Federal Control of Aviation 65 I The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 6.52

Federal Aviation Regulations 654 Study Questions. Federal Abiation Regulations 655

I Advisory Circulars 656 I Sti~cly Questions: Advisory Circulars 6.56 I

Aircraft Certification 65 7 Approved Type Certificates (ATC) 657

Type Certificate Data Sheets, Aircruft Spec.$cntinns, unrl Aircrafi Listirigs 657 Production Certificates 659 Airworthiness Certificate 659 Supplemental Type Certificates (STC) 659

Study Questions: Aircraft Certification 660

Airworthiness Directives 662 Publication of Airworthiness Directives 663 General Aviation Airworthiness Alerts 666

Study Questions: Airworthiness Directives 666

i Technical Standard Orders (TSO) and Parts Manufacturer Approval (PMA) 667 I Study Questions: Technical Standard Orders and Parts Manufaclurer Approval 668 I

Manufacturer's Maintenance or Service Manuals 668

Maintenance Intervals 670 Study Questions: Manufacturer's Service Manuals 670

ATA I00 Specifications 6 70 Study Questions: ATA 100 Specifications 673

1 Component Maintenance Manuals (CMM) 674 Answers to Chapter 11 Study Questions 6 75

FARs AND MAIYI.T:NANCI; PIIHI.!C:,YI:ONS Chapter I 1

- - Federal Control of Aviation The Wright brothers' f i s t successfill flight of a heavier-than-air flying ma- chine was made in 1903, and for the next few years, flying was limited mainly to short hops around fields. The airplanes of this era had no practical use, but in 1910 a law was passed to determine "whether aerial navigation may be utilized for the safe and rapid transmission of the mails." September of 191 1 marked the first time mail was carried by airpkme. The flights were of only about ten miles distance and were demonstrations at an air meet held on Long Island, New York. Throughout 1912, there were other successful attempts at carrying the mail by air, but it was not until 1916 that the U.S. government actually appropriated money for the carriage of mail by air. However, be- cause of our involvement in World War I, airmail potential went untapped until the U.S. Post Office began carrying the mail in May of 1918.

After World War I ended in November of 1918, thousands of people trained in aviation returned to civilian life, and hundreds of airplanes and engines were made available to these veterans. This opened the age of barn- storming and flying circuses, and individual pilots toured the United States, introducii~g flying to the American public. Interest was created, but aviation still served little real public service.

The Airmail Act of 1925 started things moving when it awarded 12 con- tract airmail routes that covered most of the United States. The operators who held these contracts made the first serious use of the airplane.

The Air Commerce Act of 1926 was passed to "promote air commerce." This act charged the federal government with the operation and maintenance of the airway system as well as all aids to air navigation, and to ensure safety in air commerce through a system of regulation. Safety regulations were to be administered by the Department of Commerce through its Bureau of Air Commerce.

Safety regulations included the registration and licensing of aircraft, and the certification and medical examination of pilots. Enforcement of these regulatiorfs was assured by the authorization to impose civil penalties for [heir violation.

The Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938, and its later amendment in 1940, created the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) to investigate aircraft accidents and to exercise legislative and judicial authority over civil aviation. It also

. . , . FARs AN; MAINTENANCE P[JELIC.ATIONS Chapter 1:

FAA Regional Boundaries

f Figure 11-1. Doniertic reyionr of the Fedrral Avlntzoil Adnlrnrstratlon

Each of the FAA regions are divided into districts with either a Flight Stan- dards District Office (FSDO) or a General Aviation District Office (GADO). They are a technician's main contact with the FAA, and are a source of in- forini~tion and assistance for maintenance personnel.

The FAA Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center, located in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, houses many of the functions that involve aviation maintenance technicians. All of the maintenance technician tests are created here, and the Airmen Certification Branch has the record? of all airmen certificates that have been issued. The FAA Academy, one of the largest aeronautical train- ing facilities in the country, is located here.

Flight Stantl~rtls District OUicc (PSIIO). An FAA Ilelcl ot'l'ice serving ;In assigned geograld~ical areil. It is slnl'l'ed will1 Flight S~aitcl;t~-cls Pel-so~~nel who serve Lhe aviation iritlustly and 111e ge~~era l J I L I I J I ~ C 011 lilalters relaling IO lllc czrtil'ici~tion 2nd operalicn of hot11 ail. carriers ;~ntl gcncral t~viation ;~ircri~fc.

Gelleral Aviation District Oi'f'icc (GAIjO). An FAA ficld 0ffii.l: serving an assignet\ geugl-aphical urea. [L is stiifktl with Fligki / Starttlnrtls Perzonnel who serve 1111: ;lvialioi~ {

'"ii8u$ry and llle general public 011 nl,t!ic-~-s relating to Ihe c.rrlil'~cution a m j r r ; ~ r i v ; : of general ;ivi;~tioil ail-csaf~. bl;!t$r ! ;,2 I)!), have bccn rcplaced I,y Fli;li:l $t,~!,.':!stl:, District 015iccs, FSDOs.

I"

i An.rwr~;r are on Page 675. Page nurnher.s refer fo C ~ L I I I I L J I . t e ~ t . 1

I I. The issuance oi an Airworthiness Certificate for :l nol.mal catego~y a ~ ~ p l n ~ i e is govelrted h y 1:,'.1: I'art

. Pug e 655 - i

2. Information regarding instrulnent range marking for iln airplane certificated In tlie norrn;:l catt:gorv is ! I - . Pnq., 655 i

3 Information regarding certification of aircraft 1nninten;lnce technicians is found In FAR I':wL . Prrg~ 6.55 !

- - 1

Aircraft Certif ieatisn The design criteria for civilian aircraft are included in Federal Aviation Regu- Iiltiuus for each category of aircraft. The FARs that ilxc:xle this information are llrted in Figure 11-3.

Figure 11-3. Federal Aviation Regulations describing the design criteria jbr various cutegorie~ of aircraft, engines, andpropellers

Approved Type Certificates (ATC) . When an aircraft, engine, or propeller is designed, a prototype is built and tested. Any deficiencies are corrected, and it is retested until it is proven that it conforms to all of the requirements of the appropriate part of the FAR. It is then issued an Approved Type Certificate (ATC) in accordance with FAR Part 2 1 Certification Procedure.~,for Products anrl Parts. A Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS) accompanies the ATC that lists all of the pertinent speci- fications that must be adhered to for the ATC to continue to be effective.

Type Certificate Data Sheets, Aircraft Specifications, and Aircraft Listings Any time an aircraft is given an annual or 100-hour inspection, the person approving it for return to service must inspect it for co;lformity to the TCDS. The aircraft is not legally airworthy if it does not conform.

Aircraft, engines, and propellers certificated before January 1, 1958 were certificated under the Civil Aeronautics Administration and did not have TCDS's issued, but this same information was furnished on Aircraft, Engine, or Propeller Specification Sheets.

Aircrafz Listings is il document that contains the most pertinent specifi- cations for certificated aircraft of which there are fewer ~han 50 still regis- tered with the FAA.

TCDS, Aircraft Specijications, and Aircraft Li.r'tings are available from the FAA in the six volumes listed in Figure 11-4.

'Type Certificate I)al:r Sheet !'I'CI)S). Doc~umcntatioi~ that inclutles the pertinent specifications for c111i enlly proclucrd certificated ;~irfi-a~nes: cngincs, i~ntl propellers.

Aircr:rft I,istirrgs. Docu111cnt;llion thnl incluclcs many ol' [lie ~)c~Lincn! specific:!- tions l'w- ccrtificatecl aircr;~EL 01' which 111cl.e are I'ewrl. ~ l ~ i i n 50 still regisIcr~(l.

Aircral't 3pccil'ications. I)oc~unientalion Illat inclutles the pel-tincnt specificnlio~~s tor older ail.craf~ (hat wcrc ccrlif'ic'atcd uncler Lhe Civil Avi:llion l

Production Ceatifica tes An ATC i s approval for the design of an aircraft, enzine, 01 propeller but it does not cover the production process. When each aircraft having an ATC is produced, it must be inspected to assure the FAA that it conforins in all ways to the provisioils of the ATC.

When a large number of aircraft are produced under the same ATC, it is convenient and cost effective for the FAA to issue a Production Certificate under FAR Part 21 to a manufacturing facility allowing them to produce the aircraft. This certification governs the location of the fadcility, the quality control system, and the various inspections of materials and finished prod- ucts. The FAA can keep check on the production facility rathcr than having to inspect each aircraft produced. When an aircraft confoms to the ATC and is built under a production certificate, it may be given its Airworthiness Certificate without any further inspection.

Airworthiness Certificate An Airworthiness Certificate is issued under FAR Part 21 to an aircraft when it is first certificated, and it is transferred to the new owner when the aircraft is sold.

There are two classes of Airworthiness Certificates: Standard, and Spe- cial. Standard Airworthiness Certificates are issued to aircraft certificated in the normal, utility, acrobatic, commuter, and transport category, and to nlallned free balloons. Special Airworthiness Certificates are pr~mary, re- stricted, limited, and provisjonal, and special flight permtts and experinlen- tal certificates.

Standard Airworthiness Certificates and airworthiness certificates issued for primary, restricted, or limited category aircraft are effective as long as the maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations are performed in accordance with FAR Parts 43 and 91. Special flight permits are effective for the period of time specified in the permit. An experimental certificate for research and develop~nent is valid for one year fi-om the date of' issue or re- newal. Experimental certificates for amateur-built, exhibitio:~. and racing aircraft are normally unlimited unless the Administrator finds for good cause that a specific period should be established.

Supplemental Type Certificates (STC) An Approved Type Certificate does not afford a manufacturer the same type of protection as a patent, and an individual other Lhan the inanufacturer is free to make changes to the approved product and to make available info- mation that allows others to make the same changes.

Authorization for these changcs is made uncle1 n Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) issued under FAR Part 21, and the ripplicant for an STC niust allow the FAA to malie any ground and flight tests they feel are neces- sary to show that the altered aircraft, engine, or propeller still conforms to the applicable F.4Rs.

--- - - - - -- -

ATC number Name and address of the ATC

holder Type Engine shaft Hub material Blade material Number of blades Hub models eligible Blades eligible Certification basis Production basis Notes showing the hub model

designatrcn, blade model

1 I

designation, pltch control, 1 whether the propeller is feather- l ing or reversing, and informat~on about left-hand models. Notes also include informatlon on interchangeabil~ty of blades and propellers and a table of ap- proved propeller-engine c~mblnations ---_--II---___ J

Figure 11-7. Ir~fiirmation inclirdeilirl a pro. peller Type C~rtiji'c~rte D~ltrr Shc,:t

c i r t c l nual es p r o p l e d ~ d ezcl ; :z~~*

de GTJA'TFR LACHMANN .- -------- 1

I I . Teclmical specifjcations for a certificated propeller is found in the appropriate Type Certifica~e Data Sheet. P ( ~ g e 659

1 12. Placards reqnired to be in an aircraft are specified by the FAA in the app-oprinte I

13. Information on aircraft certificated before J X I U ~ T Y 1 , 1958, is available fro.?^ the FAA in the form . Page 657

I 14. Information on aircraft of which there fewer than 50 still in service is available from Lhe FAA in the

publication entitled . Page 657

15. An STC may be issued to more than one applicant for the same design change, providing each applicant shows compliance with the applicable airworthiness requirements. This statement is

(true or false). Pugr 660 t ) I

16. The information included in an STC (is or is not) considered to be approved da!a I'or I use by a person altering an aircraft in conformance with the STC. Page 660 I

17. Two classes of Airworthiness Certificates are:

b. Page 659

18. When an aircraft is sold, the Airworthiness Certil'icate is transferred to the . Page 659

Publication of Airworthiness Directives Individual ADS are distributed to the owners of the affected products and are also made available to maintenance personnel by subscriptioil from the FAA, as described in AC 00-44, Status of the Federal Aviation Regulations. ADS are published in six books:

Small Aircraft and Rotorcraft-Book 1, Summun, of Air~~orthiness Direc- tives, dated Jaguary 1990. This book was not re ,rised and it contains all ADS cuirently in effect but issued during the time period 1940 through 1979.

Small Aircraft and Rotorcraft- Book 2, Summary of Airworthiness Direc- tives, dated January 1996. This book contains all ADS currently in effect but issued during the time period 1980 through 1989.

I Small Aircraft and Rotorcraft- Book 3, Sunzmary of Airworthiness Direc- tives, dated January 1996. This book contains all ADS currently in effect

I I

but issued during the time period 1990 through 1995.

Biweekly S~~pplements, Small Aircraft and Rotorcrajt, S~~~izmat-y qfAirwor- thiness Directives. This package contains all biweekly supplements for small aircraft and rotorcraft from January i996 through December 1007. An index is included which relates to books 1, 2, and 3 and reflects revised and superseded ADS. The index is updated twice during the, subscription period.

f , There are also three books and biweekly summaries for large aircraft

.

that include the same information as is furnished for small aircraft. I

I ADS are also available in microfiche form and on a CD-ROM. Jn tlie *

I CD-ROM format, the purchase price is for one CD, and the biweekly supple- ments are available free by downloading them from FedWorld (the FAA's electronic bulletin board on the internet).

AD subscriptions may be ordered from:

Superintendent of Documents Government Printing Office P.O. Box 371954 Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954 Phone: (202) 5 12-1 806 FAX: (202) 5 12-2250

New ADS are available free on the FedWorld electronic bulletin board via the internet in two ways:

Telnet to fedworld.gov: ftp://ftp. fedworld.gov/pub/fan

World Wide Web: http://www.fedworld.gov

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i 23 Compliance wlth an applicable Airworthinew Directive must he I-ecorded in the aircraft rluge 665 24. Four devices that are covered by the Airworthiness Ilirective system are:

d. - -- Page 661

25. Compliance with an Airworthiness Directive (does or does not) rccpire 211 entry in the maintenance record of the affected equipment. Page 665

26. The information in General Aviation Airwol-thiness Alerts is gathered through

reports sent into the FAA by mechanics a11d repair stations. Page 666

27. The corrective action listed in a General Aviation Airworthiness Alert is (advisory or mandatory). Page 666

. . - /,'I. > Tec[lmigal > ~ $ ~ ; ; ~ ~ , ~ ~ ; ; < ~ ~ ; : ~ ~ $ j ~ ~ ~ , q d d ~ ~ > , , y , tJ : ~ ~ ~ i ~ G ; l ; ~ $"c

Figure 11-10 is a typical excerpt from an airplane service manual regal-ding 1:lbrjcntion of the nose gear assembly. Codes represented by symbols indi- c a ~ e the frequency of lubrication required and ihe nlethod c1f lubrication. For example, the torque links should be lubricated with a grease gun every 50 hours, using MIL-G-81322A general purpox grease. Spe Figlire 11 -10.

LUBRlCATE AS REQUIRED AND WHEN ASSEMBLED OR MSTALLED.

METHOD O F APPLlCATION

HAND GREASE OIL SYRINGE GUN CAN (FOR POWDERED

GRAPHITE)

NOTE

The mili tary specifications l isted below a r e not mandatory, but a r e Intended a s guides in choosing satisfactory materials. Products of m o s t reputable manufac turers meet o r exceed these specifications.

LUBRICANTS

PC SS-G-659 . . . . . . . . . . . . . POWDERED GRAPHITE G I MIL-G-81322A . . . . . . . . . . GENERAL PIIRPOSE GREASE CH MIL-G-23827A . . . . . . . . . . . AMCRAFT AivD INSTRUMENT GREASE G L MIL-G-21164C . . . . . . . . . . HIGH AND LOW TEMPERATURE GREASE OG MIL-L-7870.4 . . . . . . . . . . . GENERAL PURPOSE OIL P L VV-P- 236 . . . . . . . . . . . . . PETROLATUM

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cr NO. lOWT NON-DETERGENT OIL D L W - L - 8 0 0 A . . . . . . . . . . . . LIGHT OIL

NEEDLE BEARTNGS

DAMPENER ALSO REFER T O PARAGRAPH 2 - 4 4

TORQUE LINKS

PARAGRAPH 2-46 BEARMGS

BE ARTNGS

Figure 11 -10. Ercerptj,onl A irrmf t Srrl j~cc MLznlr[~l

- ----.- - - - --

/ S y s t ' ~ ~ ~ $ y ~ ~ & y ~ 1 E,ub]ect

( 5 Time LimitslMaintenance Checks 00 General 10 Time Llmits 20 Scheduled Malntenance

Checks 30 Reserved 40 Reserved 50 Unscheduled Malntenance

Checks 6 Dimensions and Areas

00 General 7 Lift ing and Shoring

00 General 10 Jacking 20 Shoring

8 Leveling and Weighing 00 General 10 We~ght and Balance Computer

9 Towing and Taxiing 00 General 10 Towing 20 Taxling

10 Parking and Mooring 00 General 10 ParklnglStorage 20 Moorlng 30 Return to Servlce

11 Required Placards 00 General 10 Exter~or Color Schemes and

Marklng 20 Exterior Placards and

Marking 30 Interlor Placards and

Marklng 12 Servicing

00 General 10 Replenishing 20 Scheduled Servicing 30 Unscheduled Servicing

20 Standard Practices Airframe 00 General

21 Air Conditioning 00 General 10 Compression 20 Distrlbutiqn 30 Pressurization Control 40 Heatlng 50 Coollng 60 Temperature Control 70 MoistureIAir Contarnlnant

I Control 1 22 ;;to;:;:;al

10 Auto Pilot 1 20 SpeedlAftude Correction 30 Auto Throttle 40 System Mon~tor

23 Communications L 00 General - -- Figure 11-12. ATA 100 Sl~eclfications

10 HF 20 VHFIUHF 30 Passenger Addressing and

Entertainment 40 lnterphone 50 Audlo lntergratlng 60 Statlc Dlscharg~ng 70 Aud~o & Video Momtonng

24 Electrical Power 00 General 10 Generator Drlve 20 AC Generatlon 30 DC Generatlon 40 External Power 50 Elect Load D~str~but~on

25 Equipmentand Furnishing 00 General 10 Flight Colnpartment 20 Passenger Compartment

System 30 BuffeVGalley 40 Lavatones 50 Cargo Compartment 60 Emergency 70 Accessory Compartments

26 Fire Protection 00 General 10 Detectlon 20 Extlngulshrng 30 Explosron Suppression

27 Flight Controls 00 General 10 Alleron B Tab 20 Rudder/Ruddewator & Tab 30 Elevator B Tab 40 Horlz StabillzerlStabilator 50 Flaps 60 Spo~lers, Drag Devlces &

Vanable Aerodynamic Falrlngs 70 Gust Lock & Dampener 80 L~f t Augmenting

28 Fuel 00 General 10 Storage 20 D~stnbut~onldra~n Valves 30 Dump 40 lndlcatlng

29 Hydraulic Power 00 General 10 Maln 20 Auxlllary 30 lndicatlng

30 Ice & Rain Protection 00 General 10 Alrforl 20 Air Intakes 30 Pltot & Static 40 Wlndows & Windshields 50 Antennas & Radomes 60 Propellers & Rotor

70 Water Llnes 80 Detectlon

31 IndicatingIRecording Systems 00 General 10 Unass~gned 20 Unass~gned 30 Recorders 40 Central Computers 50 Central Warnlng System

32 Landing Gear 00 General 10 Maln Gear 20 Nose GearTTall Gear 30 Extension & Retraction,

Level Swltch 40 Wheels & Brakes 50 Steerlng 60 Pos~tlon, Warnlng & Ground

Safety Switch 70 Supplementary Gear Skis,

Floats 33 Lights

00 General 10 Fllght Compartnient &

Annunciator Panel 20 Passenger Compartments 30 Cargo & Service

Compartment 40 Exterlor L~ght~ng 50 Emergency L ~ ~ h t l n g

34 Navigation 00 General 10 Fl~ght Envlronnrent Data 20 Attltude & Dlrcc'.~on 30 Landlng & Tax1 A~ds 40 Independent Posltlon

Determln~ng 50 Dependent Pos~t~or,

Determlnlng 60 Pos~t~or~ Computing

35 Oxygen 00 General 10 Crew 20 Passenger 30 Portable

36 Pneumatic 00 General 10 Dlstr~butlon 20 Ind~catlng

37 VacuumlPressure 00 General 10 D,str~bution 20 lndlcatlng

38 WaterlWaste 00 General 10 Portable 20 Wash 30 Waste D~sposal 40 Pir Supply

-- -. - .-

32. Give the location according to the ATA 100 Specifications for maintenance information o n each of these

a. Automatic pilots b. Fuel dump systems .- c. Flight crew oxygen systems d. Thrust reversers

FARs AND MAIN.I.ENANCE I'UBLICA'~IONS Chapter 1%

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