Pupil-centered approaches

Methods Independent learning Inquiry Discovery Problem solving Creativity

Characteristics High pupil involvement Emphasis on pupil’s need and interest

Independent Learning

Characteristics Approach:

No teacher No educational technology Students teach themselves or each others

Aims: Find their own resources Discover and correct learning deficiencies Monitor their own learning Self learning and development

Strengths Reduces the pace and pressure of teaching

Teacher can deal with difficult material Teacher can focus on the others activities

Increases student motivation Challenging and satisfaction Student can learn at their preferences

Develops student’s independent learning skills and attitudes Importance for educational development and

progression

Weaknesses Difficult to design tasks

Well resourced Balanced workload

Students may get stuck or misinterpret the task Teacher may spend much more time on

monitoring Student does nothing Student works overloaded

How to Use? As a Component of Any Course Independent learning Assignment

Task Design Monitoring Assessment

Tuning

Inquiry

How to use? The identification of a problem through

recognition of a contradiction. Student development of a research objective Interaction among all participants in the

collection of data or information Shifting or altering of ideas as data are interpreted

and hypotheses are tested The drawing of conclusions or generalizations

based on reevaluation of hypotheses

Characteristics New information is found through inquiry in real world. Self-directed seeking of new knowledge. Use their innate inquiring behaviors in a wide variety of

contexts. Assume the learner is actively seeking new information. Brainstorming Emphasis on process. (Thinking behaviors)

Strengths Helping learners cope with the often vague

realities of true-life problems (Kellough & Roberts, 1994)

Including the points of view of others. Increase confidence to plan a method to

solve own problems. Creative thinking

Weaknesses Elementary classroom limit for seeking

information. Not easy to follow the curriculum

mandates. Lesson procedures must be prepared

carefully.

DiscoveryLearners work out the new

learning by themselves

Example:

Compare laser and dot-matrix printer

Features Learners have to

1. Form in groups2. Know background knowledge and techniques3. Understand the expectations4. Able to achieve the task

Teacher have to1. Provide enough guidance

Advantages Develop students

1. Active, involving, motivating and fun

2. More likely to remember what they learnt before

3. High order thinking skills

Disadvantages Slow No practical for some topics More difficult for an inexperienced teacher

Problem solving

Problem solving -- characteristics Pupils engaged in collecting data,

formulating hypotheses to solve problems and issues

The most characteristic feature of problem solving is that it discovers its own weakness and rectifies what is at fault in its procedures. Thus, it is self-correcting.

Problem solving -- strengths Develops pupil initiative and organizing

skills Develops pupil problem solving skill Gain more knowledge in a subject area

Problem solving -- weaknesses Wasting time because of distractions or

non-focused behavior Abstraction of strategies is less likely with

low-achieving and younger students May be require provision of wide range of

resources

Problem solving – how to use?1. Identifying the problem

2. Analyzing the problem

3. Evaluating alternative solutions

4. Selecting and implementing solution

5. Obtaining feedback and evaluating the solution

Creativity

Characteristics A cognitive tool and it need exercising. Students should have basic tools and

skills. Students improve knowledge by

cumulating ideas. Teacher helps learners manage

whichever are their weaker phases.

Strengths To develop student’s ability to think

creatively To increase motivation To provide an opportunity to explore

feelings and develop skills in self-expression

Weaknesses

Time consuming – great ideas almost never come in a flash.

Difficult to control Variety of students achieves.

How to use Six phases

Inspiration Clarification Evaluation Distillation Incubation Perspiration

Process Inspiration

research phase Uncritical search for ideas Brainstorming

Clarification Clarify the purpose or objective of the work

Process Distillation

Self-critical editing phase Required cool analysis and judgment Choose the best ideas for further development

Incubation Occasionally be a few days of inactivity between

the phases

Process Perspiration

Produce a first draft

Evaluation Examine the draft for strengths and weaknesses Consider how it can be improved

* Each phase may be experienced many times in a given piece of work.

Conclusion Independent learning

Self learning and development Inquiry

Teach problem-solving skills. Focusing on the process.

Discovery Teacher have to provide enough guidance

Conclusion Problem solving

Develops organizing skills Develops problem solving skill Discovers its own weakness,

it is self-correcting Creativity

Improve idea by cumulating experiences Emphasis on thinking method

ComparisonIndependent Learning

Inquiry

Discovery

Problem Solving

Creativity

High Teacher-student interactions

Self-learning oriented & less teacher guidance