Public Policy Update_4!12!13

7/28/2019 Public Policy Update_4!12!13

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On Wednesday, the Obama Ad(FY) 2014. It includes $52 billionbillion is in the base budget an

Presidents Request Moves OFor supporters of the 150 accouaccount compares favorably to

have allocated only $38.7 billionnot released recommendationsthat base funding for critical devand disproportionate cuts in futu

Modest Request Reflects CurrCompared to recent years, the pthe FY2013 request ($56.2 billioFY2014 request is lower, it is stilhereafter) International Affairs b

Development Accounts Gener

The presidents recommendatiothan previous enacted levels, aspresidents plan, for example, GlFY2013, and the president requTuberculosis and Malaria. Preliand for PEPFAR; we will providwould receive increases over thCorporation, the International DProgram, the International FundInternational Food for Educationfunding compared with presequ

The overall Development Assistactually somewhat inflated by thwhile the overall DA proposed fusequestration level of approximawould be just $2.59 billion, or 4

Proposed Levels for HumanitCompared to final FY2013 fundiunder the presidents proposal.

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PUBLIC POLICY UPDATEApril 12, 2013

WASHINGTON UPDATE

ion Budget and Appropriations Update

inistration unveiled its $3.77 trillion budget profor the International Affairs Budget (150 accou$3.8 billion is in Overseas Contingency Oper

O Funding into the Base International Affaint, the presidents base budget of $48.2 billion foth the House and Senate budget committee b

and $45.6 billion respectively to the 150 basen funding levels for OCO). As OCO funding delopment and humanitarian programs is increa

re years.

ent Tight Fiscal Constraintsresidents FY2014 request for the 150 account) and 11% lower than FY2010 enacted ($58.6

l better than the final FY2013 CR postsequestrse budget, which was down 19% from FY2010

ally Fare Well Compared to FY2013 CR Post

s for health and a number of development accwell as the postsequestration levels for FY201

obal Health ($8.3 billion overall) would receivested $1.65 billion for the Global Fund to Fightinary numbers appear to be low, however, formore details as they become available. Seversequester levels, including the Millennium Ch

velopment Association, the Global Agriculturefor Agricultural Development and the McGoverand Child Nutrition program, though they woulstration levels.

nce (DA) number, while higher than last yearse presidents proposed food aid reform (discusnding level of $2.84 billion is 5% higher than thtely $2.8 billion, without the additional funding f

less than the FY2013 funding level.

rian Accounts are a Cause for Concerng, humanitarian accounts appear to be receiviverall, the four humanitarian-focused account

posal for fiscal yearnt), of which $48.2tions (OCO).

rs Budgetor the 150lueprints, which

ccount (they haveclines, it is criticaled to avoid deep

is 7% lower thanbillion). While thetion (FY2013levels.

sequestration

unts are higher. Under the

a 3.4% bump overIDS,ther TB fundingl other accountsllengend Food Security-Dolereceive flat

at first blush, ised below). Soe FY2013 postor food aid, it

g steep cutsof International


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Disaster Assistance, Migration and Refugee Assistance, Emergency Refugee and MigrationAssistance and Food for Peace Title II would be cut by at least $1.25 billion, and maybe more, inFY2014 compared with FY2013 even after sequestration and proposed changes in Food forPeace Title II. As a result, there are concerns that the presidents funding levels may not beadequate to meet global needs, especially as the world faces ongoing crises in places like Syriaand Mali.

The Migration and Refugee Assistance (MRA) account would receive the largest cut,coming in $900 million lower than even the postsequestration funding level in FY2013

($2.66 billion in FY2013 compared with $1.76 billion in FY2014).

And while the overall number for the International Disaster Assistance (IDA) account has

been increased to $2.045 billion, it is in reality a smallerallocation than last year because

it now includes $1.416 billion for food aid (further analyzed below) and just $629 million for

the primary function of the account, the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA). The

OFDA allocation for FY2013 was approximately $1.15 billion, so the FY2014 funding level

for OFDA would represent a $523 million cut in the core OFDA budget.

While the request proposes a significant increase from $100 million to $250 million to the

Emergency Refugee and Migration Assistance account, it is a relatively small accountcompared to IDA and MRA.

Food Assistance Reform Proposal: an Encouraging StartThe last of the four humanitarian accounts, Food for Peace Title II, has probably received themost attention in the run-up to the budgets release, as the president outlined a reform proposalfor these programs in his budget. Leading NGOs have agreed on a set of principles to help guideefforts to reform food assistance programs, and initial analysis indicates the proposed reformswould be largely consistent with this set of principles if Congress transfers all of the money asproposed and creates the legislative authority to protect the core purposes of both the emergencyand developmental programs under Food for Peace Title II in the new accounts. These principlesinclude making sure any reforms protect the core focus and effective elements of existing food

assistance programs, increase the number of people helped, improve the flexibility of programs,and are made in an open, transparent and inclusive process.

As outlined, the administrations proposed reforms to U.S. food assistance programs wouldreportedly allow lifesaving assistance to reach an additional 2-4 million people as well as makegains in flexibility, timeliness and efficiency of these programs. The reforms would zero out theP.L. 480 Title II Food for Peace account and transfer funding from the jurisdiction of theAgriculture Appropriations Subcommittee to three USAID accounts under the jurisdiction of theState and Foreign Operations (SFOPS) Appropriations Subcommittee. A total of $1.416 billionwas transferred to three USAID accounts, including $1.116 billion to the International DisasterAssistance account, $250 million to the Development Assistance account (DA), and $75 million tocreate a new account, the Emergency Food Assistance Contingency Fund. (The $1.116 billion

transfer to IDA combined with $300 million that is currently implemented under IDA for cash-based emergency food assistance would result in the aforementioned $1.416 billion for foodassistance under IDA).

For FY2014, no less than 55% of this funding will be used for the purchase, transport, and relatedcosts of U.S. commodities. The $250 million transfer to DA, combined with an additional $80million in DA from Bureau for Food Security resources, would result in a total of $330 available forthe Community Development and Resilience Fund (CDRF). CDRF would be managed byUSAIDs Office of Food for Peace to address chronic food insecurity in areas of recurrent crisis.
http://www.interaction.org/document/ngo-statement-principles-reforming-food-assistance-programshttp://www.interaction.org/document/ngo-statement-principles-reforming-food-assistance-programs


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An additional $25 million would also be transferred from the P.L. 480 Title II Food for Peaceaccount to the Department of Transportations Maritime Administration.

All of these reforms and changes will, of course, require congressional action, both in allocatingthe funding to the SFOPS subcommittee, rather than Agriculture through the so-called 302(b)allocation and in writing the actual reforms into law. InterAction will continue to monitor this

closely and keep our members, Congress and other interested parties informed as the budgetprocess and food aid reform progress.

UPCOMING HEARINGS

Hearing: Examining Ongoing Conflict in Eastern CongoCommittee: Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African AffairsWitnesses:

John Prendergast, Enough Project Mvemba Dizolele, Eastern Congo Initiative Father Ferdinand Muhigirwa, Centre dEtudes Pour lAction Sociale, Kinshasa Federico Borello, Humanity United

When: Tuesday, Apr. 16, 9:45 a.m.Where: Senate Dirksen 419Contact: 202-224-4651 http://www.foreign.senate.gov

Hearing: Budget HearingCommittee: House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture, RuralDevelopment, Food and Drug Administration, and Related AgenciesWitnesses:

Tom Vilsack, secretary, Department of Agriculture Dr. Joseph Glauber, chief economist, Department of Agriculture Michael Young, budget officer, Department of Agriculture

When: Tuesday, Apr. 16, 10:00 a.m.Where: 2362-A RayburnContact: 202-225-2771 http://appropriations.house.gov

Hearing: Securing U.S. Interests Abroad: The FY 2014 Foreign Affairs BudgetCommittee: House Committee on Foreign AffairsWitnesses:

John Kerry, secretary, Department of StateWhen: Wednesday, Apr. 17, 10:00 a.m.Where: 2172 RayburnContact: 202 225-5021 http://foreignaffairs.house.gov

Hearing: Budget HearingCommittee: House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations,and Related ProgramsWitnesses:

John Kerry, secretary, Department of StateWhen: Wednesday, Apr. 17, 2:00 p.m.Where: 2359 RayburnContact: 202-225-2771 http://appropriations.house.gov
http://www.foreign.senate.gov/http://appropriations.house.gov/http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/http://appropriations.house.gov/http://appropriations.house.gov/http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/http://appropriations.house.gov/http://www.foreign.senate.gov/


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HEARING SUMMARIES

U.S. Foreign Assistance: What Oversight Mechanisms are in Place to EnsureAccountability?

House Committee on Oversight & Government ReformApril 10, 2013

Witnesses: Ambassador Harold W. Geisel, deputy inspector general, Department of State Ambassador Kenneth Moorefield, deputy inspector general for special plans and

operations, Department of Defense Michael G. Carroll, deputy inspector general, USAID John F. Sopko, special inspector general for Afghanistan reconstruction Paul Cooksey, special inspector general for Iraq reconstruction

Opening Statements:

Chairman Darrell Issa (R-CA)

Right now billions of tax dollars are being used to fund corruption that includes immediatemembers of President Karzais family in Afghanistan.

$1.1 billion from a U.S. tax-funded program was supposed to go to petroleum, oil andlubricants but there are no records from 2006 to 2011 because all of the records wereshredded. This is a problem.

Our government has an obligation to ensure oversight mechanisms are put in place tohold the Karzai administration accountable.

Ranking Member Elijah Cummings (D-MD)

Sopko has drawn attention to issues in Afghanistan and improved oversight andaccountability of reconstruction funds.

Cookseys office has overseen tens of billions of dollars worth of reconstruction for Iraq. Purpose of assistance is to help the Afghan people learn how to improve their systems.

They are not yet ready to handle billions of dollars in assistance without oversightmechanisms.

Sopko suggests seven key questions in his quarterly report, which cover a range of issuesincluding our nations strategic objectives, host countrys capacity to sustain the project,etc.

Supports Food for Peace program.o Continues to support U.S. farms and has written to President Obama with

bipartisan support.

Rep. Jason Chaffetz (R-UT)

Afghanistan is the most corrupt nation and the U.S. is giving them billions of dollars.o Gave them $50 billion in assistance in FY2011.

What is USAIDs suggestion on how to do this better? USAID Forward give the moneydirectly to them with less oversight.

Frustrated that USAID wants to increase direct payments, knowing that this is one of themost corrupt government. Thats offensive.


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John Sopko

The impending end of the mission in Afghanistan has led some to believe thereconstruction efforts are also waning.

o Afghanistan will remain the largest recipient of U.S. foreign assistance for years tocome.

A significant portion of the funds already provided by Congress have yet to be spent. Despite its potential benefits, there are concerns about direct assistance to Afghanistan.

o The Afghan government may not have the capacity to manage an account ofbillions of dollars.

o Pervasive corruption may pervert its intended use. These concerns have been heightened recently after USAID completed assessments of

13 ministries.o A review of these ministries has raised red flags.o Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) intends to

continue the audit of these assessments. Direct assistance must be accompanied by strict mechanisms established by the U.S. and

other international donors to protect funds and ensure they go to the most qualifiedcontractors.

Funding should be conditioned not on just meeting measurable outcomes but on providingthe U.S. and international donors timely access to books, employees, records, projectsand programs financed by U.S. assistance.

Michael Carroll

When the agency uses U.S.-based contractors, they operate under U.S. law and aresubjected to U.S. law enforcement.

o When dealing with local implementers the one concern is holding local citizens,grantees and companies accountable when fraud is found.

When an assessment identifies vulnerabilities, it is critical that the agency takes the time towork with those industries to mitigate those vulnerabilities.

Ambassador Kenneth Moorefield

Although ministries have improved over the last two years, they still need to developgreater capacity.

A lack of qualified Afghan personnel has been a major obstacle.

Paul Cooksey

The U.S. lacked leverage over Iraq.o The U.S. could withhold aid, but once money was spent it was spent.o The U.S. had difficulty enforcing conditions.

Aside from SIGAR, no U.S. agency checked the status of a project once it was turned overto Iraqi control.

There are three major funds: Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund; CommandersEmergency Response Fund; Iraq Security Forces Fund.o All of these funds had management problems and had limited established support.

Questioning:Chairman Darrell Issa (R-CA)

1. Views Iraq through a prism of its $143 billion GDP (one-third flows from government andoil revenues) the Iraqi government has a lot of money. Afghanistan is different.


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Afghanistan has a $20 billion GDP: $2 billion in revenue, $50 billion of military activity and$2-3 billion of economic aid. The U.S. is paying everything that country runs on. Is that arough statement?

Sopko:o The Afghan government collects $2 billion in revenue. $4-6 billion is used

just for the security forces.

2. Afghanistan reconstruction is actually constructing a country that never was. Is thatcorrect? In the case of Kabul Bank, $1 billion was lost. With $2 billion of their own moneyand $50 billion of U.S. money floating around, is there any likelihood that some of themoney lost was American?

Sopko:o Not certain but it had a major impact on the Afghan economy. We had to

put money back in and that money had to come from somewhere.2. Ultimately a Ponzi scheme including high-ranking people took out money and spent it on

luxury homes, and we essentially bailed out their central bank. Sopko:

o The money had to come from somewhere. Since the U.S. was supplyingmost of the money to Afghan economy, its a logical assumption.

3. Can the U.S. transfer money to this government and trust that it will not be stolen bycorrupt individuals?

Sopko:o If there are enough mechanisms on oversight and if USAID and State

Department officials can get out there to look at sites, it will be spentcorrectly. But without security, we cannot look at the sites.

Ranking Member Elijah Cummings (D-MD)1. How do we ensure recipient governments put these oversight mechanisms in? Where is

the hammer behind our request that holds their feet to the fire? Sopko:

o This is a necessary precursor to giving the money to the Afghan

government. We have to be strong enough to say, No, we are not givingyou the money if they refuse.

o There were initially supposed to be audit requirements for the Kabul Bank,but the bank did not fulfill them. Once we stood firm and held back money,all of a sudden they did the audit.

2. In a recent comprehensive report, where your primary job was to answer what happenedto billions of U.S. taxpayer dollars spent to rebuild Iraq, you revealed that 15% ofreconstruction funds were subject to waste. Do you see a parallel with regard toAfghanistan?

Cooksey:o An integrated effort among U.S. government participants is necessary, but

there were no integrated efforts or planning.o Another major problem was that the U.S. did not consult with and get buy-in

from Iraqi government officials we were giving them projects they did notwant and did not ask for.

Rep. Jason Chaffetz (R-UT)1. In your 2011 report following a run on Kabul Bank, you wrote that the Afghan government

had changed its position. What happened there?


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Sopko:o They decided to do the audit but didnt give it to us.

2. How closely does the U.S. monitor the Afghan banking system? Sopko:

o Did an audit in July 2011 and found there were serious weaknesses incoordination of U.S. government efforts. Our oversight was inadequate at

that time. Carroll:

o The Department of Treasury was the primary U.S. entity responsible formonitoring the banks. USAID also had a contract with Deloitte formonitoring inside the bank.

Rep. Gerry Connolly (D-VA)1. What is the accurate percentage of the $100 billion that is attributable to USAID?

Carroll:o $2.13 billion (2010), $2.18 billion (2011), $1.84 billion (2012).

2. How well did the Commanders Emergency Response Program (CERP) go, and is therereason to be concerned?

Sopko:o Money did disappear. There was a lack of coordination.

Cooksey:o CERP was a new, cash program. When the program was small, it seemed

to work well.

Rep. John Mica (R-FL)1. Afghans cannot manage the funds and there is a high level of corruption do you see

these concerns? Geisel:

o As of December 2012, Congress appropriated $90 billion for reconstruction.$51 billion went to security.

2. There is a huge amount of money going to nonsecurity issues, astronomical in relation tothe normal amount of money in their budget. There were 20 contractor suspensions during2011.

Geisel:o That was just in Afghanistan.

3. Does that include USAID too? Geisel:

o No.4. Do you have an estimate of how many suspensions there were?

Geisel:o No.

Rep. Jackie Speier (D-CA)1. How long were the 20 suspensions? Were there illegal acts uncovered, and were any of

the contractors debarred? Geisel:

o During 2008-2010 there were two debarments. From FY2011 to present,there have been 81 suspensions and debarments.

Moorefield:o The Defense Criminal Investigative service found 216 debarments.


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2. What is that as a percentage of number of contractors? Moorefield:

o Unknown. Sopko:

o By the time we get into suspension and debarment, weve lost the money.

Rep. Mark Meadows (R-NC)1. How can we get to the problem before the money is gone?

Sopko:o Have to put it in appropriations language and need to incentivize doing

good.2. If we find out requirements arent being met, what do we do?

Sopko:o May want to ask the Army Corps what the incentive is not aware of any

terminations based on poor performance.3. Do we address this through contract changing with penalties?

Sopko:o Yes need a top to bottom review.

Rep. Tammy Duckworth (D-IL)1. Why cant we go after the U.S. contractors? How many times cumulatively has KBR or

DynCorp been recommended for suspension or debarment? Why are we still paying KBRmoney to do this when they have ripped off the taxpayers?

Sopko:o We instituted a policy of Afghan first, so most of our primes are non-U.S.

contractors. How do you prosecute them? You cannot prosecute them inU.S. court; you must prosecute them in Afghan court.

2. Do we have a system in place to make sure these primes are not all relatives of PresidentKarzai?

Sopko:o Dont have a list of all the contractors (prime and sub) in Afghanistan, but

USAID has a list of the primes. We are going to try to get one.3. Is there a list of all of the times that U.S. contractors have been found to have

mismanaged or overcharged contractors? Why do we not know what that amount is? Cooksley:

o You have different accounts that are paying for these contracts, whichmakes it difficult to go from reconstruction money to funds we dont havejurisdiction to review.

Rep. Tim Walberg (R-MI)1. Are we succeeding with our current goals in Afghanistan? Is there a reasonable chance for

success in Afghanistan or Iraq with present policies in place? Sopko:

o I define success by what the administrations goals are (to ensureAfghanistan is not haven for terrorist organizations) it appears we aresucceeding at this. We could do it better, though.

Rep. Doug Collins (R-GA)1. Is it a matter of lacking training? How do we train the officers, and how do we get across

that there is a stewardship factor here?


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Geisel:o Part of the procurement process involves the contracting officer

representative, who is on the ground and assures the contracting officerthat the work has been done satisfactorily.

Rep. Peter Welch (D-VT)

1. There are a lot of NGOs doing good work in Afghanistan, and they believe in a lot of thingslike local control and capacity building. Is there anything we can learn from them abouthow to do this right?

Sopko:o Met with some NGOs and was impressed many were on the ground in a

low-key way while the Taliban was there. Should consider relying more onsmaller organizations.

Rep. Jason Chaffetz (R-UT)1. What mechanisms are in place to make sure the International Narcotics Control and Law

Enforcement Affairs (INCLE) is held accountable? Geisel:

o Have conducted two audits.2. What mechanisms are in place moving forward?

Geisel:o If they get funding, well do audits. We also do inspections.

Rep. Eleanor Holmes Norton (D-DC)1. What is your forecast for how the host country will respond if they are in charge of getting

rid of corruption? Sopko:

o Very concerned weve tried to work with the Afghan Ministry of Justice.2. Are there people in the country working to bring the rule of law?

Sopko:o There are some brave Afghans trying to do this. We have to try to help

these people, which will be extremely difficult.

Rep. Kerry Bentivolio (R-MI)1. What are your suggestions to incentivize?

Sopko:o We do have programs set up (referenced statute set up around the 1860s).

2. What about SIGARs authority? Sopko:

o We like that we are a temporary agency.3. What are other incentives?

Carroll:o There are systems in place. Our audits disclose corruption and we act on

that.

Rep. Steven Horsford (D-NV)1. As discussed earlier, Cookseys report finds that 15% of reconstruction funds were subject

to waste. What is being done to keep this from happening elsewhere? To what extent hasthe issue of the burning pits been examined? Is there any coordination with the State


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Department, Department of Defense, and Department of Veterans affairs, and do we knowthe extent of exposure of U.S. troops?

Sopko:o Will issue a report. We have discovered poor procurement. Most of the

incinerators dont work or havent been used.2. When will this report be issued and can we get a copy?

Sopko:o It will be issued at the end of the month.

Rep. James Lankford (R-OK)1. Step one for the U.S. is to send less money out the door right now (until we can oversee

what we are sending out). What would you recommend is the second step? Carroll:

o We are providing oversight; its a large portfolio. Not all 13 ministries havegotten money. The agency is trying to be thoughtful about this.

Rep. Cynthia Lummis (R-WY)1. Has Secretary Hagel read the SIGAR report?

Moorefield:o Unknown.

2. Who is responsible for bringing it to his attention? Moorefield:

o SIGAR has the capability and access. It could be brought by thiscommittee.

3. Does Secretary Kerry know about this report? Geisel:

o Unknown.4. Who in the White House knows about this report?

Sopko:o Unknown.

5. Who in the White House knows about SIGARs work? Sopko:

o Unknown.6. Would you provide us the names of the people you have briefed on the SIGAR report?

Cooksey:o Deputy Secretary Burns at the State Department and others.

7. Has anyone been briefed at the House Appropriations Committee? Cooksey:

o Yes. Both subcommittees on Appropriations (SFOPs House Majority Staffwas briefed).

8. What are some ways to attach appropriators to these reports? Sopko:

o Language was inserted into the appropriations bill and dealt with directgovernment assistance.

o In that language they put in a requirement that before doing directassistance there had to be a review of the recipient agency and determinehow capable they are.

o Did anyone follow up?9. Does it need to be annually reinserted?


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Sopko:o Yes.

Carroll:o USAID is incorporating this into their business practices.

ARTICLES AND REPORTS

DevexApr. 8, 2013 Qatar Goes Big on DarfurPledges for aid to Darfur have reached $600 million for reconstruction and recovery. The largestpledge came from Qatar, which committed $500 million. These pledges will start theimplementation of some foundational and short-term activities that have been mentioned in theDarfur development strategy paper.

Apr. 9 The Iron Ladys legacy on international developmentU.K. prime minister from 1979 to 1990, Margaret Thatcher has been an iconic figure symbolizingstrength internationally. Her work contributed to one of the biggest donors in the world, the U.K.sDepartment for International Development, which in the past year spent $13.7 billion in official

development assistance.

IRINApr. 4, 2013 Global aid drops as rich nations struggleAs a result of a global financial crisis many wealthy countries are struggling to provide aidaccording to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Aid fell 4% from 2011 to2012. Most foreign aid comes from members of the OECDs Development Assistance Committee,but other nations have become vital in providing assistance.

ReutersApr. 9 South Sudan ambush kills five U.N. peacekeepers, seven civiliansSeven civilians working for the UN and five UN peacekeepers were killed and at least nine

additional peacekeepers and civilians were injured in an ambush in South Sudan on Tuesday.

GuardianApr. 8 Talk point: focus on modern-day slaveryIn 2011, 21 million people were enslaved, according to the International Labor Organization. TheU.S. Department of State says that in that year, there were 4,000 convictions for sex traffickingand 320 convictions for labor trafficking worldwide.

GuardianApr 10 Ethiopia heralds its lead role in expansion of Africas bamboo sectorEthiopia is looking to its huge amount of bamboo to increase growth, reduce deforestation and cutcarbon emissions. Foreign investors are eager to get in on the booming industry.

Disclaimer: Articles linked in the Update are intended to provide a dashboard view of newsworthy andtopical issues from popular news outlets that will be of interest to readers of the Update. The articles are aninformation sharing vehicle rather than an advocacy tool. They are in no way representative of the views of

InterAction or the U.S. NGO community as a whole.
https://www.devex.com/en/news/blogs/qatar-goes-big-for-darfurhttps://www.devex.com/en/news/the-iron-lady-s-legacy-on-international/80665?source=DefaultHomepage_Headlinehttp://www.irinnews.org/Report/97785/Global-aid-drops-as-rich-nations-strugglehttp://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/09/us-southsudan-un-deaths-idUSBRE9380LE20130409http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2013/apr/08/talk-point-modern-day-slaveryhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2013/apr/10/ethiopia-expansion-africa-bamboo-sectorhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2013/apr/10/ethiopia-expansion-africa-bamboo-sectorhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2013/apr/08/talk-point-modern-day-slaveryhttp://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/09/us-southsudan-un-deaths-idUSBRE9380LE20130409http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97785/Global-aid-drops-as-rich-nations-strugglehttps://www.devex.com/en/news/the-iron-lady-s-legacy-on-international/80665?source=DefaultHomepage_Headlinehttps://www.devex.com/en/news/blogs/qatar-goes-big-for-darfur

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Public Policy Update_4!12!13