Public Final Report

CELLO FINAL REPORT

RESEARCH FOR FLEXIBLELIGHTING SOLUTIONS

CELLO FINAL REPORT

Grant Agreement number: 248043

Project acronym: CELLO

Project title: Cost‐Efficient Lighting devices based on Liquid processes and ionic Organometallic Complexes

Funding Scheme: Collaborative Project (Small or medium scale focused research projects)

Period covered: from 01 January 2010 to 31 December 2012

Name, title and organisation of the scientific representative of the project's coordinator:

Dr. Hendrik Jan Bolink, Universidad de Valencia

Tel: 0034963544416, Fax: 0034963544859

E‐mail: [email protected]

Project website address: www.cello‐project.eu

CELLO FINAL REPORT 2

Table of Content:

1. Executive summary 3

2. Project context and objectives 4

3. Main S&T results 8

4. Potential impact and dissemination activities and exploitation of results 32 5. Project website and contact information 36

6. Use and dissemination of foreground (Part A) 37

7. Use and dissemination of foreground (Part B) 47

8. Exploitation 50

9. Report on societal implications 53


1. Executive summary

The European Project "Cost‐Efficient lighting devices based on liquid processes and ionic organometallic complexes" (CELLO) has led to a strong improvement of the understanding, performance and market potential of light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs). LECs are solution processed and molecule based light‐emitting devices similar to OLEDs, but they make use of ions to overcome electronic injection barriers at the electrodes. The presence of the ions allows the use of air‐stable electrodes and makes the devices less sensitive to thickness variations. In the course of the project it was shown that ionic iridium complexes are ideal candidates to fulfill all functions of the LECs, greatly simplifying the architecture of the device. Approximately 50 new complexes were developed, synthesized, characterized and evaluated in LEC architectures leading to the identification of some very efficient and stable candidates which have been produced on the tens of gram scale at high purity.

Significant improvements in understanding the physical phenomena governing the operation of the LECs have been obtained which have been used to optimize the device layout and the electrical driving conditions. This has led to LECs with sub‐second turn‐on in combination with several thousands of hours of lifetime at high initial luminances (> 1000 cd/m2), which is a major improvement compared with pre‐project state of the art performances. Demonstrators were successfully prepared on large and small area substrates. High efficiencies and stabilities reaching 17 lum/Watt and a lifetime in excess of 6000 hours (at an initial luminance of 1000 cd/m2) have been demonstrated.

Using embedded grid lines, large areas (210 cm2) flexible LECs were prepared on a roll‐to‐roll (R2R) coating line. It was also shown that grid lines can be prepared using printing techniques compatible with R2R. Small area demonstrators were prepared on these printed grid lines using a multi‐layer PEDOT: PSS stack as an interlayer, showing the potential of this approach. The LECs can be encapsulated by laminating commercially available barrier foils on the substrate and on top of the device. This leads to lifetimes of several hundred hours in ambient conditions. These simple encapsulated LECs are significantly more stable than similarly encapsulated OLEDs showing the benefits of using ion assisted electronic charge injection in combination with air‐stable electrodes.

Based on the processes developed and the demonstrator evaluation, a feasibility study was performed. This study showed that due to the robustness of the LEC architecture R2R processing equipment can be implemented at low investment costs. This makes the production of LECs profitable at much lower production volumes (when compared to OLED and LED production) allowing for the targeting of smaller markets and reducing economic risks. Hence, manufacturing sites are possible in Europe and, as a consequence, the technology development can keep pace in Europe in the long term. As a result of the project two patent applications were filed. Additionally, in the course of the project 47 papers in high impact scientific journals were published. A total of 27 oral presentations at national and international conferences have been given by the partners. CELLO started on 1‐1‐2010 and ended on 31‐12‐2012. More details can be found on the website: www.cello‐project.eu.


2. Project context and objectives (max 4 pages)

The European Union has set the ambitious target of reducing energy consumption by 20% by the date of 2020. This goal will demand a tremendous change in how we generate and consume energy and urgently calls for an aggressive policy on energy efficiency. Since 19% of the European electrical energy is used for lighting, considerable savings can be achieved with the development of novel and more efficient lighting systems such as highly efficient organic electroluminescent devices (OLEDs). To enter the mainstream lighting market these novel lighting systems must have large areas (> 0.5 m2) and be produced in a cost efficient roll‐to‐roll approach on flexible substrates.

The CELLO goal was to develop thin film flexible and large area lighting sources with power efficiencies >25 lm/W and lifetimes >5000 hours based on light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LEC) that rely on phosphorescent ionic transition metal complexes as the single active component and a scalable and roll‐to‐roll compatible wet processes to deposit the molecular active component and the metal contact, which can lead to an improved cost effectiveness.

LECs are promising candidates for use in thin‐film lighting technologies as (a) they operate at very low voltages, yielding highly power efficient devices, (b) can be processed from benign solvents, (c) have high tolerance for the active layer thickness and (d) operate with air‐stable electrodes that allow for simple architectures and passivation approaches. The goals of the project were:

Development of ionic‐transition metal complexes with high solid‐state photoluminescence quantum yields.

Development of roll‐to‐roll compatible wet processes for preparing large area, amorphous thin films of ionic transition metal complexes on flexible substrates using environmentally friendly solvents.

Development of novel device architectures for minimizing the production effort while ensuring the highest performance levels.

Preparation of prototypes of large area lighting foils by successive printing of the electroluminescent materials and the metallic contacts.

Feasibility study for these highly novel and economic thin film lighting foils in terms of their robustness and low‐cost processability for general lighting and other applications.


The project focused on the development of roll‐to‐roll compatible solution processed light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) (Figure 1). LECs and organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) (Figure 1) are examples of thin film electroluminescent devices.

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Figure 1 Schematic structure of an OLED (left) and a LEC (right). TCO=transparent conductor, HIL=hole injection layer, HTL=hole transporting layer, ETL=electron transporting layer, EIL=electron injection layer. An OLED is prepared by thermal vacuum evaporation and consist of several layers, each with specific function. The injection of electrons in OLEDs is achieved by the use of i) a low work function metal or ii) an electronically doped electron injection layer, both are unstable in air and require rigorous encapsulation. A LEC is a single or at most a double layer device and consists of positive and negative ions (both typically optoelectronically active) that are displaced when an external bias is applied. Upon displacement an interfacial field is generated that allows for efficient hole and electron injection from air‐stable metals.

OLEDs have been identified as a technology for efficient lighting systems as evidenced by EU sponsored projects such as OLLA, OLED100 and COMBOLED. These projects are focused on multilayer devices that require air‐sensitive metals or injection layers to efficiently inject electrons and which are prepared (at least partly) by evaporation technology. As a result of these aspects, the production costs are considerable, which currently limits their market entry. Additionally, since thin film lighting panels will be less bright compared to traditional point sources, their area needs to be larger to have the same illuminating capability (roughly 0.5 m2).1 Hence, to enter the mainstream

1 http://www.lti.uni-karlsruhe.de/rd_download/Grundlagen_der_Lichttechnik.pdf Luminous flux (lm) = x luminance (cd/m2)x Area (m2) example: a typical light bulb (100 W) generates 1230 luminous flux, hence for a thin film light source emitting at 1000 cd/m2 an area of 0.4 m2 is required.


lighting market these novel lighting systems must have large areas (> 0.5 m2) and be produced in a cost efficient roll‐to‐roll approach on flexible substrates.

LECs have a much simpler architecture, are processed from solution and do not rely on air‐sensitive charge‐injection layers or metals for electron injection (Figure 1),2 which greatly simplifies their preparation and passivation, allowing for easier large scale manufacturing, and makes them more cost efficient than OLEDs. In its simplest form, a LEC consists of a single active layer composed entirely of an ionic transition‐metal complex (iTMC).3 In iTMC‐based LECs, the ionic complexes perform all the necessary roles for the generation of light: a) the lowering of the injection barrier by the displacement of ions, b) the transport of electrons and holes by consecutive reduction and oxidation, respectively, of the iTMC, and c) the generation of the photons by phosphorescence. The interfacial fields at the electrodes screen the electric field in the bulk material which implies that the layer thickness of the emitter material can be one order of magnitude higher (up to 500 nm) in LECs than in OLEDs (40 nm) which in turn leads to fault‐tolerant device architectures. iTMCs are triplet emitters similar to those used in OLEDs and should be able to reach similar efficiencies; furthermore, as they are charged they dissolve in polar, environmental friendly solvents and are easily processed in thin films. Due to their insensitivity to the work function of the electrodes it is possible to consecutively print the emitting layer and the metal cathode to yield a sheet containing a number of devices in series allowing them to be directly plugged into the standard electricity sockets (220 V, 50 Hz).4 Until recently, these devices were only of academic interest as their lifetimes were limited to a few days. iTMC based LECs have been studied for over 10 years during which examples of devices, exhibiting high efficiencies5 or low turn‐on times6 have been reported although these characteristics were not realized in one single device. In addition, examples of blue, green, orange, red and even white light emitting LECs were reported using colour‐tuned iridium and ruthenium based iTMCs.7 Despite all these achievements LECs have never been implemented in large area compatible solution‐based processes and subsequently in commercial devices, primarily due to the very poor device stability ranging from a few minutes to around 100 hours (demonstrated by P1 and P5).8

2 Q. Pei, G. Yu, C. Zhang, Y. Yang, A. J. Heeger, Science 1995, 269, 1086. 3 J. D. Slinker, J. Rivnay, J. S. Moskowitz, J. B. Parker, S. Bernhard, H. D. Abruña, G. G. Malliaras, J. Mat. Chem. 2007, 17, 2976. 4 D. A. Bernards, J. D. Slinker, G. G. Malliaras, S. Flores-Torres, H. D. Abruña, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 84, 4980. 5 H. C. Su, F. C. Fang, T. Y. Hwu, H. H. Hsieh, H. Chen, G. Lee, S. Peng, K. T. Wong, C. C. Wu, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 1019. 6 J. D. Slinker, J. Rivnay, J. A. DeFranco, D. A. Bernards, A. A. Gorodetsky, S. T. Parker, M. P. Cox, R. Rohl, G. G. Malliaras, J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 99, 074502. 7 a) H. C. Su, H. F. Chen, F. C. Fang, C. C. Liu, C. C. Wu, K. T. Wong, Y. H. Liu, S. M. Peng, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 3413, b) D. Di Censo, S. Fantacci, F. De Angelis, C. Klein, N. Evans, K. Kalyanasundaram, H. J. Bolink, M. Graetzel, M. K. Nazeeruddin, Inorg. Chem. 2008, 47, 980, c) H. J. Bolink, L. Cappelli, S. Cheylan, E. Coronado, R. D. Costa, N. Lardiés, M. K. Nazeeruddin, E. Ortí, J. Mat. Chem. 2007, 17, 5032. 8 H. J. Bolink, L. Cappelli, E. Coronado, M. Graetzel, M. Nazeeruddin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 46.


The challenges, which CELLO aimed to fulfil, were:

to implement the independently achieved peak performances, such as high efficiency, high luminance, low turn‐on time, high stability and white light emission into one single device.

to optimize the device architecture for high efficiency and more reliable solution based processes.

to develop a robust and versatile solution‐based deposition process for the active material, the top electrodes and the passivation layer.

to prepare demonstrators and identify the best initial market segments to introduce this new lighting technology.


3. Main S&T results. (max 25 pages).

Below the key foreground generated during the course of the project will be illustrated, this will be done in four subsections reflecting the different work packages (WP) of the project. These are WP1 “Materials”, WP2 “Advanced Device Concepts and Small Area Demonstrators”, WP3 “Processing into Devices and Large Area Demonstrators” and WP4 “Demonstrator Evaluation and Industrialization”. WP1 Materials WP1 is the starting point for the materials pipeline within the CELLO project and is concerned with the design, synthesis and characterisation of new molecular species as well as the study of the chemical and photophysical properties of these materials that are expected to affect their performance in devices. The target of CELLO is white light devices and a key requirement is the development of stable, high luminance, long‐lived emitters for use in LECs. This is the primary synthetic task of WP1 and can be broadly divided into strategies for red‐orange, green or blue emitters. The factors which affect their lifetimes in devices are also within the remit of WP1. To prepare white LECs two or three complementary emitters are needed, a combination of blue or blue‐green with orange or a combination of a blue, green and red are than possible. Many orange, red and green iTMC with high quantum yields and leading to stable and efficient LECs have been developed. In addition, a large number of efficient blue iTMCs have been prepared although these have not yet resulted in very good blue LECs. In total more than 50 complexes have been developed, characterized (chemical composition, crystal structure, photophysical and electrochemical properties),using quantum chemical methods and evaluated in small area LECs. A list of cyclometalating and ancilliary ligands that were used to prepare the complexes is shown below in Figure 2. From these complexes a few were selected for upscaling in large quantities others have been used to allow a more in depth understanding of the operation mechanism of LECs (see Figure 3 below). This has led to a large number of publications in high impact journals (see table A1 in this report or the website: www.cello‐project.eu.


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Figure 2. Ligands used to prepare the extensive list of ionic iridium complexes.


JF326

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Figure 3. Chemical structures of the complexes SG069, JF317 and JF326 prepared in larger

quantities. In an effort to evidence a correlation between the device performance (i.e. lifetime) and the intrinsic excited‐state properties of complexes, detailed temperature‐dependent photophysical studies, in connection with theoretical calculations, have been carried out on the series of complexes reported in Figure 4.

SG‐80 SG‐69 SG‐75

Figure 4. A homogeneous series of Ir‐iTMCs utilized to investigate possible relationship between chemical structure and device performance through photophysical studies. SG69 is known to be an excellent performer in LECs, and this is attributed primarily to the intrinsic

stabilization induced by the ‐ interaction between the phenyl ring on the ancillary ligand and one cyclometallating unit, which prevents complex decomposition. Although, in principle, one might argue that two of such interactions might increase the complex stability and, accordingly, the device performance, it was found that the stability of LECs made with SG75 is substantially lower compared to those containing SG69. In order to rationalize this unexpected behaviour, the lifetime

() and luminescence spectra of the three complexes in Figure 4 were determined in the range 77‐

300 K. This afforded the intrinsic deactivation rate constant of each compound (kin = 1/) as a function of temperature, which is composed of a series of terms, one of which is the sum of Arrhenius‐type terms related to the presence of thermally activated deactivation processes. The


plot in Figure 5a shows that only in the case of SG75 there is an enhanced deactivation rate at higher temperatures, which is attributed to the presence of a non‐radiative process to an upper lying level. Such level is peculiarly made available in SG75 due to the enhanced distortion caused by

the presence of two ‐stacking interactions.

Figure 5. (a) Temperature dependence of the deactivation rate constant of SG80, SG69, SG75. Relative positioning of the emissive (TIII) and non emissive 3MC levels. The experimental results are interpreted with the help of DFT theoretical calculations. These suggest that attachment of a phenyl group to the ancillary ligand (SG69) promotes only temperature‐independent deactivation pathways, whereas attachment of a second phenyl group (SG75) also makes the temperature‐dependent ones accessible through population of nonradiative 3MC (d‐d) metal centred levels, which are very close in energy to the emitting state (Figure 5b). Notably, SG75 is also found to be less stable in solution compared to the related analogues, likely due to a nucleophilic‐assisted ancillary ligand exchange reaction occurring from the thermally accessible and reactive 3MC levels.


WP2 Advanced Device Concepts and Small Area Demonstrators LECs have been studied for almost 10 years. The iTMCs used to date were in most cases [Ru(bpy)3]

2+ derivatives, a complex that is an intrinsically poor luminophore and is unstable under LEC operating conditions. Only limited amounts of data relating to device operation are known for LECs using more efficient and stable iridium‐based iTMCs. In CELLO, promising iridium complexes have been identified and prepared in large quantities and then used to optimize the device performance. In order to optimize the devices, also fundamental studies on the operational mechanism have been carried out, using a combination of techniques. At the beginning of the CELLO project the function principle of LECs was controversially discussed in scientific literature and the debate is still continuing. As a consequence, also for the type of LECs based on ionic transition metal complexes investigated in CELLO, the device physics was still partly unknown and detailed studies have been performed. In this context a completely new characterization method for LECs was proposed by UVEG which allows studying the electrical properties of the LEC device without any contributions from the ions. For that purpose the current density and luminance versus voltage (JL‐V) were measured during lifetime (at constant voltage). The JL‐V‐scans were done in a very fast way to only probe the electrical properties and excluding ionic influences (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Fast JL‐V‐scans: Current density (left) and efficacy (right) versus voltage at different times during fixed voltage (3.5 V) operation of the sandwiched LEC.

Based on these results a better understanding on how the LEC devices function could be achieved and a model based on the two existing models described in literature was derived: the electrodynamical (ED) and electrochemical doping model (ECD).9 When an electric field is applied the mobile ions redistribute under the electric field. In this injection limited regime the ED model is dominant. As a result ionic double layers are formed at the (air‐stable) electrode interfaces leading to high electric fields making both contacts ohmic, thus facilitating the charge injection into the organics. The field in the bulk material is close to zero and the charges move due to diffusion. Once the injection limitation has been overcome the current density changes to space charge limited. The continued increase of the current density (see Figure 6 after 85 min) can only be accounted for by a decrease in the neutral region which implies the formation of highly conductive doped regions at both interfaces. Prolonged growth of the doped regions decreases the efficiency and ultimately

9 [1] M. Lenes, G. Garcia‐Belmonte, D. Tordera, A. Pertegas, J. Bisquert, H. J. Bolink, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21, 1581.


leads to low luminance devices. Most of the reported effects on turn‐on time and stability can be rationalized in view of these findings and avenues for more efficient and stable LECs can be identified. Additional measurements by means of impedance spectroscopy and photoluminescence done at Siemens are in‐line with the findings derived from the fast JL‐V‐scans and support the model proposed by UVEG.

Figure 7. Illustration of the growth of p and n doped regions over time decreasing the effective

thickness of the device.

The decrease in efficiency when the doped zones grow too large is due to quenching effects. This is caused by the interaction of excitons with the doped species. We showed that this is indeed occurring by monitoring the photoluminescence (PL) intensity versus operation time of the LECs. As expected the PL decreases with operating time. However, upon switching of the devices, the PL signal recovers gradually to its initial value.

Figure 8. Photoluminescence recovery in the LEC active layer during a relaxation period of 25 h after the bias has been switched off. Operating times are 3 h for devices driven at a constant voltage of

5 V. The arrow denotes the direction of proceeding relaxation time.

These results were confirmed by studying LECs on planar devices with interdigitated electrodes. A combination of fluorescence and optical microscopy was used to probe the photoluminescent behavior of the iTMC in between the planar electrodes during operation and after switch‐off and to identify the location of the emission zone. Figure 99 (right) represents the results obtained for a device with an inter‐electrode spacing of 10 μm which was operated at a driving voltage of 210 V for roughly 18 hours. When biased the area between the electrode‐gap gets darker (Figure 99b) which is directly linked to the electrochemical doping, which starts as soon as charges are injected. The light emission


occurs first more close to the cathode (Figure 99c), which indicates that the injection of holes is favored compared to electrons. With increasing operating time the intensity of the emission zone increases (Figure 99d, e) and moves towards the anode (Figure 99e) followed by a decrease of the light intensity (Figure 99e). After relaxation of 1000 hours after the device had been switched off the PL is almost completely recovered (Figure 99f).

Figure 9. Fluorescence microscopy investigation of a planar iTMC‐LEC with an inter‐electrode spacing of 10 µm at various points in time during operation. (right) Illustration of the planar device structure and energy level diagram of the planar LEC device. (left) A driving voltage of 210 V was applied. (a) UV image of the pristine device. (b)‐(e) Superimposed UV illuminated and optical images at various points in time during operation.(f) UV image of a driven device after relaxation for 1000h.

These results establish clearly that iTMC LECs are also governed by the formation of doped zones adjacent to the electrodes. Hence, the operation mechanism is “suicidal” as the light emission decreases with increasing doped regions. It is therefore, very important to prevent excessive growth of these doped regions. We have showed that this can be done rather effectively by applying a pulsed current driving method. This method was used to prepare the small area demonstrators using the best orange and green emitters developed in WP1.

In Figure 10. the device characteristic for the model compound SG069 under optimized conditions is displayed. As a result outstanding lifetimes of more than 6300 hours (extrapolated) at high initial luminance of 1000 cd/m² are reached combined with instantaneous turn‐on. The efficiencies of about 5.6 cd/A and 2.2 lm/W are low, but this can be explained by the low PL quantum yield of the SG069 emitter. We would like to point out that the lifetime measured is the highest value ever reported for LECs at such high brightness level.


Figure 10. Device performance for SG069 under optimized conditions: ITO / 60nm AI4083/ 10 nm IL / 100nm SG069:[BMIM][BF4] = 3:1 / 150nm Al; Pulsed current operation: 0V / 66.6 mAcm‐2; 1kHz; 30% duty cycle; avg. 20mAcm‐2. Complex JF326 (see Figure 11) exhibits high PLQY values of 69 and 82 % in dilute solution and when dispersed (5 % wt.) in a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) film, respectively. The PLQY of the complex in the device configuration is measured at 48 %. This value is remarkable considering that the iTMC concentration in those films is around 93 wt. %. Therefore, JF326 was selected to be used in LECs. First results under standard pulsed driving conditions (pulsed at 1000 Hz, blockwave, 75 % duty cycle and average current density 100 A/m2) yielded devices with external quantum efficiencies in the range of 4 %. This is significantly below the theoretical maximum achievable value of 9.5 (assuming 20 % outcoupling). Upon evaluating previously reported and measured higher values, we discovered that they were all done at very low driving voltage, low luminance levels and low current densities. In the past voltage driven LECs led to uncontrollable current densities as these changed with time. However, the (pulsed) current driving allows varying the current density values. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of the current density on the device performance. The results are depicted in Figure 11 below. A strong effect of the LEC efficiency on current density is seen, peak efficiencies of; 28.2 cd A–1, power efficiency of 17.1 lm W–1 and an EQE of 8.2 % are obtained, not far from the theoretical maximum of 9.5 %. To further improve the efficiency either the PLQE must be higher or the outcoupling of the light must be improved. The PLQE can be improved if a lower bandgap emitter is used in wider bandgap host, but due to the lack of good blue hosts, this is limited to red emitters at the moment. Other projects focus on the improvement of the light outcoupling that can be adapted to LECs. To improve the EQE at higher current density it appears necessary to confine the doped zones to the vicinity of the electrodes to prevent the quenching of the excitons.


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Figure 11. a) Efficacy (blue squares) and power efficiency (red triangles) vs. average current density and b) life‐time (green squares) and external quantum efficiency (magenta triangles) vs. average current density for JF 326 based LECs biased with a pulsed current block wave at a frequency of 1000 Hz and a duty cycle of 75%. Small area flexible LECs and their encapsulation: Different barrier foils have been evaluated that could be used as substrate and encapsulation for the fabrication of flexible LEC devices. A lamination process was chosen as promising route for R2R‐processing. In a first step the properties of different foils had been evaluated in order to determine their suitability for LECs. The substrates should meet the following requirements: Flexibility to enable roll‐to‐roll processing. > 90% transparency. ITO‐coating or any other transparent conductive layer with a resistance ~20 �/sq and

smooth surface (roughness < 2 nm RMS and no spikes). Barrier film with low permeability for oxygen and water (exact requirements for LECs were

unknown). Chemically compatible with the solvents used in LEC processing.

In total 24 different kinds of foil substrates from different suppliers were tested with regard to the listed requirements above. In a first step their barrier properties were determined by measuring the water vapor transmission rates (WTVR). This was done using an electrical type permeation test which relies on the degradation of an evaporated Calcium sensor. In case of ITO coated foil substrates also the roughness was determined by atomic force microscopy. The most promising substrates were selected for device tests. For the encapsulation a metal foil equipped with pressure sensitive adhesive was laminated on the back‐side. In that way fully flexible LEC devices were processed on top of barrier equipped ITO‐foils as shown in the photographs of Figure 12..


100 nm Al

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Figure 12. Device structure of fully flexible LEC devices (left). Photo of flexible LEC

with an active area of ~ 1.5 cm².

Two approaches of foil substrates have been evaluated for the realization of flexible LEC devices: 1. Substrate = ITO coated polymer‐foil with barrier 2. Substrate = sandwich of ITO‐foil plus laminated barrier foil

The second approach has the advantage that the ITO‐foil and barrier foil can be selected independently and combined in an optimized manner. This is especially attractive in view of the fact that only a very limited number of high quality ITO‐barrier foils are available. As an example the results obtained for the second approach are shown in Figure 13.. From the time dependent luminance and voltage characteristic the LEC performs qualitatively similar to standard on glass processed devices, showing instant turn‐on behaviour and long stability over several hundreds of hours. In contrast the maximum luminance of 600 cd/m² is significantly lower compared to the more typical 1000 cd/m². This difference could be explained due to optical losses within the sandwich‐type substrate due to the lamination of two polymer foils, one with ITO and one equipped with barrier and adhesive film.

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Figure 13. Time dependent change of luminance (left) and luminescent area (for a flexible LEC

device processed on the ITO foil that was enhanced with the barrier and encapsulated with

laminated metal foil. The devices have an initial light emitting area of ~1.5 cm² and are operated

at 25mA/cm², 1kHz, 50% duty cycle.


In an attempt to visualize the difference between the degradation of a foil encapsulated LEC and an OLED these were prepared on glass substrates and encapsulated with the laminated metal foil. The LEC was identical to the one described above in Figure 12 using an Al top contact. The OLED was prepared using the commercially available light‐emitting polymer “PDY‐132 LIVILUX” or Super Yellow (SY) (Merck) on top of the same PEDOT:PSS layer but using an electrode consisting of barium (5 nm) and silver (80 nm). Images were taken while driving the two devices in ambient atmosphere at room temperature (see Figure below).

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Avg. Current Density 100A/m2

- 1KHz - 50 % duty cycle - Block Wave

Figure 14. Light emission and photographs versus operation time for LECs using JF317 on glass encapsulated with a metal foil top barrier and operated under pulsed driving 1kHz, 50 % duty cycle and a current density of 100 A/m2. The above presented results indicate that the LECs are much more stable than OLEDs and that much less black spots are formed over time. This particular image was chosen at is shows the relation with the imperfection visible in the pristine device. Hence, it appears that the black spots that are present are due to imperfections in the film already visible at the start of the device operation. This indicates that improvements can be obtained with improving layer homogeneities. This confirms our hypothesis that the air‐stable electrodes decrease the sensitivity of LECs to ambient conditions. White Light‐emitting electrochemical cells: Within CELLO also first attempts to realize white were performed following a two colour approach. White emitting LECs devices were obtained by adding 1% of red emitter to a blue emitting material. For the first time a white emitting LEC reaching highest reported luminance levels of up to 1200 cd/m² was achieved. However, the lifetime of the devices in the range of few minutes was


very low which could be explained by the limited stability of the blue emitter available. Further efforts are required in the future to develop blue emitters of higher stability.

Figure 15. Demonstration of a white LEC.


WP3 Processing into Devices and Large Area Demonstrators Material upscaling In order to have access to sufficiently large amounts of complexes for the large area processing, upscaling of complex synthesis was carried out in CELLO. Much effort has been put into the up‐scaling of the first selected iTMC [Ir(ppy)2(pbpy)](PF6) = SG069 throughout the whole CELLO project. Different synthetic routes and purification methods have been tested. By using the column purification method, batch quantities of up to 20 g were purified in a very efficient way. This has also led to value information with respect to materials costs which is used as input for the analysis performed in WP4. Several complexes were upscaled in the course of the project to high purity. CELLO aimed to develop a cost‐efficient fabrication method for large area light‐emitting electrochemical cell devices on flexible foil using roll‐to‐roll printing and coating technologies such as gravure, flexography, screen‐printing and doctor blade coating. Initially two approaches were evaluated, printing using gravure and flexo (by VTT) and slot‐die coating (by OSRAM). Printing approach At VTT two unique R2R pilot manufacturing facilities for printed applications were available at the start of the project. The pilot lines are equipped with different printing units (e.g. gravure, rotary screen and flexography units), laminator, surface treatment unit, cleaning unit, curing units (UV, hot air, IR), die‐cutting unit and advanced on‐line measurement systems (e.g. web line control, registration accuracy, printing quality). The printing speed can be varied from 0.1 to 100 m/min. In addition a R2R evaporator with maximum web speed of 50 m/min for thin film top electrode metal deposition became available at VTT for the project during the first project year.


Figure 16. ROKO pilot printing line at VTT. As mentioned both printing and coating systems were used to prepare light‐emitting layers on flexible substrates. The ink formulations for the printing methods require the addition of a viscosity enhancing additive. The ionic transition metals used as the primary component of the light‐emitting layer are low molecular weight species that lead, when dissolved in solutions, to low viscosities. Some 20 different additives were evaluated on effect of viscosity and printability but also on compatibility with the light‐emitting layer by preparing and characterizing LECs. It was possible to prepare inks for gravure printing. LECs were printed using the following structure, PET‐ITO, gravure printed PEDOT: PSS, gravure printed iTMC, Ag (evaporated) and the pixel area was 0.18 cm2. Non‐contact coating approach As mentioned before Osram focused on the non‐contact coating process approach by slot‐die coating. The motivation of a non‐contact coating process is that only the fluid is in contact with the substrate. As a consequence no scratches, sprinklers, pinholes or tears are expected. The fluid flow avoids particles from sticking to the slot‐die, preventing repetitive defects. Non‐contact coating processes are less sensitive to inhomogeneous substrate thickness, therefore it was foreseen that lower roughness and improved flatness can be obtained. A further motivation for following the slot‐


die coating approach was that inks for the slot‐die coater can have lower viscosities, i.e. that no viscosity enhancing additives are required. This line was developed in the first year of the project and ready to use in the beginning of the second year in line with the workplan proposed.

Figure 17. Image of part of the R2R coating line at OSRAM (inset shows a 14 by 15 cm prototype LEC produced on the line). Due to the limited quantities of newly developed iTMCs, the slot die coater was especially designed for small amounts of liquid. Also for slot‐die coating the quality of the coatings is strongly dependent on the adjustment of the ink to the surface which has to be coated and to the coating tools. The crucial parameters are:

Rheological behaviour to guarantee a homogeneous ink transport across the coating lips of the slot die

Wetting behaviour

Drying behaviour

The wetting behaviour is not only a question of used materials; it is also dependent on the preconditioning of the surfaces. For this reason in the R2R coating line different systems for activating the substrate surface were implemented. Preliminary optimization of the inks and preconditioning of the surfaces were done by determination of the so‐called wetting angle and the surface energies. One crucial parameter to obtain good LECs is the control over the thickness and uniformity of the coated layers. Based on ellipsometry and reflectometry a thickness scanning measurement system was developed to allow for the characterization and improvement of uniform layers. Using an


ellipsometer the optical material parameter were determined in a high quality, but for these measurements the backside of the substrate has to be roughened to suppress backside reflexes. These parameters were used as input for the following reflection measurements which are not influenced by backside reflection. By this approach the homogeneity of the coating thickness is determined by a high resolution scan of this reflection measurement over the whole coating area without destroying the substrate. The challenging work of these measurements is the combination of each individual optical layer to a combined signal. This is done by suitable fitting tools. In the figures below, representative data is shown for the homogeneity of a PEDOT: PSS layer.

Figure 18. Thickness uniformity measurement of PEDOT:PSS‐layer on PET/ITO Small area device by slot‐die coating

5nm


Figure 19. Image of a small area 15 x 15 mm LEC prepared using slot‐die coating operated inside glove box. Large area device by slot‐die coating The implementation of the printed grids for large area LECs is still in progress as it is more demanding to prepare short free devices. As an intermediate the large area LECS were prepared using an evaporated grid of straight lines. This obviously is less ideal but allowed for the parallel investigation of the large area coating and the optimization of the printed grid lines.

Using the R2R coating line it was possible to prepare high quality large area (1415 cm) prototype LECs see Figure below:

Figure 20. Photographs of R2R coated large area (210 cm2) prototype LECs. Devices were laminated with an Al back sheet and a transparent barrier foil on front, causing the reflection pattern of the ambient illumination in the picture on the right. The device was operated in ambient air.


R2R Printing of grid lines To obtain the goal of large area LEC preparation using R2R techniques a suitable high conductive transparent substrate is required. During CELLO the only commercially available flexible conductive and transparent substrate was ITO coated PET or PEN foils. Therefore an ITO coated PET foil was selected as the substrate for the R2R preparation of the LECs. The conductivity of the ITO is

insufficient to prepare active areas of 1415 cm (the target set in CELLO). Hence, additional conductive lines, grid lines, are required to allow a homogeneous illumination of the large area LEC. This is challenging as the grid lines have a thickness significantly above the thickness of the active layers (PEDOT:PSS and light‐emitting layer). Special care must be taken to prevent the occurrence of electrical shorts between the grid lines and the top electrode. VTT used three different methods (inkjet, flexography and lift‐off) to manufacture honeycomb metal grid structures onto paste etched ITO‐PET (OC50 by Solutia) and PET (Melinex ST506 by DuPont) substrates in order to improve the conductivity and thus light emission homogeneity in large area LEC devices. These methods and their main characteristics were: 1. Inkjet

‐ Direct patterning using silver nanoparticle inks ‐ R2R scalable non‐contact printing, printing from file

2. Flexography ‐ Direct patterning using silver nanoparticle inks ‐ R2R process with mechanical printing nip impression

3. Lift‐off processing ‐ Indirect patterning, evaporated metal ‐ Flexographic printing of resist, metal evaporation, stripping of resist ‐ R2R process

Honeycomb metal grids of different sizes (3x3 cm2 – 15x15 cm2) were printed with inkjet and flexography using commercially available silver nanoparticle inks. The printed layout for the 15x15 cm2 grid is presented in Figure 21. The main targets for the printed layers were maximized smoothness, high conductivity, line width of 500 µm, good adhesion, and <1 µm layer thickness. For both printing methods, ink type and printing parameters were optimized to meet the layer requirements. The printed layers were analysed by determining the layer thickness, roughness, roughness uniformity, volume resistivity, and sheet resistance, line width (ink spreading), visual print quality, ink printability and processability, and ink adhesion to the substrate.


Figure 21. Layout of 15x15 cm2 honeycomb grids (left) and picture of a flexo printed grid foil (right).

Inkjet printing experiments were conducted with XY‐MDS 2.0 precision xy‐table by iTi with industrial‐scale printheads (10 pl droplet size) and their control unit Apollo II by Fujifilm Dimatix, shown in Figure 22. Silverjet DGP 40LT‐15C nanoparticle ink from Advanced Nano Products was printed using the speed of 9 m/min. The substrates needed to be pre‐heated (85‐140°C) using Instec heating platen (HCP218S‐mk1000) to avoid excessive ink spreading and formation of ink pools by accelerating the ink layer curing and drying, and to improve the ink adhesion. However, this heating also resulted in increased layer roughness. The optimum substrate temperature was 120‐140°C. After the printing, the samples were dried in an oven at 140°C.


Figure 22. Layer quality of metal grids using lift‐off (left) flexography (middle) and inkjet (right)

printing.

Small area devices on printed grids In view of the poor quality of ITO and PET combined with the rather rough metal grids trials were first done to obtain a thick PEDOT layer on plain ITO‐PET substrates. For these test several different PEDOT grades were evaluated. To ensure a good conductivity in between the grids the PEDOT types used should be high conductive. However, as in WP2 it was observed that it seems necessary to use a lower conductive PEDOT grade as the final layer. Meniscus coating was used to prepare the bi‐layers of PEDOT reaching a total thickness around 600 nm. The same approach was used for the grid containing substrates. meniscus coating was used to apply the PEDOT layers. On top of the 600 nm PEDOT double layer a layer of 100 nm of SG069 was deposited as the light‐emitting layer. The LEC was finished by the thermal evaporation of an 80 nm thick Al layer.

Figure 23. Photographs of small area LECs coated on top of inkjet printed grid lines on ITO covered

PET.

Small area devices with printed top electrode The above‐mentioned results were obtained using an evaporated top electrode. To demonstrate the potential of LECs for full R2R processing it was shown that also the top electrode can be


deposited using print techniques. For this aspect screen printing was chosen. Silk screen method has the advantage of having a rather low nip impression and thereby possibly a rather small mechanical impact on the underlying emissive layer. In a pre‐test, figure 24, the LEC with printed Ag top electrode showed electroluminescent behavior although weaker intensity than the LEC with evaporated Ag electrode.

Figure 24. Printed silver top electrodes in LEC devices. One of the issues was to identify the proper ink formulation. Negative interaction with the iTMC light‐emitting layer must be avoided. As most commercially silver and gold inks use polar solvents these are not suitable. Work will continue with laboratory scale evaluation of other possible ink candidates and printing variables.


WP4 Demonstrator Evaluation and Industrialization Demonstrator evaluation On the way to large area demonstrators on flexible substrates small area devices (0.04 cm²) on glass and small‐to‐medium size devices ( 1 cm²) on PET have been evaluated extensively. Later in the project, flexible devices with large areas of 210 cm² were available for evaluation. Because the reliable encapsulation of these devices was not yet established the characterization was done in a glove‐box. Finally, a few devices have been encapsulated successfully and could be operated in normal environment. For the large area (210 cm²) demonstrators a yellow‐orange iTMC (SG069), developed within the CELLO project, has been used. Although this emitter has only a measured photoluminescence quantum efficiency of approximately 20% it was considered to be a suitable material for large area coating process development. Other emitters with higher quantum efficiencies have been used in smaller devices made on glass. The highest efficiencies achieved for different emitter complexes are summarized in Table 1.

Lifetimes (LT50): The best values with regard to lifetime have been obtained with glass devices. The lifetime of flexible devices is, however, still much lower (100 vs. 6300 hours). It is assumed that contamination of the active layer by residues from the PET substrate are responsible for the faster degradation. Colour: The emission colour of the large area demonstrators with SG069 is yellow‐orange with a CCT of 2500‐2600 K, typical colour coordinates are 0.508, 0.482 for cx, cy, respectively. During an operation time of 25 hours the emission colour of a flexible demonstrator was very stable. Large Area: In Figure 25 a RGB and a luminance picture of a typical 15x14 cm² device fabricated with PET at OSRAM are presented. The efficiencies were somewhat lower compared to flexible devices with a size of only 1 cm² (see Table 1 above). Nevertheless, in view of the large size, leakage currents were remarkably low. So severe shorts caused by particles or pinholes were obviously not present in this device. With regard to manufacturing it should be pointed out that the technique of large area R2R slot‐die coating could produce very thin layers in the range of only 10 nm.


Figure 25. RGB and luminance picture of a typical 15x14 cm² R2R coated flexible device. Regarding the measured external quantum efficiencies (EQE) of devices with the best emitters very low internal losses have already been achieved. In the table below the EQE’s and the calculated device losses are summarized. The values have been calculated under the assumption that only 20 % of the generated light is coupled out from the device without additional optical out‐coupling structures. This is a generally agreed assumption. Table 2: EQE and calculated device losses of selected emitters. Data by UVEG.

Best CELLO emitters

Photo luminescence PLQE

Assumption: ideal opt. outcoupling

Theoretical loss due to missing opt. outcoupling measures: 80%

Measured EQE (without opt. outcoupling)*

Calculated loss of LEC-device

*Luminance [cd/m2] corresponding to measured EQE

*Current density [A/m2] corresponding to measured EQE

SG069 20% 20,0% 4,0% 2,7% 33% 1150 200 JF 317 (orange)

42% 42,0% 8,4% 7,0% 17% 360 20

JF 326 (green) 48% 48,0% 9,6% 8,2% 15% 757 25

From these results it can be concluded that much higher luminous efficiencies can be achieved when the optical out‐coupling can be increased substantially. Considering that the JF326 achieved a PLQE of 69% in dilute solution and 82% when dispersed in a PMMA film (5%wt.), further the development of host/matrix materials which enable lower emitter concentrations in neat films of devices is required. To improve lifetime, a further stabilization of the doping fronts is required. Feasibility study Based on the results of WP1, WP2 and WP3 a feasibility study was performed. All processes were evaluated concerning principal production robustness and inline capability. The manufacturing costs of large area lighting products were estimated. The optical and electrical performance of demonstrators like luminance, efficacy, power density, run‐up time, colour rendering, homogeneity, and lifetime were investigated.


Strong performance improvements have been achieved within CELLO. Efficiency was raised to 17 lm/W for green emitting devices, life‐time could be increased up to 6300 h, while turn‐on time was reduced, even though not all the targets could be fully accomplished simultaneously. Within the CELLO project the largest LEC on a flexible substrate with a size of 14 x 15 cm was manufactured, which is the currently largest LEC on flexible substrates according to our knowledge. Analysis of costs and performance in the study showed that in order to enable the future exploitation, still further improvements are required. As pointed out in chapter 4, especially volume independent material costs are still too high, while depreciation and labour cost are in a promising range. Performance is still insufficient for a market entrance. Therefore within the study a follow‐up manufacturing concept was proposed. In a new substrate concept new transparent electrodes will be substituting the ITO and will be applied by a structured deposition. This way material cost should be decreased. The CELLO manufacturing concept could lead to a reasonable cost structure by implementing a new encapsulation concept e.g. by a thin film encapsulation which needs to be developed. From a production perspective, within CELLO a R2R manufacturing concept could be developed that seems to be scalable from small ramp‐up manufacturing volumes in the range of 10000 m²/year up to high volume markets. In summary the main advantages of the CELLO follow‐up manufacturing concept are:

Low invest is required. Smaller markets can be targeted. Consequently the economic risk is much smaller. Technology development can keep pace in Europe in the long term. Smaller ramp‐up manufacturing production could be also profitable and therefore also be

located in Europe.

Intellectual properties ‐IP management In total two joined patent applications have been filed during the CELLO project.


4. Potential impact and dissemination activities and exploitation of results The consortium is convinced that CELLO has a very high strategic impact for Europe.

Energy efficient lighting is one of the quickest, most practical and most cost‐effective ways for Europe to save energy. Switching from ‘ordinary’ light bulbs to energy saving lighting products, for example, will reduce energy consumption for lighting by over 75%. In view of the current debate during consultations on the new EU directive on Energy Using Products about abolishing the traditional light bulb by 2014, OLED technology and inorganic LEDs are considered to have vast energy‐saving potential. Especially, in case of high efficient inorganic LEDs OSRAM holds a strong leadership being the No 2 producer in the world. The scope of using OLEDs in lighting technology has already been demonstrated impressively in numerous prototypes by OSRAM Opto Semiconductors and Siemens and many other research groups worldwide. Recent European initiatives like CombOLED, FAST2LIGHT and OLED 100 (ICT, FP7) set a clear goal: to make OLED competitive with existing, highly‐efficient lighting technology in order to path the way to enter the lighting market. The major challenge is to bring the manufacturing costs down. The identified key factors for cost reduction are:

1. to improve production yield by fault‐tolerant processes and device concepts 2. to use inexpensive technologies for mass production 3. to produce high quantities of lighting area and 4. to lower material costs.

LECs are, like OLEDs, thin film solid state electroluminescent devices and can reach similar performances. They offer significant processing advances over OLEDs as they consist of less active layers (1 or 2), use air‐stable electrodes, are solution processed from environmentally friendly solvents and have high tolerance for the active layer thickness. This will enable significant cost reductions allowing the creation of low cost high efficiency lighting foils that can be introduced to the main stream lighting market opening up also completely new ways to apply lighting and hence meet the long term EU energy targets and generate a significant economic advantage for the EU. Competitiveness in Lighting Industry: Europe has always been a global leader in the production of traditional lighting sources, which can be considered a resource intensive industry (Philips and OSRAM). Over 50.000 Europeans are employed in this sector. Today, incandescent lamps are nearing the end of their life cycle and the lighting technology is moving towards high‐efficiency fluorescent and a new, disruptive technology called Solid State Lighting. Inorganic LEDs and OLEDs fall under this category. These technologies require production know how which is based more on semiconductor manufacturing than on classical glass treatment technologies. As a result new competitors with according background appeared and do now have the opportunity to enter the lighting market. Inorganic LEDs – which just recently passed the threshold of available lumen packages, high efficiency and low costs to move into general lighting – are already dominated by Asian companies like Nichia, Toyoda‐Gosei, Stanley, Everlite and others and US based companies like Cree. Within Europe, only OSRAM Opto Semiconductors operates a new, modern factory for inorganic LED production in Germany.


In addition to the inorganic solid state lamps (LEDs) and organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), LECs will be used as highly efficiency light sources which are easily applied to large surface areas using low capital requiring processing techniques and thus opening up completely new lighting concepts. The market potential for thin film solid‐state lighting is very large. LEC technology can serve as a vehicle to transform the existing European lighting industry from a resource‐intensive to a knowledge‐intensive industry. But this will be possible only if an effort to foster research in novel cheap, efficient ionic materials, their large‐scale solution based processing and performance in devices as proposed by CELLO will be promoted at the European level. CELLO’s end‐user OSRAM is capable and willing to exploit the results of the CELLO project. It is essential for European companies to keep the leadership in new lighting technologies with new features like flatness and flexibility which offer the opportunity to address also many new applications, thus offering growth potential. This was addressed by the CELLO project which significantly contributed to flexible molecular lighting development and production in Europe by building knowledge and providing skilled personnel to this industry. It is clear that, without focused multidisciplinary initiatives – supported by the Commission – the chances of establishing high‐tech production facilities within Europe will become more and more difficult in the future. In view of several overseas programs like the Solid State lighting program of the US Department of Energy (63 mn US$ per year until 2020, half of the money for OLED), the Japanese NEDO initiative (4.3 bn JPY from 2004 to 2011) and the new Korean Initiative by MOCIE (20,7 mn US$ over 7 years until 2013) the urgent need for similar European programs gets very clear. The above mentioned initiatives include the participation of well‐known companies like General Electric, Matsushita Electric Works, NEC Lighting and LG Electronics. This clarifies that new competition can be expected from fields like OLED display manufacturing. This brief comparison shows that the competition in the pre‐phase of market entry is fierce and there is a threat that a technological field, forming the basis for a huge market, is withdrawn from Europe. The need of supporting programs such as CELLO has therefore significantly increased. European Printing Industry Printed and large area electronics is an extremely fast developing technology field. Continuously upcoming new innovations in materials and processing technologies enable completely new application areas that strengthen the position of organic and printed electronics as one of the future’s key technology areas. The huge market potential of organic and printed electronics is already seen in market forecasts for future technologies. For instance, Frost & Sullivan forecasts a $35 billion industry market by 2015 for organic and printable electronics, and in excess of $300 billion by 2025. In Europe, there is a strong printing, packaging and machine industry. However, in recent years low cost production in Asia has undermined Europe’s strong position. The European printing industry (27 countries, Intergraf) consists of around 125 000 companies and over 880 000 people are employed in this sector. The turnover in the European printing industry is estimated to be 90 billion Euros. The printing industry consists primarily of small enterprises, with 85 % of the companies employing less than 20 persons. The development of these traditional industry areas in the short term is strongly dependent on new products and applications for printed electronics that have a fast market entry such as LECs. Reinforcement of Europe’s leading role in large area electronics is very much dependent on the traditional printing, packaging and machine industry and their


capacity to introduce and integrate new information and new technologies into their processes. Furthermore, machine manufacturers will benefit, because special types of manufacturing and processing lines will need to be integrated into existing production lines. Strengthening the human potential in Research and Technology in Europe Within CELLO, interactions between young researchers and industrial participants happened which is for instance nicely documented by the multiplicity of joined publications that have been published. In doing so a high level training was given to the young researchers by broadening their scientific and generic skills, including those related to complementary skills such as technology transfer and entrepreneurship.


Dissemination The main mechanisms used for the dissemination of knowledge generated in the project outside the consortium were: a project website (www.cello‐project.eu), the publishing of papers in high level scientific journals, active participation and presentations at professional conferences and trade shows, press releases and mass‐media interviews. Additionally, we participate in the magazine European Energy Innovation, in the issue: “Photonics: A key enabling technology of Europe: The importance of Photonics for energy efficiency; from LED lighting to photovoltaics and optical

communications”. Overall more than 80 dissemination actions took place. Exploitation Exploitation of results The CELLO consortium was a balanced research effort between industrial partners, public research institutes and higher education institutes. All partners have plans and possibilities for the exploitation of the knowledge gained during and after the CELLO project. The end user of the project, OSRAM, will continue working on LECs and is expanding the pre‐production line. As identified in CELLO one of the main cost factors is the substrate and packaging technology. This topic is currently being addressed in the EU supported project TREASORES in which OSRAM participates. To further enhance the performance levels of LECs a coordinated activity towards the development of improved materials and device architecture compatible with the developed coating and printing techniques (in CELLO) is required. From the achieved performance results it can be concluded that much higher luminous efficiencies can be achieved when the optical out‐coupling can be increased substantially. Considering that the best emitters achieve a significant higher PLQE in dilute solution and when dispersed in inert matrix materials, the development of host/matrix materials which enable lower emitter concentrations in neat films of devices is required. To improve lifetime, a further stabilization of the doping fronts is required.


5. Project website and contact information CELLO started on January 1st 2010 with the partners Universidad de Valencia (coordinator), Siemens, Universitaet Basel, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, OSRAM GmbH and Teknologian tutkimuskeskus as an ICT funded project under the contract number 248043. More information can be found at the website: www.cello‐project.eu.

The members of the of the CELLO consortium. The CELLO website will remain active until 2016 and can be found at: www.cello‐project.eu. For more information related to the project please contact the scientific representative of the coordinator, Dr. Henk Bolink at the University of Valencia. His contact details are listed below. Dr. Henk Bolink Instituto de Ciencia Molecular Universidad de Valencia C/ Catadratico J. Beltran nr 2 Paterna, Valencia 46980 Spain Email: [email protected] Phone: +34963544416


6. Use and dissemination of foreground Section A (public)

The tables A1 and A2 (see below) show an overview of a list of all scientific (peer reviewed) publications relating to the foreground of the project. (A1) and a list of all dissemination activities (A2). 49 peer review publications have been made, 29 additional dissemination activities took place.

Table A1: List of scientific (peer reviewed) publications

NO. Title Main author

Title of the periodical or the series

Number, date or frequency Publisher

Place of publication

Year of publication

Relevant pages

Permanent identifiers[1] (if available)

Is/Will open access[2] provided to this publication?

1 Efficient and Long-Living Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells

R. D. Costa (UVEG) Advanced Functional Materials

20 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH

Germany 2010 1511–1520

2 Intramolecular π-Stacking in a Phenylpyrazole-Based Iridium Complex and Its Use in Light Emitting Electrochemical Cells

R. D. Costa (UVEG) Journal of the American Chemical Society

132 ACS publications Washington (USA) 2010 5978–5980

3 The Hydrogen Issue N. Armaroli (CNR) Chemistry & Sustainability, Energy & Materials


Germany 2011 21-36

4 The Legacy of fossil fuels N. Armaroli (CNR) Chemistry – An Asian Journal


Germany 2011 768-784

5 Operating modes of sandwiched light-emitting electrochemical cells

M. Lenes (UVEG) Advanced Functional Materials


Germany 2011 1581-1586


6 Light-emitting electrochemical cells based on a supramolecularly-caged Phenanthroline based Iridium complex

R. D. Costa (UVEG) Chemical Communications

47 Royal Soc. Chemistry

Cambridge (U.K) 2011 3207-3209

7 Stable and efficient solid-state light-emitting electrochemical cells based on a series of hydrophobic Iridium complexes

R. D. Costa (UVEG) Advanced Energy Materials


Germany 2011 282-290

8 Photophysical properties of charged Clyclometalated Ir (III) complexes: a joint theoretical and experimental study

R. D. Costa (UVEG) Inorganic Chemistry 50 ACS publications Washington (USA) 2011 7229-7238

9 p-n Metallophosphor based on cationic Iridium (III) complex for solid-state light-emitting electrochemical cells

H. Bolink (UVEG) Journal of Materials Chemistry


Cambridge (U.K) 2011 13999-14007

10 Copper(I) complexes for sustainable light-emitting electrochemical cells

R. D. Costa (UVEG) Journal of Materials Chemistry


Cambridge (U.K) 2011 16108-16118

11 Recents advances in light-emitting electrochemical cells

R. D. Costa (UVEG) Pure and Applied Chemistry

83 IUPAC North Carolina (USA)

2011 2115-2128

12 Simple, fast, bright, and stable light sources

D. Tordera (UVEG) Advanced Materials 24 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH

Germany 2012 897-900

13 Near-UV to red-emitting charged bis-cyclometallated Iridium (III) complexes for light-emitting electrochemical cells

F. Kessler (UNIBAS) Dalton Transaction 41 Royal Soc. Chemistry

Cambridge (U.K) 2012 180-191

14 Bright Blue Phosphorescence from Cationic Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium (III) Isocyanide Complexes

N.M. Shavaleev (EPFL)

Inorganic Chemistry 51 ACS publications Washington (USA) 2012 2263-2271

15 Charged cyclometalated Iridium(III) complexes that have large electrochemical gap


Inorganica Chimica Acta

383 Elsevier Amsterdam (Netherlands)

2012 316-319


16 Influence of Halogen Atoms on a Homologous Series of Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes

E. Baranoff (EPFL) Inorganic Chemistry 51 ACS publications Washington (USA) 2012 799-811

17 Acid-Induced Degradation of Phosphorescent Dopants for OLEDs and Its Application to the Synthesis of Tris-heteroleptic Iridium(III) Bis-cyclometalated Complexes

E. Baranoff (EPFL) Inorganic Chemistry 51 ACS publications Washington (USA) 2012 215-224

18 Softening the donor set for light-emitting electrochemical cells: [Ir(ppy)2(N^N)]+,[Ir(ppy)2(P^P)]+ and [Ir(ppy)2(P^S)]+ salts

E.C. Constable (UNIBAS)

Polyhedron 35 Elsevier Amsterdam (Netherlands)

2012 154-460

19 Bis(pyrazol-1-yl)methane as Non-chromophoric ancillary ligand for charged Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium(III) complexes

E. Baranoff (EPFL) European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry


Germany 2012 3209-3215

20 Dynamic doping and degradation in sandwich-type light-emitting electrochemical cells

S. B. Meier (Siemens) Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics


Cambridge (U.K) 2012 10886-10890

21 Fine-Tuning of Photophysical and Electronic Properties of Materials for Photonic DevicesThrough Remote Functionalization

A.M. Bünzli (UNIBAS) European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry


Germany 2012 3780-3788

22 Stable Green Electroluminescence from an Iridium Tris-Heteroleptic Ionic Complex

D. Tordera (UVEG) Chemistry of Materials

24 ACS publications Washington (USA) 2012 1896-1903

23 Efficient orange light-emitting electrochemical cells

D. Tordera (UVEG) Journal of Materials Chemistry


Cambridge (U.K) 2012 19264-19268

24 Blue Phosphorescence of Trifluoromethyl- and Trifluoromethoxy-Substituted Cationic Iridium(III) Isocyanide Complexes


Organometallics 31 ACS publications Washington (USA) 2012 6288-6296


25 Phosphorescent cationic iridium(III) complexes with cyclometalating 1H-indazole and 2H-[1,2,3]-triazole ligands




2012 84-87

26 Luminescent Ionic Transition-Metal Complexes for Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells

R. D. Costa (UVEG) Angewandte Chemie International Edition


Germany 2012 8178-8211

27 In-situ photoluminescence spectroscopy study of dynamic doping in sandwich-type light-emitting electrochemical cells

S. B. Meier (Siemens) Proc. SPIE 8476 SPIE Brussels 2012 847617-847617

28 Optimizing the performance of metal grid conductors by modifying printing conditions

Liisa Hakola (VTT) Proceedings of Digital Fabrication 2012 conference

Society for Imaging Science & Technology

Quebec (Canadá) 2012 155-158

29 Printed conductor grids on transparent electrodes

M. Allen (VTT) Proceeding of LOPE-C 2012 scientific conference

Munich (Germany) 2012 44-48

30 Roll-to-roll patterning of electrodes M. Ylikunnari (VTT) Proceeding of LOPE-C 2012 scientific conference

Munich (Germany) 2012

31 A Simple Approach to Room Temperature Phosphorescent Allenylidene Complexes

F. Kessler (UNIBAS) Angewandte Chemie 51 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH

Germany 2012 8030-8033

32 From stereochemistry controlled by an asymmetric sulfur atom in a tris(chelate) to a kryptoracemate

I. Bouamaied (UNIBAS)

Dalton Transaction 41 Royal Soc. Chemistry

Cambridge (U.K) 2012 10276-10285

33 Pyridine-Incorporated Dihexylquaterthiophene: A Novel Blue Emitter for Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)

H. Bolink (UVEG) Australian Journal of Chemistry

65 CSIRO publishing

Victoria (Australia) 2012 1244-1251


34 Extreme tuning of redox and optical properties of cationic cyclometalated iridium(III) isocyanide complexes


Organometallics 32 ACS publications Washington (USA) 2013 460-467

35 Phosphorescence of iridium(III) complexes with 2-(2-pyridyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles




2013 295-299

36 High-performance pure blue phosphorescent OLED using a novel bis-heteroleptic iridium(III) complex with fluorinated bipyridyl ligands

F. Kessler (UNIBAS) Journal of Materials Chemistry C


Cambridge (U.K) 2013 1070-1075

37 Ligand-Based Charge-Transfer Luminescence in Ionic Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes Bearing a Pyrene-Functionalized Bipyridine Ligand: A Joint Theoretical and Experimental Study


Inorganic Chemistry 52 ACS publications Washington (USA) 2013 885-897

38 Controlling the dynamic behavior of light emitting electrochemical cells

M. Lenes (UVEG) Organic Electronics 14 Elsevier Amsterdam (Netherlands)

2013 693-698

39 Universal Transients in Polymer and Ionic Transition Metal Complex Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells

H. Bolink (UVEG)

Journal of the American Chemical Society


40 A deep-blue emitting charged bis-cyclometallated iridium(III) complex for light-emitting electrochemical cells

S. B. Meier (Siemens) Journal of Materials Chemistry C


Cambridge (U.K) 2013 58-68

41 Tuning the photophysical properties of cationic iridium(III) complexes containing cyclometallated 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole through functionalized 2,2 '-bipyridine ligands: blue but not blue enough

E. Baranoff (EPFL) Dalton Transaction 42 Royal Soc. Chemistry

Cambridge (U.K) 2013 1073-1087


42 Effi cient, Cyanine Dye Based Bilayer Solar Cells

O. Malinkiewicz (UVEG)

Advanced Energy Materials

Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH

Germany 2013 In press. DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201200764.

43 How to blue-shift phosphorescence color of iridium(III) complexes



Elsevier Amsterdam (Netherlands)

2013 In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2012.12.004

44 A homage to Alfred Werner: exploring the stereochemical complexity of cyclometallated [Ir(ppy)2XY]n+ complexes (Hppy = 2-phenylpyridine)


Polyhedron Elsevier Amsterdam (Netherlands)

2013 In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2012.08.036.

45 Pulsed-current versus constant-voltage light-emitting electrochemical cells with trifluoromethyl-substituted cationic iridium(III) complexes


Journal of Materials Chemistry C


Cambridge (U.K) 2013 2241-2248

46 Ionic iridium complex and conjugated polymer used to solution process a bi-layer white light-emitting diode

M. Sessolo (UVEG) Applied Materials and Interfaces


47 Dynamic doping in planar ionic transition metal complex-based light-emitting electrochemical cells

S. B. Meier (Siemens) Advanced Functional Materials

Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH

Germany 2013 In press DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201202689


Table A2: list of dissemination activities

NO. Type of activities[1] Main leader Title Date Place Type of audience[2] Size of audience Countries addressed

1 Teaching/Lecturing Nicola Armaroli Illuminare il mondo nel XXI Secolo (i.e. Lighting the World in the XXI century)

November 29, 2012

Teramo (Italy) High School Students and Teachers

More than 600 people Italy

2 Press release OSRAM F. Vollkommer (OSRAM) New lamps from the printer http://www.osram.de/osram_de/trends-und-wissen/innovation/innovation-news-lampen-aus-dem-drucker/index.jsp

INTERNET Large World

3 SPIE Photonic Europe D. Hartmann; W. Sarfert; S. Meier; H.J. Bolink; S. Garcia-Santamaria; J. Wecker

Towards efficient next generation light sources: Combined solution processed and evapored layers for OLEDs

April 12-16, 2010

Brussels (Belgium)

Academic and companies 300 World

4 Nanotech 2010: NSTI Nanotecnology Conference & Expo

R.D. Costa; A. Pertegás; D. Tordera; M. Lenes; E. Ortí; H.J. Bolink; s. Graber; E. Constable; C.E. Housecroft

Stable and efficient light-emitting electrochemical cells

June 21-26, 2010

Anaheim, California (USA)


5 OLAE Cluster Concertation Meeting

W. Sarfert CELLO June 14th-15th 2010

Brussels (Belgium)

Academic and companies EU consortia Europe


6 MRS Fall Meeting M. Lenes; H.J. Bolink Ionic Effects in Solid State Organic Photovoltaics

Nov 30-December 02, 2010

Boston (USA)


7 MRS Fall Meeting Michele Sessolo, Hicham Brine, Martijn Lenes, Henk Bolink

Hybrid Organic-inorganic Light Emitting Diodes

Nov 30-December 02, 2010

Boston (USA)


8 International Conference on Molecular Electronics

E.C. Constable Light emitting electrochemical cells – an alternative to OLED technology

January 5 - 9, 2010

Emmetten (Switzerland)


9 4th European School on Molecular Nanoscience (ESMolNa 2011)

M. Delgado, D. Tordera, E. Ortí, H.J. Bolink

Blue-Emitting Cationic Iridium Complexes for Efficient Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells

October 23rd-28th, 2011

Peñíscola, Spain

University students and professors

80 Spain

10 SPIE 2011 Photonics West – OPTO

W. Sarfert, S. Meier, D. Hartman, G. Schmid, K. Kanitz, M. Lenes, H.J. Bolink

Light Emitting Electrochemical Cells (LECs): Next generation lighting devices based on liquid processes and ionic organometallic complexes

January 27th, 2011

San Francisco, USA


11 DPG spring meeting 2011

S. Meier, W. Sarfert, D. Hartman, M. Lenes, H.J. Bolink

Improving the performance of phosphorescent light-emitting electrochemical cells without sacrificing stability

March 17th, 2011

Dresden, Germany


300 Germany


D. Hartmann

Cost-Efficient Lighting devices based on Liquid processes and ionic Organometallic complexes

July 13th, 2011

Thessaloniki, Greece


13 Organic Microelectronics & Optoelectronics Workshop VII

D.Tordera, M.Lenes, A.Pertegás, E.Ortí, H.J.Bolink

Operation Mechanism of Sandwiched Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells

July 18th, 2011 San Francisco, USA



14 6th International Symposium on Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry

I.Bouamaied Organic Light Emitting Electrochemical Cells based on new Iridium (III) complexes (Poster)

July 3rd-7th, 2011

Brigthon, London (UK)


15 DPG spring meeting 2012. S. Meier, W. Sarfert (Siemens); D. Tordera, J. Bolink (UVEG)

Fast, stable and high-brightness light-emitting electrochemical cells

March, 27th, 2012

Berlin, Germany


300 Germany

16 Gordon Research Conference: Electronic Processes in Organic Materials

S. Meier, B. Lefevre, D. Hartmann, W. Sarfert (Siemens); Bolink (UVEG); S. van Reenen, M. Kemerink (TU Eindhoven),

Planar light-emitting electrochemical cells comprising ionic transition metal complexes

June 3-8th, 2012

Italy


17 SPIE Optics + Photonics San Diego 2012 (invited talk)

S. Meier, W. Sarfert, D. Hartmann (Siemens); D. Tordera, J. Bolink (UVEG)

In-situ photoluminescence spectroscopy study of dynamic doping in sandwich-type light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs)

August 13th, 2012

San Diego, USA


18 DPG spring meeting 2013

S. Meier, W. Sarfert (Siemens); Bolink (UVEG); S. van Reenen, M. Kemerink (TU Eindhoven),

The operational mechanism of ionic transition metal complex-based light-emitting electrochemical cells

March, 11th, 2013

Regensburg, Germany


300 Germany

19 Italian Photochemistry Meeting 2012

R. D. Costa, F. Monti, G. Accorsi, A. Barbieri, H. J. Bolink, E. Ortí, N. Armaroli

Photophysical Properties of Charged Cyclometalated Ir(III) Complexes: A Joint Theoretical and Experimental Study

October, 12th, 2012

Bologna, Italy University students and professors

300 Italy

20 University of Nantes, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques. Invited Lecture

N. Armaroli Luminescent and Photoactive Metal Complexes, Supramolecular Systems and Nanomaterials

October, 16th, 2012

Nantes, France University students and professors

300 France

21 European XFEL Science Lecture Series

N. Armaroli Fundamental light-induced processes of technological relevance: from molecules

January, 10th, 2013

Hamburg, Germany


300 Germany


to nanomaterials

22 SID2012 Spring Meeting Liisa Hakola Metal grid conductors for LECs by using high-speed inkjet printing

May 7-8th, 2012

Stockholm, Sweden


23 LS13-conference New York

F. Vollkommer, J. Bauer, K.-D. Bauer, M. Müller, H.J. Bolink, D. Tordera, A. Pertegas

R2R capable solution based processing of LECs

June 24-29th 2012

USA Primarily industry 5000 World

24 Symposium on Inorganic Chemistry

N. Armaroli Energy for the 21st Century: Challenges and Opportunities for Chemistry

January, 7th, 2013

Singapore Academic and companies 500 World

25 2012 MRS Spring Meeting & Exhibit

H. J. Bolink Dynamic Doping in Bright and Stable Light Emitting Electrochemical Cells

April 10-13th, 2012

San Francisco, USA



H. J. Bolink

Cost-Efficient Lighting devices based on Liquid processes and ionic Organometallic complexes

October 8th, 2012

Dresden, Germany


27 eMRS 2012 Spring Meeting

D. Tordera, M. Lenes, H. J Bolink

Dynamic doping in bright and stable light emitting electrochemical cells

May 11-19th, 2013

Strasbourg, France


28 Gordon Research Conference: Electronic Processes in Organic Materials

H. J. Bolink Light emitting devices based on ionic transition metal complexes

June, 3-8th, 2012

Lucca (Barga), Italy


29 European Energy Innovation

H. J. Bolink, F. Vollkommer Photonics: A key enabling technology of Europe:

May 2013 Policy makers 500 Europe


7. Section B (Confidential10 or public: confidential information to be marked clearly) Part B1 Below the details about the patent submitted are listed:.

TEMPLATE B1: LIST OF APPLICATIONS FOR PATENTS, TRADEMARKS, REGISTERED DESIGNS, ETC.

Type of IP Rights11:

Confidential Click on YES/NO

Foreseen embargo

date dd/mm/yyyy Application reference(s)

(e.g. EP123456) Subject or title of application Applicant (s) (as on the application)

Patent 1 YES 20/07/2012 EP 12177312.1 Device operation Osram GmbH, Siemens, UVEG,

Patent 2 YES 19/11/2012 EP 12193255.2 Device architecture EPFL, Osram AG

10 Note to be confused with the "EU CONFIDENTIAL" classification for some security research projects.

11 A drop down list allows choosing the type of IP rights: Patents, Trademarks, Registered designs, Utility models, Others.


Part B2

Type of Exploitable Foreground12

Description of exploitable

foreground

Confidential Click on YES/NO

Foreseen embargo

date dd/mm/yyyy

Exploitable product(s) or measure(s)

Sector(s) of application13

Timetable, commercial or any other use

Patents or other IPR exploitation (licences)

Owner & Other Beneficiary(s) involved

General advancement of knowledge

Solution processing of small molecules

yes Knowledge transfer to LEC devices based on solution processed ionic small molecules (EU-project CELLO)

C27.4.0 - Manufacture of electric lighting equipment

Next 3 years Siemens/OSRAM/UVEG


OLED course No Spanish interuniversity Master “Nanociencia y nanotechnologia molecular”

UVEG


Refinement of design criteria for the preparation of emitting Ir(III) complexes with the desired emission color.

No UNIBAS/EPFL/Siemens/UVEG/CNR/OSRAM


Deeper understanding of the relationship between structure of luminescent materials and device stability

NO UNIBAS/EPFL/Siemens/UVEG/CNR/OSRAM

19 A drop down list allows choosing the type of foreground: General advancement of knowledge, Commercial exploitation of R&D results, Exploitation of R&D results via standards, exploitation of results through EU policies, exploitation of results through (social) innovation. 13 A drop down list allows choosing the type sector (NACE nomenclature) : http://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/index/nace_all.html


During the course of CELLO: – 2 students have received their doctor degree – 5 students have received their master degree – For 3 years a course on OLEDs has been given as one integral part of the Spanish interuniversity Master “Nanociencia y

nanotechnologia molecular” – Results were also presented on the 1st and 2nd EUROPEAN SCHOOL ON MOLECULAR NANOSCIENCE

Part of the outcome of CELLO is being used in the FP-7 project “TREASORES”. During the project 47 publications were published in high impact journals giving reference to CELLO.


8. Exploitation of results Exploitation in general: The CELLO consortium is a balanced research effort between industrial partners, public research institutes and higher education institutes. All partners have plans and possibilities for the exploitation of the knowledge gained during and after the CELLO project.

1. Universidad de Valencia The results of this project will be used to educate the undergraduate and PhD student of the University of Valencia. However, due to participations in several national and one European master courses the knowledge obtained from the project will be disseminated for educational and training purposes to a large number of young scientists in Spain and in Europe. UVEG will fundamentally strengthen its expertise on solution processed molecular based light‐emitting devices also via participation in the FP7 projects, HYSENS and TREASORES. 2. Siemens

Siemens has long‐term experience in the field of Organic Electronics. On the one hand there exists a close collaboration with OSRAM on the research and development of Organic lighting devices since many years. Siemens will continue supporting OSRAM in material development to strengthen their position as Organic Lighting manufacturer by taking advantage from the experiences gained in the CELLO project. On the other hand in the same research group other Organic Electronic devices like Organic Photodetectors (OPD) are being developed. In that regard the OPD technology will especially benefit from the know‐how developed in terms of solution processing and packaging. The experiences gained will contribute to the continuing development of OPDs and related technologies in ongoing national funded projects and the FP7 project FLEXIBILITY.

3. Universitaet Basel

The CELLO Project has permitted the synthetic team in UniBas to develop new and highly effective screening strategies for colour tuning of emissive transition metal complexes. Interplay of theoretical (in collaboration with UVEG in CELLO) and synthetic approaches has resulted in logical and efficient ligand design in iridium(III) tris(chelate) complexes which will continue to reap benefits in future research. The project has been of huge value to current PhD students and postdoctoral associates training for the global job market, and has benefited a number of Masters students who have been able to undertake challenging and integrated projects.

4. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche

The CELLO Project allowed to gain a substantial amount of new knowledge in the area of photochemistry and photophysics of Ir(III) complexes, as testified by the publication of 8 papers in international peer‐reviewed journal (at least one more expected shortly), jointly with other teams. Further knowledge has been acquired about the degradation for LEC devices, which will be of capital importance for the implementation of more stable and hence more viable devices. The research activity carried out within the project has enforced the leading role of the CNR team in luminescence spectroscopy of metal complexes on the international stage and will allow widening the interdisciplinarity of the research made by the group. Moreover, undergraduate students attending CNR laboratories have greatly benefited from the activities of


the project because they were trained in UV‐Vis spectroscopy on transition metal complexes with a unique applicative perspective, which has enriched their academic background and their appeal for the job market.

5. Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne In the course of CELLO project, EPFL team has prepared a large number and variety of new organic ligands, organic charge‐transport materials, and organometallic iridium(III) complexes. EPFL focussed its efforts on Ir(III) complexes with neutral and ancillary ligands that have less‐common azole and carbene binding groups. We demonstrated how to control color and efficiency of emission for Ir(III) complexes in solution and in solid state. EPFL made significant efforts to develop high‐energy emitting Ir(III) complexes that are phosphorescent in the near UV to blue‐green spectral range. A number of Ir(III) complexes developed by EPFL give stable LEC devices; some of the complexes gave hard‐to‐achieve blue to blue‐green emissive LEC. The experience gained in the CELLO project will be used to develop metal complexes and organic materials for light‐emitting and DSSC applications. The collaboration with CELLO team members established and strengthened in the past three years will lead to new joint projects in the future. The results of the research were published in (9 from NMS) peer‐reviewed papers. The results obtained by EPFL during CELLO are likely to be of interest to the inorganic and coordination chemistry community and to the researchers that develop organic electronics devices.

6. OSRAM GmbH

OSRAM GmbH is a leading manufacturer of nearly all light sources, especially of solid state lighting, like inorganic or organic LEDs.

OSRAM is putting tremendous resources and investment in the development of OLEDs. A pilot production line was installed in Regensburg in 2011. In this context OSRAM is also putting permanent effort into the development of more cost efficient production processes than used in OLED production today.

The excellent results of CELLO regarding new manufacturing technologies like e.g. solution based processing have a significant impact for the product development roadmap. The achieved results in the device architecture, in material development and in the operation mode are important steps forward. The project identified the need for additional development steps. A further significant performance improvement has to be achieved by the implementation of effective and cost efficient solutions for optical out‐coupling measures for flexible R2R compatible systems. The cost analysis clearly demonstrated the need for an ITO replacement and new barrier and encapsulation concepts. Osram will use the results from CELLO to develop solution for these additional challenges by implementing it in its own development roadmap and also within the frame of the recently started EU project TREASORES.

Additionally CELLO revealed the need for further material development targeting specifically the requirements of LECs. To improve lifetime, a further stabilization of the doping fronts is also required. Especially for these topics a combined effort of an expert consortium would be very beneficial and a further development period of at least five years is expected.

As the market study, disclosed in Deliverable 4.1, showed that the above mentioned topics need to be overcome to allow a successful market entry for LECs and to establish a significant market segment. However, the solution manufacturing process steps explored in CELLO and the know‐how generated will also be valuable to improve OLED manufacturing.

7. Teknologian tutkimuskeskus VTT


VTT will utilize the knowledge gained in the Cello project broadly in development of solution processing manufacturing technologies for the different application areas of printed large area organic electronics. Especially transparent electrode systems will be explored in OPV and OLED end‐uses. On‐going projects within thin film lighting area include FP7 projects Flexibility and Inlight.


9. Report on societal implications Replies to the following questions will assist the Commission to obtain statistics and indicators on societal and socio-economic issues addressed by projects. The questions are arranged in a number of key themes. As well as producing certain statistics, the replies will also help identify those projects that have shown a real engagement with wider societal issues, and thereby identify interesting approaches to these issues and best practices. The replies for individual projects will not be made public.

A General Information (completed automatically when Grant Agreement number is entered.

Grant Agreement Number: 248043

Title of Project: CELLO

Name and Title of Coordinator: Dr. Hendrik Jan Bolink

B Ethics

1. Did your project undergo an Ethics Review (and/or Screening)?

If Yes: have you described the progress of compliance with the relevant Ethics

Review/Screening Requirements in the frame of the periodic/final project reports? Special Reminder: the progress of compliance with the Ethics Review/Screening Requirements should be described in the Period/Final Project Reports under the Section 3.2.2 'Work Progress and Achievements'

NO

2. Please indicate whether your project involved any of the following issues (tick box) :

NO

RESEARCH ON HUMANS Did the project involve children? NO Did the project involve patients? NO Did the project involve persons not able to give consent? Did the project involve adult healthy volunteers? Did the project involve Human genetic material? Did the project involve Human biological samples? Did the project involve Human data collection?

RESEARCH ON HUMAN EMBRYO/FOETUS Did the project involve Human Embryos? Did the project involve Human Foetal Tissue / Cells? Did the project involve Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs)? Did the project on human Embryonic Stem Cells involve cells in culture? Did the project on human Embryonic Stem Cells involve the derivation of cells from Embryos?

PRIVACY Did the project involve processing of genetic information or personal data (eg. health, sexual

lifestyle, ethnicity, political opinion, religious or philosophical conviction)?

Did the project involve tracking the location or observation of people? RESEARCH ON ANIMALS


Did the project involve research on animals? NO Were those animals transgenic small laboratory animals? NO Were those animals transgenic farm animals? NO Were those animals cloned farm animals? NO Were those animals non-human primates? NO

RESEARCH INVOLVING DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Did the project involve the use of local resources (genetic, animal, plant etc)? NO Was the project of benefit to local community (capacity building, access to healthcare, education

etc)? NO

DUAL USE Research having direct military use NO

Research having the potential for terrorist abuse NO

C Workforce Statistics

3. Workforce statistics for the project: Please indicate in the table below the number of people who worked on the project (on a headcount basis).

Type of Position Number of Women Number of Men

Scientific Coordinator 1

Work package leaders 2 3 Experienced researchers (i.e. PhD holders) 17 27 PhD Students 1 4 Other 5 15

4. How many additional researchers (in companies and universities) were recruited specifically for this project?

11

Of which, indicate the number of men:

7


D Gender Aspects 5. Did you carry out specific Gender Equality Actions under the project?

X

Yes No

6. Which of the following actions did you carry out and how effective were they? Not at all

effective Very

effective

Design and implement an equal opportunity policy Set targets to achieve a gender balance in the workforce Organise conferences and workshops on gender Actions to improve work-life balance Other:

7. Was there a gender dimension associated with the research content – i.e. wherever people were the focus of the research as, for example, consumers, users, patients or in trials, was the issue of gender considered and addressed?

Yes- please specify

X No

E Synergies with Science Education

8. Did your project involve working with students and/or school pupils (e.g. open days, participation in science festivals and events, prizes/competitions or joint projects)?

Yes- please specify

X No

9. Did the project generate any science education material (e.g. kits, websites, explanatory booklets, DVDs)?

Yes- please specify

X No

F Interdisciplinarity

10. Which disciplines (see list below) are involved in your project? X Main discipline14: 2.2 X Associated discipline14: 1.3

X Associated discipline14: 1.2

G Engaging with Civil society and policy makers

11a Did your project engage with societal actors beyond the research community? (if 'No', go to Question 14)

X

Yes No

11b If yes, did you engage with citizens (citizens' panels / juries) or organised civil society (NGOs, patients' groups etc.)?

No Yes- in determining what research should be performed Yes - in implementing the research Yes, in communicating /disseminating / using the results of the project

14 Insert number from list below (Frascati Manual).


11c In doing so, did your project involve actors whose role is mainly to organise the dialogue with citizens and organised civil society (e.g. professional mediator; communication company, science museums)?

Yes No

12. Did you engage with government / public bodies or policy makers (including international organisations)

No Yes- in framing the research agenda Yes - in implementing the research agenda

Yes, in communicating /disseminating / using the results of the project

13a Will the project generate outputs (expertise or scientific advice) which could be used by policy makers?

Yes – as a primary objective (please indicate areas below- multiple answers possible) Yes – as a secondary objective (please indicate areas below - multiple answer possible) No

13b If Yes, in which fields? Agriculture Audiovisual and Media Budget Competition Consumers Culture Customs Development Economic and Monetary Affairs Education, Training, Youth Employment and Social Affairs

Energy Enlargement Enterprise Environment External Relations External Trade Fisheries and Maritime Affairs Food Safety Foreign and Security Policy Fraud Humanitarian aid

Human rights Information Society Institutional affairs Internal Market Justice, freedom and security Public Health Regional Policy Research and Innovation Space Taxation Transport


13c If Yes, at which level? Local / regional levels National level European level International level

H Use and dissemination

14. How many Articles were published/accepted for publication in peer-reviewed journals?

49

To how many of these is open access15 provided? 0

How many of these are published in open access journals? 0

How many of these are published in open repositories? 0

To how many of these is open access not provided? 49

Please check all applicable reasons for not providing open access:

X publisher's licensing agreement would not permit publishing in a repository no suitable repository available no suitable open access journal available no funds available to publish in an open access journal lack of time and resources lack of information on open access other16: ……………

15. How many new patent applications (‘priority filings’) have been made? ("Technologically unique": multiple applications for the same invention in different jurisdictions should be counted as just one application of grant).

2

16. Indicate how many of the following Intellectual Property Rights were applied for (give number in each box).

Trademark 0

Registered design 0

Other 0

17. How many spin-off companies were created / are planned as a direct result of the project?

0

Indicate the approximate number of additional jobs in these companies:

18. Please indicate whether your project has a potential impact on employment, in comparison with the situation before your project:

Increase in employment, or In small & medium-sized enterprises Safeguard employment, or In large companies Decrease in employment, None of the above / not relevant to the project X Difficult to estimate / not possible to quantify

15 Open Access is defined as free of charge access for anyone via Internet. 16 For instance: classification for security project.


19. For your project partnership please estimate the employment effect resulting directly from your participation in Full Time Equivalent (FTE = one person working fulltime for a year) jobs:

Difficult to estimate / not possible to quantify

Indicate figure: X

I Media and Communication to the general public

20. As part of the project, were any of the beneficiaries professionals in communication or media relations?

Yes X No

21. As part of the project, have any beneficiaries received professional media / communication training / advice to improve communication with the general public?

Yes X No

22 Which of the following have been used to communicate information about your project to the general public, or have resulted from your project?

X Press Release X Coverage in specialist press Media briefing X Coverage in general (non-specialist) press X TV coverage / report X Coverage in national press Radio coverage / report Coverage in international press Brochures /posters / flyers X Website for the general public / internet DVD /Film /Multimedia X Event targeting general public (festival, conference,

exhibition, science café)

23 In which languages are the information products for the general public produced?

X Language of the coordinator X English X Other language(s) German

Documents

Public Final Report