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Puget Sound fishesSpeciesFisheriesContamination
Fishes of PS: overview• 220+ species of fish • 75 observed on a regular basis• All 3 feeding modes observed
– omnivore, carnivore and herbivore
• Major regions (with their own fish assemblages)• Major regions (with their own fish assemblages)
CabezonStaghorn sculpin35 species of sculpin found in Puget Sound (16% of PS fish species) including padded, scalyhead, smoothhead, Puget Sound, bonehead, rosylip, silver-spotted, roughback, sharpnose, calico, mosshead, spinyhead, buffalo, soft, red p , g , p , , , p y , , ,Irish lord, brown Irish lord, northern, dusky, threadfin, spotfin, longfin, Pacific staghorn, blackfin, great, sailfin, tidepool, saddleback, fluffy, tadpole, slim, darter, grunt, cabezon, manacled, rough spine, and the ribbed sculpin.
Fish families in Puget SoundAngel sharks (Squatinidae) Anchovies (Engraulidae) g ( q ) ( g )Barracudas (Sphyraenidae) Brotulas (Ophidiidae)Barracudinas (Paralepidae) Cat sharks (Scyliorhinidae )Butterfishes (Stromateidae ) Clingfishes (Gobiesocidae) Chimaeras (Chimaeridae) Dogfish sharks (Squalidae)Codfishes (Gadidae) Graveldivers (Scytalinidae)Drums (Sciaenidae) Herrings (Clupeidae) Gunnels (Pholidae) Lampreys (Petromyzbntidae)Killifishes (Cyprinodontidae) Lanternfishes (Myctophidae)Lancetfishes (Alepisauridae) Lumpfishes and snailfishes (Cyclopteridae)Lancetfishes (Alepisauridae) Lumpfishes and snailfishes (Cyclopteridae)Lefteye flounders (Bothidae) Pipefishes (Syngnathidae)Mackerels and tunas (Scombridae) Pomfrets (Bramidae) Poachers (Agonidae) Quillfishes (Ptilichthyidae)Pricklebacks (Stichaeidae) Righteye flounders (Pleuronectidae)Pricklebacks (Stichaeidae) Righteye flounders (Pleuronectidae)Requiem sharks (Carcharhinidae) Ronquils (Bathymasteridae) Rockfishes (Scorpaenidae) Salmons and trouts (Salmonidae)Sablefishes (Anoplopomatidae) Sauries (Scomberesocidae)Sand lances (Ammodytidae) Skates (Rajidae)( y ) ( j )Sculpins (Cottidae) Snipe eels (Nemichthyidae)Smelts (Osmeridae) Sturgeons (Acipenseridae) Sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae) Temperate basses (Percichthyidae)Surfperches (Embiotocidae) Toadfishes (Batrachoididae) Th h h k (Al iid ) W th (C t th did )Thresher sharks (Alopiidae) Wrymouths (Cryptacanthodidae) Wolffishes (Anarhichadidae) For a full list, visit: http://www.ups.edu/biology/museum/WAmarfishes.html
Ugly fishes of PS
Flat fishes of PS
Codfishes of PS
Oddfishes of PS
Sharks of PS
Great White (not official but a fishermanofficial, but a fisherman spotted one in 2002)
Commercial Fisheries of PSLarge scale changes in last century• Halibut fishery lasted <25yrs, ending in 1920.
(Halibut are finally returning in reasonable numbers after nearly 100 y.)
• Other species fished, the last major one being the Cod.• Today almost no substantial commercial fishing in PS except• Today, almost no substantial commercial fishing in PS except
for salmon and shellfish
History of fisheries catch in PS
• Cod herring and• Cod, herring and dogfish peaked in late 70’s
• Pollock and then hake (for fish sticks)( )
• Rockfish and lingcod take peaked in 1980s
• Recent decreases in lingcod and rockfish abundance
Non-tribal commercial fishery statisticsNon-tribal commercial fishery statistics from WA State (DFW Report, 2008)
9.3 million 12 million 1 million 41 million 1 million 65 million
Within Puget Sound, shellfish and salmon are the only serious commercial fisheries
Changes in rockfish catch
Size reduction and reproductiveSize reduction and reproductive potential
Lousy swim bladders
Copper rockfish with distended eyes and swim bladderSwim bladder does not adjust well to rapid changes in pressureSwim bladder does not adjust well to rapid changes in pressure
Flat fishes of PS: E li h S lEnglish SoleLives in sediments and is affected by pollutants
Carnivore – eats small fish, amphipods, molluscs, crustaceans and polychaetes2nd most important flatfish caught along West coast22 yr lifespan, purported to grow faster in PS than
h lanywhere elseStudies from 1980’s showed that ES have the highest
contaminant load of any fish in PScontaminant load of any fish in PS
Flat fishes of PS
1
10
100
scal
e)
0.01
0.1
1
mg/
kg (l
og
0.001
(ug/kg
)DDT
TBTmg/k
g)Cop
per
Arsenic Lead
m
PCB (ug
Mercury
(mg
Co Ars
PSAMP monitors ES on a regular basis• Most ES have health problems
including liver lesions• I caught and ate many ES from• I caught and ate many ES from
Commencement Bay as a child. I did not know what I was doing.
Herring of PSAb d t h li l ktiAbundant, schooling planktivoreImportant component of the PS
food web - abundant and commont f di t f PS bi d lcomponent of diets of PS birds, mammals,
and other fishesSpawning aggregations near shore. Recent declines
ld b li k d l d lcould be linked to coastal development
10
100
ale) Pacific Herring 1999 PSAMP •Fishery off the
0.1
1
/kg
(log
scacoast for roe
•Schools of spawning fish
0.001
0.01
g/kg)
DDTTBTg/kg
)oppe
rse
nicLea
d
mgaggregate each
year at same locations (e g Cherr Pt )
PCB (ug/ D T
Mercury
(mg/
CopArse Le(e.g., Cherry Pt.)
Rockfishes of PS
• demersal, rocky-reef dwellers, y• consume a wide variety of benthic,
demersal & pelagic fishes & invertebrates.
Brown
• widely distributed throughout Puget Sound and are predominantly nonmigratory, contaminants found in rockfish tissues reflect local conditionsrockfish tissues reflect local conditions
• quillback and yelloweye rockfish attaining ages of 60 and 90 years, they may bioaccumulate higher concentrations of contaminants than other species.
Rockfishes of PS Copper
Despite long life, accumulations less than for English Sole.
Females off-load contaminants through eggs. Urban rockfish contain higher loads than country
rockfish, traveling discouraged
1
10
100
scal
e) All Rockfish 1999 PSAMP
0.01
0.1
1
mg/
kg (l
og
ND0.001
(ug/kg
)DDT
TBT(m
g/kg)
Coppe
rArse
nic Lead
m ND
PCB (u
Mercury
(m Co Ar
Salmon of PSPopular in PNW culture – worshipped and revered by local
Native Americans7 l id tl f d i P t S d7 salmonids currently found in Puget Sound:
– Chinook– Chum– Coho– Pink– Sockeye– Sockeye– Steelhead – Coastal Cutthroat
Estuaries link habitats for growth and reproduction. Juveniles are reared in estuaries.
semelparous: means one reproduction
SalmonIn 1991, the Endangered Species Committee of the American
Fisheries Society (AFS) reviewed PNW stocks:75% f P ifi l l ti l d l t d• >75% of Pacific salmon populations were severely depleted
and at risk of extinction; • 18 of 214 stocks appear to be extinct;18 of 214 stocks appear to be extinct; • 101 of 214 were found to be at high risk of extinction; • Salmon had disappeared from more than 40% of their historic
range; • Salmon stock health worsens from N to S, and with
urbanization or damming;urbanization or damming;• The healthiest stocks were in Alaska and northern British
Columbia.
Status of Puget Sound salmon stocks 2002 WA StateStatus of Puget Sound salmon stocks - 2002 WA StateSalmon and Steelhead Stock Inventory (SASSI)
Salmon stocks in Puget Sound continue to suffer
Salmon and the 4(d) ruleThreatened status of 14
salmon and steelhead runs in PNWruns in PNW
Restricts “taking” of salmon (killing, shooting, harming, harassing)
Also restricts developmentAlso restricts development around critical habitat (MRCI provision)
Salmon issues in PSMAJOR FACTORS for salmon decline Agriculture: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 18, 21, 22 Fishing: 16, 19 Dams: 9, 11, 18 Forestry: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 21, 22 D ht 9 10 U b i ti 1 3 5 11 21 22Drought: 9, 10 Urbanization: 1, 3, 5-11, 21, 22
POTENTIALLY IMPORTANT FACTORS * Gravel Harvest: 6 Hatchery Fish Interference: 19, 20 Irrigation: 9, 12 Poor Ocean Conditions: 13, 14, 15, 16g , , , , Bycatch Mortality: 16, 19 Illegal Fishing: 16, 19 (salmon killed during harvest of other fish)
MINOR FACTORS Bird Predation: 17 Marine Mammal Predation: 16 17 Bird Predation: 17 Marine Mammal Predation: 16, 17
Components Of The Factors Causing Salmon Decline 1. Streamside Vegetation and Functions 13. Reduced Upwelling 2. Pesticide Exposure 14. Altered Ocean Currents and Flow
3 I d t i l P ll t t E 15 D d F d Ab d 3. Industrial Pollutants Exposure 15. Decreased Food Abundance 4. Increased Amount Of Sediment In Streams 16. Reduced Numbers of Adults 5. Stream Straightening and Channelizing Reaching Their Spawning Grounds 6. Habitat Destruction 17. Numbers of Young Making It To Sea
7 # Of L L I St 18 Barriers Preventing Salmon From 7. # Of Large Logs In Streams 18. Barriers Preventing Salmon From & Loss of Deep Pools and Channel Form Migrating Upstream or Downstream 8. Filling of The Side Channels of Streams 19. Loss of Genetic Integrity and Diversity 9. Reduced Fresh Water Flow In Rivers 20. Competition B/t Hatchery & Wild Fish 10 Exposure to Abnormal Temperatures 21 Forest Fragmentation10. Exposure to Abnormal Temperatures 21. Forest Fragmentation11. Habitat Area Loss 22. Estuary Degradation 12. Lack of Screening of Water Diversion Canals to Keep Fish Out
Salmon issues in PSUS C di bi k iUS-Canadian bickering
Salmon tend to migrate north for feeding.
Canadians catch Puget Sound salmon
Alaskans catch Canadian salmon
1999 NW Pacific Treaty Rules (US/Canada)A l l fi h i b d th b d f l• Annual salmon fisheries based on the abundance of salmon
• Establishes funds to pay for commercial salmon fleetp yreduction & improve science
• Long-term agreements - 10• Long-term agreements - 10 years for chinook, coho & chum; 12 years for sockeye & i k l& pink salmon
• Stresses importance of• Stresses importance of habitat protection and restoration
Who Owns the fishes of PS?1974: George Boldt gives 1/2 the fish to Native A iAmericans
Lummi Island Sockeye reef netting
Selective for sockeyeyLow by-catch and low mortality rates
Salmon HatcheriesWA has the largest network of hatcheries in the world:• 24 complexes
>90 rearing facilities• >90 rearing facilities• hatcheries produce
– 75% of all coho and chinook– 88% of all steelhead harvested
statewide. • ~700,000 adult fish (all species)
return to hatcheries each year. • More than 300,000,000 eggs (all species) are collected annually. • In 1995: 201 000 000 salmon and 8 500 000 steelhead were• In 1995: 201,000,000 salmon and 8,500,000 steelhead were
released.• Problems: genetic diversity, success of hatchery fish in the wild, etc.In recent years, hatcheries also have taken on a new role:
helping recover and conserve natural salmon.
2007 Salmon recovery plan
• Focuses on Riparian and coastal habitat protectionp
• Includes changes in hatchery management• Advocates cleanup of pollutants in Puget• Advocates cleanup of pollutants in Puget
Sound