Pteridophyta.docx

Nama : Vivi Salvia BaharsyahNIM : 1414440010Kelas : ICP B

PTERIDOPHYTA

Species Classification

Source :https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Starr_051105-8447_Psilotum_nudum.jpg

Regnum : Plantae

Division : Pteridophyta

Class : Psilopsida

Ordo : Psilotales

Family : Psilotaceae

Genus : Psilotum

Species : Psilotum nudum

Source :

http://berryale.blogspot.co.id/2013/07/psilotum-nudum.html

A. Morphology Psilotum nudum has no roots only have buds on the ground with rhizoid form. Having rods in the ground (rhizomes / rhizome), also has the stem above the ground (standing / shoot)

forming menggarpu branches that grow straight up with sporangium at the end of a relatively large shaped branches.

Does not have true leaves, only a mikrofil (small leaves) in the form of scales, bones have no leaves and rarely arrayed in a spiral line.

Sporangium located between Taju-Taju or armpit sporofil. Trunk green Sporogonium golden brown. Have protalium of only a few cm cylindrical and branched.

B. Anatomy Sporangium has 3 spaces. The wall consists of several layers of cells. Do not have a tapetum. On the surface there is Antheridium made up a lot of space which issued a spermatozoon that has a lot of

fur whip.

1. Psilotum nudum

Archegonium small and somewhat drowned. A transporter beam with trakeida woody ring and having endodermis

C. PhysiologyPsilotum nudum life is widespread in the tropics and subtropics. Psilotum nudum grow above ground in

areas with humid temperatures.

D. BenefitPsilotum nudum used as an ornamental plant.

E. Life CycleAt the time ripe spores spores will come out. Once the spores will fall to the ground and will form

protalium. This will generate Antheridium Protalium and Archegonium. Antheridium will produce sperm. These sperm will go to Archegonium that will do perleburan the ovum cell that produces a zygote. This zygote will perform meiosis which would then form a new plant.


Source :http://www.plant-identification.co.uk/images/equisetaceae/equisetum-palustre-6.jpg

Regnum : Plantae


Class : Sphenopsida

Ordo : Equisetales

Family : Equisetaceae

Genus : Equisetum

Species : Equisetum palustre

Source :

http://khyieki.blogspot.co.id/2013/03/tumbuhan-paku-beserta-manfaatnya.html

A. MorphologyThe stem of this plant is green, jointed, hollow, acting as replacing leaf photosynthetic organs. The trunk

can be branched. Branch sat around the main stem. This rod contains a lot of silica. No group has branched stems in position branched rocky and there were single. The leaves on all the members of these plants are not growing well, just to resemble scales sitting rocky cover segment. Spores stored in mace-shaped structure called Strobilus (plural strobili) located at the end of the stem (apical). In many species (eg E. arvense), stalks buffer Strobilus unbranched and not photosynthesize (not green) and only appear as soon as winter ends. Other types do not have this difference (similar to a sterile rod supporting rod Strobilus).

2. Equisetum palustre

B. AnatomyWeight branched, her flat but like a wet ponytail. The trunk is monomorphic. Its cavity is small, typically only

1 / 6-1 / 3 the diameter of the rod. Vallekular channel (channel side) is almost as large hollow center. Sterile stems with long tapered tip and thin branches rise above the flat top. Trunk 2-3 fertile segment extending above the topmost branches, topped with cone. Leaf sheath elongated, 4-9 mm x 2-5 mm, green with a length (2-5 mm) narrow, jagged black, with white lines. The first branch of the segment is much shorter than the next segment; bergergi with narrow sheath.

C. PhysiologyThese horsetails are commonly found in wet or swampy forest, open woodlands, and meadow areas. The

species name palustre is Yunani for "of the forests", emphasizing that the Wood Horsetail is most commonly found in forested habitats. The plant is an indicator of boreal and cool-temperate climates, and very moist to wet, nitrogen-poor soils. Horsetail like wet soil, either sandy or argillaceous, some even grow in the water (the hollow stem assist adaptation in this environment

D. Benefit1. As an ornamental plant2. The function of the type of horsetail in the landscape is to give the impression of exotic or shades of dry land

E. Life CycleSpores produced Horsetail is generally only one kind (homospor) despite the smaller spores in E. arvense

growing into protalium male. Spores out of the sporangium arranged at Strobilus. Spores different from the spores of ferns because it has four "hairs" called elater. Elater serves as a spring to aid dispersal of spores.

Gametophyte ponytail is thalloid (similar thallus) and has no chlorophyll, so that his life depends on his association with the soil in the form mycorrhizal fungi. The size is small so it is usually observed with a microscope. The form does not resemble a sheet like in a real nail it resembles an elongated stem, produce Antheridium and Archegonium.

3. Selaginella sp.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen


Source :https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Starr_080117-1870_Selaginella_sp..jpg

Regnum : Plantae


Class : Lycopsida

Ordo : Selaginellales

Family : Selaginellaceae

Genus : Selaginella

Species : Selaginella sp.

Source :

http://ayrinz-keea-selaginella.blogspot.co.id/

A. Morphology The leaves are small, single, the side branches are arranged in four rows, namely two rows side consists of

large leaves are often easy to fall off, 2 front row of leafy small seat attached (On the trunk of the lower two kinds of leaves hampr or at all there similar to one another.

Sporangia in axillary fertile (sporofil), stand-alone, bear one, berkatup two, two kinds: a row - succession with 1- 4 large spores (megasporangium) or with small spores (mikrosporangium).

Sporofil greater than sporangia, collected into a grain terminal, rectangular sometimes - sometimes slightly flattened.

B. Anatomy Such as wire and rod-shaped mace-shaped structure The tip of the rod is composed sporofil Rod contains sporangium. Have roots, stems and leaves of true Growing tropical areas, the ground, and epiphytes in the bark of trees that are not parasitical The leaves are shaped like hair or scales arranged on the stem Sporophyte contains chlorophyll Produce one type of spore (homospora) and two types of spores (heterospora). Gametophyte is small and not berkrolofil. Gametophyte produces two types of genitals (bisexual), and one kind of genitals

C. Physiology Selaginella sp. find in damp, clinging to the rocks.

D. Benefit

Selaginella sp. serves as a medicinal plant that is as a sedative and postpartum care, anti-cancer, antimutagenic, anti petoksida lipid, anti-cardiovascular, cancer of the nose, throat, drug fever, diarrhea and dysentery.

E. Life CycleGeneration sporophyte (2n) which is composed of cells that contain chlorophyll and have leaf-like hair or scales are compact in its trunk. The trunk has a shape such as a wire, at the ends of stems branching and there sporofil with a mace-shaped structure (Strobilus) containing sporangium. Sporangium that produces spores. Lycopsida there that produce a type of spore (homospora) as Lycopodium sp. and there is also a produce two types of spores (heterospora) as Selaginella sp. Gametophyte (n) has a smaller body size and not berkrolofil so that organic matter derived from the way in symbiosis with a fungus. Gameofit which produces a type of genitalia such as Selaginella sp.


Source :http://vivahealthystore.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Lycopodium-clavatum-plant.jpg

Regnum : Plantae


Class : Lycopsida

Ordo : Lycopodiales

Family : Lycopodineae

Genus : Lycopodium

Species : Lycopodium sp.

Source :

http://ayrinz-keea-selaginella.blogspot.co.id/

A. MorphologyThis plant is called nail wire because the wire-like structure. The characteristics of this plant are hairy

leaves, shaped by a series of lines or needle-shaped sporofil equilateral triangle. Because of the unique shape, one of these plant species are Lycopodium sp. used as ornamental plants and used in making wreaths. Whereas other species, namely Lycopodium sp. used as raw material in the manufacture of this pil. This plant also used in experiments to measure the wavelength of the sound.

B. Anatomy1) Root

4. Lycopodium sp.

Branched roots such as forks, located along the bottom of the rhizome.2) Stems

Rod in the form of rhizomes Grow upright or lying with branches towering upwards The branches covered by leaves Having former carrier is still modest

3) Leaves Small (isofil) Shaped line and a surface or an injection needle Sessile (bertulaang one) or unbranched mikrofil Arranged in a spiral ataua dense essay (irregular) Only 2-10 mm in length, there are some that can reach 2-3 cm

C. PhysiologyLycopodium sp. is usually found in forests that are between 10 and 30 years old because this is when they

can receive the best lighting and soil moisture.

D. BenefitLycopodium sp. benefits as traditional medicine, eg for drug bruises, sprains, swelling and organophosphate

poisoning. This plant contains alkaloids with ring system is unique and has a biogenetic aspects and biological interest. Lycopodium alkaloids of the genus known as alkaloids likopodium an alkaloid with type kuinolizin, pyridine, and a-piridon. In addition Lycopodium sp. also widely used in making wreaths.

E. Life CycleSporofil formed on the top (Strobilus), equilateral triangular have sporangium somewhat flattened, kidney-

shaped. Sporangium is located on the upper side of the leaves close to the base. Sporangium wall consists of several layers, the inner layer cells are tapetum, which because it is used up in the formation of spores and wrinkles. Eksosporiumreserve the ridges shaped thickening of the retina. Spores are isospora. Spores germinate within 6 or 7 years and produce body consisting of 5 cells that receive food from the reserve in the spores.


5. Adiantum cuneatum

Source :https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Adiantum_cuneatum_Panji_DSC_1243.JPG

Regnum : Plantae


Class : Lycopsida

Ordo : Lycopodiales

Family : Adiantaceae

Genus : Adiantum

Species : Adiantum cuneatum

Source :

http://iyutbiobio.blogspot.co.id/2013/06/adiantum-cuneatum.html

A. MorphologySuplir ferns are popular to decorate a room or garden included in the genus Adiantum, belonging to the

child Vittarioideae tribe, tribal pteridaceae. Suplir reproduce themselves generative with spores located on the edge of the bottom side of the leaves mature.

Suplir has a distinctive appearance, which makes it easily distinguishable from other types of ferns. The leaves are not elongated, but tend to be rounded. Spores are protected by sporangium protected by indusium. Set indusia (sorus) located on the underside of leaves on the edge of a somewhat sheltered by the folds of the leaves. Entalnya stalk typical for black and shiny, sometimes scaly smooth when mature. As other ferns, leaves grow from rhizomes in a circular shape into (Javanese: mlungker) such as violin stalk (called circinate vernation) and slowly opened. Fibrous roots and grow from rhizomes.

B. Anatomy1. Leaves

Adiantum cuneatum ferns jagged and bumpy and has veins irregularly shaped, leaves grow from rhizomes. Ental stalk shiny black leaves and sometimes delicate flaky when mature. Leaves folded inward as indisium protect sorus (collection sporangium). Sporus is a collection of sporangium or spores box. Collection of sorus called sori. Sorus of ferns Moringa lies neatly on the edge of the lower surface of leaves of plants grown.

2. RootAdiantum cuneatum nail shape having root fibers erect rhizomes, roots actually getting ascending or climbing. Kaliptra protected root tip or hood roots. Behind kaliptra grow in the form of a cell that forms the cells kaliptra outwards, while severe towards the inside, forming the root cells.

3. TrunkAdiantum cuneatum fern trunks black, shiny, barbed erect or semi-erect and found the scales are soft or hard. Branched stems and rhizomes form. There rod tip meristematic tissues that form the roots and stems. The structure of the roda. Epidermis: there is a reinforcing networkb. Cortex: contains a lot of space between cells

c. Cylinder center: consists of xylem and phloem that form concentric carrier beam.

C. PhysiologyHabitat ferns Moringa on the ground, very like the soil is fertile and rich in organic matter (humus).

D. BenefitUsed as an ornamental plant that can be grown indoors or outdoors. This plant is very happy with the

loose soil and rich in organic matter (humus). Fertilizing with higher nitrogen levels in sukainya. Spore formation require additional phosphorus and potassium.

Leaves Adiantum cuneatum efficacious for facilitating urine and nutritious roots as an anthelmintic. Adiantum cuneatum leaves contain saponins, flavonoids and tannins, while the roots contain saponins.

E. Life CycleMoringa spikes lifecycle starting from plants grown is marked by the fall of the spores mature, or release of

spores from the sporangium. When spores fall in a suitable place, the spores will grow into an agency or a green sheet called protalium. Protalium usually chlorophyll that can be assimilated.

To take food from the soil protalium will use rhizoidnya. From protalium will form gametes, namely in the form Antheridium that produces spermatozoon and Archegonium that produce eggs. Furthermore, the existing air media around protalium, spermatozoon will move towards Archegonium.

The meeting of two sex cells will produce a zygote. Then the zygote will continue to grow and eventually divide and eventually formed the young sporophyte. The young sporophyte is what will grow steadily into a fern.


6. Marsilea sp.

Source :http://www.aquariumdomain.com/images/plant_freshwater/marsilea3.jpg

Regnum : Plantae


Class : Pteridopsida

Ordo : Salviniales

Family : Marsileaceae

Genus : Marsilea

Species : Marsilea sp.

Source :

http://www.mjumani.net/2013/05/marsilea-crenata-semanggi.html

A. MorphologyClover is a group salviniales (Salviniales) of the genus Marsilea which in Indonesia are easily found in the

rice field irrigation channels or edges. Typical morphology of this genus of plants, because the shape of which resembles an umbrella entalnya composed of four leaflets opposite. Due to the shape of the leaves, the name "clover" is used for some dicotyledonous plant species that acquire a structure similar leaves, like Klover. All members heterospor: having two different types of spores sex.

B. AnatomyMarsilea sp. or clover is a plant that belongs to the family Marsiliaceae. Description according to the book

of flora (Steenis, et al., 2005) (translation)) is a plant with leaves stand alone or in a file, menjari berbilang 4, petiole length and erect, 2-30 cm long, the child leaves crosswise, opposite, wedge-shaped round eggs, bald or nearly bald, with 3-22 cm long and 2-18 cm wide, fan-shaped leaf veins meeting, the water does not rise above the water. Usually found in fields, ditches and shallow bodies of water.

C. PhysiologyUsually found in the rice fields, ditches and shallow bodies of water.

D. BenefitLeaves Marsilea sp. usually used as food ingredients known as pecel clover, typical of the area of

Surabaya. Spore-storage organs (called sporokarp) Marsilea sp. also used by indigenous Australians (Aboriginal) as a food ingredient. Clover Marsilea crenata known to contain phytoestrogens (plant estrogens) that could potentially prevent osteoporosis. This plant also has potential as bioremediation plant, because it can absorb heavy metals Cd and Pb. Clover consume danger is if the plant is grown in the area that has been polluted mainly heavy metals such as Cd and PB. Because Marsilea sp. able to absorb heavy metals. Very dangerous if we eat clover that contain heavy metals because it will accumulate in the body.

Four Leaves Clover is a plant which is also called clover, this plant is actually included in the group dikotil, so it's not like Marsilea sp. a class of ferns. Four Leaf Clover leaf is believed to be good luck for whoever found it, but it is very difficult to find, because these plants are generally only has 3 leaf blade.

E. Life CycleFerns experienced rotation descent or so-called metagenesis. At gametofitnya commonly called protalium

derived from the germination of haploid spores. The protaliumnya shape similar to a heart and has a green color, he always attaches on the substrate by using Rhizoid. Protalium will produce spores that have different shapes and sizes - different. When subjected to rotation sporophyte generation descendants are ferns. In protalium will produce Archegonium (producing ova) and Antheridium (producer spermatozoon). When the ovum and spermatozoon met then it will grow into a zygote and then will become the sporophyte fern.

Meanwhile fertile leaves are formed sporangium (box spores), in the sporangium will produce spores stem cells he will undergo meiosis into haploid spores. If sporangium broken then all spores will go out and fly to the place in accordance with the conditions to germinate and form a sporangium, then the reproductive cycle of ferns will happen again.


Source :https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-abTyljIPE-U/TXgXXLquB-I/AAAAAAAAAC0/JBlhQeQo57U/s1600/Azolla_caroliniana0.jpg

Regnum : Plantae


Class : Pteridopsida

Ordo : Salviniales

Family : Salviniaceae

Genus : Azolla

Species : Azolla sp.

Source :

http://www.mjumani.net/2013/05/marsilea-crenata-semanggi.html

A. MorphologyAzolla sp. is the only genus of salviniales Azollaceae floating rate. There are seven species included in

this genus. Azollaceae tribe now recommended to be incorporated into the tribe salviniaceae, based on morphological and molecular studies of Smith. Azolla sp. is known to symbiosis with blue-green bacterium Anabaena azollae and binding nitrogen directly from the air. This makes the potential of Azolla sp. well as green manure in the paddy field and dry land. Azolla sp. in optimal conditions to grow well with 35% growth rate each day nutritional value of Azolla contains a high protein content between 24-30%. Essensial amino acids, especially lysine 0.42% higher than the concentrations of corn, bran, and broken rice

B. Anatomy

7. Azolla sp.

Azolla sp. is a type of floating water fern are common in stagnant waters, especially in the fields and in the pool, have a soft leaf surface is expanding rapidly and the living bersimbosis with Anabaena azollae that can fix nitrogen (N2) from the air. Azolla pinnata is a small plant that floats on the water, looks triangular or rectangular. Azolla sp. measuring 2-4 cm x 1 cm, with branches, roots and leaves floating rhizome. Roots solitary, hanging in the water, hairy, 1-5 cm long, with 3-6 group forming root hairs. Small leaves, forming two rows vary, sitting cling, cling dorsal lobe to lobe above the surface of the water and float ventral lobe.

C. PhysiologyAzolla sp. can be adapted to local climatic conditions long. Azolla sp. main requirement for survival is

habitat of water, is very sensitive to drought. Azolla sp. will die within a few hours if it is in dry conditions. Azolla sp. widely spread in the region is (temperate), are generally very affected by the high temperatures in the tropics. To live well Azolla sp. requires a temperature between 20-25 ° C. To be able to grow and fixate nitrogen Azolla sp. requires a temperature of 20-30 ° C, will cause death if it is below 5 ° C and above 45 ° C.

D. BenefitAzolla sp. very useful as organic fertilizer in producing rice in the lowland tropics of Southeast Asia.

Salviniales Azolla sp. Anabaena symbiosis with azollae. This causes the symbiotic Azolla sp. can tie up nitrogen from the atmosphere, and can then be used as organic fertilizer.

E. Life Cycle1. The first stage

This stage is a stage appearance at the age sprout 7-10 days after the plants began to germinate. Sprouts grow rather slowly and have 1-8 leaflets with an average growth rate of 0.6-0.7 children per day leaves no side shoots.

2. The second stageThis phase is also called the young stage between the ages of 25-35 days after germination. This stape sprouts have had 2-11 buds that each child leaves grow 4-7 per day.

3. The third stageThis stage is the stage expands with age above 35 days after germination. Usually at this stage sporophyte each have more than 11 shoots and multiply rapidly. The average growth rate of 15-18 leaflets per day. Sporophytes formed after going through the stage of the zygote as a result of the fertilization of an egg by a sperm.

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Pteridophyta.docx