Publications Compendium Oct2015

8/17/2019 Publications Compendium Oct2015

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All India Animal Husbandry Ofcers' Workshop cum

Training Program on

Enabling Extension Functionaries to Address FieldLevel Problems in Animal Husbandry

(October 26-29, 2015)

Sponsored by:

National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management, Hyderabad

Organized by:

Division of Dairy Extension

ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute

KARNAL – 132001 (Haryana) India


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Published by : Dr. A. K. SrivastavaDirector & Vice ChancellorICAR-NDRI, Karnal

Edited by : Gopal SankhalaN. BalasubramaniH. R. MeenaRitu ChakravartyB. S. MeenaKhajan Singh

Citation: Gopal Sankhala, N. Balasubramani, H. R. Meena, Ritu Chakravarty, B. S. Meena,and Khajan Singh (Eds.) 2015. Enabling Extension Functionaries to Address

Field Level Problems in Animal Husbandry in compendium o All India AnimalHusbandry Officers’ Workshop -2015. pp 1-144.

Disclaimer: Te views expressed in the articles are the sole responsibility o the respective authors.

Te editors or organizer bear no responsibility with regard to source and authenticity o the contents.

Printing: Intech Printers & Publishers343, Ist Floor, Mugal Canal Market,Karnal - 132 001 (Haryana) IndiaContact Nos.: 0184-4043541, 93157 80004Email: [email protected]


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FOREWORD

Animal Husbandry & Dairying plays a vital role in securing livelihood or millions o rural and

urban households. While armers adopting technologies due to influence o knowledge driven by

multiple extension strategies, they also tend to ace numerous problems at field level which significantly

affect the productivity and profitability in animal husbandry. Tis requires to be addressed through

generating income and employment by providing immediate solution along with enabling strategies

in order to motivate the armers especially educated rural youth and women towards dairy arming.

A our days All India Animal Husbandry Officers’ Workshop cum raining Programme on “Enabling

Extension Functionaries to Address Field Level Problems in Animal Husbandry” will be organized

in the Division o Dairy Extension at NDRI, Karnal rom October 26-29, 2015 in collaboration oNational Institute or Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE), Hyderabad with emphasis on

capacity building o field unctionaries in the recent developments in the dairy sector to disseminate

the latest technologies, innovations and extension methodologies or effective transer o scientific

inormation to the stakeholders as per their needs.

Te workshop cum training programme will provide an opportunity to Animal Husbandry

& Dairy Development Officers o different states to discuss the emerging problems and issues o

dairying under field conditions with the scientists and develop strategies to handle these field related

problems.

Te efforts o the organizers rom NDRI and MANAGE deserve appreciation. I congratulate

and welcome all the participants, who have joined this Programme rom various states o the country.

I also convey my best wishes or the success o this Programme.

(A.K. Srivastava)


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PREFACE

National Institute o Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE), Hyderabad in

collaboration with the Dairy Division Extension Division, National Dairy Research Institute,

Karnal (Haryana), is organizing A our day All India Animal Husbandry Officers’ Workshop

cum raining Programme on “Enabling Extension Functionaries to Address Field Level

Problems in Animal Husbandry” rom October 26-29, 2015. Te training programme is

designed to orient extension unctionaries on various issues o field problems current scenario

o livestock sector and amiliarize them with various extension management approaches and

models o entrepreneurship development in livestock sector. Te organizers hope that the

participants will benefit greatly rom the our day deliberations and interactive sessions.

Te All India Animal Husbandry Officers’ Workshop cum raining programme will

provide an opportunity to Animal Husbandry / Dairy Development Officers o the states

to discuss the emerging problems and issues o dairying under field conditions with the

Scientists and develop strategies to handle these field related problems. Tis workshop will

also be attended by Senior Officers rom department o Animal Husbandry o different states.

Based on discussion, a policy paper will be published which will be useul to scientists, field

workers, Govt. and policy makers in finalizing a roadmap or solutions o various issues and

field problems aced by the stakeholders o dairy arming in India.

Without the benevolence o Hon’ble Director and Vice Chancellor, NDRI

Dr. A. K. Srivastava, no programme would be successul. He has always been a constant source

o motivation, support and guidance, to make this training programme possible. We all short

o words to express our gratitude to him.

We express our heartelt gratitude to Hon’ble Director General, MANAGE,

Smt. V. Usha Rani, IAS, or giving emphasis or promotion allied sector extension management

and or keen interest in networking with various related research organization like NDRI, or

the benefit o the arming community. We thank immensely Director General, MANAGE or

continuous guidance and or sponsoring the programme.

We express our sincere thanks to Dr. R.K. Malik, Joint Director (Research), NDRI, or

kind cooperation and help or the success o this programme.

Editors


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CONENS

1. Entrepreneurship Development in Rural Areas through Specialized Dairy Farming 1

Gopal Sankhala, H.R. Meena and Khajan Singh

2. Breeding Policies and Programmes or Improvement o Cattle and Buffaloes in India 7

Dr. A K Chakravarty and Dr. Avtar Singh

3. Preparation o echno-Economic Feasibility Report o aDairy Project, using computer simulated model 14

Dr P S Oberoi

4. Extension Management-Recent Initiatives 20

Dr. N. Balasubramani

5. Clean Milk Production 30Gopal Sankhala, H. R. Meena, B. S. Meena and Kiran R

6. Effective Disposal and Utilization o Dairy arm Waste 35

S.S. Lathwal and Indu Devi

7. Climatic variability and extreme weather events: impacts on livestock productiveand reproductive perormance and amelioration strategies 40

S.V. Singh

8. Major Reproductive Problems o Dairy Animals and Practices or

Improved Reproductive Efficiency 52

A. Kumaresan

9. Effect o eed supplements, minerals and vitamins on animal production 60

S.S.Takur and M.S.Mahesh

10. Fodder Production and Preservation 70

Rakesh Kumar and Magan Singh

11. Developments in Value Added and Fortified Dairy Products 84

Ashish Kumar Singh, Sanket Borad, Neelam Upadhyay

12. Quick tests or checking adulteration in dairy products 89

Rajan Sharma, Bimlesh Mann, Satya K and Dhiraj Kumar Nanda

13. Artificial Insemination and Sexed Semen orAnimal Husbandry Development 94

.K. Mohanty and M. Bhakat

14. Vaccination Schedule in Livestock and Production Disease 102

Dr. Kriti Dua

15. Judicious Use o Antibiotics in Veterinary Practice 105

V. K. Dumka


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16. reatment and Control o Bovine Mastitis 109

Dhiraj Kumar Gupta

17. Commercial Goat Farming in India 115

M. Bhakat, .K. Patbandha, .K. Mohanty, A. Singh and S. Mondal

18. Making dairy arming profitable through precision arming 123

HK Verma and RK Sharma

19. Farmers Farm School: A Grass Root Approach or Strengthening Farming community 128

B.S. Meena and H.R. Meena

20. Mobile based ext & Voice Messaging services or Livestock Keepers 132

H R Meena, G.S. Sankhala and B.S. Meena

21. Burning issues in animal husbandry sector o India 136

K. Ponnusamy, Khajan Singh and N. Balasubramani


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1

Entrepreneurship Development in Rural Areas throughSpecialized Dairy Farming

Gopal Sankhala, H.R. Meena and Khajan Singh

ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001

Dairying and agriculture are bound together by a set o mutual input-output relationships. Dairying

is not an adjunct to the crop-mix o Indian arms, but an integral part o the total arming system. Dairy

development has important role in not only generating employment and enhancing livelihood opportunities

o rural people but also improving the nutritional standard o the people. Dairy Industry in India is one o the

astest expanding in the world. Te demand or milk is tremendous, and is growing not only in cities but also in

small towns and rural areas. Over the past two decades, dairy arming has grown rom this largely unorganized

activity, into a vast organized industry, that encompasses not only increased production o milk and milk

products, but also the breeding o higher yielding cattle, and the scientific rearing o cattle and production o

cattle eeds.

Now India is the largest milk producer in the world with over 106 million tones o milk. A government

policy or milk and milk products, coupled with emergence o Amul type cooperatives has changed thescenario o dairy arming in the country. Despite the robust trends in the dairy development o the country,

milk productivity is still less than one-ourth o the productivity being relived in many developed countries.

Te major concerns acing the dairy sector in the area o milk production are: large number o unproductive

animals and low milk productivity o dairy animals.

Te average milk yield per milch cattle has been reported around 987 Kg per lactation in India as

compared to 7038 Kg per lactation in USA and more than 9291 Kg per lactation in Israel (Hegde 2006). Limited

usage o right quality and quantity o eed to the dairy animals and inadequate health care inrastructure are

other important issues. Te manuacturing o milk products is concentrated mainly in milk surplus States.

Te top five states viz. Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Gujarat together account or more

than 50% o national production. About 75% o milk is consumed at the household level which is not a part ocommercial dairying, loose milk has a larger market in India as it is perceived to be resh by most consumers.

Hence commercialization o dairy arming as a business activity is the need o the hour.

Dairy Farming in India

Dairy Farming is one o the largest business in India next to agriculture. Te All India Summary Reports o

the 17th Livestock Census released in July 2006 points out that India possesses the largest livestock populations in

the world afer Brazil. It accounts or about 56 per cent o the world’s buffalo population and 14 per cent o the cattle

population. It ranks first in respect o buffalo and second in respect o cattle population, India ranks first in the world

in milk production, which rose rom 17 million tonnes (mt) in 1950-51 to around 100 million tonnes (mt) by 2006-

07 (Economic Survey 2006-2007).

Livestock rearing and dairying has been going on in the country orm time immemorial but is not atall being done scientifically. Secondly it is also seen that a dairy armer is not aware o the economics o his

day-to-day business. Tis is because dairying has been a traditional orm o business, which is being carried

on by generations together. Te pattern particularly o the eeding and management has been quite the same

or a long time. Most o the armers having dairy animals have very little or no idea about the daily expenses

involved in raising the animals. Some are even unaware o the act that the eed cost comprises o more than

80% o the total cost o raising the animals as odder is grown in own land and manage the herd by amily

labour thus never bothered about its cost. Most o the armers keep 2-3 dairy animals and sell milk in kg or

litres as against quintals and tonnes in the case o field crops thus dairying business goes virtually unnoticed

and seen as a subsidiary arming activity. But it is milk that provides armer the liquidity to meet day-to-day

household expenses and an effective insurance against drought or crop ailure.

At the same time it is imperative that the approach to dairy arming needs to be changed by way o

educating armers by guiding them both practically as well as commercially which will help them to economise

their methods enabling them to make better dairy entrepreneurs. Raising productivity o dairy arms and


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mitigation o their production risks requires the availability o improved breeding services, targeted preventive

animal health care and better eeding strategies. rends in developed nations show intensification and

commercialisation o dairy arming in order to reap the benefits o economies o scale. Tus by enhancing

milch animal quality and holding size within smallholder arming systems, will enable better utilization o

available resources. It will enormously improve production and enhance viability dairy arming.

Emergence of Commercial Dairy Farming One emerging trend in the Indian dairying scenario is the growing number o the commercial dairy arms

in the urban and peri-urban areas o the metros and big cities. Tese dairies mainly cater to the needs o the urban

consumers. Teir average herd size ranges rom small size dairy arms (having 10 to 20 milch animals), medium size

dairy arms (having 21 to 50 milch animals) and large size dairy arms (having more than 50 milch animals). Realizing

growing importance o commercialisation, the livestock sector needs to meet the challenges o globalization, in

terms o organized production and marketing.

Majority o commercial dairy armers keep milch cattle and buffaloes with characteristics o good milch

breeds having high production potential (Holstein Friesian and Jersey breeds o cattle and Murrah buffaloes

are mostly avored by commercial dairy armer along with crossbreed cattle like Karan Swiss and Karan Fries).

In act commercial dairy arms keep on replacing the animals by buying new milch animals o good breeds o

cattle (Gir, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi and Haryana) and Buffaloes (Murrah, Surti and Jaffarabadi). In some states

like Haryana and Punjab cattle and buffalo breeding is the main occupation and business o majority o the

dairy arms and armers. Realizing the advantages o economics o scale and dairy arming as an agri-business

opportunity armers have stared up commercial dairy arms many parts o country. Te Punjab Farmers

Commission in association with Dairy Development Department has been giving impetus or setting up o

Hi-tech commercial dairy arms and clean milk production. Tey have tie up arrangements with number o

banks or credit arrangement under concessional terms. Such initiatives lead to establishment o setting up o

more than 500 commercial dairy arms in Patiala, Ropar, Sangrur, Ludhiana, etc and have played a major role

in increasing the milk production and procurement. Many o the commercial arms have adopted the latest

technology o milk production. A Chennai based company viz. Hastun Agro has launched “ Project White

Gold” in amilnadu under which it encourages ordinary five acre armer to establish a commercial dairy unito 25 animals with captive odder production and selective mechanisaton (Renganathan et al .).

A commercial arm o mixed type (cross breed cows and buffaloes) should be preerred. Te essentials or

success in dairy arming include proper choice o animals, suitable housing and sanitation, clean milk production

through the year, availability o eed and odder, scientific management practices on the arm. Te protective eeds i.e.

By Pass at and By Pass protein is essentially required or high yielding dairy animals or productive and reproductive

growth and high returns on the organized arms. However very ew such armers are providing such type o eeds to

their animals. Te economics o whole dairy animal management depends upon its economic eeding. By growing

odders like lucerne or berseem preparing eed mixtures and concentrates or animals at dairy arm one can reduce

cost on eeding. Te housing condition o the livestock greatly affects the health and productive perormance exotic

and cross breed cattle which are more prone to diseases as their immunity level is low.

Dairy Entrepreneurship Vis-à-Vis Commercial Business Activity

Entrepreneurship development in rural areas is now being considered as a means to achieve socio-

economic enhancement o rural people and overall development o rural economy. Dairy entrepreneurship

can be one o the important subsidiary occupations or most o the armers in rural areas. Since agriculture

happens to be mostly seasonal in nature, thereby providing employment opportunities or the people on

seasonal basis, there is a possibility o finding employment or many persons throughout the year through

dairy arming. Even more profits can be earned through dairying, depending upon the breeds o animal,

managerial skills and marketing. Dairy arming can also be taken up as a main occupation around big urban

centres, wherein the demand or milk is high. Modern and well-established scientific principles, practices and

skills should be used to obtain maximum economic benefits rom dairy arming.Te demand or milk and milk products is expected to grow at a very rapid rate due to population

growth, urbanization, increase in income levels and changes in ood habits. Tis increase in demand or dairy

products will put increasing pressure on dairy production systems, traditional breeds and eeding practices are


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likely to give way to higher-yielding breeds, associated intensification o production systems, increased disease

risks, animal health issues and a greater reliance on concentrates. Dairy arming can be adopted by armers

and rural youths as an enterprise on commercial lines, so more production ought to be derived rom animals

with the help o improved dairy arming practices. Te perspective dairy entrepreneurs should be given

training on various aspects o dairy arming like breeding, eeding, housing, healthcare and management, and

also on clean milk production, processing and value addition to milk and milk products. Dairy aming on

commercial lines can help the armers in suicide prone area o Vidarbha in Maharashtra and Andhra Pradeshwhere armers are committing suicide due to ailure o cash crops.

Now armers are realizing the importance o dairy arming as an business activity and establishing

commercial dairy arms with about 20 milch animals and then gradually increasing size o the dairy arm with

use o scientific dairy arming practices which includes captive eed production, nutritive eed supplements,

disease diagnosis, mechanized milking and clean milk production. Detailed inormation about the organized

dairy arms and opportunities or trainings on various aspects o commercial specialized dairy arming is

available with the:

y Agricultural/Veterinary universities o various states

y State department o Animal Husbandry

y Krishi Vigyan Kendrasy Agriculture echnology Inormation Centre (Kisan call centre helpline - 1551)

y Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar, Bareilly

y National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal (Haryana) - or training on rearing o dairy

animals processing o milk and manuacture o various milk products.

y raining by non-governmental organizations that are active in dairying and livestock sectors

(e.g. BAIF, PRADAN etc.).

Most o the state governments are also promoting the commercial dairy arming as an entrepreneurial activity

or armers and rural youths. Punjab and Haryana holds a special place in the field o milk production and it is

truly known as the ‘Milk pail’ o the country. Tese States has a vast potential o sel employment generation in the

sector o Animal Husbandry & Dairying. Realizing importance o this o Haryana Government started Hi-echcommercial Dairy scheme as a new plan scheme rom 2008-09 or sel employment generation in dairy sector by

establishing o Hi-ech dairy units.

Briefly the major objectives o the scheme are as under:-

(i) Clean Milk Production being scientifically managed & reared.

(ii) Creation o data bank o quality germplasm - step toward ormation o breed Associations

(iii) More employments - as a result o shif rom 1-2 Milch animals to large commercial dairies.

o boost up the milk production, odder production and generation o more & more employments in the

dairy sector, it is proposed to establish bigger dairies with minimum o 20 or more milch animals.

At Chitale dairy arm at Bhilawadi in Sangli district o Maharashtra, and in 12 satellite arms in the vicinity, sport radio requency ID (RFID) tags, so that the company can monitor and control every aspect o

their lives that has a bearing on their output. Te arm has a unique eeding system that eeds the buffaloes

correctly. Te animals can never eat more than a certain programmed portion o daily ration at one time. Te

national average o buffalo milk yield in the country is 800-1000 litres in 300 days. At the Chitale dairy arm,

with better management practices, the dairy arm has successully achieved 2,500 to 4,000 litres o milk per

lactation. Te organized dairy arms like Chitale dairy arm can be useul model or the dairy entrepreneurs

who are interested in taking dairy arming as commercial business activity.

Capacity Building of Entrepreneurs vis-à-vis Dairy Farmers

• Training: Enabling dairy armers to become successul dairy entrepreneurs by providing training on

upkeep and maintenance o high yielding dairy animals, cal rearing and eeding, breeding, healthcareand management aspects o dairy animals.


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• Education: Empowering dairy entrepreneurs by providing timely inormation and knowledge about

scientific dairy arming practices. Organizing various short term courses on dairy entrepreneurship,

dairy business management, processing o milk and milk products, animal nutrition etc.

• Dairy Business Management: Providing Knowledge and training about maintenance o dairy arm

records, arm business cash record and measures o arm income and profit efficiency to help in rational

decision making in dairy business management.• Processing of Milk and Milk Products: raining programmes should be orgganised to provide on-

hand experience and knowledge about processing o milk and preparation o milk various products to

make dairy entrepreneurs sel reliable.

• Exposure Visits: Arranging field visits o perspective dairy entrepreneurs to various commercial dairy

arms, milk processing plants and successul dairy entrepreneurs.

How to Start a Dairy Farming Unit

One needs to decide first on the aims and objective o the arm. Every year there should be a progressive

aim or breeding (including number o animals to be maintained) and production.

• Visit dairy farms that run on commercial basis and have a discussion with experienced farm owners,analyze every event logically and, i needed, consult with local Veterinarians or more inormation.

• If you plan to manage the farm on your own, look for opportunities to work for an existing farm for a

minimum period o six months.

• Start with about 20 high yielding cows and bualoes and gradually increase the size of dairy farm.

• Always purchase animals in batches, such that when rst batch is in late stage of lactation second batch

should be purchased in order to maintain uniormity in production level thought the year, thereby

maintaining continuity in milk production vis-a-vis income. Tis will ensure availability o adequate

unds or maintaining the dry animals.

• Location of the dairy farm should be near cities or milk factories to take the advantage of remunerativeprices.

• Good quality of green fodder should be grown in the eld and quality concentrates and feed mixture

should be prepared on arm to lower the cost o milk production.

Selection of Animal

While purchasing cows and buffaloes or commercial dairy arm we have to select healthy animal known or

economic milk production. Selection o a dairy animal is an art. A dairy armer should build up this with experience

and practice. Following guidelines will be useul or selection o a diary animals.

• Select healthy, high yielding animals with the help of veterinary doctor, animal husbandry ocer,

experienced dairy armer etc.• Selection of the milch breed is very important and thus area specic breeds should be selected. Selection

should be done based upon breed characteristics, ertility and milk producing ability.

• Always prefer freshly calved animals in their second/third lactation while purchasing animals. Before

purchasing, ascertain actual milk yield by milking the animal three times consecutively.

• Preferably purchase dairy animals from organized farms as pedigree record is generally maintained in

organized arms which reveal the complete history o animal.

• e dairy animals should be purchased in two batches and preferably equal proportion of cows and

buffaloes should be maintained on a dairy arm.

• Identify the newly purchased animal by giving suitable identication mark (ear tagging or tattooing).• Vaccinate the newly purchased animal against disease.


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• Keep the newly purchased animals under observation for a period of about two weeks before mixing

with animals in the herd on dairy arm.

• Follow judicious replacement of old and unproductive animals in a herd in order to maintain protability

o dairy arm.

SWO Analysis of Dairy Farming

India’s dairy sector is expected to double its production in the next ten years in view o expanding potential

or export to Europe and the West. Moreover with WO regulations expected to come into orce in coming

years all the developed countries which are among big exporters today would have to withdraw the support

and subsidy to their domestic milk products sector. Tus there is urgent need to increase milk production to

fill this gap and to exploit the export-potential. In emerging global competitiveness, the present trend o dairy

industry rom being `production-oriented’ needs to be changed to a `market/consumer-oriented’ approach.

Organized/commercial dairying is still in its nascent stage. At this juncture, its time to do SWO analysis

(strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) o dairy arming as commercial business activity.

Strengths

• Dairy farming is eco-friendly and does not cause environmental pollution as compared to other

industries.

• Requirement of skilled labour is relatively less.

• Dairy product market is active round the year.

• Minimum investment on inventory. (No need to stock raw materials in huge quantities.)

• Entire establishment can be shied to a new location (if need arises e.g. natural calamities, change in

market place etc.)

• One can insure animals. (to reduce the economic losses due to disease outbreak, the etc.)

• Less energy requirement. Biogas plant fed with cow dung can supply maximum energy to meet farms

day to day requirement. Decomposed slurry o such plant can also be effectively used as organic manure.

Weakness y Breeding o animals and getting expected milk yield is a biological phenomenon, which

depends upon various actors.

y Inadequate management o eeding, herd health and lack o quality control in various stage o

production can cause major loss affecting the profitability o the entire venture.

y Lack o financial, technical and inrastructural support in orm o veterinary clinics, quality

semen and bulk cooling units etc.

y One needs to decide first on the aims and objective o the arm. Every year there should be a

progressive aim or breeding (including number o animals to be maintained) and production.

y Non availability o pedigree records and inormation regarding breeding, calving and milk

production record.

y People are now more health conscious and preer to take milk and milk products in their daily

diet.

y Food industries are also adding milk and milk products in the unctional oods.

y Opportunities

y India today is the lowest cost producer o per litre o milk in the world

y WO regulations expected to come into orce in coming years all the developed countries

which are among big exporters today would have to withdraw the support and subsidy to their

domestic milk products sector

y Urban market or milk products is expected to grow at an accelerated pace.

y Increasing trend towards specialized and commercial dairy arming as an business activity.


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Treats y Reduction in area under odder cultivation as a result o shrinking o cultivable land due to

urbanization and industrialization.

y Large number o unproductive bovine population.

y High interest rate on finance affecting viability o dairy arming

y

Inadequate management o eeding, herd health and lack o quality control in various stage oproduction can cause major loss affecting the profitability o the entire venture.

y Dairy arming besides good planning requires hardworking, reliable and alert manager.

y Indiscriminate crossbreeding leading to high susceptibility to diseases and resulting economic

losses to dairy armers.

Processing of milk at farm level:

Agriculture is the oundation o Indian economy on which almost 70% o the population depends. Having

achieved near sel sufficiency in primary agriculture (grains, sugar cane, ruits, vegetables and milk, etc.) the

country must now ocus attention on secondary agriculture. Te secondary agriculture provides value addition

to agricultural products, creating acilities or primary processing and stress management in agriculture and

adds value to the basic agro commodities to allow armers to get better returns rom their harvest. It alsocreates new job opportunities in the rural sector which improve agriculture based rural economy.

Dairying as livelihood option or rural areas o the country and there is a need to enhance the income o

arm community and generate the employment opportunities or unemployed rural youth by value addition in

milk so that they become a dairy entrepreneur to ulfill the demands o growing urban population. Moreover,

rural housewives may also prepare the various milk products or their domestic needs especially on estival

occasions when there is hue & cry in the media regarding the adulterations.

Conclusion

Livestock rearing and milk production being an adjunct to mainstream crop agriculture but today, when

there is a greater attention to our rural economy, the dairy sector offers big opportunity to transorm our

economy by bringing prosperity to the rural sector. Dairy entrepreneurship through specialized dairy arming

can be main source o sustainable livelihood and income generation to armers and rural youths. By increasing

on-arm odder yields, relying less on expensive market eeds and selective mechanization (use o chaff cutter,

and milking machines to save on labour), milk production costs can be reduced. Commercial dairy arms

nearer to the cities and milk actories can prove an asset or achieving the above goals.

Considering the sheer size to which dairy industry has grown today, there is a need to rescue dairying

rom a narrow ‘subsidiary/residual’ approach and view it as an independent business in itsel. Commercialized

dairy arming or producing more milk round the year o high quality is the only solution or the viability

o dairy industry in the present National and International dairy scenario. Realizing this, the Government

o India has attached special importance to development commercial dairy arming. Progressive states like

Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat and Maharashtra are promoting schemes or promoting Hi-tech commercial dairyarming and clean milk production among dairy entrepreneurs in their state. Te commercial banks also

provide finance to establish a dairy arm at low interest rate which allow and motivates armers to take dairy

arming as a business activity on commercial basis. Te commercial dairy arming is perhaps an idea deserving

o support whose time has come. By commercial dairy arming, one is not talking o the arms with 500-plus

cattle like in US or New Zealand and other western counties. As such models are obviously unsuited or India,

both rom an economic cost as well as socio-political angle. Te sustainable and economically viable dairy

arming, which would generate income and sel-employment opportunities through entrepreneurship, is the

need o the day or ensuring livelihood sustainability or millions o armers and youths in rural areas.


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BREEDING POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES FORIMPROVEMEN OF CALE AND BUFFALOES IN INDIA

Dr. A K Chakravarty 1 and Dr. Avtar Singh2

1

Principal Scientist & Head2

Principal ScientistDairy Cattle Breeding DivisionICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001

India is the agricultural country in which more than 70 % population depends on agriculture

and allied sectors. Livestock sector is an integral component o agriculture and alone contributes

about 25.6 % o total output o agriculture sector and 4.11% o total GDP because the country is a rich

repository o bovine genetic resources. According to 19 th Livestock Census (2012), Govt. o India, the

total livestock population in India was estimated as 529.7 million o which 190.90 million cattle and

108.7 million buffaloes contributing about 37.28 % and 21.23% o total livestock population. O the

total cattle population, 151 million are indigenous cattle and 39 million are crossbred cattle resultedthrough crossing exotic dairy breeds primarily Holstein Friesian and Jersey with mostly indigenous

descript / non-descript cattle. Tere are 39 and 13 registered breeds o cattle and buffaloes which

constitute about 20-25% o total cattle and buffalo population o the country. Te large population

o non-descript cattle and graded buffaloes are distributed mainly in small herds o 2-3 animals and

reared by small and marginal armers o different socio-economic conditions under diverse agro-

ecological regions o the country.

India is the largest producer o milk in the world with milk production o 137.7 million tons

(2013- 2014). However, the per capita availability o milk in India is very less (299 g/day). Rapid

increase in human population and looking into the demand o milk (191mt) in India by 2020, theMinistry o Agriculture and Farmers Welare, Government o India (2013) has laid down the re-

orientation o breeding policy or cattle and buffaloes and key programmes or genetic improvement

o cattle and buffaloes in the country.

BREEDING POLICY FOR CALE

y Selective breeding o defined indigenous breeds o cattle having high milk yield, and

those with excellent draf abilities, will be promoted to improve their production and

reproduction potential. Tis will help their prolieration, conservation and genetic up-

gradation. Efforts will be made to import semen o these breeds i necessary, to avoid/reduce inbreeding. Intrusions o crossbreeding in their defined breeding tracts will be

totally avoided.

y Cross-breeding o non-descript and low producing cattle with high yielding exotic breeds

suitable or respective agro-climatic conditions, will be encouraged in selected areas

having adequate acility or eed and odder, management, health and marketing acilities

etc.

y Up-gradation o non-descript and low producing cattle with defined indigenous cattle

breeds in resource deficient areas and the breeding tracts o defined indigenous cattlebreeds would be encouraged.


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BREEDING POLICY FOR BUFFALO

Buffalo development will aim at improving milk production and to hasten growth, maturity and

multiplication.

y Selective breeding o established native buffalo breeds.

yUp-grading low producers through breeding with defined high milk yielding buffalobreeds will be undertaken.

y Up-grading o non-descript buffalo population with improved indigenous breeds will be

considered, where appropriate.

NAIONAL PROJEC FOR CALE AND BUFFALO BREEDING

Department o Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Ministry o Agriculture, Government o India

has initiated a major programme “National Project or Cattle and Buffalo Breeding” (NPCBB) in

2000. Te NPCBB envisages genetic up-gradation and development o indigenous breeds on priority

basis. Te objectives o the project were as ollows:(a) o arrange delivery o vastly improved artificial insemination service at the armers doorstep.

(b) o progressively bring under organized breeding through artificial insemination or natural

service by high quality bulls, all breedable emales among cattle and buffalo within a period o

10 years, and

(c) o undertake breed improvement programme or indigenous cattle and buffalo breeds so as to

improve their genetic qualities as well as their availability.

IMPORAN CONSIDERAIONS FOR IMPLEMENAION OF BREEDING

POLICY AND PROGRAMME y Production o breeding males having high genetic potential will be essential element o

the breeding policy and programme or each breed o cattle and buffalo.

y Formation o Breed Societies/ Associations by involving armers or improvement

o indigenous breeds o cattle and buffalo and identification / registration o animals

having good genetic potential would be promoted by providing financial, technical and

organizational assistance.

y o ocus on the neglected natural mating system and to produce quality disease ree

high genetic merit bulls or natural service through implementation o massive pedigreeselection programmes and progeny testing programmes.

y For the purpose o cross-breeding, semen o progeny tested bulls would be used as ar as

possible.

Te implementation o national cattle and buffalo breeding policy and programmes or the

genetic improvement o large population o low producing non-descript indigenous cattle and graded

buffaloes however,is hardly able to ollow in different states due to many reasons. It is increasingly

being elt that the country should develop strategic planning so that available bovine genetic resources

in different agro-ecological zones o the country are exploited judiciously to ensure sustainable

improvement o these breeds. Tereore, breeding strategy based on agro-climatic regions and animal

production systems needs to be developed.


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Breeding strategies

Beore developing sustainable breeding strategies or improvement o the productivity o

a particular breed/genetic group in a particular agro-climatic region, it is imperative to have

comprehensive details o population dynamics o the breed, management and existing breeding

policies and programme ollowing including armer/breeder’s perceptions and socio-economic and

ecological aspects o production. It may also examine agriculture and livestock production systems,

available eed and odder resources, animal breeding organizations and different breed improvement

programmes. All India Livestock Census contains inormation only on sex, age and inrastructure

or their implementation. Te actual population o each breed and their geographical distribution

is not included even in latest 19th All India Livestock Census (2012). Breed-wise census is thereore

necessary or developing breeding and management strategies or maximizing productivity o each

breed and to take steps or their conservation and management.

Based upon the collected and collated inormation o the area/region on all above aspects,

ollowing breed and region specific animal breeding strategies can be planned or genetic improvement

o cattle and buffaloes under different animal production systems.

1. Improvement of non-descript indigenous cattle through crossbreeding with superior exotic

dairy breeds

Te most rapid and effective approach to genetically improve the largest proportion o cattle

population which is non-descript will be through crossbreeding with exotic dairy cattle breeds

(Holstein Friesian and Jersey) particularly in milk shed areas around peri-urban and industrial towns

where large market exists or fluid milk and milk products and round the year adequate amount o

green odder and quality eed resources are available. Past experiences o crossbreeding with exotic

dairy cattle breeds like Holstein, Brown Swiss and Jersey has shown it would be an effective tool orbringing rapid genetic improvement in milk production o non-descript cattle. Holstein Friesian has

generally been recommended as the improver breed in milk shed plain areas. Jersey should be the

improver breed in hilly terrain and coastal areas. Te optimum level o exotic inheritance in crossbred

cattle should range between 50 and 62.5 per cent.

As a result o various research and development programmes on crossbreeding in dairy cattle

particularly crossing non-descript cattle with high yielding exotic cattle breeds over the year has proved

to be the quickest and most effective method or improving milk production. ill 2012, through an

effective breeding programme, 39 millions crossbred cattle comprising o hal-bred cattle and with

higher level o exotic inheritance crossbred cattle have been produced at organized arms and in ruraland peri-urban households in different agro-climatic zones o the country. Te crossbreeding has

given relatively good results mainly under semi-intensive and intensive animal production systems.

Accordingly, breeding policy or urther genetic improvement in large existing crossbred cattle

population under semi-intensive and intensive animal production systems is suggested as ollows:

Under intensive and semi-intensive animal production system, especially in milk sheds o large

consuming markets o fluid milk, it is advisable to restrict exotic inheritance between 50 and 62.5% in

crossbred cattle. Tereore, the F1 crossbred emales under semi-intensive production system should

be bred with the semen o genetically superior preerably progeny-tested, crossbred bulls having exotic

inheritance between 50% and 62.5% and produced through inter-se mating among crossbred animals.

Intensive (high input-high output) animal production system is mostly adopted by resource rich

armers in milk shed areas around peri-urban and industrial towns where a large market or fluid


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milk and milk products exists and adequate quantity o quality eed and green odder is available.

Under intensive production system, higher levels o exotic inheritance between 62.5 and 75% can be

sustained. Te F1 emales in the field should be bred with genetically superior (preerably progeny

tested) bulls o exotic breeds to produce progeny with 75% exotic inheritance. Further, the progeny

tested crossbred males having exotic inheritance between 50 and 75% produced through inter-se

mating can be used to sustain the exotic level between 62.5 and 75%. For selection o crossbred bullsas well as import o rozen semen o genetically superior exotic bulls, the selection criteria should be

the milk yield and milk constituents especially at and protein percentages.

Te crossbreeding o non-descript zebu cows using semen o exotic dairy cattle breeds has

resulted in enhancing milk production o non-descript cows significantly and reduction in age at first

calving, calving interval in first generation crossbred progenies. o sustain the improved productivity

o crossbreds and to check the decline in perormance in subsequent generations, requires a well

implemented breeding policy along with availability o quality breeding bulls in sufficient numbers,

inrastructure or AI and animal health inputs, effective delivery o services, programme monitoring

and regulatory mechanism.

2. Improvement of Non-descript cattle through grading with superior indigenous breeds

Te local non-descript, low producing cattle reared mainly under Low input-low output animal

production system across different agro-climatic zones should be improved through grading with

superior indigenous breeds where storage, transport and marketing acilities o processing milk and

milk products are poor.

Te non-descript cattle constituting more than 75-80% o total cattle population under this

production system. Te large population o local non-descript, and low producing cattle can be

genetically improved by grading up using high genetic merit pedigreed bulls o superior indigenous

cattle breeds like Sahiwal, Tarparkar, Rathi, Red Sindhi, Gir, Deoni, Hariana, Ongole, Kankrej etc.

available in the breeding tract. Tese improver breeds are being maintained on several organized

government and non-government arms or production o breeding bulls. It will be necessary to

improve these acilities and ensure that necessary acilities or their breeding eeding and health cover

are available on institutional arms in the breeding tract.

So ar the impact o breed improvement programmes initiated earlier through grading up the local

non-descript cattle with superior indigenous breeds has not been very encouraging. Tis may be due to

non-availability o adequate number o high genetic merit (pedigreed or progeny tested bulls) o indigenous

breeds, generally low production levels o indigenous breeds, irregular and short term breeding plan which

could not wean away the armers/breeders rom using scrub bulls locally available or breeding their cows.

Tereore, this system o bringing genetic improvement has not made any appreciable impact in improving

the production o local non-descript cattle to improved breeds.

Tereore, or successul implementation o grading up programme o non-descript cattle with

improved indigenous breeds the adequate number o superior breeding bulls o different indigenous

breeds need to be out-sourced or production o quality rozen semen and AI inrastructure

networking should be strengthened. Te bulls to be used or this purpose initially should be selected

as the sons o superior elite dams rom organized or armer herds and institutional arms. Te elite

dams milk yield record should be more than 2500 kg in first lactation and 3000 kg in other than first

lactation yield or milch breeds o Sahiwal, Rathi and Gir and more than 2000 kg in first lactation and

2500 kg in other than first lactation yield or dual purpose cattle breeds e.g. Hariana, Kankrej and

Ongole. Tese bulls should subsequently be evaluated or their genetic merits based on perormance


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o their progeny, through networking or organized arms and village herds preerably using open

nucleus breeding system.

3. Improvement of well defined indigenous cattle breeds through selection

o meet the huge requirement o superior bulls o well-defined indigenous cattle and buffalo

breeds and multiplication o their quality germplasm or upgrading and enhancing the productivity

o vast non-descript cattle as well as transorming them into well-defined purebreds, it is necessary

to undertake large-scale genetic improvement programmes in different zebu cattle breeds in their

respective breeding tracts through selection under progeny testing programme. Te animals relatively

with high producing ability belonging to well-defined indigenous dairy and dual purpose cattle

breeds are generally maintained under intensive production system on institutional organized arms

and under semi-intensive management system ollowed under progressive armers’ herds.

In the past, various projects / programmes or bringing genetic improvement o indigenous

cattle and buffalo breeds through selection have been undertaken generally on small sized and single

herd basis in an isolated manner. Tese programmes could not contribute towards identification

o adequate number o genetically superior bulls. Further, these programmes generally resulted in

small genetic progress over the years in most o the herds o indigenous cattle breeds. Tis could

be due to small population size, absence o selection intensity o male and emale animals, poor

replacement rate and more involuntary culling o cows on the basis o traits other than milk

production, unplanned breeding programme and poor monitoring. Tereore, it is suggested that

the breed specific networking o organized arms and armers/breeders’ herds should be developed

to orm a large network o associated herds or undertaking large scale progeny testing o breeding

bulls. Te closed herds could also be opened through two-way flow o superior germ plasm rom the

breeding tract to nucleus herds and vice-versa. Tus, with the adoption o open nucleus breeding

schemes with or without MOE will enhance genetic gain not only on organized herds but also incooperating armers’ herds.

Tereore, the existing herds o well-defined breeds need to be strengthened urther and be

used as elite herds or production o superior bulls. Te areas o the country where the indigenous

cattle breeds need to be improved through selection are: Gujarat state or Gir and Kankrej, Rajasthan

state or Rathi and Tarparkar; Haryana, part o Punjab, Western UP and Rajasthan or Sahiwal,

Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra or Ongole and Deoni. Trough selection it is expected that genetic

improvement can be achieved ranging rom 1 to 1.5% per annum on organized arms and 8-10%

per annum in armers’ herds in initial generations. Te genetic progress can be urther enhanced

especially using ONBS with the application o new reproduction biotechnology viz. sexing oembryos. Such breed improvement programme must orm taskorce or monitoring the germplasm

production, perormance recording, evaluation and selection o high genetic merit young bulls

and testing their genetic merit through networking both at organized herds including progressive

gaushalas maintaining indigenous breeds as well as armers’ herds under field conditions.

4. Improvement of descript buffalo breeds through selection

Te relatively high yielding buffaloes o well-defined buffalo breeds are maintained under

intensive production system at organized arms and under semi-intensive management system in

resource rich armers’ herds in the breeding tract o different buffalo breeds. o exploit the large

degree o genetic variability between and within the buffalo breeds, the genetic improvement o

buffalo herds in the country can be brought through selection within breeds. For some breeds open

nuclear breeding system combining institutional/ organized herds and the armers’ herds could be


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initiated in a network mode using nucleus herd having genetically superior breeding emales or

production o superior breeding bulls.

For effective implementation o such programmes particularly on large scale, existing organized

arms o Murrah, Surti, Mehsana, Nili Ravi, Pandharpuri and Jaffarabadi buffalo breeds should be

strengthened and linked or production o breeding bulls with high genetic merit. Surti, Mehsana

and Jaffarabadi is recommended to be the breed o choice in Gujarat. Surti is recommended to be

the breed o choice in Rajasthan. Murrah is generally the breed o choice in the states o Punjab,

Haryana, Western UP and Andhra Pradesh. A ew pockets in Punjab bordering with Pakistan where

programme or Nili Ravi should be undertaken. Pandharpuri is recommended to be the breed o

choice in Southern Maharashtra. Te genetic improvement in indigenous buffalo breeds or higher

milk production, reduction in age at maturity, reduction in service period, dry period and calving

interval will lead to higher economic returns to the armers. Trough networking a number o herds

o a particular breed, it is expected that genetic improvement in milk production can be achieved

ranging rom 1 to 1.5% per annum in herds at organized arms and 3-4% per annum in armers’ herds

through introducing elite male germplasm.

5. Improvement of non-descript buffaloes through grading with improver buffalo breeds

Te low producing non-descript buffaloes are generally reared under zero input-low output to

low input- medium input production system in areas where eed and odder resources and milk and

animal marketing acilities are moderately available. Te production potential o low producing non-

descript buffaloes can be increased rapidly through mating with superior bulls o improved breeds like

Murrah Surti and Mehsana. Surti is recommended or Karnataka, parts o Gujarat and Rajasthan, Nili

Ravi in a ew pockets o Punjab bordering Punjab province o Pakistan, Murrah or Haryana, Punjab,

parts o western Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. In other parts o the country where better eed

and odder resources are available, Murrah is recommended or grading up o non-descript buffaloes.

Tis programme is expected to increase the milk production o non-descript buffaloes by 2 to

3 times in early generations o grading up. Te grading up o non-descript buffaloes yielding on an

average 500 kg with genetically superior buffalo bulls having genetic potential o 2000 kg or more will

yield to an average o 1250 kg in first generation. Tus through grading up with superior breeds in

five to six generations, the low producing non-descript buffaloes can be replaced with relatively high

producing buffaloes conorming to the characteristics o well-defined respective breeds.

6. Selection of superior animals and multiplication of their germplasm

Methodologies developed or selection o emales based upon their expected producingability and young males based on their expected predicted difference using pedigree inormation,

physical attributes, seminal profile and subsequently evaluating them on the basis o their progeny

perormance could be utilized or improvement o cattle and buffalo herds maintained at organized

arms o central/state governments and other developmental agencies. For brining effective genetic

improvement, rigorous selection must be ensured on the basis o milk production o cows and

buffaloes maintained at institutional arms. It is very important to increase the herd replacement

rate and minimize involuntary culling on the basis o reasons other than milk production. For this,

scientific herd management practices including suitable housing, adoption o reproductive health

management package and practices, adequate availability o quality eeds and odder, timely disease

diagnosis and prophylactic health control measures need to be employed to minimize the economic

losses. Since large proportion o genetic gain raised through proper selection o superior breeding

bulls, it should be ensured that the young breeding bulls are the progenies o proven bulls and elite


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emales. Te young breeding bulls should subsequently be progeny tested on large test mate population

through associating multiple organized herds or armer herds. Elite cows or nominated mating may

be chosen rom organized herds and rom armers’ herds through developing proper perormance

recording system under field conditions.

For implementing the strategies in undertaking large scale programmes on genetic improvement

as well as conservation on widely distributed population o cattle and buffaloes in the country, we

require huge number o genetically superior breeding bulls along with adequate networking o

inrastructure as about there is a gap o 70 million doses o semen production and supply in the

country. Production o such a large number o bulls/bull calves selected on the basis o perormance o

elite pedigreed dams and progeny perormance is an uphill task in the absence o animal registration

and perormance recording system under field conditions. Tough the Networking/ coordinating

programme has been initiated under ICAR or Sahiwal and Murrah breed, however breed specific

models on Networking o institutional cattle and buffaloes organized arms and large progressive

armer’s herds or testing o large number o bulls with perormance recording and progeny testing o

bulls with active participation o armers need to be developed and widely implemented.

National Project on Cattle and Buffalo Breeding initiated by Department o Animal Husbandry

& Dairying, Govt. o India and National Dairy Plan Phase-I programme initiated under NDDB,

Anand aims the production o sizeable number o genetically superior bulls, reezing o the requisite

number o doses o semen, the supply o semen at the doorsteps o the armers and to promote the

conservation and genetic improvement o indigenous breeds o cattle and buffalo. Progeny testing

and Pedigree selection programme being implemented under Dairy Plan Phase-I programme to

meet the demand o germplasm o high genetic merit bulls or rozen semen stations across the

country. Te nine progeny testing programme on three breeds o cattle and and two breeds o buffalo

being implemented across Punjab ( Murrah ), Gujarat ( Murrah, Mehsana and HF crossbred), UttarPradesh ( Murrah ), Karnataka( HF Pure), Andhra Pradesh ( Jersey crossbred) and amil Nadu (

Jersey crossbred) under NDP Phase-I. For promoting and conservation o indigenous breeds o cattle

and buffalo, NDP Phase-I also initiated our pedigree selection programme covering our indigenous

breeds o cattle in Gujarat ( Gir, Kankrej and Jaffarabadi ) and Rajashtan (Rathi).

7. Incorporation of New generation echnology in breeding programme

Te emerging reproductive techniques such as multiple ovulation embryo technology, sexing in

cattle and large scale cloning o high pedigreed proven bulls offer possibilities or aster multiplication

o superior germ plasm and may acilitate to achieve the target o producing large number o superior

bulls calves/bulls and thereby reducing the gap o adequate number o quality semen doses in thecountry. Emerging developments in the areas o molecular genetics has also opened the new possibility

o identiying and using the significant genetic markers related to reproduction and production

perormance or genetic improvement o cattle and buffaloes. Te marker-assisted selection (MAS)

will be the new generation tool to be developed and used in breeding programme or enhancing

the rate o genetic progress o desired traits o Indian cattle and buffaloes. Tis could be o great use

in which the procedures o conventional selection have limitations in achieving efficiency or the

results have-not been satisactory. Te use o molecular techniques involves new opportunities and

new challenges or building and using more predictive and effective statistical models or livestock

improvement. Tereore, integration o molecular markers with conventional breeding involvinginormation on pedigree and progeny perormance will be able to increase the rate o genetic progress

besides reducing the cost o the breeding programme in the country.


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Preparation of echno-Economic Feasibility Report of a DairyProject, using computer simulated model

Dr P S Oberoi

NAIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSIUE, KARNAL-132001

Dairy arming is an economically viable activity under specific conditions. Te enterprise can

be started with ew thousand rupees and can grow gradually. Family labor and locally available low

cost eed resources can improve its profitability. Early returns make this venture economically more

viable. Genetic potential o the stock selected in terms o higher milk production and lower diseases

incidence has tremendous effect on the economy o dairy arming. Dairy arming has a promising

uture in rural development activities o the country, especially in poverty alleviation programs

through livestock development, and can boost the rural economy o the country. In view o the daily

requirement o resh milk and uses o other value added products, milk and existing market or itsproducts will continuously grow. In order to undertake the project one must prepare a project report

afer analyzing the techno–economic easibility o the project.

Planning different types o Dairy arming projects, premeditated with different objectives and

targets demands sound knowledge o dairy production and other related aspects Formulating a project

plan requires various steps. A techno-economic easibility study or the proposed Dairy-arming

project considering available resources and markets is an essential and crucial step. Te easibility

study under varied conditions, especially under diverse market price structures and other conditions

must be undertaken beore a project is started. “Computer simulating modeling,” using realistic basic

technical and cost related input data, is very handy and versatile tool to visualize, analyze and comparethe different projects, virtually in no time. Not only this, the modeling also can acilitate managers in

planning and directing his uture plans o work with respect to the livestock arming.

PREPARAION OF VIABLE PROJEC FOR FINANCE:

In order to obtain financial assistance or dairy project a techno-economic easibility report

is written and presented to the financial institute. Te scheme or project report normally includes

all the relevant acts and figures together with economic analysis required to assure the project or

its technical easibility and economic viability beore it is financed. Financial institution studies the

technical easibility taking into account various technical parameters considered or preparing thereports and bank ability considering return on investment, repayment schedule and security aspects.

In India loan rom banks with refinance acility rom national bank or agricultural and rural

development (NABARD) is available. For obtaining loan the armer/ entrepreneurs should apply to

the nearest branch o commercial, co-operative or regional rural bank in the prescribed application

orms, which is available in the above, mentioned banks. Guidance o agriculture field officer/ technical

officer or the manager o the bank can also be taken in preparation o the project report. For project

with vary large outlays detail project reports should be prepared as per the requirements o the bank.

Under lending terms bank normally defines the rate o interest security, repayment period o

loan, maximum possible cost o purchase o animals / equipments and margin money i.e. contributiono entrepreneurs in the total cost o the project. Te margin money or small armer is normally less

as compared to medium and larger armer (normally 5%, 10%, and 15% or small, medium and large


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armers respectively). Bank rates are charged as per the overall guidelines o RBI (normally 11-12%

p.a.). Security is as per NABARD /RBI guidelines issued. Repayment period depends upon gross

surplus in the financial analysis and preerably within 5-6 years with a grace period o one year. Te

repayment o loan is made quarterly/hal yearly or annually. Financial institute as per its landing

terms expects insurance o all the livestock o the project. Once the bank official ensures the techno-

economic viability o the scheme, the bank normally sanctions the loan.

ECHNO-ECONOMIC FEASIBILIY REPOR PREPARAION:

echno-economic easibility report o a dairy project should be prepared as per the topics

mentioned below.

Sr. No. opic

1 Introduction o the project (give current scenario o dairy arming, scope etc. in the proposedarea)

2 Location and address o the proposed project

Objective o the project (speciy, sel employment/ additional income generation etc.3 Personal details o the entrepreneurs (give ollowing details:

Status o the entrepreneurs (individual/partnership/co-operative society.Category: large/ medium / small/ land lessExperience o entrepreneurs: agriculture/ dairy arming etc.Financial status (give existing loan liabilities and assets etc.)Education and technical qualificationAvailability o amily laborManagement capabilities (mentioned sel management or hired management)

4. Investment plan (give item wise and year wise investment plan on housing, equipment andlivestock etc and giving total outlay)

5 Economic analysis or economic viability (give detail o livestock strength, technical parametersand rates (purchasing and selling rates) considered or economic analysis, expenditure andincome statement, gross profits, cash afer disbursing loan installment and loan interest,repayment schedule, return on investment etc. (Detail or this is given on subsequent text underthe heading “Computer Simulating Modeling techniques or echno-Economic Feasibility

Analysis”6 Summary & conclusion (based on economic analysis parameters indicates the techno-economic

viability o the project etc.)

Te report can be submitted to the financial institution or securing loan. Even i loan is not

required an entrepreneur must prepare a techno-economic easibility report. Tis will help him

in studying the easibility o the project in a specific situation. Further while executing the projectthe report will help in it’s monitoring by comparing technical and economical parameters achieved

and targeted in the project. He must receive practical training rom competent training imparting

organization/progressive armer. Local Krishi Vigyan Kendras / stare agriculture universities AIC

NDRI may also be contacted.

It is highly desirable that beore starting a dairy unit an entrepreneur should collect relevant

acts and figures about the new enterprise or techno–economic easibility analysis.

COMPUER SIMULAING MODELING ECHNIQUES FOR ECHNO-ECONOMIC FEASIBILIY ANALYSIS:

Te computer models are indispensable tools or arm managers, in monitoring, uture

planning and appropriate decision-making or running an enterprise efficiently and economically.


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Te computer models assist a planner or entrepreneur to take up or discard the proposed scheme the

modeling tool also help in monitoring and modiying the existing plan with changing environment

specially with changing market scenarios.

Realistic basic inormation on various technical aspects o dairy arming, existing and expected costs

and prices o raw and finished products as well as other on other economic parameters are the basis o the

simulating modeling technique. Te success o the models results largely depends on the truthulness o the

above-required inormation. Uttermost care should be used while collecting and compiling the inormation.

Tere is always need to cross verification o the inormation collected or the modeling rom different sources

beore incorporating in the structure o the model.

Computer based spreadsheet programs like Microsof Excel program can be used or structuring the

model, through interlinking logistically the various steps required to prepare a techno-economic easibility

plan. Using the available technical inormation on dairy production, available costs and prices various models

using Microsof Excel programs models or dairy arming has been developed or small-scale to medium-

scale armers. One such model is illustrated below. (Te model can be obtained through e-mail, by sending

request to the author ([email protected]).

ECHNO-ECONOMIC FEASIBILIY SUDY OF DAIRY FARMING UNI

USING COMPUER SIMULAED MODEL

(wenty CROS-BRED COWS DAIRY UNI MODEL)

RESULS A GLANCE:

Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5 AV.

1) CAPIAL REQUIRED (Rs) 2660000

a) Owners Capital (Rs) 877800b) Loan Amount (Rs) 1782200

2) REURN ON CAPIALINVESMEN (%) 18.94 19.58 19.97 31.66 35.38 25.11

3) BC RAIO 1.24 1.24 1.23 1.35 1.39 1.29

4) ANNUAL CASH BALANCE AFER DEBSERVICE (Rs) 23766 78268 127069 477784 617349 264847

5) INCOME IF FAMILY LABOURUSED/YEAR (Rs) 361766 447008 530211 893020 1045042 655410

6) AVERAGE INCOME/MONH IF HIRED

LABOUR (RS) 1980 6522 10589 39815 51446 220717) AVERAGE INCOME/MONH IF FAMILYLABOUR (RS) 30147 37251 44184 74418 87087 54617

8) OAL GAINS (paid loan + F. Income +gain in Cow Unit) 844206 943448 1040651 1249460 1401482 1095850

9) COS OF MILK PRODUCION(Rs) 31.04 32.17 33.45 33.31 33.20 32.64

A) PRODUCION PARAMEERS CONSIDERED ANDLIVESOCK SRENGH

Size o the Dairy Unit (Cows) 20 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5 AV.

otal Estimated animal units(Including calves) 22 24 26 26 26 24.72

otal lactating cows units 20 20 20 20 20 20


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Average daily milk yield o cowpurchased 14.00

Increase in Milk Production OverPrevious Year in % 2 2 2 2 2.00

Inter-calving period (Months) 14

Culling Rate% 20B) MILK PRODUCIONPROJECIONS Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5 AV.

otal number o expected lactations/year* 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1

Expected Milk yield/Lactation 4200 4284 4370 4457 4546 4371

otal milk production (lit) 72000 73440 74909 76407 77935 74938

Minus milk or eeding calves (lit)(300Lt/cal) 5143 5143 5143 5143 5143 5143

Milk available or sale (lit) 66857 68297 69766 71264 72792 69795

Daily availability o milk or sale 183 187 191 195 199 191

C) ECHNICAL PARAMEERS AND COS OF PURCHASED MAERIAL&SALEPRICES CONSIDERED:

Market price o cow considered on per liter average dailyyield (Rs) 5000

Estimated cost/cow (Rs) 70000

Estimated Housing,other strucures +Equipments cost @90% /cow unit(Rs) 63000

Estimated capital Investment /cowunit (Rs) 133000

Estimated total capital (Rs) 2660000

Rate O Interest 14

Margin money (%) 33

Owners Capital 877800

Loan (Rs) = 1782200

Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5 AV.

Annual Increase in Feed Cost, Milk Sellingprices & wages % 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

Milk Selling Price (Rs)/Lit. : 35.00 36.05 37.13 38.25 39.39 37.16

Purchase price o Green Fodder(Rs)/KG: 2.00 2.06 2.12 2.19 2.25 2.12

Purchase price o Straw (Rs)/KG: 5.00 5.15 5.30 5.46 5.63 5.31

Purchase price o Concentrate (Rs)/KG: 21.50 22.15 22.81 23.49 24.20 22.83

Contractual labor Wages /cow unit/year 10000 10300 10609 10927 11255 11593

Number o manager/supervisorhired 1 1 1 1 1 1

Supervisors (I required) salary /annum 120000 123600 127308 131127 135061 139113


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D) EXECED SALE PROCEEDS

UnitCost(Rs.) Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5

I) Milk 35.00 2340000 2462112 2590514 2725528 2867491

ii) Misc. Sales

Animal unit sold (culled) 20% ototal animal unit 35000 152600 166600 182000 182000 182000

Value o Surplus Heiers/cows(afer3 yr.) sold 63,000 0 0 0 216000 216000

Male cal (disposed o within 2months) 50 429 429 429 429 429

Female Cal 50%disposed within 4-6months 7500 32143 32143 32143 32143 32143

Insurance Claim cows ( 75% cost, o2%mortality) 52,500 21000 21000 21000 21000 21000

Cow dung/animal unit 1500 32700 35700 39000 39000 39000iii) otal Sales 2578871 2717983 2865086 3216099 3358063

E) EXPECED OPERAIONALEXPENDIURE

Ist year Unit Cost (Rs.)

Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5

G. Fodder cost @ 20kg/animal unit 2 318280 347480 379600 379600 379600

Straw @ 4Kg/animal unit 5 159140 178952 201359 207400 213622

Concentrate or milk production @3Kg/Lit 21.5 516000 542110 569540 598359 628636

Concentrate maintenance @0.5Kg/ani. unit 21.5 85538 96187 108230 111477 114822

Medicines & AI etc. 2000 43600 47600 52000 52000 52000

Rent/leasing cost or land or Shedetc /A.unit. 2000 43600 47600 52000 52000 52000

Contractual labor Wages /cow unit/year 10000 218000 245140 275834 284109 292632

Salary o supervisor/annum 120000 120000 123600 127308 131127 135061

Insurance premium cows only 4 56000 56000 56000 56000 56000

Electricity charges@ 2500 /animalunit/year 2500 54500 59500 65000 65000 65000

Other misc. charges@2500/animalunit 2500 54500 59500 65000 65000 65000

Replacement cost o animal unitculled 70000 280000 280000 280000 280000 280000

(a) otal operating cost 1949158 2083669 2231872 2282072 2334373

Operating surplus (otal sale -Operational cost) 629714 634315 633214 934027 1023690

(b) Dep. On shed machinery &Equipments 10 126000 113400 102060 91854 82669

otal Exp. (a+b) 2075158 2197069 2333932 2373926 2417041

F) NE PROFI 503714 520915 531154 842173 941022


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G) REURN ON CAPIALINVES.( %) 18.94 19.58 19.97 31.66 35.38

H) BC RAIO 1.24 1.24 1.23 1.35 1.39

I) COS OF MILK PRODUCION(Rs) 31.04 32.17 33.45 33.31 33.20

J) LOAN DISBURSEMEN AND PAYMENSCHEDULE

YEAR Loan Interest Instalment otal

1 1782200 249508 356440 605948

2 1425760 199606 356440 556046

3 1069320 149705 356440 506145

4 712880 99803 356440 456243

5 356440 49902 356440 406342

6 0 0 0K) CASH BALANCE AFER DEBSERVICE

YEAR

Open.Surplus Payments Cash balance

1 629714 605948 23766

2 634315 556046 78268

3 633214 506145 127069

4 934027 456243 477784

5 1023690 406342 617349

L) CASH BALANCE IF FAMILY LABOUREMPLOYED (Rs) Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5

361766 447008 530211 893020 1045042


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Extension Management-Recent Initiatives

Dr. N. Balasubramani

Deputy DirectorNational Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE), Hyderabad

Introduction

Livestock plays an important role in the socio-economic lie o India. With a large human

population and about 250 million economically strong potential consumers, the domestic demand

or these ood products are increasing rapidly, the demand ofen exceeding the supply. In the last 50

years, India has developed a strong and proessionally competent technical, marketing and business

manpower in Livestock production and Inormation echnology. Tis is an added advantage over

many developing countries o Asia and Arica. Availability o competent and comparatively low-cost

manpower in India is a great asset which is attracting oreign investors. It is estimated that almost 18

million people derive their livelihood rom livestock.

Te livestock economy penetrates sections o rural society both vertically and laterally,

supposedly more equitably than land holdings. However, it is a matter o growing concern that despite

70% o India’s livestock being owned by landless, marginal and small armers, recent studies across

India indicate that over hal o all these households are ‘non-livestock owners’, challenging the well

entrenched notions o livestock being more equitably distributed than land.

Extension Focus required in the issues o Livestock Sector

Tere have been dramatic changes in livestock population and composition over the past fivedecades, many o which have negatively impacted the poor. While total population and density o

livestock has increased over time, the number per rural household has declined. Tere was a drastic

decline o bullocks post the eighties, with the share o arm animals in power supply declining

rom 71% in 1961 to less than 23% in 1991. Te 59th round o the NSSO (National Sample Survey

Organisation) reports that working cattle in rural areas declined by 25% between 1991-92 and 2002-

03. Tere has been a corresponding shif in composition o the bovine population rom cattle to

buffalos.

Change in livestock population and composition has varied across different landholding

categories, with the decline in livestock holding being sharpest amongst landless households.Surprisingly only 15-20% o households own sheep and goat.

Te green revolution agriculture policy directly impacted the livestock economy in extremely

negative ways. Mechanization replaced bullock power; hybrid mono-crops resulted in reduced stalk

size, diversity and quality o crop-residue; and chemicals and pesticides polluted the environment,

thereby compromising the health o humans, animals and plants. Finally, water-intensive crops and

odder varieties consumed water ar in excess o what the agro-eco regions could replace/ recharge.

Tis was a major reason or the collapse o traditional water harvesting and water management

systems in the dry lands, which were perhaps the only source o drinking water or all village and

migratory livestock, apart rom their other traditional uses.Te global demand or livestock products is expected to increase by over 60 percent by 2050.

FAO estimates present global livestock populations at around 22 billion poultry, 1 billion pigs, 1.6


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billion cattle and buffalo, 2 billion sheep and goats. Tose populations are needed to satisy today’s

demand or such products, so the livestock sector is under significant pressure to greatly increase

the amount o sae, nutritious eed available to animals to provide the products needed in the uture.

Providing animals with adequate, balanced diets, ree o toxins and contaminants is essential to

enhancing their productivity and welare.

Perhaps the most critical problem is the acute scarcity o odder (in terms o quality and quantity)

and water or the greater part o the year, resulting in reduced productivity o animals and high rates

o disease and death. Fodder and water insecurity orces many armers to sell their valuable and

productive animals at distress rates during summer, only to repurchase them at exorbitant prices at

the onset o monsoons.

Limited livestock ownership amongst the poor and landless households might urther reduce

their stakes in common property/natural resources, which is not only inadequate but also reduces

their coping ability particularly in vulnerable dry land contexts.

Land reorms ofen translated into distribution o public grazing lands, even as the landlords

continued to possess ertile lands. Te landless were given the uncultivable land, and the village lost

its common grazing spaces. Shrinking CPRs pushed more and more livestock into the orests areas.

Forestry and so-called wasteland plantation programmes urther reduced grazing access.

Many o the waste lands were actually grazing lands used by the village poor, the landless

or migratory pastoral herding communities but seldom have these ‘grazing’ needs been careully

considered in ‘wasteland development’ programmes. Another major problem leading to urther

degradation and depletion o our odder resources has been the treatment o natural grasslands and

pastures in typically the same way as orests have been treated: excessive protection and exclusion o

local communities and their livestock.

Dry land regions also traditionally harboured the ‘grasslands’ o India, providing pasture/ grass

or some parts o the year. In these harsh climates with minimal precipitation, sustained agriculture

through the year is extremely difficult and it is livestock which has historically played an important

role in people’s livelihoods.

Livestock are better and more efficient utilisers o the available biomass. Tey contribute to the

grasslands by dispersing valuable grass seeds, keeping unnecessary weeds in check and by ertilising

the soil with their dung and urine. As natural grasses are not available throughout the year, migratory

or semi-migratory systems o livestock rearing are practiced, particularly by the pastoralists and,

sometimes in acute water and odder scarce situations, also by armers who are engaged in moresettled mixed crop-livestock arming.

Livestock production systems, in the country can broadly be described under our categories:

pastoral, orest-based, mixed crop-livestock and industrial/commercial production systems. While

the ormer three have existed and evolved in the country since time immemorial, the presence o the

latter is a relatively recent phenomenon which draws upon a system that evolved in the developed

countries. Mixed crop-livestock arming and pastoralism are the two common production systems

ound across our rained agriculture zones. In the ormer, armers derive their livelihood somewhat

equally rom agriculture and livestock; in the latter, people’s livelihoods depend primarily upon their

livestock, which are exclusively maintained on grazing.Presently, only a very small raction o the livestock sector exists as industrialized systems.

Examples include commercial poultry arms, dairy arms and a ew commercial goat and pig arms.


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While industrial systems permit reduction o costs o production due to economies o scale, their

social, environmental and public health costs may prove expensive in the long run. Industrial systems

require conversion o good agricultural land that can eed humans to odder plots to eed animals.

Tey accelerate the conversion o natural orests and grass-lands to pasture. History is witness that

the process o industrialization in the developed world has wiped out poor armers, small enterprises

and local breeds. About 90% o cattle in the USA and 60% o all European cattle belong to one breed.Broiler and layer chicken in organized arms across the world rely on less than hal a dozen breeds,

although there are 606 breeds o chicken worldwide.

Animal diseases reduce the production potential o livestock and cause enormous economic loss.

Tere are number o diseases such as rinderpest, oot-and-mouth disease, haemorrhagic septicaemia,

mastitis, brucellosis, tuberculosis, black quarter, etc. that affect the livestock production in India.

Te recent outbreak o bird flu in India demonstrates the pressures o global trade and its reflecting

impact on small holders. Tus, prevention and control o diseases have been a major concern o

India’s livestock research and extension system.

Based on the above situation, the small livestock producers o our country have to be acilitated

to enable them to overcome the problems aced by them in the livestock sector and gain benefit rom

this huge demand and to compete with emerging organised industries. In this regard, small livestock

producers should be integrated vertically with livestock ood processors through contract arming,

improve the efficiency o their operations and the productivity o their animals through orming

them into commodity interest Groups, providing better veterinary advisory services etc.

Te type and magnitude o the problems vary with various actors such as socio – economic

conditions o the livestock keepers, type o enterprises, availability o the extension services etc.

Te problems however, can be effectively handled only through demand driven and client specific

extension system.

Demand Driven Approaches

Demand-driven is a relatively recent label or a notion that has been around since people began

to write about extension as an academic discipline and educational practice (Scarborough et al. 1997).

It captures the idea that the inormation, advice and other services offered by extension proessionals

should be tailored to the expressed demands o the clients or recipients o the service: not just to

their “needs” as identified by various stakeholders (government, corporations, scientists, extension

proessionals ), but the things they say they want. Until the current reorms o public agricultural

extension began in the 1990s, making extension demand – led was commonly seen as a question otechniques and methods. ools like the Problem Census (Crouch 1991) were developed or identiying

what clients wanted. However, operationally there has always been a tension within public sector

services between what the client wants to learn and what the government wants the client to know

and do. Tis tension is typically resolved by enshrining the principle o being responsive to clients

in the job description o extension proessionals and the operational procedures o the organizations

within which they work. Still, the main line o their accountability h

Documents

Publications Compendium Oct2015