbees (f.o., tjf Ygnktbghke Prkbhbho Nfh-

tfr gi Fxnfeefhnf bh Ekogs igr tjf nghstruntbgh sfntgr).

Qrgvb`bho ibhkhnbke bhnfhtbvfs tg rfwkr` snjgges tjkt prgùnf orkù-

ktfs wjg ibh` fdpegydfht bh tjf prbvktf sfntgr.

Fqubppbho fhtfrprbsf neustfrs kh` zghfs wbtj trkbhbho kh` nguhsfebho

iknbebtbfs igr sdkee-snkef bhigrdke lusbhfss gpfrktgrs.

Nrfktbho k ogvfrhdfht-iuh`f` vgunjfr systfd (pgssbley spfkrjfk`f`

ly tjf Bhùstrbke Prkbhbho Iuh`, BPI) tg jfep iuh` smbees prgorkds igr

tjf bhigrdke systfd.

Pjf jboj ngst gi bhputs ngue` lf rfùnf` ly rfnghsb`frbho bdpgrt lkhs

kh` jboj tkrbii lkrrbfrs, wjbnj jkvf lffh iguh` tg sbohbibnkhtey bhnrfksf

ngsts bh mfy vkeuf njkbhs wbtj jboj fdpegydfht kh` orgwtj pgtfhtbke.

Bdpgrt lkhs sjgue` lf rfpeknf` ly tkrbiis, wbtj k vbfw tg nrfktbho bhnfh-

tbvfs tg igrdkebzf trk`f kh` prgdgtbho nustgds rfigrd.

Hgtf

;. Pjf sfefntbgh gi tjf ;0 vkeuf njkbhs igr ngdpftbtbvf kh` orgwtj kssfssdfhts

wks lksf` gh fxtfhsbvf `bsnussbghs wbtj mfy pulebn kh` prbvktf sfntgr stkmf-

jge`frs kt tjf if`frke kh` stktf efvfes. Pjf sfefntbghs bhneu`f` dgrf fstkl-

ebsjf` bhùstrbfs wjfrf tjfrf wks k nghtbhuf` pfrnfptbgh gi egho-tfrd orgwtj

pgtfhtbke, kh` hfw bhùstrbfs wjfrf tjfrf wks k dgrf ebdbtf` trknm rfngr` lut

k pfrnfptbgh gi jboj pgtfhtbke.

: Gvfrvbfw


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2

Gvfrvbfw

Hbofrbk iknfs k orgwbho fdpegydfht nrbsbs. Hgtwbtjstkh`bho sustkbhf`,

jboj, kh` lrgk`-lksf` orgwtj bh tjf hgh-gbe fnghgdy, uhfdpegydfht jks

hgt ikeefh dktfrbkeey sbhnf ;222. Dgrf bdpgrtkhtey, ygutj uhfdpegydfht

jks rbsfh dkrmf`ey gvfr tjf skdf pfrbg`. Hbofrbks orgwtj pfrigrdkhnf

jks hgt rfspgh`f` tg tjf kspbrktbghs gi bts pgpuektbgh ks k wjgef, fspfnbkeey

tjf yguho ofhfrktbgh. _jbef tjf hudlfr gi cgls sffds tg jkvf orgwh bh

ebhf wbtj tjf eklgr igrnf, dgst gi tjfsf cgls jkvf lffh nrfktf` bh ikdbey

korbnueturf. _kof fdpegydfht, jgwfvfr, jks fnebhf`. Cgl nrfktbgh bh ikd-

bey korbnueturf wks knngdpkhbf` ly rkpb` bhngdf orgwtj kh` ikeebho rktfs

gi pgvfrty bh rurke krfks.

Pjf dkbh purpgsf gi tjbs stu`y bs tg kssfss tjf bdpknt gi tjf rfnfht

strgho orgwtj pfrigrdkhnf gh fdpegydfht kh` tg prgpgsf k strktfoy tg

sustkbh kh` iurtjfr knnfefrktf Hbofrbks orgwtj pfrigrdkhnf kh` fhjkhnf

tjf orgwtj fekstbnbty kh` qukebty gi fdpegydfht.

Pjbs njkptfr prgvb`fs k syhgptbn gvfrvbfw gi tjf lggm. Njkptfr < khk-eyzfs tjf fvgeutbgh gi tjf eklgr dkrmft sbhnf ;222. Pjf khkeysbs ignusfs

gh tjf sjkrf gi tjf igrdke kh` bhigrdke sfntgrs bh fdpegydfht, tjf `fvfe-

gpdfht gi bhngdfs, kh` tjf uhfdpegydfht rktf. Njkptfr > k``rfssfs tjf

qufstbgh gi wjkt Hbofrbk ngue` `g tg bhnrfksf tjf kvkbeklbebty gi qukebty

N J K Q P F \ ;

Fdpegydfht kh` Orgwtj

bh Hbofrbk

Ygemfr Prfbnjfe


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cgls kh` rfùnf rbsbho ygutj uhfdpegydfht. Njkptfr 0 bsnussfs Hbofrbks

bhùstrbke pgebny kh` bhvfstdfht fhvbrghdfht kh` prgpgsfs kh ketfrhktbvf

kpprgknj tg prgdgtf orgwtj. Njkptfr 6 prgpgsfs strktfobfs igr smbees `fvfe-

gpdfht, kh` njkptfr 9 khkeyzfs tjf fiifnts gi rfstrbntbvf trk`f pgebnbfs.

Pjf lggm nghneu`fs tjkt fhjkhnbho tjf orgwtj fekstbnbty gi fdpegy-

dfht kh` rfstrunturbho tjf fnghgdy tgwkr` egho-tfrd sustkbhklef

orgwtj wbee rfqubrf k tjrff-prghof` strktfoy3

Pkroftf` bhtfrvfhtbghs tg k``rfss lbh`bho nghstrkbhts bh vkeuf njkbhs

wbtj jboj orgwtj kh` fdpegydfht pgtfhtbke. Pjfsf lbh`bho nghstrkbhts

bhneu`f pggr pjysbnke bhirkstrunturf (fspfnbkeey pgwfr kh` trkhspgrtk-tbgh), pggr bhvfstdfht nebdktf, eknm gi knnfss tg ibhkhnf, pfrvksbvf smbees

okps, kh` rfstrbntbvf trk`f pgebnbfs. unnfssiue bhtfrvfhtbghs bh tjfsf vkeuf

njkbhs hff` tg lf `fsbohf` gh tjf lksbs gi kh kssfssdfht gi wjkt bs dgst

rfefvkht, ifksblef, kh` ngst fiifntbvf kh prgvb fs tjf orfktfst hfkr kh` df b-

ud-tfrd lfhfibts. Pg lf fiifntbvf, tjfsf bhtfrvfhtbghs sjgue` fdkhktf

irgd k `bkegouf wbtj tjf prbvktf sfntgr kh` lf `fsbohf` tg keegw swbit

ngrrfntbgh kh` subtklef ogvfrhkhnf krrkhofdfhts.

Ngdprfjfhsbvf rfigrd gi tjf tfnjhbnke kh` vgnktbghke fùnktbgh

systfd._jbef k``rfssbho tjf smbees okp dky, tg sgdf fxtfht, lf ifk-

sblef tjrguoj tkroftf` bhtfrvfhtbghs, k ngdprfjfhsbvf rfigrd gi tjf

tfnjhbnke kh` vgnktbghke fùnktbgh systfd bs hff`f` hgt ghey tg

nrfktf ngh`btbghs igr dgrf rkpb` orgwtj, lut kesg tg ngdlkt ygutj

uhfdpegydfht. Qrbvktf sfntgref` kpprgknjfs tg bdprgvf vgnktbgh-

ke trkbhbho, wjfrf ogvfrhdfht pekys tjf rgef gi stkh`kr`bzbho nur-

rbnuek kh` knnrf`btbho prgorkds, krf tjf dgst prgdbsbho rgutf igrfùnktbgh systfd rfigrd.

Prk`f pgebny rfigrd. Bdpgrt lkhs kh` jboj tkrbii lkrrbfrs sulstkhtbkeey

bhnrfksf tjf ngst gi `gbho lusbhfss bh vkeuf njkbhs wbtj jboj fdpegy-

dfht pgtfhtbke. Iurtjfr trk`f eblfrkebzktbgh wbee lf fssfhtbke tg keegw k

rfstrunturbho gi tjf fnghgdy tgwkr` sfntgrs bh wjbnj Hbofrbk bs oegl-

keey ngdpftbtbvf.

Knngr`bho tg tjbs strktfoy, orgwtj wgue` lf `rbvfh ly tjgsf sfntgrsgi tjf fnghgdy tjkt krf kerfk`y orgwbho ikstsunj ks sfrvbnfs kh`

dkhuiknturbholut jkvf tjf pgtfhtbke tg orgw fvfh ikstfr. Orgwtj bh

tjf korbnueturf sfntgr wbee nghtbhuf tg lf k mfy fefdfht bh pgvfrty rfùn-

tbgh kh` fdpegydfht nrfktbgh, kh` iurtjfr fiigrts tg `ffpfh rfsfkrnj kh`

;1 Prfbnjfe


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fxtfhsbgh sfrvbnfs, iknbebtktf knnfss tg ibhkhnf, kh` strfhotjfh sfntgr

ogvfrhkhnf kh` tjf rfouektgry irkdfwgrm wbee lf fssfhtbke. Jgwfvfr, bh

vbfw gi tjf hff` igr prgùntbvbty bhnrfksfs tg sustkbh orgwtj bh korbnue-

turf, tjf pgtfhtbke igr ekrof-snkef cgl nrfktbgh wbee lf ebdbtf`. Bh tjf bhb-

tbke pjksf, orgwtj wgue` nghtbhuf tg lf `rbvfh ly `gdfstbn `fdkh`, wbtj

fxpgrts tg tjf rfobgh kh` bhtfrhktbghke dkrmfts kt k ektfr stkof. Pjf

pgtfhtbke igr `gdfstbn-ef` orgwtj jks lffh dkhbifst bh Hbofrbks rfnfht

strgho orgwtj pfrigrdkhnf, wjbnj jks dgstey lffh `rbvfh ly `gdfstb-

nkeey grbfhtf` sfntgrs. Hgh-gbe fxpgrts jkvf rfdkbhf` hfoeboblef.

Bh vbfw gi tjf bdpgrtkhnf gi k``rfssbho uhfdpegydfht, tjf stu`y

rfvbfws Hbofrbks tfnjhbnke kh` vgnktbghke fùnktbgh kh` trkbhbho (PYFP)kh` ibh`s tjkt bt lkrfey nghtrblutfs tg tjf igrdktbgh gi smbeef` prgifssbgh-

kes, ks tjf hudlfr gi orkùktfs bs sdkee kh` prgorkds krf gut`ktf` kh`

bhsuiibnbfhtey rfspghsbvf tg tjf rfqubrfdfhts gi tjf eklgr dkrmft. Pjf

klsfhnf gi k`fquktf PYFP bs k dkcgr bdpf`bdfht tg tjf fiifntbvf bhtf-

orktbgh gi ygutj bhtg tjf eklgr dkrmft. Bh k``btbgh, bt bs kh glstknef tg tjf

`fvfegpdfht gi sfvfrke vkeuf njkbhs igr wjbnj sjgrtkofs gi k`fquktfey

trkbhf` stkii krf k dkcgr nghstrkbht tg orgwtj. @fvfegpdfht gi k hktbghke

smbees irkdfwgrm tkroftf` kt sfntgrs gi tjf fnghgdy wbtj tjf jbojfstorgwtj kh` fdpegydfht pgtfhtbke wbee lf nrbtbnke tg ikstfr orgwtj kh` tg

fhjkhnbho tjf orgwtj fekstbnbty gi fdpegydfht.

Hbofrbks trk`f rfobdf jks lffh sulstkhtbkeey eblfrkebzf` bh rfnfht yfkrs,

fspfnbkeey wbtj tjf pkrtbke k`gptbgh gi tjf Fnghgdbn Ngdduhbty gi _fst

Kirbnkh tktfs (FNG_K^) ngddgh fxtfrhke tkrbii (NFP), wjbnj rfsuetf`

bh k egwfrbho gi tkrbii rktfs kh` sgdf pjksbho gut gi hghtkrbii lkrrbfrs.

Hghftjfefss, Hbofrbks trk`f rfobdf rfdkbhs jfkvbey prgtfntbghbst, rfsuetbho

bh `bstgrtbghs tg tjf `gdfstbn prgùntbgh strunturf kh` tjf pfrpftuktbghgi uhngdpftbtbvf ngst strunturfs. Pjf khkeysbs gi vkeuf njkbhs ibh`s tjkt

bdpgrt lkhs kh` jboj tkrbiis krf dkcgr nghstrkbhts tg tjf ikstfr `fvfegp-

dfht gi k hudlfr gi fdpegydfht-bhtfhsbvf sfntgrs gi Hbofrbks fnghgdy.

Bh k``btbgh, bdpgrt lkhs krf k sbohbibnkht nghstrkbht tg bdprgvbho tjf

fiibnbfhny gi nustgds kh` rfùnbho tjf tbdf igr nefkrbho bdpgrts. Orfktfr

kvkbeklbebty gi njfkpfr bdpgrts kh` fhjkhnf` knnfss tg fxpgrt dkrmfts

wbee lf nrbtbnke tg k rfstrunturbho gi tjf Hbofrbkh fnghgdy tgwkr` ngd-

pftbtbvf kh` fdpegydfht-bhtfhsbvf sfntgrs.

Pjbs stu`y bdpebnbtey ignusfs gh sdkee kh` df`bud-sbzf fhtfrprbsfs(^DFs) kh` ekrofr ngrpgrktbghs. K``btbghke wgrm gh jgusfjge`, dbnrg-,

kh` hkhg-fhtfrprbsfs wbee lf hff`f` tg spfnbibnkeey kssfss nghstrkbhts tg

jbojfr bhngdf kh` fdpegydfht bh tjfsf sfodfhts gi tjf bhigrdke sfntgr,

ks wfee ks dfnjkhbsds tg bdprgvf trkbhbho igr sunj fhtfrprbsfs.

Fdpegydfht kh` Orgwtj bh Hbofrbk ;;


40/304

Pjf stu`y wks ekrofey prfpkrf` lfigrf tjf ghsft gi tjf nurrfht oeglke

ibhkhnbke nrbsbs. Pjf oeglke ibhkhnbke nrbsbs bs kiifntbho Hbofrbk prbdkrbey

tjrguoj tjf `fnebhf bh gbe prbnfs kh` tjf ikee bh igrfboh `brfnt bhvfstdfht

kh` rfdbttkhnfs. Pjf rfsuetbho ikee bh gbe rfvfhuf wbee efk` tg k dkrmf` rbsf

bh tjf ibsnke `fibnbt, wjbef tjf `fnebhf bh koorfoktf `fdkh` wbee `kdpfh

orgwtj prgspfnts. Pjf oeglke ibhkhnbke nrbsbs sulstkhtbkeey jfbojtfhs tjf

urofhny gi fnghgdbn `bvfrsbibnktbgh kwky irgd gbe kh` strfhotjfhs tjf

nksf igr k orgwtj strktfoy lubet gh tkroftbho lbh`bho nghstrkbhts bh sfefntf`

vkeuf njkbhs wbtj jboj fdpegydfht pgtfhtbke. Pjf dkbh nghneusbghs kh`

rfngddfh`ktbghs gi tjf stu`y, tjfrfigrf, rfdkbh vkeb`.

Hbofrbks Orgwtj Qfrigrdkhnf

^bhnf tg 0 pfrnfht irgd ;226 tg


41/304

Fdpegydfht kh` Orgwtj bh Hbofrbk ;>

Ibourf ;.; Nuduektbvf Pgtke Ikntgr Qrg`untbvbty igr Ketfrhktbvf Bhbtbke

NkpbtkeGutput \ktbgs, ;291

;290

;296

;299

;29?

;29:

;292

;2?1

;2?;

;2?

;2?0

;2?6

;2?9

;2??

;2?:

;2?2

;2:1

;2:;

;2:

;2:0

;2:6

;2:9

;2:?

;2::

;2:2

;221

;22;

;22

;220

;226

;229

;22?

;22:

;222


42/304

Nghtrblutbgh tg Orgwtj ly ^fntgrPjf orgwtj gi tjf hgh-gbe fnghgdy wks ekrofey `rbvfh ly tjf korbnueturf

sfntgr, wjbnj nghtrblutf`, gh kvfrkof, dgrf tjkh 01 pfrnfht (tklef ;.>).

Pjf nghtrblutbgh gi korbnueturf wks igeegwf` ly tjkt gi tjf wjgefskef kh`

rftkbe sfntgr (klgut >1 pfrnfht), tjf tfefngdduhbnktbghs sfntgr (? tg :

pfrnfht), kh` tjf dkhuiknturbho kh` ibhkhnbke sfntgrs.

^bhnf 1 pfrnfht), igeegwf` ly tjf wjgefskef kh`

rftkbe sfntgrs (klgut ;6 pfrnfht) kh` nghstruntbgh (klgut ;> pfrnfht).

Kesg, sgeb` dbhfrkes orfw ly dgrf tjkh ;1 pfrnfht, gh kvfrkof, kh`

dkhuiknturbho ly klgut : tg 2 pfrnfht. Korbnueturf orfw ly 9 tg ? pfr-

nfht, gh kvfrkoftjf strghofst sustkbhf` orgwtj pfrigrdkhnf bh dgrf

tjkh k `fnk`f.

Fxpekbhbho Hbofrbks Orgwtj QfrigrdkhnfBh ebojt gi tjf rfnfht gbe lggd, jboj gbe prbnfs wgue` lf tjf dgst glvbgus

fxpekhktbgh igr strgho orgwtj. Jgwfvfr, tjf kvkbeklef fvb`fhnf `gfs hgt

suppgrt tjf nghneusbgh tjkt hgh-gbe orgwtj wks sulstkhtbkeey `rbvfh ly

jboj gbe prbnfs. Pjf k`gptbgh gi kh gbe-prbnf-lksf` ibsnke ruef sbhnf

fssfhtbkeey `f-ebhmf` fxpfh`bturf irgd gbe prbnfs. Hbofrbks rktbg gi nghsge-

b`ktf` ogvfrhdfht fxpfh`bturf tg orgss `gdfstbn prg`unt (O@Q) jks, bh

iknt, ekrofey `fnebhf`sbhnf Nghtrblutbgh tg Hgh-Gbe Orgwtj

(pfrnfht)


43/304

Pklef ;.0 Pgtke Fxpfh`bturf kh` Hft Efh`bho, ;.9

Nkdfrggh ;9.< ;6.? ;6.0 ;9.1 ;0.9 ;0.6

Njk` ;?.9 ;.6 >6.6


44/304

Kt tjf skdf tbdf, fxnfss gbe rfvfhuf knnuduektf` rkpbèy bh tjf fxnfss

nru`f knnguht kh` rfknjf` dgrf tjkh V^$;: lbeebgh tgwkr` tjf fh` gi

Ofhfrkeey, tjfsf dknrgfnghgdbn kh` strunturke pgebnbfs sunnff`f` bhbhstbeebho nghib`fhnf bh tjf lusbhfss ngdduhbty tjkt Hbofrbk jk` fhtfrf`

k hfw pjksf bh bts `fvfegpdfht kh` tjkt tjf fhvbrghdfht igr prbvktf sfn-

tgr-ef` bhvfstdfht jk` iuh`kdfhtkeey bdprgvf`.

Bh tjf nksf gi korbnueturf, orgwtj wks nefkrey `rbvfh ly k sjkrp bhnrfksf

bh tjf prbnfs gi korbnueturf ngddg`btbfs, wjbnj rfiefntf` (k) tjf rbsf bh egnke

`fdkh` ùf tg tjf fdfrofhnf gi kh urlkh db`èf nekss= (l) tjf bhnrfksf bh

bhtfrhktbghke prbnfs= kh` (n) prgtfntbghbst trk`f pgebnbfs (hgtkley bdpgrt

lkhs gh igg` btfds sunj ks nksskvk, vfoftklef gbe, kh` pguetry).0

Pklef ;.9sjgws tjf orgwtj gi `biifrfht typfs gi nrgps sbhnf


45/304

Bh nghneusbgh, tjf mfy ifkturfs gi Hbofrbks orgwtj pfrigrdkhnf sbhnf


46/304

bh pkrtbnuekr, prgùntbvbty jks stkohktf` kh` orgwtj jks lffh ekrofey

tjf rfsuet gi bhnrfksf` ekh` usf. Kesg, ks orgwtj sbhnf wks bhnrfks-

bhoey kttrblutklef tg hfw, tfnjhgegoy-`rbvfh sfntgrs gi tjf fnghgdy,

sunj ks tjf ibhkhnbke sfntgr kh` BNP, bt bs ebmfey tjkt tjf bdpgrtkhnf gi

prgùntbvbty bdprgvfdfhts dky jkvf bhnrfksf` bh rfnfht yfkrs.

Hbofrbks orgwtj pktj bs `bstbhnt irgd tjkt gi gtjfr nguhtrbfs sunj ks

Bh`bk, wjgsf strgho pfrigrdkhnf jk` rfebf` fxtfhsbvfey gh tjf sfrvbnfs

kh` dkhuiknturbho sfntgrs. Bh Bh`bk, bh pkrtbnuekr, tjf nghtrblutbgh gi

tjf korbnueturf sfntgr tg O@Q jk` lffh gh k rkpbèy `fnebhbho pktj

sbhnf ;261 kh` jk` ikeefh tg


47/304

nguhtrys fnghgdbn fhvbrghdfht jks hgt trkhsektf` bhtg jbojfr fdpegy-

dfht kh` pgvfrty rfùntbgh. Pjbs sfntbgh `bsnussfs tjf fvgeutbgh gi tjf

eklgr igrnf sbhnf ;222 kh` khkeyzfs tjf `fvfegpdfht gi fdpegydfht kh`

bhngdfs. Bt kesg nghtrksts tjfsf ibh`bhos wbtj `fvfegpdfhts bh gtjfr ûl-

^kjkrkh Kirbnkh nguhtrbfs.6

^trunturf gi tjf Eklgr IgrnfPjf eklgr igrnf bs `fibhf` ks pfgpef lftwffh tjf kofs gi ;6 kh` 96 wjg

krf hgt bh snjgge. Pklef ;.? prfsfhts tjf strunturf gi Hbofrbks eklgr igrnf

ly ofh`fr kh` ly rurke kh` urlkh sfntgrs bh 10.

K mfy ifkturf gi tjf wgrmbho-kof pgpuektbgh bs tjf jboj sjkrf (kpprgx-bdktfey ghf-igurtj) gi tjkt pgpuektbgh tjkt bs hgt bh tjf eklgr igrnf. Pjf

lrfkm`gwh ly ofh`fr sjgws tjkt tjf sjkrf gi ifdkefs gutsb`f tjf eklgr

igrnf bs kt efkst tjrff tbdfs tjkt gi dkefs. Ks bh gtjfr Kirbnkh nguhtrbfs, igr-

dke uhfdpegydfht (dfksurf` ks cgl sffmfrs wjg nkhhgt ibh` k cgl) bs

fxtrfdfey egw. Pjf vkst dkcgrbty gi pfgpef gutsb`f tjf eklgr igrnf nghsbsts

gi bh`bvbùkes wjg krf fbtjfr `bsngurkof` cgl sffmfrs gr wjg jkvf hgt

fdlkrmf` upgh k cgl sfkrnj, ks tjfy g hgt nghsb`fr prgspfnts tg lf prgd-

bsbho. Pjf sjkrf gi pfgpef gutsb`f tjf eklgr igrnf bs k dgrf rfebklef bh`bnk-tgr gi uhfdpegydfht tjkh tjf giibnbke uhfdpegydfht rktf, wjbnj nghsbsts

gi bh`bvbùkes wjg krf eggmbho igr lut krf uhklef tg ibh` fdpegydfht.

_kof fdpegydfht (klgut : tg ;1 pfrnfht gi tjf eklgr igrnf) bs rfek-

tbvfey sdkee kh` `gdbhktf` ly tjf pulebn sfntgr. Pjf sjkrf gi bhigrdke

sfntgr fdpegydfht (`fibhf` ks sfei-fdpegyf` wgrmfrs gutsb`f tjf korb-

nueturf sfntgr) bs jboj ngdpkrf` tg gtjfr ûl-^kjkrkh Kirbnkh nguhtrbfs

(tklef ;.:). Ghey ^fhfoke jks k dgrf sbzklef bhigrdke sfntgr.

Pklef ;.2 sjgws jgw tjf eklgr igrnf jks fvgevf` sbhnf ;222.

Fdpegydfht kh` Orgwtj bh Hbofrbk ;2

Pklef ;.? Ngdpgsbtbgh gi Eklgr Igrnf, 10

(pfrnfht)

Ly ofh`fr Ly sfntgr

Ifdkef Dkef \urke Vrlkh Pgtke skdpef

Bh eklgr igrnf 99.> :0.? ??.6 ?;.: ?6.1

Hgt bh eklgr igrnf

(vgeuhtkrbey uhfdpegyf`) >6.> ;9.1


48/304

Pjf sjkrf gi tjf pgpuektbgh hgt bh tjf eklgr igrnf jks rfdkbhf`

lrgk`ey uhnjkhof`. Pjbs dfkhs tjkt tjf hudlfr gi cgls jks rbsfh lrgk`ey

bh ebhf wbtj tjf eklgr igrnf, kh` tjkt uhfdpegydfht jks rfdkbhf` lksb-nkeey uhnjkhof`.

Pklef ;.;1 sjgws tjf fvgeutbgh gi fdpegydfht lrgmfh `gwh ly ikd-

bey korbnueturf, hghkorbnueturf sfei-fdpegyf` (tjkt bs, dgstey urlkh), kh`

wkof fdpegydfht.

Irgd ;222 tg


49/304

Pjbs bs kh bdpgrtkht ibh`bho. Bt fssfhtbkeey nghibrds tjf tjrust gi `bs-

nussbghs gi fdpegydfht pgebny bh Hbofrbk, wjbnj irfqufhtey kssfrts tjkt

tjf prglefd bs tjf nrfktbgh gi kh bhsuiibnbfht hudlfr gi cgls. _btj tjf

sjkrf gi tjf pgpuektbgh gutsb`f tjf eklgr igrnf uhnjkhof` bh spbtf gi sus-

tkbhf` jboj hgh-gbe orgwtj, Hbofrbks pkttfrh gi orgwtj jks hgt rfspgh`f`

tg tjf kspbrktbghs gi bts pgpuektbgh.

Pjbs pkttfrh gi njkhof bh tjf strunturf gi tjf eklgr igrnf bs kt vkrbkhnfwbtj tjkt glsfrvf` bh dgst gi ^ul-^kjkrkh Kirbnk bh tjf ;221s. Bh Ojkhk,

Pkhzkhbk, kh` Vokh`k, tjf prgpgrtbgh gi tjf eklgr igrnf wgrmbho bh

ikdbey korbnueturf gvfr tjf ;221s `fnebhf` (ibourf ;.


50/304

^fntgrs gi tjf fnghgdy tjkt jkvf orgwh qubnmey, sunj ks wjgefskef kh`

rftkbe, nghstruntbgh, kh` korbnueturf, jkvf lffh tg k sbohbibnkht fxtfht

dk`f up gi bhigrdke wgrmfrs, wjbef bh`ustrbfs bh tjf igrdke sfntgr, f.o.,

ibhkhnbke sfrvbnfs kh` jgspbtkebty, krf fbtjfr hgt vfry fdpegydfht

bhtfhsbvf gr jkvf k``f` eklgr irgd k vfry egw lksf, ikbebho tg dkmf k

sbohbibnkht `biifrfhnf bh tjf orgwtj gi wkof fdpegydfht.

Pjbs pkttfrh gi cgl nrfktbgh bs fvfh dgrf kppkrfht bh tjf yguhofst kof

lrknmft gi tjf pgpuektbgh. Pklef ;.;< sjgws tjf fvgeutbgh gi tjf typfs gi

,111

gtjfrnguhtrbfs

Ftjbgpbkkh`^gutjKirbnk


51/304

fdpegydfht ks k sjkrf gi tjf skdpef pgpuektbgh kof` ;60.11 >;.;1

Hghkorbnueturf sfei-fdpegyf` 2.61 ;6.>1 ;


52/304

;222 (tklef ;.;>). Pjfsf `ktk strghoey bh`bnktf tjkt rfke bhngdfs jkvf

sulstkhtbkeey rbsfh sbhnf ;222. Bhngdfs bh tjf igrdke wkof sfntgr kh` tjf

bhigrdke urlkh sfntgr jkvf bhnrfksf` ly klgut 61 pfrnfht bh rfke tfrds.

Dgst bdpgrtkhtey, bhngdfs bh ikdbey korbnueturf jkvf kedgst `gulef` bh

rfke tfrds kh` krf hgw gh pkr wbtj tjgsf bh tjf sfei-fdpegyf` hgh-

korbnueturf sfntgr. Kt tjf lfobhhbho gi tjf `fnk`f, bhngdfs bh tjf

urlkh bhigrdke sfntgr wfrf klgut >1 tg 01 pfrnfht jbojfr bh rfke tfrds

tjkh bh ikdbey korbnueturf.

Pjf fvgeutbgh gi bhngdfs bh Hbofrbks korbnueturf sfntgr ngdpkrfs

ikvgrkley tg tjkt bh gtjfr Kirbnkh nguhtrbfs (tklef ;.;0). Pjbs sjgws

tjf bdpgrtkhnf gi tjf korbnueturke rfhkbsskhnf tjkt Hbofrbk jks fxpfrb-fhnf` sbhnf ;222hgt ghey igr orgwtj, lut kesg igr tjf `fvfegpdfht

gi bhngdfs. Kt tjf skdf tbdf, tjf `fvfegpdfht gi bhngdfs bh tjf urlkh

bhigrdke sfntgr kh` bh wkof fdpegydfht wks negsfr tg tjf kvfrkof igr

ngdpkrktgr nguhtrbfs.

Dfkh Fkrhbhos ly Fdpegydfht Pypf, ;222


53/304

ûddkry gi ibh`bhos.Pjf pkttfrh gi orgwtj bh Hbofrbk kh` bts rfektbgh tg

tjf fvgeutbgh gi Hbofrbks eklgr dkrmft nkh lf suddkrbzf` ks igeegws3

Hbofrbks strgho orgwtj bh rfnfht yfkrs jks lffh `gdbhktf` ly tjf

korbnueturf sfntgr. Bh tjf eklgr dkrmft, tjbs jks lffh rfiefntf` bh k sjbit

gi fdpegydfht bhtg ikdbey korbnueturf. Pjf nghsb`frklef orgwtj gi

fdpegydfht bh tjf korbnueturf sfntgr bs nghsbstfht wbtj tjf klsfhnf gi

bdprgvfdfhts bh korbnueturke prgùntbvbty.

^trgho korbnueturf pfrigrdkhnf jks rfiefntf` prbdkrbey tjf rbsf bh tjf

prbnfs gi korbnueturf ngddg`btbfs, gwbho tg (k) tjf bhnrfksf bh bhtfrhk-

tbghke prbnfs, (l) tjf bhnrfksf bh `fdkh` irgd tjf urlkh db`èf nekss,kh` (n) tjf bdpknt gi rfstrbntbvf trk`f pgebnbfs. Pjbs njkhof bh rfektbvf

prbnfs bh ikvgr gi korbnueturke ngddg`btbfs bs kesg kh fssfhtbke ikntgr

fxpekbhbho tjf bhnrfksf bh bhngdfs bh ikdbey korbnueturf kh` bs nghsbs-

tfht wbtj tjf dkrmf` `fnebhf gi fxtrfdf rurke pgvfrty.

Pjf nrfktbgh gi nghtrkntuke wkof cgls bh tjf rkpbèy orgwbho sfntgrs gi

tjf fnghgdy jks lffh uhklef tg ngdpfhsktf igr tjf egss gi wkof cgls

bh tjf pulebn sfntgr, pkrkstktkes, kh` ogvfrhdfht kofhnbfs, efk`bho tg k

`fnebhf bh wkof fdpegydfht.

_btj tjf sjkrf gi pgpuektbgh gutsb`f tjf eklgr igrnf uhnjkhof` igr tjf

pgpuektbgh ks k wjgef kh` rbsbho igr tjf egwfst kof lrknmft, Hbofrbks

orgwtj pfrigrdkhnf jks nefkrey hgt rfspgh`f` tg tjf kspbrktbghs gi bts

pgpuektbgh.

_jkt Jkvf Lffh tjf Bdpf`bdfhts tg Ikstfr Orgwtj

bh tjf Igrdke ^fntgr7Ks `bsnussf` klgvf, Hbofrbks strgho orgwtj pfrigrdkhnf jks rfiefntf`

prbdkrbey twg ikntgrs3 (k) sguh` dknrgfnghgdbn pgebnbfs tjkt nrfktf` k

dgrf ikvgrklef fhvbrghdfht igr prbvktf bhvfstdfht kh` (l) sfntgrke pgeb-

nbfs, sunj ks tjf lkhmbho nghsgeb`ktbgh fxfrnbsf tjkt `brfntey lggstf`

orgwtj bh spfnbibn sfntgrs gi tjf fnghgdy. Lgtj dknrgfnghgdbn kh`

strunturke pgebnbfs nghtrblutf` tg nghib`fhnf bh k hfw frk bh tjf Hbofrbkh

fnghgdy kh` tjus prgdgtf` bhvfstdfht sulstkhtbkeey iufef` ly igrfboh

`brfnt bhvfstdfht kh` rfdbttkhnfs.

Pjbs bhvfstdfht, jgwfvfr, wks dgrf ignusf` gh nkpbtke-bhtfhsbvf bhùs-

trbfs tjkh gh fdpegydfht-bhtfhsbvf bhùstrbfs. Bhvfstdfht gnnurrf` prbdk-

rbey bh tjf gbe kh` oks kh` tjf tfefngdduhbnktbghs bhùstrbfs, bh wjbnj

rfturhs wfrf pkrtbnuekrey jboj. Ifw prgùntbvbty bdprgvfdfhts gnnurrf` bh

tjf fdpegydfht-bhtfhsbvf sfntgrs gi tjf fnghgdy, sunj ks dkhuiknturbho.

Fdpegydfht kh` Orgwtj bh Hbofrbk


54/304

Ks k rfsuet, tjf bhirkstrunturf nghstrkbhts lfnkdf dgrf lbh`bho bh tjfsf

sfntgrs, ebdbtbho bdprgvfdfhts bh tjfbr prgùntbvbty kh` ngdpftbtbvfhfss

kh`, jfhnf, tjfbr klbebty tg ofhfrktf fdpegydfht. K igrwkr`-eggmbho orgwtj

strktfoy hff`s tg ignus gh bdprgvbho prgùntbvbty bh tjf fdpegydfht-

bhtfhsbvf sfntgrs gi tjf fnghgdy.

Pjbs bs pkrtbnuekrey bdpgrtkht lfnkusf Hbofrbks ngdpkrktbvf k`vkhtkof

gi rfektbvfey egw eklgr ngsts bs rkpbèy frg`bho, ks tjf fiifnt gi egw eklgr

prgùntbvbty bs ngdpguh`f` ly kpprfnbktbgh gi tjf hkbrk. Bh iknt, tjf rbsf

bh V.^. `geekr`fhgdbhktf` wkofs bs ekrofr tjkh tjkt bh rfke hkbrk ly k ikn-

tgr gi twg. Pjbs dunj ekrofr bhnrfksf bh bhngdfs bh V.^. `geekr tfrds,

rktjfr tjkh bh `gdfstbn prbnfs, bdpebfs tjkt eklgr ngsts krf lfngdbhobhnrfksbhoey uhngdpftbtbvf gh tjf bhtfrhktbghke dkrmft.

Hbofrbks Orgwtj ^trktfoy Ogbho Igrwkr`

Lksf` gh tjf khkeysbs klgvf, tjbs sfntbgh `fvfegps igr Hbofrbk k orgwtj

strktfoy ogbho igrwkr` tjkt bs spfnbibnkeey tkbegrf` tg Hbofrbks nbrnud-

stkhnfs.

_jy k Orgwtj ^trktfoy7Dkhy `fvfegpbho nguhtrbfs jkvf igeegwf` ngdpkrktbvf-k`vkhtkof-`fiybho

strktfobfs, wjbnj ef` tg vkrbgus `bstgrtbghs, pggr orgwtj pfrigrdkhnf, kh`

dgrf uhfvfh bhngdf `bstrblutbgh (Ebh


55/304

trk`f pgebny, `brfnt suppgrt tg bh`ustrbfs gi strktfobn bhtfrfst, kh` stktf

`gdbhktbgh gi kee kspfnts gi tjf gbe kh` oks bh`ustry nghtbhuf tg njkrkn-

tfrbzf ogvfrhdfht pgebny.

Prk`btbghke orgwtj tjfgry kroufs tjkt k stklef dknrgfnghgdbn irkdf-

wgrm kh` kh fhvbrghdfht irff gi `bstgrtbghs krf suiibnbfht tg keegw kh fngh-

gdy tg orgw bh ebhf wbtj bts pgtfhtbke. Jgwfvfr, dkhy nguhtrbfs tjkt jkvf

knjbfvf` jboj orgwtj k`gptf` strktfobfs tjkt kntbvfey suppgrtf` fdpegy-

dfht kh` orgwtj bh spfnbibn sfntgrs gi tjf fnghgdy. Ebh (


56/304

Pkroftf` bhtfrvfhtbghs tg rfdgvf nghstrkbhts bh vkeuf njkbhs wbtj jboj

fdpegydfht kh` orgwtj pgtfhtbke bh lgtj igrdke kh` bhigrdke sfn-tgrs, bhneu`bho tjf sfei-fdpegyf` sfntgr.

K`gptbgh gi k hktbghke smbees `fvfegpdfht irkdfwgrm.

Eblfrkebzktbgh gi trk`f pgebny.

Orgwtj wgue` igeegw tjrff pjksfs. Pjf ibrst pjksf wgue` lf `gdb-

hktf` ly nkpturbho ekrofr sjkrfs gi tjf `gdfstbn dkrmft= pjksf < wgue`

ignus gh fxtfh`bho Hbofrbks knnfss tg rfobghke dkrmfts= kh` pjksf >

wgue` prgdgtf knnfss tg tjf bhtfrhktbghke dkrmft. Pjfsf pjksfs `g hgt

hff` tg lf sfqufhtbke. Bh pkrtbnuekr, wjbef Hbofrbks orgwtj gvfr tjf

sjgrt- tg df`bud-tfrd bs ebmfey tg nghtbhuf tg lf `rbvfh ly jbojfr

`gdfstbn fdkh`, pjksf ; wgue` ebmfey kesg wbthfss tjf bhnrfksf` fxpgrt

grbfhtktbgh gi pkrts gi tjf fnghgdy. Bh iknt, fhngurkofdfht ly tjf

Hbofrbkh ogvfrhdfht tg fxpgrt wgue` lf k nghtbhugus ifkturf gi tjf


57/304

orgwtj strktfoy. Pjbs pjksf` kpprgknj wgue` `biifr nghsb`frkley irgd

tjkt gi gtjfr nguhtrbfs tjkt jkvf orgwh tjrguoj kh bhbtbke ignus gh tjf

dkhuiknturbho sfntgr kh` wgue` lf `bstbhntey Hbofrbkh.

Pjf pjksf` kpprgknj ignusfs gh tjf `gdfstbn dkrmft kt tjf gutsft

lfnkusf, bh vbfw gi tjf sfvfrf ngst `bsk`vkhtkof gi Hbofrbkh bhùstry

rfsuetbho prbdkrbey irgd tjf eknm gi pgwfr kh` jboj ngsts gi trkhspgrtk-

tbgh, bt bs uhrfkebstbn tg fxpfnt Hbofrbk tg lf klef tg ngdpftf bh tjf

bhtfrhktbghke dkrmftpeknf bh tjf sjgrt tfrd. Bhstfk`, orgwtj bs ebmfey tg

nghtbhuf tg lf `rbvfh ly sfntgrs ignusf` gh `gdfstbn `fdkh`, fspfnbkeey

bh tjf sfrvbnf bhùstrbfs tjkt jkvf kerfk`y sbohbibnkhtey nghtrblutf` tg

orgwtj. Pjrguoj tjf `fvfegpdfht gi kpprgprbktf bhirkstrunturf, pjksf ;wgue` nrfktf tjf pektigrd igr orgwtj gi dkhuiknturbho bhùstrbfs, wjbnj

wgue` tjfh lf grbfhtf` tgwkr`s tjf rfobghke kh` bhtfrhktbghke dkrmfts bh

pjksfs < kh` >.

Nkh bhngdfs nghtbhuf tg rbsf wbtjgut k orgwtj bh igrdke fdpegydfht7

Dgst gi tjf rbsf bh bhngdf ùrbho tjf rfnfht pfrbg` gi strgho orgwtj

gnnurrf` bh tjf nghtfxt gi rbsbho fdpegydfht bh tjf bhigrdke sfntgr.

Jgwfvfr, tjf sdkee snkef gi dkhy bhigrdke sfntgr gpfrktgrs, kh` tjfbr egwprgùntbvbty, wbee ebdbt tjf pgtfhtbke gi khy strktfoy ignusf` gh tjf bhigrdke

sfntgr tg lrbho bhngdfs tgwkr` tjf efvfes sffh bh db`èf-bhngdf nguhtrbfs.

ûlstkhtbke bhnrfksfs bh bhngdf wbee rfqubrf kh fxpkhsbgh gi wkof cgls.

K ignus gh wkof cgls wbee iknbebtktf bhngdf bhnrfksfs bh lgtj tjf igr-

dke kh` tjf bhigrdke sfntgrs. Pjbs bs lfnkusf k rbsf bh wkof fdpegydfht

wbee efk` tg k rfektbvf `fnrfksf bh tjf suppey gi wgrmfrs bh tjf sfei-

fdpegydfht sfntgrwjftjfr urlkh gr rurke. Pjbs `fnrfksf bh rfektbvf

suppey wbee knt tg rkbsf bhngdfs bh tjkt sfntgr, tjus rfvfrsbho tjf rfnfhttrfh` bh wjbnj tjf nghtbhuf` bhieux bhtg tjf bhigrdke sfntgr bh tjf

klsfhnf gi wkof cgls jks fxfrtf` `gwhwkr` prfssurf gh bhngdfs bh tjf

bhigrdke urlkh sfntgr. Iurtjfrdgrf, jbojfr wkof fdpegydfht wbee kesg

bhnrfksf tjf kvkbeklbebty gi jbojfr-qukebty bhigrdke sfntgr cgls. Dgst igr-

dke sfntgr fhtfrprbsfs jkvf lknmwkr` kh` igrwkr` ebhms wbtj tjf bhigrdke

sfntgr, sg orgwtj bh tjfsf fhtfrprbsfs wbee kesg stbduektf orgwtj bh bhigr-

dke sfntgr ngdpkhbfs.

Jgw ifksblef kh` rfkebstbn bs k strktfoy ignusf` gh wkof fdpegydfht bh

tjf Hbofrbkh nghtfxt7 Nurrfhtey, ifw sfntgrs gi tjf Hbofrbkh fnghgdy

jkvf k jboj sjkrf gi nghtrkntuke wkof fdpegydfht. Pjf ekrofst igrdke

sfntgr fdpegyfrs bhneu`f igg` prgnfssbho, BNP, kh` tjf efktjfr bhùstry.

_jbef tjfsf sfntgrs jkvf nghsb`frklef orgwtj pgtfhtbke, bt bs uhebmfey tjkt

Fdpegydfht kh` Orgwtj bh Hbofrbk


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fvfh sulstkhtbkeey ikstfr orgwtj wbee keegw cgl nrfktbgh tg knnfefrktf tg

efvfes rfqubrf` tg dkmf k sbohbibnkht `fht bh uhfdpegydfht. Kokbhst tjbs

lknmorguh`, kh fdpegydfht-grbfhtf` orgwtj strktfoy wbee hff` kesg tg

k``rfss mfy nghstrkbhts bh prgdbsbho vkeuf njkbhs `gdbhktf` ly tjf bhigr-

dke sfntgr, sunj ks ebojt dkhuiknturbho, nghstruntbgh, wjgefskef kh`

rftkbe, pked gbe, kh` ngngk. Fdpegydfht orgwtj bh tjfsf vkeuf njkbhs jks

lffh njkrkntfrbzf` ly nksukebzktbgh= tjkt bs, ngdpkhbfs jkvf prfifrrf` tg

k`` eklgr tjrguoj nksuke fdpegydfht rktjfr tjkh tjrguoj igrdke, ngh-

trkntuke wkof fdpegydfht.

Pjbs nksukebzktbgh rfiefnts fssfhtbkeey twg nghstrkbhts3 (k) tjf uhnfrtkbh

pgebny fhvbrghdfht kh` (l) tjf egw efvfe gi smbees gi k nghsb`frklef sjkrfgi eklgr.? Pjf gitfh uhprf`bntklef pgebny kh` lusbhfss fhvbrghdfht

dkmfs bt `biibnuet igr ngdpkhbfs tg lf nfrtkbh gi bhngdfs bh tjf iuturf.:

Ngdlbhf` wbtj tjf jboj `forff gi sulstbtutklbebty gi eklgr, rfiefntbho tjf

egw efvfe gi tfnjhbnke smbees, tjbs nrfktfs k prfifrfhnf igr ngdpkhbfs tg jbrf

nksuke eklgr kh` rfirkbh irgd egho-tfrd ngddbtdfhts. Jgwfvfr, spfnbibn

bhtfrvfhtbghs gutebhf` lfegw, fspfnbkeey bh tjf krfk gi smbees `fvfegpdfht

kh` tjf `fvfegpdfht gi k dgrf ikvgrklef lusbhfss fhvbrghdfht, ngue`

jfep k``rfss tjbs sbtuktbgh kh` bhnrfksf tjf sjkrf gi wkof fdpegydfht.Jfhnf, wjbef k ignus gh wkof cgls bs kpprgprbktf tg fhjkhnf tjf sus-

tkbhklbebty gi orgwtj kh` rkbsf bhngdfs, bt hff`s tg lf ngdpefdfhtf` ly

dfksurfs kbdf` kt mfy bhigrdke sfntgr vkeuf njkbhs, ks wfee ks ly pgebnbfs

tg stfd tjf nksukebzktbgh gi eklgr. Bh iknt, obvfh tjf rfektbvfey sdkee sbzf

gi tjf igrdke sfntgr, bhigrdke sfntgr vkeuf njkbhs ngue` lf tjf ignus gi kh

fdpegydfht-nrfktbgh strktfoy bh tjf sjgrt ruh.

Jgw ogg` krf tjf prgspfnts igr ikstfr orgwtj bh tjf dkhuiknturbhosfntgr7Obvfh tjf dkhuiknturbho sfntgrs eknm gi ngdpftbtbvfhfss, bt dky

sffd `biibnuet tg khtbnbpktf sulstkhtbke orgwtj bh tjkt sfntgr. Jgwfvfr,

ibourf ;.> sjgws tjkt nguhtrbfs sbdbekr tg Hbofrbk jkvf lffh klef tg lrfkm

bhtg egw-tfnj, eklgr-bhtfhsbvf ogg`s prg`untbgh, fvfh bi stkrtbho pgbhts krf

rfektbvfey egw, tjus nghsb`frkley fxpkh`bho tjf hudlfr gi dkhuiknturbho

cgls kh` `brfntey kiifntbho tjf pgvfrty rktf (sff kesg ibourf ;.0).2 Orgwtj

bh tjfsf pjksfs wgue` ekrofey lf `rbvfh ly tjf `bsngvfry prgnfss gutebhf`

klgvf. Bh tjf df`bud- kh` jboj-tfnj sfntgrs, Hbofrbk kerfk`y jks lffh

klef tg fstklebsj k iggtjge` bh smbees-bhtfhsbvf ngdputfr rfpkbr kh` neghfprg`untbgh (igr fxkdpef, tjf Gtbolk neustfr bh Ekogs). Kesg, tjf sunnfss

gi tjf pftrgefud `gwhstrfkd gpfrktgr, Gkh`g, igeegwbho bts prbvktbzk-

tbgh, bs fvb`fhnf gi tjf klbebty gi tjf Hbofrbkh prbvktf sfntgr tg lrfkm bhtg

sfntgrs gi tjf fnghgdy trk`btbghkeey `gdbhktf` ly igrfboh ngdpkhbfs.

>1 Prfbnjfe


59/304

Jgw tg Bdpefdfht tjf Orgwtj ^trktfoy7Bh `fvbsbho bdpefdfhtktbgh snfhkrbgs igr tjbs orgwtj strktfoy, twg qufs-tbghs krf kt tjf igrfirght. Ibrst, wjbnj sfntgrs sjgue` lf tkroftf` kh`

sfngh`, wjbnj pgebnbfs wgue` lf lfst subtf` tg prgdgtbho orgwtj bh

tjfsf sfntgrs7

_jbnj sfntgrs7 K rfnfhtey ngdpeftf` ngdpftbtbvfhfss kssfssdfht gi

sgdf ;0 vkeuf njkbhs;1 bh tjf fnghgdbn ngrrb`grs gi Ekogs, Mkhg, Mkùhk,

kh` tjf ^gutjfkstfrh rfobgh nfhtfrf` gh Nkeklkr (Fdfrobho Dkrmft

Fnghgdbns ;

Ibourf ;.> Fvgeutbgh gi Qrgùntbgh Bhtfhsbty igr Nguhtrbfs ^bdbekr tg Hbofrbk

;11

11

011

611

;2?1 ;2?6 ;2:1 ;2:6 ;221 ;226 61

011

061

prgùntbghbhtfhsbty(%

)

;2?1 ;2?6 ;2:1 ;2:6 ;221 ;226


60/304

kh` ngngk. Nghsbstfht wbtj tjf tjrust gi tjf orgwtj strktfoy, dgst sfntgrskrf bh fbtjfr sfrvbnfs gr tjf dkhuiknturbho bhùstry. Ks beeustrktf` bh

ibourf ;.6, tjf ifksblbebty gi knngdpebsjbho orgwtj bh tjfsf sfntgrs vkrbfs

wb`fey ly ofgorkpjbnke krfk. Igr fxkdpef, bh Ekogs, BNP, nghstruntbgh,

wjgefskef kh` rftkbe, kh` ebojt dkhuiknturbho jkvf jboj `forffs gi ifksb-

lbebty wjbef bh Mkhg, tjf ifksblbebty gi ebojt dkhuiknturbho bs egwfr. Pjbs

khkeysbs nghibrds tjf hff` igr ofgorkpjbnkeey ignusf` bhtfrvfhtbghs.

Ghey twg vkeuf njkbhs wbtj jboj fdpegydfht pgtfhtbkegbe pked kh`

ngngkkrf bh tjf korbnueturf sfntgr. Bh`ff`, tjf fdpegydfht pgtfhtbke gi

tjf korbnueturf sfntgr bs ebdbtf` obvfh tjkt iuturf orgwtj bh tjbs sfntgr

wbee rfey ekrofey gh bdprgvfdfhts bh prgùntbvbty. Ks dg`frh tfnjhgeg-

obfs kh` fxtfhsbgh sfrvbnfs krf fdpegyf`, tjf rktbg gi gutput tg eklgr wbee

rbsf, tjfrfly ebdbtbho tjf pgtfhtbke igr ekrof-snkef cgl nrfktbgh lut kesg

bdprgvbho prgspfnts igr bhngdf bhnrfksfs. Jgwfvfr, jbojfr orgwtj bh

>< Prfbnjfe

Ibourf ;.0 Fvgeutbgh gi Qrgùntbgh Bhtfhsbty igr ^gdf ûnnfssiue Egwfr-Bhngdf

Nguhtrbfs

;61

61

prgùntbghbhtfhsbty(%)

;2?1 ;2?6 ;2:1 ;2:6 ;221 ;226


61/304

Fdpegydfht kh` Orgwtj bh Hbofrbk >>

jboj

jbojegw

ifksblbebty

klbebty tg lrbòf ngdpftbtbvfhfss okp ebmfebjgg` gi pgebny rfigrd nkpknbty gi prbvktf sfntgr kntgrs

upsb`f pgtfhtbke

orgwtj fdpegydfht spbeegvfrs

wjgefskef/rftkbe

wjgefskef/rftkbedfkt &pguetry

igg` prgnfssbho

dfkt &pguetry

rbnfsgeb` dbhfrkes

Nkeklkr Qgrt

kquknueturf

efktjfr

`kbry

rbnf

ebojt dkhuiknturbho

tgurbsd

igg` prgnfssbho

gbe pked

ebojt dkhuiknturbhongngk

nghstruntbgh

BNP

Nurrfht bdpgrtkhnftg stktf fnghgdy

^tktf ngegr ng`bho

Nrgss \bvfr

Mkùhk

Mkhg

Ekogs

Ibourf ;.6 Qrbgrbtbzktbgh gi Ykeuf Njkbhs igr Iurtjfr Bhvfstboktbgh

^gurnf3 Fdfrobho Dkrmft Fnghgdbns suddkrbzfs mfy fefdfhts gi tjf

ogvfrhdfhts strktfoy igr korbnueturf.

_jbnj bhstrudfhts7Pjf `fvfegpdfht gi lksbn prbhnbpefs igr tjf bdpef-

dfhtktbgh gi k orgwtj strktfoy hff`s tg lube` gh efssghs efkrhf` bh tjf

prgdgtbgh gi sfntgr-spfnbibn orgwtj bh tjf pkst. Pjf dkbh bhstrudfhts gi

Hbofrbks bhùstrbke pgebny krf nurrfhtey3

Pkx kh` trk`f bhnfhtbvfs, bhneu`bho fxpgrtfr orkhts, ùty `rkwlknm

kh` dkhuiknturfr-bh-lgh` snjfdfs, pbghffr tkx stktus, kh` gtjfr tkx

bhnfhtbvfs prgvb`f` tg bhùstry (fxneu`bho gbe kh` oks fxpegrktbgh,

`fvfegpdfht kh` prgùntbgh)


62/304

Pklef ;.;6 Qrbgrbtbzktbgh Nrbtfrbk ^ngrbho

Orgwtj Fdpegydfht ^pbeegvfrs

Vpsb`f tgtke

(y-kxbs)

Ifksblbebty tgtke

(x-kxbs) Ngdpf

Ekogs

Ebojt dkhuiknturbho 0 0 < ;1 ?

Nghstruntbgh 0 0 >;; :

BNP 0 0 0 ;< 2

_jgefskef kh` rftkbe 0 0 0 ;< ?

Igg` prgnfssbho > > > 2 :

Mkhg

Ebojt dkhuiknturbho < < > ? ?

_jgefskef kh` rftkbe 0 > 0 ;; ?

Igg` prgnfssbho > > 0 ;1 ?

Efktjfr > < < ? ;;

@kbry ; < < 6 ?

\bnf < < < 9 9Dfkt kh` pguetry 0 0 > ;; ?

Mk`uhk

Ebojt dkhuiknturbho < < > ? ?

Igg` prgnfssbho > > 0 ;1 ?

@kbry ; < < 6 ?

\bnf > > < : 9

Dfkt kh` pguetry > > > 2 ?

Nrgss \bvfr

Pgurbsd > > > 2 :

^geb` dbhfrkes 0 < < : :Gbe pked > 0 < 2 :

Ngngk > 0 < 2 :

Nkeklkr pgrt < < 0 : 2

Kquknueturf < < < 9 2

^gurnf3 Fdfrobho Dkrmft Fnghgdbns 0


63/304

Fdpegydfht kh` Orgwtj bh Hbofrbk >6

Lgx ;.>

Bdprgvbho Korbnueturke Qrgùntbvbty bh Hbofrbk

Korbnueturf jks nghtrblutf` klgut 01 pfrnfht gi tjf rfnfht strgho hgh-gbe orgwtj

pfrigrdkhnf kh` fdpegys klgut 61 pfrnfht gi tjf eklgr igrnf. Bt kesg prgvb`fs

:: pfrnfht gi hgh-gbe igrfboh fxnjkhof fkrhbhos. Bt bs k mfy strktfobn sfntgr tg k``rfss

duetbpef njkeefhofs tjkt mffp tjf nguhtry irgd knjbfvbho lrgk`-lksf` fnghgdbn

orgwtj, bhnrfksbho jgusfjge` bhngdfs kh` fdpegydfht, kh` rfùnbho igg` kh`

hutrbtbgh bhsfnurbty kh` pgvfrty. ûstkbhbho kh` iurtjfr knnfefrktbho orgwtj bh tjf

korbnueturf sfntgr bs, tjfrfigrf, bdpgrtkht igr Hbofrbks orgwtj kh` pgvfrty rfùntbghstrktfoy, wjbnj sfts kh khhuke orgwtj tkroft gi ;1 pfrnfht igr tjf sfntgr.

Pg knjbfvf tjbs orgwtj tkroft, pgebnydkmfrs wbee hff` tg k``rfss tjf igeegwbho

mfys bssufs3 (k) tjf pgebny fhvbrghdfht, (l) rurke bhirkstrunturf, (n) korbnueturke

ibhkhnf kh` fxpfh`bturf, (`) rfùnbho vuehfrklbebty kh` fhjkhnbho igg` sfnurbty,

(f) knnfss tg dkrmfts, kh` (i) tjf rurke bhvfstdfht nebdktf. K``rfssbho tjfsf

bssufs wbee rfqubrf b`fhtbiybho tjf nghstrkbhbho ikntgrs kh` tjf kpprgprbktf bhstbtu-

tbghs kh` kofhnbfs tg igstfr tjf hff`f` njkhofs. Bh pkrtbnuekr3

Pjf pgebny fhvbrghdfht wbee hff` tg lf dk`f dgrf nghsbstfht, pgssb-

ley tjrguoj hfw efobsektbgh. Pjfrf bs hff` tg rfigrduektf ifrtbebzfr pgebny

tg rfùnf rfht sffmbho kh` tg efkmkofs kh` tg bhnrfksf knnfss ly tjf

bhtfh`f` lfhfibnbkrbfs. Qrbnbho kh` dkrmftbho pgebnbfs hff` tg lf

fsbohf` tg prgvb`f tjf bhnfhtbvfs igr ikrdfrs tg fxpkh` bhvfstdfht bh

korbnueturf. Korbnueturke rfsfkrnj pgebny sjgue` lf fsbohf` tg fdpjksbzf

systfdbn bhhgvktbgh bh tjf igrduektbgh gi rfsfkrnj kh` tjf bdpefdfhtk-

tbgh kh` fhokofdfht gi egnke ogvfrhdfht nguhnbes ks prbdkry kntgrs bh k

peurkebstbn fxtfhsbgh `febvfry krrkhofdfht.

\urke bhirkstrunturf, sunj ks ikrd dknjbhfry, rgk`s, fefntrbnbty, wktfr,

stgrkof iknbebtbfs, trkhspgrt, ngdduhbnktbghs, kh` prgnfssbho iknbebtbfs, rf-

qubrfs bddf`bktf kttfhtbgh. Pjf If`frke Dbhbstry gi Korbnueturf kh` _ktfr

\fsgurnfs sjgue` lf fhngurkof` tg wgrm wbtj gtjfr rfefvkht krds gi ogv-

frhdfht tg bdprgvf rurke bhirkstrunturf igr ikrdfrs.

Korbnueturf fxpfh`bturf jks trk`btbghkeey lffh egw rfektbvf tg tjf gvfrkee

luòft. Gvfr tjf


64/304

Irff trk`f zghf sfrvbnfs

Pjf Lkhm gi Bhùstry, wjbnj prgvb`fs egkhs tg ^DFs.

Hbofrbks nurrfht bhùstrbke pgebny bs ekrofey suppey `rbvfh kh` suiifrs

irgd tjf igeegwbho sjgrtngdbhos3

Eknm gi uptkmf ly tjf prbvktf sfntgr. Pjf gutrfknj tg ibrds irgd `biifr-

fht pgebnbfs kh` prgorkds bs, gvfrkee, qubtf ebdbtf`. Igr fxkdpef, ghey

20 ibrds jkvf knnfssf` tjf pbghffr prgorkd gvfr tjf pkst igur yfkrs,

kh` sgdf ;:; sguojt Lkhm gi Bhùstry egkhs bh 9 Prfbnjfe

Lgx ;.> (nghtbhuf`)

gi tjf if`frke luòft tg tjf korbnueturf sfntgr, wjbnj bs k nefkr bh`bnktbgh gi

k sjbit gi prbgrbtbfs tgwkr` korbnueturf. Pjf ogvfrhdfht bs kesg tkmbho stfps tg

rfstrunturf tjf Hbofrbk Korbnueturke Nggpfrktbvf kh` \urke @fvfegpdfht

Lkhm (HKN\@L) tg jfep prgvb`f k`fquktf iuh`bho tg tjf sfntgr.

\fùnbho vuehfrklbebty kh` fhjkhnbho igg` sfnurbty bs kh bdpgrtkht

orgwtj `rbvfr bh Hbofrbk lfnkusf gi tjf jboj efvfe gi pgvfrty kdgho tjf

ikrdbho pgpuektbgh. Mfy njkeefhofs bhneu`f dkmbho wfktjfr igrfnksts

kvkbeklef kh` usfiue tg ikrdfrs= fxpkhsbgh gi iknbebtbfs igr skifty hft kh`

rfngvfry dfnjkhbsds (sunj ks strktfobn orkbhs rfsfrvf)= kh` bdprgvbho

wgdfhs pkrtbnbpktbgh bh tjf korbnueturf sfntgr tjrguoj lfttfr knnfss tg

ekh`, nrf`bt, prgnfssbho kh` dkrmftbho iknbebtbfs, ks wfee ks rfigrd gi tjf

ekh` tfhurf systfd.

Bdprgvbho tjf fiifntbvfhfss gi dkrmft knnfss ks k orgwtj `rbvfr

hff`s tg ignus gh tjf fstklebsjdfht gi fiifntbvf dkrmft bhstbtutbghs, kssg-

nbktbghs, kh` uhbghs= ngddg`bty fxnjkhofs= rfvfhuf ngeefntgrs= rfouek-

tgrs= dkrmft bhigrdktbgh systfds= kh` tjf fxpkhsbgh gi dkrmft spknf.

Bdprgvbho tjf rurke bhvfstdfht nebdktf bs kesg k mfy `rbvfr gi korbnue-

turke orgwtj. Mfy krfks wjfrf njkhofs krf hff`f` bhneu`f (k) rfdgvke gi

`bsbhnfhtbvfs bh rfektbgh tg jboj ngsts gi `gbho lusbhfss kh` tg duetbpef,

jboj tkxfs kh` efvbfs, (l) knnfss tg suiibnbfht nrf`bt gh k tbdfey lksbs, (n) fh-

jkhnfdfht gi sfnurbty gi ebvfs kh` prgpfrty, kh` (`) rbsm dbtboktbgh

tjrguoj tjf bhtrgùntbgh gi bhsurkhnf snjfdfs kh` fkrey wkrhbho dfnj-

khbsds tg kvfrt egssfs.


65/304

Ngdpefx lurfkunrktbn prgnfùrfs kh` bhstbtutbghke nkpknbty nghstrkbhts

ebdbt tjf fiifntbvfhfss gi fxbstbho bhnfhtbvf krrkhofdfhts. Bh dkhy nksfs,

ibrds hff` tg sktbsiy kh fxtfhsbvf sft gi k`dbhbstrktbvf rfqubrfdfhts bh

gr`fr tg knnfss k prgorkd. K jbfrkrnjy gi `fnbsbgh dkmbho, bhneu`bho

bhtfr`fpkrtdfhtke ngddbttff rfvbfws, k``s ngdpefxbty, tbdf, kh`

uhnfrtkbhty tg tjf prgnfss.

Gvfrkee, tjf vkrbgus prgorkds jkvf jk` hg sbohbibnkht fnghgdbn gutngdf,

wjftjfr dfksurf` bh tfrds gi fdpegydfht, rfvfhuf, igrfboh fxnjkhof,

gr tfnjhgegoy trkhsifr.

K hfw kpprgknj tg bhùstrbke pgebny hff`s tg lf lksf` gh tjf igeegw-bho lksbn prbhnbpefs (tklef ;.;9)3

Qfrigrdkhnf korffdfhts, dghbtgrbho, kh` knnguhtklbebty. Pjf bdpknt gi

bhnfhtbvfs gh ngdpkhbfs hff`s tg lf nghtbhugusey dghbtgrf` kokbhst

korff` pfrigrdkhnf lfhnjdkrms, kh` bhnfhtbvfs hff` tg lf wbtj`rkwh

gr dg`bibf` bi tjfy `g hgt sjgw tjf bhtfh`f` rfsuets.

Ogvfrhkhnf kh` nggr`bhktbgh. Pjf hudlfr gi kofhnbfs bh njkrof gi

bhùstrbke pgebny hff`s tg lf strfkdebhf` kh` tjf fxbstbho prgorkdsjkrdghbzf`.

Bhtfrvfhtbghs ebhmf` tg ifksblbebty, rfefvkhnf, sustkbhklbebty, kh` syhfrobfs.

Pjf kssfssdfht gi pgebny gptbghs hff`s tg lf lksf` gh rfefvkhnf, ifksb-

lbebty, sustkbhklbebty gi ngsts, syhfrobfs, kh` bdpknt. Igr bhstkhnf, k vkeuf

njkbh wgue` lf suppgrtf` bi bt jks tjf pgtfhtbke igr jboj fdpegydfht

bdpknt (rfefvkhnf), bi orgwtj bh tjkt vkeuf njkbh bs ifksblef lksf` gh

pgebtbnke wbee kh` fxbstbho bhstbtutbghke nkpknbty (ifksblbebty), kh` bi tjf

ngsts gi tjf bhtfrvfhtbghs krf sustkbhklef (sustkbhklbebty).

Pjf hfw kpprgknj wgue` tkroft sfntgrs wbtj jboj orgwtj pgtfhtbke bh k

irkdfwgrm tjkt tkmfs bhtg knnguht wjkt bs dgst rfefvkht, ifksblef, kh` ngst

fiifntbvf kh` prgvb`fs tjf orfktfst hfkr- kh` df`bud-tfrd lfhfibts. Nrbtbnke

tg tjf fiifntbvfhfss gi tjfsf pgebnbfs bs hgt ghey tjf pgebtbnke ngddbtdfht

gi tjf ogvfrhdfht, lut kesg tjf `bkegouf wbtj tjf prbvktf sfntgr. Bh iknt,

bhtfrvfhtbghs bh spfnbibn sfntgrs hff` tg fdkhktf irgd bh-`fptj `bsnussbghs

wbtj tjf prbvktf sfntgr, ks gppgsf` tg lfbho `rbvfh ly tjf ogvfrhdfht.

Pklef ;.;? sjgws jgw bhtfrvfhtbghs ngue` lf `fsbohf` tg prgdgtf

orgwtj bh tjf rfspfntbvf vkeuf njkbhs. Pjfsf bhtfrvfhtbghs dky lf

fxneusbvfey pulebn- gr prbvktf-sfntgr `rbvfh, gr cgbhtey `rbvfh ly lgtj

sfntgrs. Kntbghs tjkt ikee bh tjf `gdkbh gi ogvfrhdfht bhneu`f njkhofs

bh pgebny, tjf strfhotjfhbho gi bhstbtutbghs, kh` tjf tkroftf` prgvbsbgh

Fdpegydfht kh` Orgwtj bh Hbofrbk >?


66/304

Pklef ;.;9 Kssfssbho Qgebny \figrd Gptbghs

Nrbtfrbk Ykrbklef @fsnrbptbgh gi vkrbk

\fefvkhnf Qgebny prbgrbty @g tjf kntbghs ignus gh bdprgvfdfhts tjkt nkh jkvf k dfksurk

glcfntbvfs7

Ifksblbebty Qgebtbnke wbee kh`

bhstbtutbghke nkpknbty

^fqufhnbho

@gfs tjf pgebtbnke ngddbtdfht igr tjf pgebny fxbst7

Lfygh` tjf rfigrd njkdpbghs, bs tjfrf suiibnbfht bhstbtutbghke n

Krf tjfrf sfqufhnbho nghsb`frktbghs7 @g nfrtkbh dfksurfs lft

^ustkbhklbebty kh`

ngst

Lu`oft kh` gtjfr

rfsgurnf bdpebnktbghs

Krf tjfrf sbohbibnkht upirght gr rfnurrfht ngsts gr rfvfhuf okbh

Bs tjf rfigrd ibhkhnbkeey sustkbhklef7

Nkh okps bh bhstbtutbghke nkpknbtbfs fssfhtbke igr sunnfss lf k``

prgorkd7

^yhfrobfs

kh` bdpknt

@g tjf pekhhf` bhbtbktbvfs jkvf tjf pgtfhtbke tg nktkeyzf k lrgk`f

up7 Pjrff fefdfhts ly wjbnj tg kssfss tjbs pgtfhtbke krf

@fdghstrktbgh @gfs tjf bhbtbktbvf giifr qubnm wbhs kh` tkhoblef bdpknts tg egn

Ebhms @g tjf bhbtbktbvfs ebhm tg gtjfr stkmfjge`frs kh` jkvf tjf nkpkn

tg gtjfr krfks (nkh kh bhstbtutbgh nrfktf` igr ghf rfigrd kppey

gtjfr rfigrds)7 Krf tjfrf mhgnm-gh fiifnts, wjfrf k rfigrd bhbtbk

wbtj rfektf` rfigrd krfks7

Dfksurfdfht Nkh tjf pgebny bdpknt lf nrf bley dfksurf 7 @g glcfntbvf kh`

^gurnf3 Nghsbebud Bhtfrhktbghke :


67/304

Pklef ;.;? Ykeuf Njkbhs\figrd kh` Bhstrudfht Bhtfrvfhtbghs Dktrbx

Bhtfrvfhtbghs

Ykeuf njkbhs

Ebojt

dkhuiknturbho Nghstruntbgh BNP Pgurbsd

^geb`

dbhfrkes

_jgefskef

kh` rftkbe

Igg`

prgnfssbho Efktjfr @kbry

Qulebn

Qgebny rfigrd/

rfouektbgh

Bhstbtutbghs Bhirkstrunturf Gtjfr pulebn ogg`sk Qulebn/prbvktf

Prkbhbho Qekhhbho/nggr`bhktbgh Lusbhfss `fvfegpdfht/

suppgrt sfrvbnfs

Bhigrdktbgh systfds Pfnjhgegoy trkhsifr Qrbvktf

^uppey njkbh egobstbns Dkrmft ogvfrhkhnf Knnfss tg ibhkhnf K``btbghkebtyl > > < 0 ; > 0 ; 0

^gurnf3 Fdfrobho Dkrmft Fnghgdbns


68/304

gi bhirkstrunturf. Krfks igr cgbht bhtfrvfhtbghs ly lgtj tjf pulebn kh` prb-

vktf sfntgrs bhneu`f trkbhbho kh` tfnjhgegoy trkhsifr. Dfksurfs tg bdprgvf

suppey egobstbns kh` strfhotjfh knnfss tg ibhkhnf wgue` rfey dgstey gh tjf

prbvktf sfntgr.

_jkt sjkrf gi tjf eklgr dkrmft7K mfy tg tjf fiifntbvfhfss gi tjbs strkt-

foy wbee lf tjf klsgeutf fdpegydfht-ofhfrktbho pgtfhtbke wbtjbh tjf prg-

pgsf` vkeuf njkbhs. _jbef fknj vkeuf njkbh jks nghsb`frklef orgwtj kh`

fdpegydfht pgtfhtbke bh rfektbvf tfrds (tjkt bs, dfksurf` ks k pfrnfhtkof

gi tjf fxbstbho wgrm igrnf), tjf strktfoy wbee hgt knjbfvf bts glcfntbvfs bi

tjf klsgeutf fdpegydfht hudlfr (ks k pfrnfhtkof gi tgtke fdpegydfhtbh lgtj igrdke kh` bhigrdke sfntgrs) bs rfektbvfey sdkee.

Lksf` gh `ktk irgd tjf Ofhfrke Jgusfjge` ûrvfy kh` tjf

Dkhuiknturbho Kssgnbktbgh gi Hbofrbk, tgtke fdpegydfht bh tjf vkeuf njkbhs

`bsnussf` klgvf wks fstbdktf` kt ;0 dbeebgh pfgpef, gr klgut ;6 pfrnfht gi

tjf eklgr igrnf, gi wjbnj < dbeebgh wfrf bh wkof fdpegydfht kh` ;< dbe-

ebgh wfrf sfei-fdpegyf`. Bhneu`f` bh tjf ibourfs igr sfei-fdpegydfht krf

hfkrey 6 dbeebgh korbnueturke jgusfjge`s tjkt mffp ebvfstgnm kh` orgw

ngngk, gbe pked, kh` rbnf. Jfhnf, tjf fdpegydfht-ofhfrktbho pgtfhtbke gitjf tkroftf` vkeuf njkbhs bs nghsb`frklef.

Pkroftf` BhtfrvfhtbghsPjf ngddgh `fhgdbhktgr gi tjf prgpgsf` bhtfrvfhtbghs bs tjf hff` tg

bhnrfksf prgùntbvbty, ks tjbs bs tjf mfy tg rfùnbho ngsts kh` prbnfs sg tjkt

`fdkh` nkh rbsf. Qrgùntbvbty orgwtj bs kt tjf jfkrt gi khy sunnfssiue

strktfoy igr cgl nrfktbgh. Hbofrbks eknm gi ngdpftbtbvfhfss, wjbnj rfiefnts

bhk`fquktf bdprgvfdfhts bh prgùntbvbty, bs tjf rggt nkusf gi tjf pkttfrhgi cglefss orgwtj.

Ketjguoj spfnbibn tg fknj vkeuf njkbh, lbh`bho nghstrkbhts nkh lf

lrgkèy nktfogrbzf` bh tjf igeegwbho ibvf krfks (khhfxfs ;K kh` ;L)3

Bhk`fquktf pjysbnke bhirkstrunturf, bh pkrtbnuekr, pgwfr kh` trkhspgrt

Eknm gi knnfss tg ibhkhnf

Qggr bhvfstdfht nebdktf, efk`bho tg sjgrtngdbhos bh qukebty nghtrge

kh` segw lurfkunrktbn prgnfùrfs ^jgrtkof gi smbeef` stkii kh`

Fiifnt gi bdpgrt lkhs kh` gtjfr rfstrbntbvf trk`f pgebnbfs gh tjf ngst gi

bhputs

01 Prfbnjfe


69/304

Fdpegydfht kh` Orgwtj bh Hbofrbk 0;

Pjfsf lbh`bho nghstrkbhts kh` tjfbr bdpgrtkhnf igr orgwtj jkvf lffh

fxtfhsbvfey `bsnussf` bh gtjfr `gnudfhts (f.o., _gre` Lkhm


70/304

Ofgorkpjbnke nghnfhtrktbgh jks gtjfr lfhfibts ks wfee. Ibrds dky lf

klef tg okbh irgd neustfrbho negsf tg fknj gtjfr tjrguoj kooegdfrktbgh

fnghgdbfs. Pjf ebtfrkturf b`fhtbibfs pgtfhtbke mhgwefòf fxtfrhkebtbfs

(rfektf` tg bhigrdktbgh klgut dkrmftbho kh` tfnjhgegoy), pfnuhbkry

fxtfrhkebtbfs (knnfss tg subtkley smbeef` tjbnm eklgr dkrmfts), suppey

njkbh ebhmkofs (igrwkr` tg nustgdfrs, lknmwkr` tg suppebfrs gi bhputs),

spfnbkebzktbgh (`bvbsbgh gi eklgr kdgho ibrds), kh` ngdpftbtbvf prfssurfs

tg bhhgvktf kh` jkrhfss pgtfhtbke nrgss-sfntgrke syhfrobfs. K iurtjfr lfh-

fibt dbojt lf tjkt ibrds grokhbzf tjfdsfevfs kh` nkrry gut nghsnbgus

cgbht kntbgh sunj ks egllybho.

K neustfr-lksf` kpprgknj dky lf dgst subtklef igr tjf igeegwbhobhùstrbfs, bh vbfw gi tjf typf gi nghstrkbhts kiifntbho tjfbr orgwtj3 (k)

ebojt dkhuiknturbho, fspfnbkeey bh Ekogs, (l) igg` prgnfssbho, kh` (n) dfkt

kh` pguetry prgùntbgh.

Bh igg` prgnfssbho, igr fxkdpef, bt bs fssfhtbke tg `febvfr kh bhtforktf`

egobstbns prgorkd irgd ikrdoktf tg tjf prgnfssbho stkof, ngvfrbho ikrd

stgrkof, rkykof, wjgefskef dkrmfts, rurke rgk`s, kh` ebhf jkue trkhspgrt tg

tjf prgnfssgr usbho tfdpfrkturf nghtrge fqubpdfht. Obvfh tjkt bt wbee lf

bdpgssblef tg bdpefdfht sunj kh kpprgknj hktbghwb`f, k neustfr-lksf`kpprgknj wgue` keegw tjf tkroftbho gi pulebn bhvfstdfht bh tjgsf ofg-

orkpjbnke krfks tjkt jkvf hkturke k`vkhtkofs, sunj ks prgxbdbty tg dkrmfts

gr tg tjf krfks gi prgùntbgh.

Hgt kee fdpegydfht-bhtfhsbvf sfntgrs gi tjf fnghgdy efh` tjfdsfevfs

tg k neustfr-lksf` kpprgknj, jgwfvfr. Pjf rfvbfw gi tjf nghstruntbgh kh`

rfke fstktf vkeuf njkbh, igr fxkdpef, sjgws tjkt ghf lbh`bho nghstrkbht tg

orgwtj bh tjbs sfntgr bs tjf giiegk`bho gi ngstey pulebn knnfss bhirkstrun-

turf tg tjf `fvfegpfr. Pjf rfspghsblbebty igr bdprgvbho bhirkstrunturf ebfswbtj egnke ogvfrhdfhts, lut tjfbr nkpknbty bs ebdbtf` sg tjkt bh prkntbnf,

tjf `fvfegpfr tfh`s tg ngvfr tjbs tksm. Pg k``rfss tjbs nghstrkbht, bt dky

lf prfifrklef tg rfvbfw tjf keegnktbgh gi rfspghsblbebty kdgho `biifrfht

efvfes gi ogvfrhdfht wbtj k vbfw tg kssbohbho tjf tksm gi lube`bho rgk`s

bh nrbtbnke rfke fstktf `fvfegpdfhts tg stktf ogvfrhdfhts, pgssbley bh tjf

nghtfxt gi pulebn-prbvktf pkrthfrsjbps.

Knnfss tg ibhkhnf. Hbofrbk jks dk`f sbohbibnkht strb`fs bh tjf rfigrd gi bts

ibhkhnbke systfd, kh` nrf`bt tg tjf prbvktf sfntgr jks lffh fxpkh`bho rkp-bèy. Jgwfvfr, knnfss tg ibhkhnf rfdkbhs k prglefd bh dkhy sfntgrs, sbhnf

dunj gi tjf orgwtj gi nrf`bt rfiefnts kh fxpkhsbgh gi sjgrt-tfrd trk`f

nrf`bt. Bdpgrtkht orgwtj sfntgrs gi tjf fnghgdy, bhneu`bho ^DFs, ngh-

tbhuf tg jkvf ebdbtf` knnfss tg ibhkhnf. Pjbs prglefd jks lffh orfktey

0< Prfbnjfe


71/304

fxknfrlktf` ly tjf oeglke ibhkhnbke nrbsbs, wjbnj jks ef` tg k segw`gwh bh

nrf`bt tg tjf prbvktf sfntgr. Orgwtj bh tjf nghstruntbgh sfntgr, igr fxkd-

pef, bs nghstrkbhf` ùf tg tjf jboj ngst gi ngddfrnbke egkhs igr rfke fstktf

`fvfegpdfht kh` jgusbho dgrtokofs.

Bhtfrvfhtbghs sjgue` kbd kt `fvfegpbho kee sfntgrs gi tjf dkrmft, stkrt-

bho wbtj dbnrgibhkhnf kh` ogbho up tg ekrofr ngrpgrktbghs kh` bhtfrhk-

tbghke ngdpkhbfs. Kt tjf egwfr fh` gi tjf dkrmft, tjf Nfhtrke Lkhm gi

Hbofrbk jks kerfk`y fstklebsjf` k sfhsblef dbnrgibhkhnf pgebny tjkt jks

rfsuetf` bh tjf orgwtj gi igrdke, ngddfrnbke dbnrgibhkhnf lkhms. Iurtjfr

orgwtj bh tjf dkrmft kh` bhnrfksf` ofgorkpjbn ngvfrkof ngue` lf igs-

tfrf` ly fksbho tjf nkpbtke rfqubrfdfhts gi dbnrgibhkhnf lkhms tjkt gpfr-ktf bh dgrf tjkh ghf stktf. Hbofrbk bs kesg fxpfrbdfhtbho wbtj ketfrhktbvf

`bsputf rfsgeutbgh dfnjkhbsds kh` nrf`bt lurfku rfouektbghs kh` bs bhtrg-

ùnbho k hfw efksbho ekw. Ghnf bdpefdfhtf` sunnfssiueey, tjfsf dfksurfs

wbee keegw tjf fxpkhsbgh gi nrf`bt tg sdkeefr lusbhfssfs.

Bh dkhy nguhtrbfs, lusbhfssfs krf gitfh stkrtf` ly jgdfgwhfrs tkm-

bho gut k dgrtokof gh tjfbr jgdfs gr lgrrgwbho kokbhst tjf vkeuf gi

tjfbr prgpfrty. Pjf dgrtokof bhùstry bh Hbofrbk rfdkbhs kt k hksnfht

stkof, wbtj ifwfr tjkh 61,111 igrdke sfntgr dgrtokofs. Dgrtokofibhkhnf rfprfsfhts k juof kssft nekss kh` dkrmft pgtfhtbke tjkt rfdkbhs

uhefvfrkof`. Hbofrbk ngue` dkmf prgorfss bh tjbs krfk ly `fvfegpbho k

pulebn-prbvktf pkrthfrsjbp irkdfwgrm igr fiifntbvfey supfrvbsbho jgus-

bho ibhkhnf kh` k dgrtokof ebqub`bty iknbebty tjkt, wbtj sguh` uh`fr-

wrbtbho kh` strgho rfouektbgh, wgue` orgup tgoftjfr dgrtokofs irgd

vkrbgus efh`frs kh` sfnurbtbzf tjfd, keegwbho tjf efh`frs tg fiifntbvfey

knnfss tjf nkpbtke dkrmfts. \figrd gi tjf efoke irkdfwgrm igr rfhtke

dkrmfts kh` `fvfegpdfht gi k nggr`bhktf` if`frke-stktf jgusbho pgebnyngue` kesg kssbst bh iknbebtktbho lfttfr knnfss tg ibhkhnf igr tjf nghstrun-

tbgh sfntgr. Pjfsf bhtfrvfhtbghs ngue` kesg jfep bh tjf `fsboh gi sbdbekr

rfigrds kbdf` kt bdprgvbho knnfss tg ibhkhnf bh gtjfr sfntgrs wjfrf

ibhkhnf bs k nghstrkbht.

Kt tjf tgp fh` gi tjf dkrmft, Hbofrbkh ngrpgrktbghs krf ebdbtf` bh tjfbr

ibhkhnbho gptbghs igr lkhm lgrrgwbho. Pjf ngrpgrktf lgh` dkrmft jks

lffh bhkntbvf igr sfvfrke yfkrs. Jgwfvfr, tjf prbdkry dkrmft bh ogvfrh-

dfht lgh`s jks orgwh rkpbèy bh rfnfht yfkrs. Pjbs, bh turh, prgvb`fs k

ybfe` nurvf kokbhst wjbnj tg prbnf ngrpgrktf `flt. Pjf ogvfrhdfht bs kesgnghsb`frbho bhstkeebho k lgh` kuntbgh trk`bho systfd tjkt wgue` bhneu`f

sgvfrfboh kh` hgh-sgvfrfboh `flt. Pjfsf dfksurfs, kegho wbtj ngrpgrktf

nrf`bt rktbhos, wbee kssbst ngdpkhbfs bh knnfssbho egnke kh`, bh sgdf nksfs,

bhtfrhktbghke nkpbtke dkrmfts.

Fdpegydfht kh` Orgwtj bh Hbofrbk 0>


72/304

00 Prfbnjfe

Bhvfstdfht nebdktf. Pjfrf krf twg mfy glstknefs tg k lfttfr bhvfstdfht

nebdktf3

Ibrst, mfy kpprgvkes hff`f` igr tjf `fvfegpdfht gi hfw lusbhfssfs,

sunj ks ekh` rfobstrktbgh, pekhhbho, kh` lube`bho pfrdbts, krf sulcfnt tg

fxnfssbvfey ngdpefx lurfkunrktbn prgnf`urfs tjkt rkbsf ngsts kh`

`feky hfw stkrt-ups. Igr fxkdpef, trkhskntbgh ngsts igr ekh` knqubsb-

tbgh, bhneu`bho rfke fstktf kpprkbske iffs, ekh` rfobstry sfkrnj iffs, kh`

ogvfrhgrs nghsfht iffs, dkmf up klgut


73/304

Fdpegydfht kh` Orgwtj bh Hbofrbk 06

Pkroftf` bhtfrvfhtbghs tg bdprgvf tjf tfnjhbnke kh` vgnktbghke fù-

nktbgh systfd bh fdpegydfht-bhtfhsbvf vkeuf njkbhs wbee lf nrunbke tg

k``rfss tjf orgwbho smbees okp. K prgdbsbho kvfhuf bh tjbs rfspfnt bs tjf

bhbtbktbvf ly tjf If`frke Dbhbstry gi Fùnktbgh tg nrfktf Ygnktbghke

Fùnktbgh Bhstbtutbghs (YFBs) kh` Bhhgvktbgh Fhtfrprbsf Bhstbtutbghs

(BFBs), `bsnussf` bh dgrf `ftkbe lfegw. Pjf dkcgr kbd gi tjbs bhbtbktbvf

bs tg wb`fh knnfss igr sfngh`kry snjgge efkvfrs, lgtj wbtj kh` wbtjgut

`forffs. Bh k``btbgh tg snjgge efkvfrs, pgtfhtbke tkroft orgups bhneu`f

uhbvfrsbty orkùktfs sffmbho fdpegyklef smbees kh` kùets wjg hff` tg

rf-smbee tjfdsfevfs.

Khgtjfr gptbgh wgue` lf igr tjf Bhùstrbke Prkbhbho Iuh` tg gpfh kwbh`gw igr tkroftf` bhvfstdfhts ly fhtfrprbsfs, jfepbho tjfd tg rfdgvf

nrbtbnke smbee nghstrkbhts bh mfy vkeuf njkbhs.

Pjf eknm gi dkhkofrbke nkpklbebtbfs bs kesg kh bdpgrtkht smbees okp. Pjf

rfnfht Bhvfstdfht Nebdktf Kssfssdfht (_gre` Lkhm


74/304

09 Prfbnjfe

mfy krfks b`fhtbibf` ks bh hff` gi rfigrdpjysbnke bhirkstrunturf, knnfss

tg ibhkhnf, bhvfstdfht nebdktf, tjf smbees okp, kh` trk`f pgebny.

^ustkbhklef orgwtj bh Hbofrbk wbee hff` tg og lfygh` tkroftf` bhtfr-

vfhtbghs, jgwfvfr, kh` kbd kt ngdprfjfhsbvfey rfigrdbho tjfsf ibvf krfks

bh tjf nghtfxt gi tjf wgrm gh vkeuf njkbhs. ^trktfobfs fxbst igr tjf `fvfe-

gpdfht gi dg`frh pjysbnke bhirkstrunturf (fspfnbkeey bh pgwfr, wktfr,

trkhspgrtktbgh, kh` rurke rgk`s), bhneu`bho tjrguoj tjf prgdgtbgh gi

pulebn-prbvktf pkrthfrsjbps. ^bdbekrey, tjf Ibhkhnbke ^ystfd ^trktfoy


75/304

Fdpegydfht kh` Orgwtj bh Hbofrbk 0?

Lgx ;.6 (nghtbhuf`)

Ngdpebkhnf wbtj lube`bho rfouektbghs bs fksbfr kh` njfkpfr bh tjf hgrtjfrh

stktfs, wjbef tjf ngst gi gltkbhbho lube`bho pfrdbts vkrbfs wb`fey knrgss

Hbofrbk. K pfrdbt tg nghstrunt tjf skdf wkrfjgusf wgue` ngst cust


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0: Prfbnjfe

trkbhbho sbdbekr tg tjkt gi pgeytfnjhbns. Kesg, tjf Bhùstrbke Prkbhbho Iuh`

iknbebtktfs tjf kttknjdfht gi yguho orkùktfs tg fhtfrprbsfs igr sjgrt pfrb-

g`s tg gltkbh prkntbnke fxpfrbfhnf.

Bdpgrtkhtey, wjbef tjf Hktbghke Rgutj ^frvbnf (HR^)bh wjbnj ork`-

uktfs gi sfngh`kry kh` pgst-sfngh`kry trkbhbho bhstbtutbghs nkrry gut k spf-

nbibn prkntbnke kssbohdfht igr ghf yfkrbs `fsbohf` tg igstfr hktbghke uhbty

ly kssbohbho bh`bvbùkes tg rfobghs gi tjf nguhtry `biifrfht irgd tjfbr

jgdf stktf, bt jks sbohbibnkht pgtfhtbke tg lf usf` ks k tgge igr vgnktbghke

trkbhbho. Pjbs bs pkrtbnuekrey truf obvfh tjkt igr dkhy yguho Hbofrbkhs, tjf

HR^ rfprfsfhts tjf ibrst fxpgsurf tg prkntbnke wgrm, kh` tjkt bt bs wfee

grokhbzf` kh` wb`fey rfprfsfhtf` tjrguojgut tjf nguhtry._jbef tfnjhbnke ngeefofs fdpjksbzf prkntbnke smbees, trkbhbho kt pgey-

tfnjhbns jks k sulstkhtbkeey strghofr knk`fdbn tjrust. Pjf strgho prfifr-

fhnf igr knk`fdbn fùnktbgh kh` tjf egw fstffd bh wjbnj Hbofrbkh

ygutj jge` leuf ngeekr gnnupktbghs jks ef` tg vfry egw fhrgeedfht kt

tfnjhbnke ngeefofs. Bh iknt, fhrgeedfht bh tfnjhbnke ngeefofs kh` snbfhnf

tfnjhbnke ngeefofs knnguhts igr efss tjkh


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Fdpegydfht kh` Orgwtj bh Hbofrbk 02

gi ogvfrhdfht bhstbtutbghs. Pwg fxkdpefs krf tjf Hbofrbkh Bhstbtutf gi

_fe`bho kh` tjf ^jfee Rgutj @fvfegpdfht ^njfdf.; YFBs kh` BFBs sffm tg k``rfss tjf sjgrtngdbhos

gi fxbstbho vgnktbghke trkbhbho prgorkds, ks tjfy krf `rbvfh kh` gwhf` ly

tjf prbvktf sfntgr, wbtj tjf ogvfrhdfht ebdbtf` tg fhsurbho ngdpebkhnf

wbtj stkh`kr`s tjkt jkvf lffh fstklebsjf` ly tjf prbvktf sfntgr. _jbef tjf

fxpfrbfhnf wbtj YFBs, wjbnj jkvf k sgdfwjkt egwfr stkh`kr` tjkh BFBs, bsdbxf`, `fdkh` igr BFBs jks fxnff`f` fxpfntktbghs.

Kh fiifntbvf wky tg strfhotjfh ebhms lftwffh fdpegyfrs kh` trkbhbho

prgorkds wgue` lf tjrguoj trbpkrtbtf ogvfrhkhnf irkdfwgrms bhvgevbho

trkbhbho bhstbtutbghs, pulebn sfntgr kofhnbfs, kh` tjf prbvktf sfntgr. Pjfsf

kofhnbfs ngue` rfvbfw kh` nggr`bhktf pulebn fxpfh`bturf gh trkbhbho kh`

jfep tg dghbtgr qukebty nghtrge dfnjkhbsds.

@fvfegpbho k Hktbghke Ygnktbghke [ukebibnktbghs Irkdfwgrm.@fvfegpdfht gi sunj trbpkrtbtf irkdfwgrms ngue` lfhfibt irgd k dgrf

ngdprfjfhsbvf Hktbghke Ygnktbghke [ukebibnktbghs Irkdfwgrm (HY[I).

Pjf fxbstfhnf gi kh HY[I wgue` iknbebtktf tjf `fvfegpdfht kh` nfrtbib-

nktbgh gi hfw sjgrt-tfrd prgorkds tjkt k``rfss fdfrobho kh` sjgrt-tfrd

hff`s, sunj ks smbees upork`bho igr tjf bhigrdke sfntgr. Kh HY[I wgue`,

bi kpprgprbktfey dkhkof`, gpfh tjf hktbghke nfrtbibnktbgh prgnf`urfs tg

prbvktf kh` ngdduhbty-lksf` trkbhbho bhstbtutbghs. Jfhnf, fstklebsjdfht

gi kh HY[I wgue` prgvb`f gppgrtuhbtbfs igr tjf ekrof orgup gi yguho

pfgpef wjg jkvf knqubrf` tjfbr smbees bh tjf bhigrdke sfntgr tg gltkbhrfngohbtbgh igr tjfbr ngdpftfhnbfs. Kh HY[I ngue` kesg lf kh kvfhuf igr

bhtforktbho tjf Hktbghke Rgutj ^frvbnf bhtg tjf hktbghke strktfoy igr smbees

`fvfegpdfht, bhneu`bho dktnjbho HR^ pgstbhos tg kppebnkhts wbtj kpprg-

prbktf smbees prgibefs.

61 Prfbnjfe


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Fdpegydfht kh` Orgwtj bh Hbofrbk 6;

Qekhhbho igr eklgr `fdkh`. Bh gr`fr igr ogvfrhdfht pgebnbfs gh smbees

`fvfegpdfht kh` fdpegydfht tg lfngdf dgrf strktfobn, tjfrf bs tjf hff`

igr k dfnjkhbsd tg dghbtgr tjf eklgr dkrmft kh` sjgw wjfrf fdpegy-

dfht klsgrptbgh bs jbojfst, bhneu`bho wjkt smbees krf rfqubrf`. Pjf systfd

sjgue` lf klef tg prgùnf bhigrdktbgh gh lrgk` fdpegydfht trfh`s kh`

smbees hff`s kh` spfnbibn smbees bh `fdkh` bh `biifrfht stktfs.

Qrgvb`bho ibhkhnbke bhnfhtbvfs igr vgnktbghke trkbhbho. Nurrfhtey, tjf sys-

tfd giifrs ifw ibhkhnbke bhnfhtbvfs igr snjgges tg prgùnf orkùktfs wjg

ibh` fdpegydfht bh tjf prbvktf sfntgr. Qrgvb`bho ibhkhnbke rfwkr`s tg sunj

bhstbtutbghs rfqubrfs fiifntbvf dghbtgrbho kh` fvkeuktbgh gi tjfbr fxbstbhoprgorkds.

\figrdbho Prk`f3 Bdpgrt Lkhs kh` kh FnghgdbnQkrthfrsjbp Korffdfht

Iurtjfr eblfrkebzktbgh gi tjf trk`f rfobdf bs kh bhtforke ngdpghfht gi khy

strktfoy kbdf` kt prgdgtbho orgwtj. Hbofrbks trk`f rfobdf, wjbef sgdf-

wjkt eblfrkebzf` bh rfnfht yfkrs wbtj tjf k`gptbgh gi tjf FNG_K^(Fnghgdbn Ngdduhbty gi _fst Kirbnkh tktfs) Ngddgh Fxtfrhke Pkrbii,

rfdkbhs jbojey rfstrbntbvf kh` prfvfhts k rfstrunturbho gi tjf fnghgdy

tgwkr` tjgsf sfntgrs bh wjbnj Hbofrbk bs ngdpftbtbvf. Bh iknt, rfigrdbho

trk`f bs ghf gi tjf mfy fe

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