PTTE 428 Fall 2005

Loosely covering chapters 1 & 2 of the text.

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 2

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Announcements:

Lab to do installation of Linux will take place in Room 101 in the basement level of the CHE Building.

We are covering Chapters 1 & 2 tonight Class Website is at this URL:http://www.if.uidaho.edu/~nimsrj/

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 3

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 U of I Announcements

University Place 5K Run / Walk Now need a U of I computer account to

use Lab computers : $25.00 a semester.

University Place Library will support both ISU and U of I students.

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 4

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Go over Syllabus

hand out a hard copy !

Books: will be available in the Book Store by next week ( I hope).

Who are we and what are our backgrounds ?

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 5

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Chapter 1

Everyone should have a working knowledge of how to use a computer.

What is a computer ?• Input, performs processes, output

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 6

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Important stuff to know:

I take questions from the book for tests so even if not assigned, it is good to go over the review questions.

We will be building a PC and loading the Linux operating system on it this semester

A common lab time needs to be determined.

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 7

PTTE 428 Fall 2005

Chapter 1 Name some common types of

computers..........

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 8

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Minicomputer Microcomputer Personal computer Desktop computer Laptop computer Notebook

computer PDA

Workstation computer

Play station computer

Mainframe computer

Super computer Server computer

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 9

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Types of software that runs on a

computer…..

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 10

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Operating system software

Name some….. Application software

Name some….. Network software

Name some….. Security software

Name some……

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 11

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Internet :

Has a connection: name some types Uses ISP ( Internet Service Providers) Requires passwords and User IDs.

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 12

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 The WWW….(aka “the web”)

Web pages Web sites URLs Search engines .. Name some popular

ones

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 13

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 E-Mail

What can you do with email?• Read, write, reply• Attachments

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 14

PTTE 428 Fall 2005

What is the boot process ?

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 15

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 General steps in the boot process:

Power-up Start boot program Power on self test (POST) Identify peripheral devices Load the operating system Configuration and customization

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 16

PTTE 428 Fall 2005

Next : Chapter 2 Computer Hardware

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 17

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Data Representation

Digital and Analog Data What is digital data ? What is analog data ?

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 18

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Analog data is based on voltage

levels. Is a continuous electronic signal.

analog signals typically vary smoothly and continuously over time.

Where are analog signals used ?

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 19

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Transmission systems

Commuincations Electric Power Distribution

• AC or alternating current

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 20

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Digital data is either “on” or “off”. Is a series of discreet points in time

present at discrete points in time only.

Present day computers deal with only digital data.

Everything is binary….

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 21

PTTE 428 Fall 2005

Always start counting at zero.

Binary numbers are base 2, only 2 values 0 or 1.

Decimal numbers are base 10.

Octal numbers are base 8. 0-8.

(HEX) Hexadecimal numbers are base 16, 0-9, A, B,C,D,E,F.

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 22

PTTE 428 Fall 2005Powers of 2 2 ^ 0 = 1 2 ^ 1 = 2 2 ^ 2 = 4 2 ^ 3 = 8 2 ^ 4 = 16 2 ^ 5 = 32 2 ^ 6 = 64 2 ^ 7 = 128 2 ^ 8 = 512 2 ^ 9 = 1024

Bit positions in a binary number correspond to the powers of 2.

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 23

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 1) 100 in base 10 = ? in binary

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 24

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Example Problem:

1) 100 in base 10 = ? in binary

100 - 64 = 36

36 - 32 = 4

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 25

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 2) 10101 in base 2 ( binary) = ? in

decimal

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 26

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Example Problem:

2) 10101 in base 2 ( binary) = ? in decimal Bit position : 16 8 4 2 1 What is really there: 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 =

?

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 27

PTTE 428 Fall 2005

Devices typically found within a desktop computer system:

Memory devices Motherboards I/O Devices Network cards Storage devices

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 28

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Name some memory devices…. Name some CPU Chips……

All these are made from IC’s.

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 29

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Name some storage devices….

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 30

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Name some I/O devices…..

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 31

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Operating Instructions or “Op

Codes” are a word or acronym used in assembly language to represent a binary machine instruction operation code. Different processors have different instruction set and therefore use a different set of mnemonics to represent them.

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 32

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Based on a CPU’s Internal lay out.

Registers, clock cycles, flags, bus size,

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 33

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 MAIN FUNCTIONS of an OPERATING SYSTEM:1 Program execution2 I/O operation3 File System manipulation4 Communications5 Error Detection6 Resource allocation7 Accounting8 Protection

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 34

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 SYSTEM CALLS

Process control File management Device management Information maintenance Communications

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 35

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Fact to remember: When a program is running, it is

called a “Process”.

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 36

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 SYSTEM Programs| File management Status information File modification Programming language support Program loading and execution

31 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 37

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Most computers these days use a

layered approach to system design.

See the examples on the handout!

31 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 38

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 An Operating System is…..

31 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 39

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 An Operating System is….. the

master controller for all activities that take place within a computer

Classified as system software System software is used by the system

31 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 40

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Common Operating Systems:

Microsoft Windows• Windows XP• Windows CE

Palm OS Mac OS Linux Unix

31 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 41

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Application Software is ….

31 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 42

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Application Software is a set of one or

more computer programs that helps a person carry out a task such as:• Create, edit, and print documents• Manage money accounts• Create and edit home movies• Create and edit graphics

Application software is typically used by people.

31 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 43

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 A microprocessor is an integrated circuit

designed to process instructions Central Processing Unit or CPU CPU has two parts ALU (arithmetic logic unit)

Performs arithmetic operations Performs logical operations Uses registers to hold data being processed

The CPU’s control unit directs and coordinates processing.

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 44

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 The microprocessor executes instructions

provided by a computer program• The Instruction Set• Example of the 8086 Intel

CPU speed is influenced by several factors:

• Clock speed – Megahertz, Gigahertz• Word size• Cache – Level 1, Level 2 caches• instruction set size

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 45

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Can have CISC & RISC instruction

sets. Can process serially, or in parallel.

Benchmarking done to rate CPUs.

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 46

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Storage Devices - floppy disk drive, a hard

drive, zip drive, or a CD-ROM.

Storage Medium - disk, tape, CD, DVD, paper or other substance that contains data.

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 47

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Storing – aka writing, saving. Retrieveing- aka reading,loading ,

opening. Magnetic storage - stores data by

magnetizing microscopic particles on the disk or tape surface

Read-write head - mechanism in the disk drive that reads and writes magnetized particles that represent data

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 48

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 What’s the difference between

magnetic and optical storage technologies?

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 49

PTTE 428 Fall 2005

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 50

PTTE 428 Fall 2005

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 51

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Which storage technology is best? Versatility

Can access data from different media Durability

Less susceptible to damage Storage capacity - maximum amount of data that can be stored on a

storage medium Speed - measured by access time and data transfer rate

Access time - average time it takes a computer to locate data and read it• millisecond = one-thousandth of a second

Random access - ability of a device to jump directly to the track or sector holding the data

• floppy disk, hard drive, CD, DVD, zip disks

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 52

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Hard Disks – many flavors Ultra ATA,

EIDE, SCSI, and DMA. Tape Storage- manly for backup,

not the primary storage. Accessed sequentially.

Disadvantages ?

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 53

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 CD-ROM : Data stamped on when manufactured Coated with clear plastic, durable Estimated life exceeds 500 years Inexpensive to manufacture Ideal for distribution of large files

CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable) allows you to write on a CD, then change the data

Requires special CD-RW disks Requires special CD-RW drive Requires phase change technology - alters the crystal structure on the disk

surface Slower access than a hard drive, good for archiving.

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 54

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 DVD (digital video disc or digital versatile disc)

DVD-ROM disk (sometimes used for DVD-Video)

Log on to web & see what are the current speeds & capacities of CD-ROMS, DVDs

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 55

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Input and Output Devices

Data Bus I/O Expansion bus Expansion slot, Expansion card

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 56

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Types of expansion slots:

• ISA - older technology, modems and slow devices• PCI - for graphics, sound, video, modem or network

cards• AGP - for graphics cards

Types of expansion cables:• Serial• Parallel DB-25M• USB• SCSI• IEEE• Video or VGA

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 57

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Graphics Card supports displays on

monitor. Drives the monitor• CRT• LCD’s

• VIS – Viewable Size Image• Dot Pitch smaller dots pitch = crisper image• Resolution # of pixels Rows X Columns.

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 58

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Parameters to consider….

• Color depth - number of colors that can be displayed at one time• Passive matrix screen - relies on timing to make sure the liquid crystal

cells are illuminated• Active matrix screen - updates rapidly

• Essential for crisp display of animation, video• Found on newer notebooks

• SVGA - (Super video graphics array) = 800x600• XGA - (eXtended graphics array) = 1024x768• SXGA - (Super XGA) = 1280x1024• UXGA - (Ultra XGA) = 1600x1200

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 59

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Printers…

Resolution dpi ( dots per inch) Print Speed (ppm or cps) Printer cost

• Duty cycle• Average Per copy cost• Warranty

23 Aug 2005 Chapters 1 & 2 60

PTTE 428 Fall 2005 Type of printers

Solid Ink : melts then sprays Ink Jet : sprays liquid Thermal transfer: wax coated paper Dye sublimation: dye coated ribbon Laser : same technology as photocopiers Dot Matrix: low cost, dependable