Public Opinion Survey on Kenya Clean Energy Accessinfotrakresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/... · sample percentage coast 138 9.0% north eastern 60 3.9% eastern 205 13.3% central

Public Opinion Survey on Kenya Clean

Energy Access

• The Survey was commissioned by Christian Aid and conducted by Infotrak Research &

Consulting between 9th -13th January 2017

• A sample of 1536 respondents was interviewed to represent the Kenyan adult population of

19,462,358, translating into a minimum margin of error of -/+ 2.5 at 95% degree of confidence.

The survey was conducted in all the 8 regions of Kenya

• Using the 2009 Kenya Population & Housing Census as the sample frame, the sample was

designed using Population Proportionate to Size (PPS) and mainly entailed;

• Use of stratification, random and systematic sampling in determining counties to be

covered

• Ensuring that every person in the sampled area had a known chance of being selected

• Data collection was done at the household level using Mobile Data Collection Devices/Tablets.

• 25% of the interviews were back checked for quality control purposes

• Data processing & analysis was carried using IBM SPSS 21

• The questions asked are highlighted under each graphic presentation

METHODOLOGY

SAMPLE PERCENTAGE

COAST 138 9.0%

NORTH EASTERN 60 3.9%

EASTERN 205 13.3%

CENTRAL 227 14.8%

RIFT VALLEY 347 22.6%

WESTERN 163 10.6%

NYANZA 203 13.2%

NAIROBI 193 12.6%

TOTAL 1536 100.0%

Sample Distribution

PHASE 1 SOURCES OF ENERGY FOR KENYANS

PART 1: SOURCES OF ENERGY

FINDING :

Less than 1% of Kenyan households; 92,000 use

Clean/renewable energy for cooking.

THE GLOBAL HOUSEHOLD ENERGY LADDER

NON –SOLID FUELS

SOLID FUELS

INC

RE

AS

ED

US

E O

F C

LE

AN

ER

MO

RE

EF

FIC

IEN

T C

OO

KIN

G E

NE

RG

Y

SO

UR

CE

S

INCREASED PROSPERITY & DEVELOPMENT

ANIMAL & CROP

WASTE

WOOD

CHARCOAL

COAL

KEROSENE

ETHANOL, METHANOL

GAS, LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS

NATURAL GAS

ELECTRICITY

FINDING :

Majority of households still use Charcoal & wood to cook.

Even in the urban areas, more than a third of the

households; 39% energy for cooking.

KENYA HOUSEHOLD ENERGY LADDER

NON –SOLID FUELS

SOLID FUELS

INC

RE

AS

ED

US

E O

F C

LE

AN

ER

MO

RE

EF

FIC

IEN

T C

OO

KIN

G E

NE

RG

Y

SO

UR

CE

S

INCREASED PROSPERITY & DEVELOPMENT

0.3%

ANIMAL & CROP

WASTE

WOOD

CHARCOAL

8% KEROSENE

22% GAS, LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS

2.4% ELECTRICITY

67%

67.4%

21.7%

7.8%

1.8% .4% .3% .2% .1% .3% 0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

Biomass

(Charcoal,

wood)

LPG/Gas Kerosene Electricity

(Kenya

Power)

Biogas Solar Energy Fuel

Generator

Wind

energy

Don’t know

FINDING : Almost 7 million out of the 10.3 million households in Kenya still

use traditional /rudimentary sources of energy for cooking

NO. OF HOUSEHOLDS IN KENYA

10.3 MILLION

NO. OF HOUSEHOLDS STILL USING

TRADITIONAL BIOMASS

( CHARCOAL /WOOD)

6.9 MILLION

NO. OF HOUSEHOLDS USING

LPG GAS

2.2 MILLION


KEROSENE

0.8 MILLION


KENYA POWER ELECTRICITY

0.2 MILLION

NO OF HOUSEHOLDS USING

CLEAN ENERGY

92,000


GENERATOR /FUEL

21,000

67.4%

7.8%

21.7%

1.8%

0.9% WIND 0.1%

SOLAR 0.3%

BIOGAS 0.4%

0.2%

FINDING:

Almost an equal number of urban households use

charcoal for cooking as those that use LPG Gas; 44%

BIOMASS

CHARCOAL & WOOD

KEROSENE LPG GAS ELECTRICITY

RURAL

81%

URBAN

39%

RURAL

11%

URBAN

44% RURAL

5.3%

URBAN

12.9%

RURAL

2.6%

URBAN

1.8%

REDUCED POVERTY, INCREASED DEVELOPMENT & PROSERITY

n=1536

FINDING : While on average 7 in every 10 homes in Kenya use Charcoal and wood for

cooking, the situation is very different in Western and Nyanza where almost 9 in

every 10 homes uses this biomass energy to cook.

COAST

NORTH

EASTERN EASTERN CENTRAL

RIFT

VALLEY WESTERN NYANZA NAIROBI Total

BIOMASS

(CHARCOAL, WOOD) 67.4% 81.7% 76.6% 60.4% 74.4% 90.8% 85.2% 10.4% 67.4%

LPG/GAS 20.3% 0.0% 16.6% 24.7% 15.9% 3.7% 10.3% 69.4% 21.7%

KEROSENE 10.9% 5.0% 5.4% 10.1% 6.6% 4.3% 3.4% 16.1% 7.8%

ELECTRICITY (KENYA

POWER) .7% 8.3% 1.5% 2.2% 1.7% .6% 0.0% 3.1% 1.8%

BIOGAS 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 0.0% 0.0% 1.0% .5% .4%

SOLAR ENERGY 0.0% 1.7% 0.0% .9% .6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% .3%

FUEL GENERATOR 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% .6% .6% 0.0% 0.0% .2%

WIND ENERGY 0.0% 3.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% .1%

DON’T KNOW .7% 0.0% 0.0% .4% .3% 0.0% 0.0% .5% .3%

TOTAL 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Preferred Source

of cooking

energy

Current Source of Cooking Energy

Total Biomass

(Charcoal,

wood)

LPG/Gas Kerosene

Electricity

(Kenya

Power)

Wind

energy

Solar

Energy

Fuel

Generator Biogas

Don’t

know

LPG/Gas 53.7% 68.0% 68.3% 14.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 16.7% 25.0% 56.7%

Electricity (KP) 18.3% 21.9% 15.0% 37.0% 0.0% 0.0% 66.7% 0.0% 0.0% 19.0%

Biomass

(Charcoal, wood) 20.0% 3.3% 9.2% 11.1% 100.0% 20.0% 0.0% 16.7% 25.0% 15.4%

Kerosene 5.3% 1.8% 6.7% 14.8% 0.0% 20.0% 0.0% 0.0% 25.0% 4.9%

Biogas 1.2% 2.1% 0.0% 3.7% 0.0% 20.0% 0.0% 66.7% 0.0% 1.6%

Solar Energy .9% 1.8% .8% 7.4% 0.0% 40.0% 33.3% 0.0% 0.0% 1.4%

Wind energy .1% .3% 0.0% 3.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% .2%

Fuel Generator .2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% .1%

Don’t know .4% .9% 0.0% 7.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 25.0% .7%

Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

FINDING : Of the 6.9 million households that currently use charcoal and firewood for cooking

energy, 1.4 million; households i.e 20% would stick to using the biomass fuel given

chance. This when asked what their preferred source of cooking energy is

COAST NORTH


RIFT


LPG/Gas 57.2% 1.7% 50.7% 56.4% 60.5% 43.6% 66.0% 74.6% 56.7%

Electricity (Kenya Power) 19.6% 28.3% 27.3% 18.1% 16.1% 22.7% 11.3% 18.1% 19.0%

Biomass (Charcoal, wood) 17.4% 43.3% 14.1% 15.9% 11.2% 24.5% 18.7% 2.6% 15.4%

Kerosene 3.6% 25.0% 6.3% 2.2% 5.5% 6.7% 1.5% 2.1% 4.9%

Biogas .7% 0.0% 0.0% 5.3% 2.3% .6% 1.0% .5% 1.6%

Solar Energy 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.8% 3.2% .6% 1.5% 1.0% 1.4%

Wind energy 0.0% 0.0% 1.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% .2%

Fuel Generator 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.2% 0.0% 0.0% .1%

Don’t know 1.4% 1.7% 0.0% .4% 1.2% 0.0% 0.0% 1.0% .7%

Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

What is your most preferred source of cooking energy, even if you don’t have it at the moment?

Most preferred Source of Cooking Energy by Region

n=1536

Current vs Preferred use of Biomass by region

85%

19%

91% 25%

76% 16%

74%

11%

76%

14%

67%

17%

82%

43%

10.4 %

3%

Regions Xx: current

Xx preferred

PRIMARY SOURCES FOR LIGHTING ENERGY

KENYA POWER 53%

SOLAR 12%

CHARCOAL/WOOD 4% KEREOSENE 29%

FINDING :

98% of Kenyans use Kenya power

electricity, Kerosene lamps, solar

and charcoal/wood as their

primary sources of lighting

Currently, what is your primary source of lighting energy?

53.2%

28.5%

11.6%

3.7% 1.5% .5% .5% .2% .2% .1%

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

Electricity

(Kenya

Power)

Kerosene Solar

Energy

Biomass

(Charcoal,

wood)

LPG/Gas Candle Wet cell Wind

energy

Biogas Fuel

Generator

FINDING : Majority of Kenyans; 53% currently use Electricity from Kenya Power as

their main source of lighting energy . Another 29% use Kerosene while

12% use Solar energy

n=1536

COAST

NORTH

EASTER

N

EASTER

N

CENTR

AL

RIFT

VALLEY

WESTE

RN

NYANZ

A

NAIROB

I Total

Electricity (Kenya

Power) 63.8% 58.3% 37.6% 63.4% 53.3% 13.5% 41.9% 93.8% 53.2%

Kerosene 31.2% 15.0% 45.9% 21.1% 21.9% 52.8% 37.9% 2.6% 28.5%

Solar Energy 3.6% 6.7% 10.7% 4.4% 17.9% 26.4% 14.8% 1.0% 11.6%

Biomass (Charcoal,

wood) .7% 18.3% .5% 8.4% 4.6% 4.9% .5% 0.0% 3.7%

LPG/Gas 0.0% 0.0% 3.4% 1.8% .6% 1.2% 2.5% 1.6% 1.5%

Candle .7% 0.0% .5% 0.0% .6% .6% 1.0% .5% .5%

Wet cell 0.0% 0.0% 1.0% 0.0% .9% 0.0% 1.0% 0.0% .5%

Wind energy 0.0% 1.7% .5% 0.0% .3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% .2%

Biogas 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% .9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% .5% .2%

Fuel Generator 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% .6% .5% 0.0% .1%

Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Currently, what is your primary source of lighting energy? n=1536

FINDING Penetration of Kenya Power is lowest in Western;14%, Eastern 38% and

Nyanza 42%. It is also in these areas where the use of Kerosene for lighting

is highest.

FINDING : 82% of Urban households in Kenya use Electricity from Kenya Power for lighting.

The situation is quite different in Rural Kenya where nearly the same proportion

of households use Electricity and Kerosene at 39% and 38% respectively.

RURAL KENYA URBAN KENYA Urban

Rural

82.3% Electricity

(Kenya Power) 39.1%

9.6% Kerosene 37.7%

2.4% Solar Energy 16.1%

3.6% Biomass

(Charcoal, wood) 3.8%

1.0% LPG/Gas 1.7%

.4% Candle .6%

0.0% Wet cell .7%

.2% Wind energy .2%

.2% Biogas .2%

.4% Fuel Generator 0.0%

100.0% Total 100.0%

COAST

NORTH


RIFT



Solar Energy 13.0% 11.7% 6.3% 9.3% 15.9% 16.0% 13.3% 13.5% 12.6%

Kerosene 0.0% 16.7% 2.4% 1.8% 3.2% 18.4% 3.0% .5% 4.4%

Biomass (Charcoal, wood) 0.0% 10.0% 0.0% 8.8% 2.6% 1.2% .5% 0.0% 2.5%

LPG/Gas 2.2% 3.3% .5% 1.3% 1.7% 2.5% .5% .5% 1.4%

Wind energy 0.0% 1.7% 1.0% .4% .9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% .5%

Fuel Generator 0.0% 0.0% .5% .9% .6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% .3%

Biogas 0.0% 0.0% 1.0% .4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% .2%

Don’t know .7% 1.7% 0.0% 0.0% .6% .6% 0.0% 0.0% .3%

Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

What is your most preferred source of lighting energy, even if you don’t have it at the moment? n=1536

FINDING: While 53% of Kenyans households currently use Kenya power electricity for

lighting, an additional 25% would prefer to use the same.

AFFORDABLE ENERGY

PERCEPTION ON THE AFFORDABILITY OF ENERGY

• FINDING : Most Kenyans think that Kenya power electricity, Biomass ( Charcoal & wood), Solar energy and Kerosene are the most affordable sources of energy.

• FINDING : 41% of those in North Eastern still believe that Charcoal and wood are the most affordable sources of energy. Approximately 30% of those in Nyanza and Eastern and 28% of those in Rift Valley also perceive the biomass fuel to be most affordable. The fundamental question is whether the communities that cut down trees for firewood and charcoal actual proactively participate in replacing those trees and forests.

A 2015 projection on climate change stated as follows: “Increased charcoal production and sales of wood to meet the household income and food needs in Northern Kenya will particularly be

exacerbated in pastoral and agro-pastoral areas of the region. This will result in increased environmental degradation.”

• FINDING : Penetration of Solar energy seems to be growing and currently stands at 20%. Use of Solar is most prevalent in Coast; 28%, Nyanza;27% , Rift Valley and Western ; 25% respectively.

• FINDING : LPG is not perceived to be affordable even in Nairobi where 69% use is for cooking energy. Only 17% of those in Nairobi perceive LPG Gas to be an affordable source of energy.

• FINDING : The other renewable sources of energy like biogas and wind energy are not perceived to be very affordable.

Which source of energy would you say is the most affordable?

30.6%

24.7%

19.9%

11.8%

8.5%

1.8% .9%

0.0%

1.8%

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

Electricity

(Kenya

Power)

Biomass

(Charcoal,

wood)

Solar Energy Kerosene LPG/Gas Biogas Wind energy Fuel

Generator

Don’t know

Perceived affordable sources of energy

n=1536

COAST

NORTH


RIFT



Biomass (Charcoal, wood) 23.9% 41.7% 30.7% 20.7% 26.5% 19.6% 30.0% 13.5% 24.7%

Solar Energy 27.5% 15.0% 8.3% 13.2% 24.5% 25.2% 26.6% 16.6% 19.9%

Kerosene 13.0% 13.3% 6.3% 4.4% 7.2% 31.3% 11.3% 17.1% 11.8%

LPG/Gas 6.5% 0.0% 4.9% 15.9% 11.0% 3.7% 4.9% 11.4% 8.5%

Biogas 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 4.4% 3.7% .6% 1.0% .5% 1.8%

Wind energy 0.0% 5.0% .5% .4% 1.7% 0.0% 0.0% 1.6% .9%

Fuel Generator 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Don’t know 7.2% 0.0% 0.0% 2.2% .6% 3.1% .5% 2.6% 1.8%

Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


Perceived affordable sources of energy by Region

n=1536

Urban Rural Total

Electricity (Kenya Power) 28.3% 31.7% 30.6%

Biomass (Charcoal, wood) 21.7% 26.1% 24.7%

Solar Energy 20.9% 19.4% 19.9%

Kerosene 14.1% 10.6% 11.8%

LPG/Gas 10.0% 7.8% 8.5%

Biogas 1.6% 1.8% 1.8%

Wind energy 1.2% .8% .9%

Fuel Generator 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Don’t know 2.2% 1.6% 1.8%

Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%


Perceived affordable sources of energy by Residence

n=1536

AWARENESS OF CLEAN

ENERGY

Clean Energy is Renewable energy that generates electricity from sustainable sources like

wind, solar, and geothermal power with little or no pollution or global warming emissions.

FINDING: The Kenyan Public needs to be sensitised on clean & renewable

sources of energy. Majority are not aware of the various sources of

clean energy.

68.0%

47.1%

33.3%

15.4%

7.2%

6.8%

2.4%

1.4%

3.5%

0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0%

Electricity (Kenya Power)

Solar Energy

LPG/Gas

Wind energy

Biogas

Biomass (Charcoal, wood)

Kerosene

Fuel Generator

Don’t know

FORMS OF CLEAN ENERGY

1. Biofuel.

2. Biogas/Animal Waste

3. Geothermal.

4. Hydropower.

5. Solar energy.

6. Tidal power.

7. Wave power.

8. Wind power.

FORMS OF DIRTY ENERGY

1. Coal

2. Oil

3. Natural Gas.

4. Nuclear Energy

5. Biomass/Charcoal & Wood.

Sources of Clean Energy

• All in all, majority of Kenyans; 68% indicated that Kenya Power

cleanest form energy. According to Kenya Power, 87% of their

electricity is generated from hydro and geothermal energy. The

rest is derived from other sources which include cogeneration,

solar, wind and exports.

• Nearly half of Kenyans ;47% also believe that Solar Energy is a

major source of clean energy while a 33% think LPG gas is

equally. LPG gas is not deemed to be clean from an

environmental perspective but from a health perspective is

considered acceptably clean.

COAST NORTH


RIFT

VALLEY WESTERN NYANZA NAIROBI TOTAL

ELECTRICITY

(KENYA POWER) 58.0% 41.7% 80.5% 68.3% 67.1% 52.8% 80.8% 70.5% 68.0%

SOLAR ENERGY 37.0% 30.0% 28.8% 49.3% 52.7% 52.8% 56.2% 52.3% 47.1%

LPG/GAS 12.3% 3.3% 52.2% 34.8% 43.8% 20.2% 30.5% 31.1% 33.3%

WIND ENERGY 9.4% 23.3% 16.6% 23.3% 18.2% 6.1% 6.4% 18.7% 15.4%

BIOGAS .7% 0.0% 2.9% 18.9% 6.1% 5.5% 6.9% 8.3% 7.2%

BIOMASS

(CHARCOAL, WOOD) 2.9% 18.3% 14.1% 6.2% 9.5% 5.5% 1.0% 1.0% 6.8%

KEROSENE .7% 6.7% 6.8% .4% 2.3% 3.7% 0.0% 1.6% 2.4%

FUEL GENERATOR 0.0% 8.3% .5% 2.2% .9% 3.1% 1.0% 0.0% 1.4%

DON’T KNOW 20.3% 1.7% 2.0% 2.6% 1.2% 3.1% 1.5% 1.6% 3.5%

TOTAL 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Perceived Clean Sources of energy by Region

Which sources of energy would you say are clean? n=1536

URBAN RURAL TOTAL

ELECTRICITY

(KENYA POWER) 64.1% 69.8% 68.0%

SOLAR ENERGY 46.4% 47.5% 47.1%

LPG/GAS 35.1% 32.5% 33.3%

WIND ENERGY 20.3% 13.0% 15.4%

BIOGAS 5.4% 8.0% 7.2%

BIOMASS

(CHARCOAL, WOOD) 5.2% 7.5% 6.8%

KEROSENE 1.6% 2.8% 2.4%

FUEL GENERATOR 1.0% 1.5% 1.4%

DON’T KNOW 3.6% 3.5% 3.5%

TOTAL 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Perceived Clean sources of energy by Rural/Urban

Which sources of energy would you say are clean?

There is no significant difference between urban and rural residents regarding their perceptions on

clean sources of energy

n=1536

PHASE 2 CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES

KENYANS’ CONCERN WITH : CLIMATE CHANGE

CLEANLINESS OF AIR IN THEIR LOCALITY GOVERNMENT ROLE IN ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE & POLLUTION

PART 1

FINDING 1: Nearly half of Kenyans; 49% are concerned to a great deal with

Climate Change

Not at all

10%

Somewhat

39%

To a great deal

49%

Don’t know

2%

How much does Climate Change Concern you ?

FINDING : Kenyans expect the both the National and County Government to

do more to address pollution and climate change.

20% 21%

51% 48%

27% 27%

3% 4%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

TO ADDRESS POLLUTION TO ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE POLLUTION

KENYANS’ SATISFACTION WITH NATIONAL & COUNTY GOVERNMENT

ACTION TO ADDRESS POLLUTION & CLIMATE CHANGE

NO SOMEWHAT YES DON’T KNOW

FINDING : 58% of Kenyans feel that that more should be done to

improve the cleanliness of air in their locality

NO

15%

SOMEWHAT

43%

YES

42%

ARE YOU SATISFIED WITH THE CLEANLINESS OF AIR IN YOUR

LOCALITY ?

FINDING 4: Political Parties and candidates will have to pay keen interest to what they incorporate in their manifestos. Certainly they will have to pay attention to matters concerning climate change because 64% of Kenyans indicate that they are more likely to vote for a political party that is committed to providing clean energy to communities.

PART 2: POLITICS & CLIMATE CHANGE

FINDING :

64% of Kenyans indicate that they are more likely to vote for a

political party that is committed to providing clean energy to

communities.

64%

16%

20%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

More likely

Less likely

Don’t know

Are you more likely or less likely to vote for a political

party that is committed to clean energy?

FINDING

Clean Energy is bound to be an extremely important issue across the country as political parties sell their agenda.

Are you likely or not likely to vote

for a political party that is

committed to clean energy?

COAST N.

EASTERN EASTERN

CENTRA

L

RIFT

VALLEY

WESTER

N NYANZA NAIROBI TOTAL

Likely to vote for that political

party 37% 73% 68% 53% 69% 55% 80% 50% 61%

Not likely to vote for that political

party 4% 27% 18% 14% 16% 25% 5% 26% 16%

Would have no effect on who I

vote for 56% 0% 7% 30% 12% 17% 14% 23% 20%

Don’t know/I have no Opinion 3% 0% 6% 3% 3% 4% 1% 1% 3%

Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

Documents

Public Opinion Survey on Kenya Clean Energy Accessinfotrakresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/... · sample percentage coast 138 9.0% north eastern 60 3.9% eastern 205 13.3% central