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Pulse Sequences

MAGNETOM Avanto

© Siemens AG 2004All rights reserved

Siemens AG, Medical Solutions,Magnetic Resonance

Pulse Sequences

MAGNETOM Avanto

Contents

Basics

Overview 2

Sequence variants 4

Sequence variant components (I) 6

Sequence variant components (II) 8

Sequence nomenclature (I) 10

Sequence nomenclature (II) 12

Tim

Application

Suite

Spin echo with fixed temporal

sequence, sequence description 14

Spin echo with optimized temporal

sequence, sequence description 16

Spin echo with optimized temporal

sequence, parameter ranges 18

Turbo spin echo,

sequence description (I) 20

Turbo spin echo,

sequence description (II) 22

Turbo spin echo,

sequence description (III) 24

Turbo spin echo,

parameter ranges (I) 26

Turbo spin echo,

parameter ranges (II) 28

Turbo spin echo,

parameter ranges (III) 30

Gradient echo,

sequence description (I) 32

Gradient echo,

sequence description (II) 34

Gradient echo,

sequence description (III) 36

Gradient echo,


Gradient echo,


Steady-state gradient echo,

sequence description 42

Gradient echo for inflow

angiography (ToF),


Contrast-enhanced angiography,




Contents



Rephased-dephased angiography,


Inflow angiography (ToF),


Phase-contrast angiography,


TrueFISP, sequence description (I) 58

TrueFISP, sequence description (II) 60

TrueFISP, parameter ranges (I) 62

TrueFISP, parameter ranges (II) 64

Segmented EPI sequences,


CISS & DESS

Sequence description 68

TGSE


Parameter ranges 72

AutoAlign


Advanced

Cardiac

Sequence description (I) 76

Sequence description (II) 78

Sequence description (III) 80

Parameter ranges (I) 82

Parameter ranges (II) 84

Parameter ranges (III) 86

Flow

Quantification


Parameter ranges 90

Inline

BOLD Imaging

Single-shot EPI,


Single-shot-EPI,

parameter ranges 94

Gradient echo,


Single-shot EPI,


Interactive

Realtime


Pulse sequences

2

Overview

MAGNETOM Avanto is equipped with optimized pulse

sequences that allow for highly flexible adjustments to

meet your clinical requirements.

Parameter

ranges

The sequences cover a broad range of

parameters and allow for flexible timing

(exception: flow-compensated spin echo

sequences that have a slightly limited

parameter range).

3

Application packages

The sequences described in this

brochure are part of the following

application packages:

�

Tim Application Suite

�

CISS & DESS

�

TGSE

�

AutoAlign

�

Advanced Cardiac

�

Flow Quantification

�

Inline BOLD Imaging

�

Interactive Realtime

4

Pulse sequences

Sequence variants

The sequence variants are shown on the

parameter card (in the protocol info line)

and in the image text. The variant

comprises:

�

the sequence type

(e.g., se for spin echo), and

�

the expansions based on

the parameters selected

SDCFsR

Sequence type

Dimension Flow compensation

Number of contrasts

Number of segmentsof combined echoes

Excitation pulse

5

On-screen display

The sequence variants are shown in

different ways on-screen.

�

In the image text: The

complete

sequence variant is displayed

(e.g., fl3d1r_tf)

�

In the parameter card: Only the

abbreviation

of the sequence variant

is shown (sequence code)

Example:

fl_r

=

FLASH sequence with

flow compensation in the readout and

slice selection direction.

Displaying the complete sequence variant

Position the mouse pointer on the

sequence code.

The sequence variant is shown in full.

Sequence variants > p.6

6

Pulse sequences

Sequence variant components (I)

Sequence type (S)

Abbreviation Definition

se Spin echo

ir Spin echo with inversion recovery

tse Turbo Spin Echo

tseR Turbo spin echo with “restore pulse”

tir Turbo spin echo with inversion recovery

tirR Turbo spin echo with inversion recovery and “restore pulse”

tgse Turbo gradient spin echo

tgir turbo gradient spin echo with inversion recovery

h HASTE (Half Fourier Single Shot TurboSE)

hir HASTE with inversion recovery

epfid EPI-FID

epse EPI spin echo

epir EPI spin echo with inversion recovery

fl FLASH (Fast Low Angle Shot), gradient echo sequence with active RF spoiler

fi FISP (Fast Imaging with Steady State), Gradient echo sequence without RF spoiler

me MEDIC (Multi Echo Data Image Calculation)

tfl TurboFLASH

tfi TrueFISP

ci CISS (Constructive Interference in Steady State)

de DESS (Dual Echo Steady State)

ps PSIF (time-reversed FISP)

7

Dimension (D)


1d 1-dimensional data acquisition



Contrast (C)


1, 2, ..., 16, ... Number of reconstructed images with different contrasts

8

Pulse sequences

Sequence variant components (II)

Flow compensation (F)


r Flow compensation in the readout and slice selection direction

rr Flow compensation in the readout direction only

rs Flow compensation in the slice direction only

rd Interleaved acquisition with alternating rephased and dephased measurements.

−

No flow compensation; is displayed only if another character follows

pc Flow-sensitive gradients for phase-contrast angiography

Number of segments or combined echoes (s)


2, 3, ..., 15, ... Number of segments in the k-space for segmented sequences:EPI factor

×

Turbo factor

×

segments

2, 3, 4, 5, ... Medic sequences: Number of combined echoes

−

If the number of segments

=

1 and the number of combined echoes

=

1(is shown only, if another character follows)

9

Excitation pulse (R)


ns Non-selective excitation

ts TONE pulse for slow flow

tm TONE pulse for moderate flow

tf TONE pulse for fast flow

S Simultaneous excitation

10

Pulse sequences

Sequence nomenclature (I)

The sequence nomenclature is used in the

syngo

database. It is shown, for example,

in the Siemens sequence directory.


ciss Constructive Interference Steady State

dess Dual Echo Steady State

ep Echo Planar Imaging

fl FLASH (fast low angle shot)

gre Gradient echo sequence

haste Half Fourier Single Shot Turbo Spin Echo

medic Multi-Echo Data Image Combination

nav Sequence with navigator

psif Time inverted FISP sequence (FISP

=

fast imaging with steady state precession)

se Spin echo sequence

tfi TrueFISP (FISP

=

fast imaging with steady state precession), refer to trufi, _trufi as well

tfl TurboFLASH

tgse Turbo gradient spin echo

trufi TrueFISP (FISP

=

fast imaging with steady state precession)

tse Turbo spin echo

11


_bold Sequence for BOLD imaging (BOLD

=

Blood Oxygen Level Dependency)

_cb For determining the contrast bolus

_ce For contrast-enhanced angiography

_cine Cine sequence with constant RF for cardiac imaging

_diff Sequence for diffusion contrast

_fid Free induction decay, e.g., ep_fid: Gradient echo variant of EPI sequence

_field_mapping For generating a field map for BOLD post-processing

_fq Flow quantification

_mc Multi-contrast sequence

_pace Sequence with prospective motion correction

_pc Phase-contrast angiography

_peri_tof Time-of-Flight sequence, optimized for peripheral angiography

_r With flow compensation

_radial Radial sampling of the k-space

_rd Rephased-dephased angiography sequence

_retro Sequence with triggered retrospective gating

_rst Sequence with “restore pulse”

_rt Sequence for interactive real-time imaging

12

Pulse sequences

Sequence nomenclature (II)


_se Spin echo sequence, e.g., ep_se: Gradient echo variant of EPI sequence

_seg Segmented sequence, also refer to ..seg..

_sheco Shared echo sequence(double contrast TSE)

_shphs Shared phases sequence (cardiac Cine)

_tof Time-of-Flight (inflow angiography)

_trufi TrueFISP (FISP = fast imaging with steady state precession), refer to trufi, tfi as well

_vibe Volume interpolated breathhold examination

_vfl Variable flip angle

13


..b.. Bandwidth per pixel; the value follows in Hertz, e.g., se_15b130

..perf.. To measure First Pass perfusion

..r.. With flow compensation, also refer to _r

..seg.. Segmented sequence, also refer to _seg

..ti.. To determine TI (cardiac imaging)

..2d 2-D imaging

..3d 3-D imaging

.._15.. Echo time, e.g., 15 ms

14

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Spin echo with fixed temporal sequence, sequence description

The Tim Application Suite contains a full

set of sequences for clinical routine exami-

nations.

The temporal sequence of the following

spin echo sequences is fixed, that is,

independent of the parameters selected.

Single contrast sequences

Recommendations. The contrast is opti-

mized as a function of TR by varying the

flip angle. With a short TR (<500 ms), you

can improve T1 contrast by reducing the

flip angle to 70 degrees. However, signal-

to-noise ratio will decrease slightly.

se_15b130 Classic spin echo sequence without flow

compensation.

Application

T1 weighting.

se_17rb130 Flow-compensated spin echo sequence.

Application

Post-gadolinium applications in the head.

15

a may be selected only if Magn.Preparation = IR has been selected

se_15b130 se_17rb130

TE variable ✓ −

Contrasts 1 1

Magn. Prep. IR IR

Recon. mode Magnitude/Reala Magnitude/Reala

Fat suppression Fat saturation/water excitation

Fat saturation

Saturation regions

Regular/Parallel Regular/Parallel

MTC ✓ ✓

Phase Partial Fourier

✓ ✓

Averagingmode

Short term/long term


Multi-slice mode Interleaved/sequential

Interleaved/sequential

Flow comp. No Yes

Dimension 2-D 2-D

RF pulse type Normal Normal

Gradient mode Normal Normal

16

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Spin echo with optimized temporal sequence, sequence description

In these sequences, the temporal sequence

depends on the parameters selected.

se Spin echo sequence without flow compen-

sation.

Application

As a single contrast sequence, especially

well suited for T1-weighted imaging

regardless of the body region selected.

Recommendations. Select RF pulse type

“Low SAR” to avoid exceeding the SAR limit.

Application

Suitable as a double contrast sequence for

orthopedic diagnostics with low readout

bandwidth, e.g., shoulders, hips, knees.

Dark blood imaging for examining cardiac

anatomy by adding dark blood preparation.

17

se_mc Multi-contrast sequence with up to

32 contrasts. The sequence design is

derived from the TurboSE technique.

Since stimulated echoes contribute

to the signal with TurboSE, the second

echo provides a higher signal contribution

than the first echo.

Application

For acquiring T2 relaxation curves.

Recommendations. For T2 image

reconstruction, do not use the first echo

in the calculation.

18

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Spin echo with optimized temporal sequence, parameter ranges

se se_mc

TE variable ✓ ✓

Contrasts 1−2 1−32

Bandwidthvariable

✓ ✓

Magn. Prep. IR IR

Recon. mode Magnitude/Reala Magnitude/Reala


Fat saturation

Saturation regions


MTC ✓ ✓


✓ ✓

Asymm. Echo Off/allowed −

Averaging mode Short term/long term




Flow compensation

No No

Dimension 2-D 2-D

RF pulse type Fast/Normal/Low SAR

Fast/Normal/Low SAR

Gradient mode Fast*/Normal/Whisper

Fast*/Normal/Whisper

19

a may be selected only if Magn.Preparation = IR has been selected

Dark blood ✓ ✓

Multi-breathhold ✓ −

2-D PACE Multi-breathhold −

se se_mc

20

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Turbo spin echo,sequence description (I)

tse At a turbo factor of 1, the sequence

behaves like a spin echo sequence.

Recommendations. If SAR is exceeded,

the flip angle of the refocusing pulse can

be reduced and/or RF pulse type “Low SAR”

can be selected. A smaller flip angle has no

noticeable effect on image contrast.

Application

T1/T2 weighting for neuro and ortho

imaging with high resolution.

Multislab 3-D TurboSE in the neuro area.

Recommendations. Slab distance 0,

2 concatenations, 50% oversampling in

the slice selection direction. Isotropic

resolution is obtained, and any views can

be reconstructed using MPR.

21

Application

Dark fluid neuro imaging.

Recommendations. Select 2 concate-

nations. This prevents differences in bright-

ness of adjacent slices and suppresses

inflow effects from CSF.

Application

Inversion recovery neuro imaging with

magnitude or real part image display for

pediatric diagnostics.

T2 weighting for breathhold studies in

abdominal imaging.

Recommendations. High turbo factor,

RF pulse type “Fast”, high readout band-

width.

Application


anatomy.

22

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Turbo spin echo,sequence description (II)

tse_rst TurboSE sequence with “restore” pulse.




can be selected.

Application

T2 weighting for neuro imaging.

2-D and 3-D imaging with good volume

coverage.

Recommendations. For 3-D imaging use

a TR >500 ms to obtain good CSF contrast.

To prevent loss of signal due to flow phe-

nomena, switch on flow compensation in

either the slice selection or readout direc-

tion.

23

tse_sheco Shared echo sequence.




can be selected. A smaller flip angle does

not have a noticeable effect on image con-

trast.

Application

Multi-contrast.

Proton density/T2 double contrast

sequence for neuro imaging.

Inversion recovery double contrast imaging

with magnitude or real part image display.

tse_vfl 3-D TurboSE sequence optimized for

3-D data acquisition, T2 weighting, and

dark fluid contrast. Significant SAR reduc-

tion through the variable flip angle tech-

nique.

Application

Display of the entire head with high spatial

resolution in an acceptable measurement

time.

T2 weighting with high spatial resolution

for orthopedic applications.

24

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Turbo spin echo,sequence description (III)

haste Single-shot TurboSE sequence.

Application

T2 weighting for neuro applications, used,

for example, with uncooperative patients.

T2 weighting for breathhold studies in the

abdomen without motion artifacts.

Cholangiography imaging when using very

long echo times (∼1 s).

Myelography imaging when using very

long echo times (∼1 s).


anatomy.





not have a noticeable effect on image con-

trast.

25

26

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Turbo spin echo,parameter ranges (I)

tse tse_rst

Turbo factor 1−129 1−129

TE variable ✓ ✓


Bandwidth variable

✓ ✓

Magn. Prep. IR IR

Recon. mode Magnitude/Reala Magnitude/Realb

Fat suppression Fat saturation Fat saturation

Saturation regions


MTC ✓ ✓


✓ ✓





Flow compensation

No/Readout/Slice No/Readout/Slice

Dimension 2-D/3-D 2-D/3-D

Elliptical scanninga

− −

Slice resolutiona ✓ ✓

Slice Partial Fouriera

✓ ✓


Fast/Normal/Low SAR

27

a only if Dimension = 3-D is selectedb may be selected only if Mag. Preparation = IR has been selected


Fast*/Normal/Whisper

Dark blood ✓ ✓

iPAT ✓ ✓

Multi-breathhold ✓ ✓

2-D PACE Multi-breathhold/Trigger

Multi-breathhold/Trigger

tse tse_rst

28

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Turbo spin echo,parameter ranges (II)

tse_sheco tse_vfl

Turbo factor 5−7 9−511

TE variable ✓ ✓

Contrasts 1−2 1

Bandwidth variable

✓ ✓

Magn. Prep. IR IR

Recon. mode Magnitude/Realb Magnitude/Realb

Fat suppression Fat saturation Fat saturation

Saturationregions


MTC ✓ ✓


✓ −




−

Flow compensation

No/Readout/Slice −

Dimension 2-D 3-D

Elliptical scanninga

− −

Slice resolutiona − ✓

Slice Partial Fouriera

− ✓


Normal

29

a only if Dimension = 3-D is selectedb may be selected only if Mag. Preparation = IR has been selected


Fast

Dark blood ✓ −

iPAT − −

Multi-breathhold − −

2-D PACE − −

tse_sheco tse_vfl

30

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Turbo spin echo,parameter ranges (III)

a only if Dimension = 3-D is selectedb may be selected only if Mag. Preparation = IR has been selectedc parameters may not be freely set, depends on selected TEd parameter cannot be freely set, depends on base and phase resolution

haste

Turbo factor 1−512d

TE variable ✓

Contrasts 1−2

Bandwidth variable ✓

Magn. Prep. IR

Reconstruction mode Magnitude/Realb

Fat suppression Fat saturation

Saturation regions Regular/Parallel

MTC ✓

Phase Partial Fourier ✓c

Averaging mode Long term

Multi-slice mode Single-shot

Flow compensation No

Dimension 2-D/3-D

Elliptical scanninga −

Slice resolutiona ✓

Slice Partial Fouriera ✓

RF pulse type Fast/Normal/Optimized

Gradient mode Fast/Normal/Whisper

Dark blood ✓

iPAT ✓

Multi-breathhold ✓

2-D PACE Multi-breathhold/Trigger

31

32

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Gradient echo,sequence description (I)

The RF spoiler can be activated with

gradient echo sequences. FLASH contrast

is generated when the RF spoiler is

switched on, FISP contrast when the

RF spoiler is switched off.

gre Gradient echo sequence

Application

T1 weighting for breathhold studies in

abdominal imaging.

Recommendations. Quick parallel sat

enables saturation of inflowing blood with-

out significantly increasing measurement

time. Quick Fatsat enables fat saturation

without significantly increasing measure-

ment time. Water excitation enables fat

suppression within acceptable TR increase.

Disadvantage: TE is prolonged.

33

Application

Abdominal imaging In-phase

Opposed-phase in one measurement.

3-D FLASH sequence for T1-weighted

ortho imaging.

Fast 3-D sequence for contrast agent

enhancement studies (e.g., dynamic

breast diagnostics).

Segmented CINE FLASH sequence, can

be combined with line or grid tagging.

34

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Gradient echo,sequence description (II)

gre_r Gradient echo sequence with flow

compensation. Simultaneous excitation

is possible.

Application

T2* weighting for spine imaging.

3-D FISP sequence with a long echo time

and small flip angle for myelography.

2-D sequential multi-slice TOF angiogra-

phy.

FLASH sequence with a long echo time

for susceptibility-sensitive imaging in the

brain.

Segmented CINE FLASH sequence, can

be combined with line or grid tagging.

35

medic MEDIC sequence (Multi Echo Data Image

Combination), gradient echo sequence

with flow compensation. When combined

echoes = 1, the sequence behaves like a

FLASH sequence with flow compensation.

Application

T2*-weighted imaging with a high signal-

to-noise ratio for the spine (especially

transverse cervical and thoracic spine) and

ortho (knee and shoulder) imaging.

T2*-weighted 3-D imaging of the cervical

spine with a small flip angle and adjusted

TR.

36

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Gradient echo,sequence description (III)

tfl Single-shot TurboFLASH sequence.

Application

3-D tfl for fast T1-weighted volume

measurements of the head.

2-D tfl with dark blood preparation for low

resolution imaging of the cardiac anatomy.

2-D tfl combined with saturation recovery

preparation for contrast agent enhance-

ment studies.

2-D tfl to determine the transit time of a

test bolus as preparation for

CE angiography.

Recommendations. To prevent saturation

effects, use the “long term” averaging

mode. All slices will then be measured

sequentially for one averaging, before the

next averaging measures the series of

slices again.

37

38

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Gradient echo,parameter ranges (I)

gre gre_r

Segments 1−127 1−25

Combinedechoes

− −

TE variable ✓ ✓


Bandwidth variable

✓ ✓

Magn. Prep. IR, SRa IRa

Recon. mode Magnitude Magnitude


Fat saturation

Saturation regions

Regular/Parallel/Tracking

Regular/Parallel/Tracking

MTC ✓ ✓


✓ ✓

Asymm. Echo ✓ ✓





Flow compensation

Readout/sliced Yes/no


Elliptical scanningb

✓ ✓

Slice resolutionb ✓ ✓

39

a if segments >1 (segmented TurboFLASH)b only if Dimension = 3-D is selectedc may be selected only if Mag. Preparation = IR has been selectedd only if Dimension = 2-D is selected

Slice Partial Fourierb

✓ ✓

Excitationpulsesb

Slab-selective Slab-selective

RF pulse type Fast/Normal Fast/Normal

RF spoiler On/off On/off


Fast/Normal/Whisper

Dark blood ✓a ✓a

Grid/line tagging ✓ ✓

iPAT ✓ −

PAT2 ✓ −


2-D PACE Multi-breathhold Multi-breathhold

gre gre_r

40

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Gradient echo,parameter ranges (II)

medic tfl

Segments − −

Combinedechoes

1−12 −

TE variable ✓ Min.

Contrasts 1 1

Bandwidthvariable

✓ ✓

Magn. Prep. − IR, SR

Recon. mode Magnitude Magnitude/Realc


Water excitation

Saturationregions

Regular/Parallel −

MTC ✓ −


✓ ✓

Asymm. Echo − ✓


Long term


Single-shot

Flow compensation

Yes No


Elliptical scanningb

✓ −

Slice resolutionb ✓ ✓

41

a if segments >1 (segmented TurboFLASH)b only if Dimension = 3-D is selectedc may be selected only if Mag. Preparation = IR has been selectedd only if Dimension = 2-D is selected

Slice PartialFourierb

✓ ✓

Excitationpulsesb

Slab-selective Slab-selective/non-selective


RF spoiler On/off Off


Fast/Normal/Whisper

Dark blood − ✓

Grid/line tagging − −

iPAT ✓ ✓

PAT2 − −

Multi-breathhold − ✓

2-D PACE − Multi-breathhold/Trigger

medic tfl

42

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Steady-state gradient echo,sequence description

With steady-state sequences, echo times

TE and repetition times TR are set to fixed

minimum values to ensure the best possi-

ble image quality. In the case of the psif

sequence, this applies to TE only, TR is a

freely-adjustable parameter.

psif Gradient echo sequence with flow com-

pensation in slice or readout direction, but

highly sensitive to motion artifacts. At a

large flip angle, strongly T2-weighted

images.

Application

T2-weighted imaging with 3-D PSIF with

flow compensation in readout direction,

for CSF or spine diagnostics.

T2-weighted imaging with 2-D or 3-D PSIF

with flow compensation in slice selection

direction, for breathhold studies of the

abdomen: Dark blood T2 weighting in the

liver.

43

a only if Dimension = 3-D is selected

psif

TE variable Min.

Contrasts 1


Recon. mode Magnitude

Fat suppression Water excitation

Phase Partial Fourier ✓


Multi-slice mode Sequential

Flow compensation Readout/slice

Dimension 2-D/3-D

Elliptical scanninga ✓


Slice Partial Fouriera ✓

Excitation pulsesa Slab-selective

RF pulse type Fast/Normal

RF spoiler Off


Diffusion weighting Yes

44

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Gradient echo for inflow angiography (ToF), sequence description

fl_tof FLASH sequence.

Application

Inflow angiography with 2-D or

3-D-acquisition.

3-D display of intracranial vessels in

sequential slice acquisition.

Display of the coronary arteries using

3-D technique in sequential slice

acquisition.

Application for 2-D Time-of-Flight

examinations.

Recommendations. For 3 dimensional

applications, select the TONE pulse

(depending on flow velocity) to counteract

the saturation effect of blood flowing

through the slab.

45

a the TONE pulse can be selected via the flow velocity parameter, optimized for

slow, moderate, or fast flow b only if Dimension = 3-D is selected

fl_tof

TE variable ✓

Contrasts 1




Saturation regions Regular/Parallel/Tracking

MTC ✓


Asymm. Echo Allowed



Flow compensation Yes

Dimension 2-D/3-D

Elliptical scanningb ✓

Slice resolutionb ✓

Slice Partial Fourierb ✓

Excitation pulse Slab-selective

RF pulse type Normala

RF spoiler On


iPAT ✓

46

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Contrast-enhanced angiography,sequence description

tfl_cb 2-D single-shot TurboFLASH sequence.

Application

Optimized for determining arrival of bolus

as preparation for contrast-enhanced

angiography.

fl3d_ce Gradient echo sequence

Application

Optimized for CE angiography.

Angiography of the carotid arteries.

Angiography of the thoracic arteries.

Angiography of the pulmonary arteries.

Table stepping angiography for display

of peripheral vessels.

Cardiac imaging to examine

“Myocardial Viability” with triggered

segmented 3-D FLASH sequence with

activated IR pulse.

Recommendations. For suppressing

background signal, select fat suppression

(fat saturation or water excitation).

Recommendations. For CARE examina-

tions, select “3D centr. reordering” on the

Angio parameter card.

47

Recommendations. Set inversion time TI

so that the signal from the healthy myocar-

dium is at a minimum.

Application

Cardiac imaging to examine the coronary

arteries with a triggered segmented

3-D FLASH sequence with fat suppression.

Recommendations. An IR pulse can be

used instead of the fat suppression pulse.

In this case, set the inversion time to

suppress fat.

fl3d_vibe Gradient echo sequence

Application

For contrast-enhanced examinations of the

upper abdomen.

Recommendations. For suppressing

background signal, select fat suppression

(fat saturation or water excitation).

48

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Contrast-enhanced angiography,parameter ranges (I)

tfl_cb

Segments −

TE variable Min.

Contrasts 1


Magn. Prep. IR/SR

Recon. mode Magnitude/Realc

Fat suppression Water excitation

Saturation regions −

MTC −


Asymm. Echo Off/allowed




49

a if segments >1 (segmented TurboFLASH)b Partial Fourier is selected. However, the setting cannot be changedc may be selected only if Magn. Preparation = IR or SR has been selectedd only if Dimension = 3-D is selected

tfl_cb

Dimension 2-D

Elliptical scanningd −

Slice resolutiond −

Slice Partial Fourierd −

Excitation pulse Slice-selective


RF spoiler On

Gradient mode Fast/Normal

Dark blood ✓

CARE Bolus −

iPAT −

PAT2 −

Multi-breathhold −

2-D PACE −

50

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Contrast-enhanced angiography,parameter ranges (II)

fl3d_ce fl3d_vibe

Segments 1−127 −

TE variable Min. Min.

Contrasts 1 1

Bandwidth variable ✓ ✓

Magn. Prep. IRa −



Fat saturation/water excitation

Saturation regions Regular/Parallel Regular/Parallel

MTC − −

Phase Partial Fourier ✓b ✓

Asymm. Echo Allowed Off/allowed

Averaging mode Short term Short term



Flow compensation No No

51

a if segments >1 (segmented TurboFLASH)b Partial Fourier is selected. However, the setting cannot be changedc may be selected only if Magn. Preparation = IR or SR has been selectedd only if Dimension = 3-D is selected

fl3d_ce fl3d_vibe

Dimension 2-D/3-D 3-D

Elliptical scanningd ✓ ✓

Slice resolutiond ✓ ✓

Slice Partial Fourierd ✓b ✓b

Excitation pulse Slab-selective Slab-selective


RF spoiler On On

Gradient mode Fast/Normal Fast/Normal

Dark blood − −

CARE Bolus ✓ ✓

iPAT ✓ ✓

PAT2 ✓ ✓


2-D PACE − Multi-breathhold

52

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Rephased-dephased angiography,sequence description

fl3d_rd Magnitude contrast gradient echo

sequence.

Application

To display the arteries of the leg with a

3-D measurement.

53

fl3d_rd

TE variable ✓

Contrasts 1


Reconstruction mode Magnitude



MTC ✓





Dimension 3-D

Elliptical scanning ✓

Slice resolution ✓

Slice Partial Fourier ✓


RF pulse type Normal

RF spoiler On


54

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Inflow angiography (ToF),sequence description

fl_peri_tof 2-D FLASH sequence.

Application

Peripheral angiography.

ECG-triggered measurement of vessels in

the legs at a high heart rate or in the kid-

neys, arms, and carotid arteries.

Recommendations. Perform data acquisi-

tion during the systole to obtain the maxi-

mum signal and avoid pulsation artifacts.

55

fl_peri_tof

Segments 1−23

TE variable ✓

Contrasts 1



Fat suppression −


MTC ✓


Asymm. Echo Off/allowed




Dimension 2-D



RF spoiler On


56

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Phase-contrast angiography,sequence description

fl_pc FLASH sequence. Possible online

reconstructions: magnitude image, phase

image, magnitude sum image.

Application 2-D

Peripheral angiography, e.g., for acquiring

large fluctuations in flow velocity

(Multi-venc application). Also as a localizer

for 3-D phase contrast measurements.

Application 3-D

Neuro applications, e.g., to display arterial

vessel systems.

You can set the following established appli-

cations on the “Angio” parameter card:

� Multi-venc applications:

variable velocity encoding in one spatial

direction

� Single-venc applications:

Same velocity encoding in 3 spatial

directions

� Mixed venc applications:

free selection of direction and velocity

for 3 encodings

57


fl_pc

Segments 1−25

TE variable ✓

Contrasts 1




MTC ✓

Phase Partial Fourier −

Asymm. Echo ✓




Dimension 2-D/3-D

Elliptical scanninga ✓


Slice Partial Fouriera −



RF spoiler On


Venc cm/s 1−999

58

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: TrueFISP, sequence description (I)

trufi TrueFISP steady-state gradient echo

sequence.

Recommendations. Minimize TR by

selecting a high readout bandwidth to

avoid interference streaks in the image.

Application

T2 weighting for neuro applications, used,

for example, with uncooperative patients.

T2 weighting for breathhold studies in the

abdomen without motion artifacts.

trufi_rt_shphs

(without ECG)

Fast single-shot TrueFISP sequence with

phase sharing. Measurement and recon-

struction of multiple images (phases) in a

single cardiac cycle.

Application

For displaying dynamic processes.

To display cardiac motion without a breath-

hold phase.

To examine cardiac volume in a breathhold

phase; multi-phase measurement of multi-

ple sequential slices is possible.

59

Please note: The sequence can run with-

out triggering for real-time monitoring of

cardiac or other motions. If only the Tim

Application Suite is available, ECG/pulse

triggering is not available.

tfiperf

(without ECG)

Single-shot TrueFISP sequence.

Can be combined with inversion recovery

and saturation recovery preparation

pulses. Image reconstruction allows for

Partial Fourier factors of 4/8 and 5/8.

Application

For sequential multi-slice applications.

60

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: TrueFISP, sequence description (II)

cine_trufi Segmented TrueFISP sequence.

The sequence is triggered prospectively.

The sequence runs continuously to main-

tain the steady state.

Application

To display cardiac motion. Provides good

contrast of blood and myocardium.

tfiseg Segmented TrueFISP sequence.

It can be combined with a variety of

selective or non-selective preparation

pulses (fat saturation, inversion recovery,

saturation recovery, and dark blood).

Image reconstruction allows for Partial

Fourier factors of 4/8 and 5/8.

Application

For 2-D or 3-D applications.

To characterize tissue and angiography.

61

tfiti TrueFISP sequence. Multiple images can be

acquired after a single preparation pulse—

either segmented or using single-shot tech-

nique. The contrast of result images varies

depending on the time duration TI follow-

ing the preparation pulse.

Application

For T1 mapping and determining a

suitable TI.

62

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: TrueFISP, parameter ranges (I)

a TE is automatically set to the minimum and cannot be changed b TrueFISP is essentially flow-compensated from one RF pulse to the next c only if Dimension = 3-D is selected

trufi trufi_rt_shphs (without ECG)

TE variable Min. −a

Contrasts 1 1


Magn. Prep. IR, SR −


Fat suppression Fat sat/water excit. −

Phase Partial Fourier ✓ −

Asymm. Echo ✓ −

Averaging mode Short/long term Short term

Multi-slice mode Sequential Sequential

Flow compensation Nob Nob

Dimension 2-D/3-D 2-D

Ellipt. scanningc ✓ −

Slice resolution c ✓ −

Slice Partial Fourierc ✓ −

Excitation pulsesc Slab-selective −


RF spoiler Off Off

Gradient mode Fast/Norm./Whisp. Fast/Norm./Whisp.

iPAT ✓ ✓

PAT2 ✓ −



63

a TE is automatically set to the minimum and cannot be changed b max. number of segments depends on the number of linesc TrueFISP is essentially flow-compensated from one RF pulse to the next

tfiperf(without ECG)

Segments Variableb

TE variable −a

Contrasts 1


Magn. Preparation IR, selective, non-selective


Fat suppression −


MTC −


Asymm. Echo ✓

Averaging mode Short term


Flow compensation Noc

Dimension 2-D/3-D


RF spoiler Off


Dark blood −

Tagging −

iPAT ✓


2-D PACE −

64

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: TrueFISP, parameter ranges (II)

a TE is automatically set to the minimum and cannot be changed b max. number of segments depends on the number of lines

cine_trufi tfiseg

Segments 3−31 Variableb

TE variable −a −a

Contrasts 1 1


Magn. Preparation − IR, selective, non-selective


Fat suppression − ✓

Saturation regions − Regular/Parallel

MTC − −

Phase Partial Fourier ✓ ✓

Asymm. Echo − ✓



Flow compensation No Noc

Dimension 2-D 2-D/3-D


RF spoiler Off Off


Dark blood − ✓

Tagging − −

iPAT ✓ ✓



65

c TrueFISP is essentially flow-compensated from one RF pulse to the next

tfiti

Segments Variableb

TE variable −

Contrasts Variable


Magn. Preparation IR, selective,non-selective


Fat suppression −


MTC −


Asymm. Echo ✓

Averaging mode Short term


Flow compensation −

Dimension 2-D


RF spoiler Off


Dark blood −

Tagging −

iPAT −


2-D PACE −

66

Pulse sequences

Application package Tim Application Suite: Segmented EPI sequences,sequence description

ep_seg_fid Segmented FID EPI sequence. Faster than

gradient echo sequences, less off reso-

nance effect than the single-shot FID EPI

sequence.

Application

T2*-weighted 2-D/3-D imaging in the

head.

ep_seg_se Segmented spin echo EPI sequence. Faster

than spin echo sequences, less off reso-

nance effects than a single-shot spin echo

EPI sequence.

Application

Fast T2-weighted 2-D/3-D imaging in the

head.

67

ep_seg_fid ep_seg_se

EPI factor 1−127 1−127

TE variable ✓ ✓

Contrasts 1 1

Bandwidth variable

Min ... max Min ... max

Magn. Prep. − IR




Saturation regions


MTC ✓ ✓


✓ ✓

Averaging mode Long term Long term



Flow comp. No No



RF spoiler On/Off Off

Gradient mode Fast/Normal Fast/Normal


2-D PACE Multi-breathhold Multi-breathhold

68

Pulse sequences

Application package CISS & DESS:Sequence description

The CISS & DESS package includes special

3-D sequences.

dess 3-D gradient echo sequence

Application

Primarily in orthopedic imaging with good

contrast between synovial fluid and carti-

lage.

Recommendations. A non-selective exci-

tation pulse is activated beforehand for fat

suppression at a short TR.

ciss 3-D gradient echo sequence for T2 imaging

at a large flip angle. TE and TR are perma-

nently set to a minimum value to ensure

best possible image quality.

Application

Can be used in neurology, where CSF pro-

vides contrast: cochlea, labyrinth, cranial

nerves, optic nerve tract, spinal canal, etc.

69


dess ciss

TE variable ✓ Min.

Contrasts 1 1



Fat suppression Water excitation Water excitation



Short term


Flow compensation Readout No


Elliptical scanninga ✓ ✓

Slice resolutiona ✓ ✓

Slice Partial Fouriera ✓ ✓

Excitation pulsesa Slab-selective/non-selective

Slab-selective


RF spoiler Off Off


Fast/Normal/Whisper

iPAT ✓ −

70

Pulse sequences

Application package TGSE:Sequence description

The TGSE package contains an ultrafast

turbo gradient spin echo sequence for high

resolution imaging or extremely short

measurement times.

tgse At an EPI factor of 1 and a Turbo factor >1,

the sequence behaves like a tse sequence.

At a Turbo factor of 1 and an EPI factor >1,

the sequence behaves like a segmented

EPI sequence.





not have a noticeable effect on image

contrast.

Application

T2 weighting for highest-resolution neuro

or ortho imaging in an acceptable mea-

surement time (recommended EPI factor at

a high turbo factor ≤3).

Inversion recovery neuro imaging with

magnitude or real value image display.

71

Please note: Increasing the EPI factor

increases the sequence’s susceptibility

sensitivity; distortion artifacts may

increase.

72

Pulse sequences

Application package TGSE:Parameter ranges

a may be selected only if Magn.Preparation = IR has been selectedb applies only, when turbo factor = 1

tgse

Turbo factor 1−65

EPI factor 1−21

TE variable ✓b

Contrasts 1


Magn. Preparation IR

Reconstruction mode Magnitude/Reala



MTC ✓





Dimension 2-D



Dark blood ✓

Multi-breathhold ✓

2-D PACE Multi-breathhold

73

74

Pulse sequences

Application package AutoAlign:Sequence description

AAScout Adjustment sequence for AutoAlign

method. Fast 3-D FLASH sequence with

2 contrasts. Contrast, geometry and timing

parameters cannot be changed.

Application

The sequence has to be precede any exam-

ination with AutoAlign. The slice position

of subsequent measurement protocols is

automatically adjusted with AutoAlign.

75


AAScout

TE variable −

Contrasts −

Bandwidth variable −


Fat suppression −


Averaging mode −

Multi-slice mode −

Flow compensation −

Dimension 3-D

Elliptical scanning −

Slice resolution −

Slice Partial Fourier −

Excitation pulsesa Non-selective


RF spoiler ✓

Gradient mode Fast

76

Pulse sequences

Application package Advanced Cardiac:Sequence description (I)

The Advanced Cardiac package contains

sequences for MR cardiac imaging.

cine_trufi_

retro

Segmented TrueFISP sequence. Triggered,

retrospective gating: Measurement of the

k-space lines is triggered prospectively,

however, the measurement data are sorted

and reconstructed retrospectively. As a

result, the entire cardiac cycle can be

acquired.

Application

To display cardiac motion of a complete

cardiac cycle. Provides good contrast of the

blood and myocardium. Particularly suited

for patients with arrhythmia.

cine_trufi_

shphs

Similar to the conventional cine_trufi

sequence, but with phase sharing for

improved temporal resolution.

Application

To display cardiac motion. Provides good

contrast of blood and myocardium.

For short breathhold studies or multiple

slice measurements within one breathhold

phase.

77

cine_trufi_

radial

Segmented TrueFISP sequence.

The sequence is triggered prospectively.

Radial sampling of the k-space improves

temporal and spatial resolution.

Application

To display cardiac motion.

gre_retro Segmented FLASH sequence. Triggered

retrospective gating possible (refer to

cine_trufi_retro).

Application

To display cardiac motion. Especially well

suited for the display of cardiac valve

diseases. In particular for patients with

arrhythmias.

gre_shphs 2-D shared phase gradient echo sequence.

Application

To display cardiac motion.

78

Pulse sequences

Application package Advanced Cardiac:Sequence description (II)

trufi_rt_shphs

(with ECG)

Fast single-shot TrueFISP sequence with

phase sharing. Measurement and recon-

struction of multiple images (phases) in

a single cardiac cycle.

Application

To display cardiac motion without a breath-

hold phase. To examine cardiac volume in a

breathhold phase; multi-phase measure-

ment of multiple sequential slices is possi-

ble.

Please note: The sequence can be run

without triggering for real-time monitoring

of cardiac or other motions.

trufi_rt_radial Real-time TrueFISP sequence to measure

multiple images in a cardiac cycle; with or

without ECG triggering. Radial sampling of

the k-space improves temporal and spatial

resolution.

Application

To display cardiac motion in real time.

79

nav_tfiseg Combination of the tfiseg sequence and

prospective measurement of a navigator

echo.

Application

To display the coronary arteries with free

breathing.

nav_fl3d_ce Combination of the fl3d_ce sequence and


echo.

Application

To display the coronary arteries with free

breathing.

nav_tse 2-D tse with dark blood preparation and


echo.

Application

To display the morphology of the heart and

coronary arteries with free breathing.

80

Pulse sequences

Application package Advanced Cardiac:Sequence description (III)

gre_vfl 2-D gradient echo sequence with a variable

flip angle.

Application

Display of individual slices within a breath-

hold phase.

Recommendations. To increase signal

intensity, each line is measured at a differ-

ent flip angle. Since the magnetization is

saturated, it is necessary to wait for the

next cardiac cycle to allow for recovery of

the magnetization. Therefore, only one

cardiac phase can be measured.

tfiperf

(with ECG)

Single-shot TrueFISP sequence. Can be

combined with inversion recovery and

saturation recovery preparation pulses.

Image reconstruction allows for Partial

Fourier factors of 4/8 and 5/8.

Application

For sequential multi-slice applications.

81

irtfl2D Segmented TurboFLASH sequence to gen-

erate phase-sensitive inversion recovery

images (real part and magnitude images).

The contrast in real part images is less

dependent on the optimal selection of the

inversion time.

irtfi2D Segmented TrueFISP sequence to generate

phase-sensitive inversion recovery images

(real part and magnitude images). The con-

trast in real part images is less dependent

on the optimal selection of the inversion

time.

82

Pulse sequences

Application package Advanced Cardiac:Parameter ranges (I)


cine_trufi_retro cine_trufi_shphs

Segments Variableb 4−64


Contrasts 1 1


Magn. Preparation − −


Fat suppression − −

Saturation regions − −

MTC − −

Phase Partial Fourier − −

Asymm. Echo − −



Flow compensation No Noc

Dimension 2-D 2-D


RF spoiler Off Off


Dark blood − −

Tagging − −

iPAT ✓ ✓


2-D PACE − −

83


cine_trufi_radial gre_retro gre_shphs

4−64 − 5−9

−a ✓ ✓

1 1 1

✓ ✓ ✓

− − −

Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude

− − Fat saturation

− Regular/Parallel Regular/Parallel

− − ✓

− − ✓

− ✓ ✓

Short term Short term Short term/long term

Sequential Sequential Sequential

No Yes/no Yes/no

2-D 2-D 2-D

Fast/Normal Fast/Normal Fast/Normal

Off On On/off

Fast/Norm./Whisp. Fast/Norm./Whisp. Fast/Norm./Whisp.

− − −

− ✓ ✓

− ✓ −

✓ ✓ ✓

− − Multi-breathhold

84

Pulse sequences

Application package Advanced Cardiac:Parameter ranges (II)


trufi_rt_shphs(with ECG)

trufi_rt_radial

Segments − −


Contrasts 1 1




Fat suppression − −

Saturation regions − −

MTC − −

Phase Partial Fourier − −

Asymm. Echo − −



Flow compensation Noc No

Dimension 2-D 2-D


RF spoiler Off Off


Dark blood − −

Tagging − −

iPAT ✓ −


2-D PACE − −

85


nav_tfiseg nav_fl3d_ce nav_tse

Variableb Variableb −

−a ✓ ✓

1 1 1

✓ ✓ ✓

IR, selective, non-selective

IR, selective, non-selective

−

Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude

✓ ✓ ✓

Regular/Parallel Regular/Parallel Regular/Parallel

− − −

✓ ✓ −

✓ 3 (fixed) −

Short term Short term Short term

Sequential Sequential Interleaved

Noc Yes No

2-D/3-D 3-D 2-D/3-D

Fast/Normal Fast/Normal Fast/Normal

Off Off Off

Fast/Norm./Whisp. Fast/Norm./Whisp. Fast/Norm./Whisp.

✓ − ✓

− − −

✓ ✓ −

− − −

− − −

86

Pulse sequences

Application package Advanced Cardiac:Parameter ranges (III)


gre_vfl tfiperf (with ECG)

Segments 1−23 Variableb

TE variable ✓ −a

Contrasts 1 1


Magn. Preparation − IR, selective, non-selective


Fat suppression Fat saturation −

Saturation regions Regular/Parallel −

MTC ✓ −


Asymm. Echo ✓ ✓


Short term


Flow compensation Yes Noc



RF spoiler On/off Off


Dark blood − −

Tagging ✓ −

iPAT − ✓



87


irtfl2D irtfi2D

3−99 3−99

✓ −a

1 1

✓ ✓

IR, selective,non-selective

IR, selective,non-selective

Real Real

− −

− −

− −

− −

✓ ✓

Short term Short term

Sequential Sequential

Yes No

2-D 2-D

Fast/Normal Fast/Normal

On Off

Fast/Normal/Whisper Fast/Normal/Whisper

− −

− −

− −

− −

− −

88

Pulse sequences

Application package Flow Quantification:Sequence description

The Flow Quantification package contains

sequences for quantitative flow measure-

ments.

fl_fq Segmented FLASH sequence with variable

flow encoding. The sequence measures a

flow-compensated and a flow-encoded

scan. Possible online reconstructions:

Magnitude image, phase image, magni-

tude sum image

Application

To display and quantify blood flow.

Through-plane measurements for flow

quantification and in-plane measurements

for flow display.

fl_fq_retro Segmented FLASH sequence with variable

flow encoding. The sequence measures a

flow-compensated and a flow-encoded

scan. Possible online reconstructions:

Magnitude image, phase image, magni-

tude sum image. Triggered, retrospective

gating possible.

Application

To display and quantify blood flow during

complete heart cycle coverage. Particularly

suited for patients with arrhythmias.

89

fl_fq_shphs Segmented FLASH sequence with phase

sharing and variable flow encoding. The

sequence measures a flow-compensated

and a flow-encoded scan. Phase sharing

enables more frequent sampling of the

center raw data lines during pulsating flow.

Application

To display and quantify blood flow.

Through-plane measurements for flow

quantification and in-plane measurements

for flow display. Enables flow measure-

ment in breathhold technique using phase

sharing.

90

Pulse sequences

Application package Flow Quantification:Parameter ranges


fl_fq

Segments 1−25

TE variable ✓

Contrasts 1




MTC ✓


Asymm. Echo ✓




Dimension 2-D

Excitation pulse Slice-selective


RF spoiler On


Venc cm/s 2−999


91

fl_fq_retro fl_fq_shphs

Variableb 3−7

−a ✓

1 1

✓ ✓

Magnitude Flow


− −

− −

− 3 (fixed)

Short term −

Sequential Sequential

Yes Yes

2-D 2-D

Slice-selective Slice-selective


On On

Fast/Normal/Whisper Fast/Normal/Whisper

2−999 2−999

✓ −

92

Pulse sequences

Application package Inline BOLD Imaging:Single-shot EPI, sequence description

The Inline BOLD Imaging package contains

EPI sequences for neuro applications,

including diffusion and perfusion imaging.

Recommendations. To minimize image

distortions through susceptibility, select a

bandwidth that enables use of minimum

echo spacing.

ep2d_se Single-shot spin echo EPI sequence.

Application

To examine T2-weighted lesions.

Recommendations. By activating an inver-

sion pulse with a long inversion time, the

CSF signal in the head can be suppressed.

93

ep2d_diff Single-shot spin echo EPI sequence.

Application

For diffusion imaging.

Note. Diffusion-specific parameters are

selected from the Diff parameter card:

Direction(s) of the diffusion-sensitive

axis(es) (diffusion mode), number and

gradation of b-values, reconstruction mode

(ADC image, Trace images).

ep2d_fid Single-shot FID EPI sequence.

Application

For perfusion imaging in the head.

You can activate online reconstruction of

the following images on the Perf parame-

ter card:

� Time to Peak (TTP)

� Global Bolus Plot (GBP)

� Percentage of Baseline at Peak (PBP)

94

Pulse sequences

Application package Inline BOLD Imaging:Single-shot-EPI, parameter ranges

ep2d_se

EPI Factora 1−256

TE variable ✓

Contrasts 1

Bandwidth variable Min ... max

Magn. Preparation IR




MTC ✓





Dimension 2-D


RF spoiler Off

Gradient mode Fast

b-value −

Online reconstruction −

iPAT ✓

95

a parameter cannot be freely set, depends on base and phase resolution

ep2d_diff ep2d_fid

1−256 1−256

✓ ✓

1 1

Min ... max Min ... max

IR −

Magnitude Magnitude


Fat saturation


✓ ✓

✓ ✓

Long term Long term

Single-shot Single-shot

No No

2-D 2-D

Normal Normal

Off Off


0−10000 −

DW and ADC image TTP, GBP, PBP

✓ ✓

96

Pulse sequences

Application package Inline BOLD Imaging:Gradient echo, sequence description

gre_field_

mapping

2-D gradient echo sequence that generates

images at two different echo times. The

first TE is variable, the second TE is fixed

relative to the first TE. The different echo

times correspond to the in-phase condi-

tions of fat and water protons.

Application

When phase images are selected, you

obtain a single phase differential image

that can be used as a “Fieldmap” during

BOLD post-processing. The information

is required when overlaying anatomical

images generated with other techniques,

e.g., SE or MPRAGE.

Prerequisites for using the BOLD post-

processing card:

� Image geometry and slice orientation

have to be identical to the EPI images

� The sequence has to be applied prior to

the corresponding EPI measurement

Note. These limitations do not apply when

using the 3D Neuro card.

97

gre_field_mapping

TE variable ✓

Contrasts 2


Magn. Preparation −

Reconstruction mode Magnitude/Phase



MTC ✓


Asymm. Echo ✓




Dimension 2-D


RF spoiler On/off


98

Pulse sequences

Application package Inline BOLD Imaging:Single-shot EPI, sequence description

ep2d_bold Single-shot FID EPI sequence.

Application

For BOLD imaging in the head. t-test evalu-

ation in real time during the measurement.

The calculated t-test images are shown

continuously in the online display.

ep2d_pace Identical to ep2d_bold, but with prospec-

tive 3-D motion correction.

Note. By switching off motion correction,

the entire function including prospective

correction is deactivated.

99

a parameter cannot be freely set, depends on base and phase resolution

ep2d_bold ep2d_pace

EPI Factora 1−128 1−128

TE variable ✓ ✓

Contrasts 1 1

Bandwidth variable Min...max Min...max



Fat suppression Fat saturation Fat saturation/water excitation

Saturation regions Regular/Parallel Regular/Parallel

MTC ✓ ✓


Averaging mode Long term Long term

Multi-slice mode Single-shot Single-shot

Flow compensation No No

Dimension 2-D 2-D


RF spoiler Off Off

Gradient mode Fast Fast

100

Pulse sequences

Application package Interactive Realtime: Sequence description

The Interactive Realtime package contains

sequences optimized for interactive real-

time imaging.

All slice parameters can be modified during

the measurement with the

3D SpaceMouse. Slice positions can be

stored during imaging and transferred to a

subsequent protocol in the wait queue.

Prerequisite: 3D SpaceMouse.

trufi_rt TrueFISP sequence with good T2 contrast.

Application

This sequence is very well suited for cardiac

and abdominal applications.

gre_rt Gradient echo sequence.

Application

This sequence is very well suited for inter-

ventional imaging; susceptibility effects

enable a good view of biopsy needles.

101

a TE is automatically set to the minimum and cannot be changed

trufi_rt gre_rt


Contrasts 1 1




Fat suppression − Fat saturation/water excitation

Saturation regions − Regular

MTC − ✓




Flow compensation No Yes/no

Dimension 2-D 2-D

RF pulse type Normal Fast/Normal

RF spoiler Off On/Off


Fast/Normal/Whisper

Siemens AGMedical SolutionsMagnetic ResonanceHenkestraße 127D-91052 ErlangenGermany

Telephone: ++49 9131 [email protected]

Print no. MR-07015.643.01.01.24Printed in the Federal Republic of GermanyAG 02.04

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