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International Journal of Psychosocial and Cultural Genomics: Consciousness and Health

Research. June 2015, Vol. 1, #3, pp. 5-12 www.PsychosocialGenomics.com

The Psychosocial Genomics of Ayurveda: Personalized Medicine with the new MinION Sequencer

Kathryn Rossi, PhD1, Robert Sachs, MSW2, Melanie Sachs MT2 & Ernest Rossi, PhD1

Kathryn Rossi: How do we integrate Ayurveda, the oldest well-documented healthcare system,

with the new field of Psychosocial Genomics where we view changes in consciousness

all the way down to the molecular-genomic gene expression level [1]?

Melanie Sachs: Ayurveda and Psychosocial Genomics complement each other as sister sciences.

Ayur is translated as life and Veda is knowledge. In the ancient tradition knowledge was

developed through the best sciences of the times. Ayurveda is called the “Science of

Life” or more simply, “the Study of Longevity” [2].

Kathryn Rossi: You know that I am enchanted with the Eastern studies of yoga [3-4]

consciousness [5-6] and Ayurveda. Would you say that if the ancient people who

developed Ayurveda over several centuries were alive today they would be working to

integrate Psychosocial Genomics?

Robert Sachs: Yes! Ayurveda, although based on traditions, is continuously evolving. At our

recent NAMA (National Ayurvedic Medical Association) conference in April 2015, we

discovered a tremendous interest in gene expression and how we could advance our

therapeutic practices with deeper understanding of body and mind. Ayurveda is a science

that revolves around lifestyle choices and routines, nutrition, exercise and meditation

(spiritual practices). We use natural therapies and herbal medications to help balance and

restore harmony to body and mind [7]. The World Health Organization recognizes

Ayurveda as a complete natural health care system. Your research with Professor Mauro

Cozzolino and many colleagues has fascinated us [8-13]. We recognize the efficacy of

using Rossi’s 4-Stage Creative Cycle in our daily work.

Melanie Sachs The 4-stage creative cycle begins with Stage One: a question. In the Buddhist

tradition this would be called dukha, or suffering. Ayurveda first acknowledges and then

identifies all manner of human suffering. The goal is to discover a system that would

explain the root causes of the suffering so answers could be formulated. The monarchs

challenged the healers of their time to discover what made people healthy, happy and

inspired. They wanted to know factors that could identify what destroys health, happiness

and inspiration. Does this not sound like the field of psychotherapy [14-15]?

Ernest Rossi: Absolutely! We want to discover a system that would explain the root causes of

suffering, which would allow well-reasoned answers to be formulated. This is what gene

expression personalized medicine is all about! In our studies we discovered gene families

expressed after our Mind Body Transformations Therapy (MBT– T) [16] where we

utilize the 4-stage creative process. In our first pilot study [17-18] we found antioxidants

1 Psychosocial Genomics Research Institute, Los Osos, CA 2 Diamond Way Ayurveda, San Luis Obispo, CA

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were turned on, as were anti-inflammatories immediately following therapy. Twenty-four

hours later the genes turned on stem cell regeneration! Do you realize how extraordinary

this is? These preliminary results offered the potential to relieve pain, grow new tissues

in the brain and body and perhaps even extend life!

Figure 1. Psychosocial Genomics outlined as a profile of the 4-Stage creative process mapped

onto the normal 90-120 minute 4-Stage basic rest-activity cycle (BRAC) is illustrated in yellow

in the upper curve. The proteomics (protein) pink profile in middle curve depicts the energy

landscape for protein folding within neurons of the brain into the correct structures needed for

adaptive brain plasticity (adapted and redrawn from Cheung et al [19]. This proteomic profile

arises from the functional concordance of co-expressed genes illustrated by the green genomics

profile below it [20]. This psychosocial genomics curve represents the actual gene expression

profiles of the immediate-early gene c-fos and 10 other genes (alleles) over the typical Basic

Rest-Activity Cycle of 90-120 minutes. The lower diagram illustrates how the qualia of

consciousness cognition and behavior are typically experienced within the normal circadian

cycle of waking as well as during REM dreams while sleeping [21-23].

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Robert Sachs: Wow Ernest, that’s amazing! Much of the practice of Ayurveda involves

balancing the body through detoxification, nutrification, and supplementation methods.

We always balance nurturing the body while eliminating what is no longer needed. This

is what we mean by detoxifying [7]. Some old cells need to die so that healthy cells may

regenerate for optimal health. This is called apoptosis – or natural cell death to optimize

beneficial effects to the body. Prof. Cozzolino and his colleagues [11] found 40

important factors when genes were either turned on or turned off including apoptosis.

Twenty of these factors Gene functions were implied and twenty of these factors Gene

functions were engaged shown in Tables One and Two.

Tables 1 & 2: Psychosocial Genomic functions implicated and engaged using the MBT-T Protocol [11] of how

mind (consciousness) influences matter (molecules, RNA, DNA, genes, etc., in living systems in general and in

psychoneuroimmunology in particular.

Kathryn Rossi: Now we can begin to see how many of these genes engaged by using the MBT-T

in Table Three may also be relevant to gene studies with Ayurveda. Prakriti, one’s

genetic constitution [24], is represented in the dominant doshas of Vata (air), Pitta (fire)

and Kapha (earth) in Table Four. As part of the Indian Genome Consortium, Prasher and

colleagues evaluated gene expression and found significant differences in genome wide

expressions among individuals of distinct Prakriti types [25], (article:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2562368/):

Analysis of genome wide expression through cDNA microarrays, using

independently pooled samples of Vata, Pitta and Kapha males and females in a set

of loop design experiments revealed a number of differentially expressed genes in

each category of individual. Out of the 8416 annotated genes in the 19K array (CA

Ontario) 159 in males and 92 in females (excluding un-annotated ESTs) were

observed to be differentially expressed (P < 0.05). Only 5 genes among these were

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common to both groups [male and female]. Amongst the differentially expressed

genes there was a significant (p < 1.8 x 10-12; n = 53) over-representation of hub

and housekeeping genes (p < 10.07: n = 19). 93% of the differentially expressed

genes amongst the Prakriti groups did not show any overlap with the gene

obtained with the random sets. Real time quantitative PCR was carried out on 96

individual samples for validation of microarray data. 18 genes were considered for

analysis, eight (AD ATP5G2, CH25H, FAS, FTL, HLA-DQBI, KCNJ2,

TALDO1) showed similar profiles as observed in microarray.

Table 3 Psychosocial Genomic Functions Engaged with psychotherapeutic treatment with the MBT-T

and their correlates from the literature.

Ernest Rossi: Gene expression studies have been very expensive when the entire genome is

assayed. Having the opportunity to single out likely genes, as are suggested in the whole

genome studies gives rise to the growth of personalized medicine as it become cost-

effective.

Nanopore technology is developing gene sequencers to use with saliva samples which are

evaluated by computer programs with very quick–almost instantaneous–results. The cost

per individual sample is about $20, which is quite affordable. This eliminates the need to

send samples off to a laboratory! The initial cost of this MinION gene sequencer is about

US $1000. It is described in Nature [26] in this way:

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The MinION was first released last spring [2014] through an early-access

programme that offered researchers the device and flow cells—the disposable

working guts of the sequencer—for a US$1000 deposit. At a meeting in London

on 14 and 15 May, users will share their experiences of testing the devise and

writing programs to analyze the data it generates. For example, Dreamer is using it

to detect and study the kinds of nucleic acids that might have given rise to Earth’s

earliest life. …

Table 4: Differentiating genome wide expression profile between Prakriti groups. Data

shown is based on Gene Ontology Biological Processes (GOBP) category enrichments in

distinct Prakriti groups – “Vata” (V), “Pitta” (P) and “Kapha” (K). Each column defines

profiles based on their unique expression in one Prakriti compared to the other two. For

instance, “P-” refers to down-regulation in Pitta when compared to Vata and Kapha and vice

versa for “P+”. Heat maps (made using Cluster and Tree View represented in Figures (A) and

(B) depicts significant GOBP enrichments in male and female respectively [25]. Open access

permission.

Oxford Nanopore’s progress has some biologists imagining new ways to use

sequencing in the field. On 4 May, Italian biologists toted MinIONs and other

equipment into a rainforest in southern Tanzania to sequence the genome of a

native frog. Karen James at the MDI Biological Laboratory in Bal Harbor, Maine,

wants to put it in the hands of citizen scientists to survey biodiversity in Maine’s

Acadia National Park. If Oxford could modify the MinION to run on an iPhone,

an app written by computational biologist Michael Schatz at Cold Spring Harbor

Laboratory in New York might enable on-the-spot identification of unknown

organisms using just the two hand-held devices. …

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It is not practical to sequence large genomes with the device: Schatz estimates that

it would take a year for the current version to sequence the equivalent of a human

genome. And the machine still misidentifies DNA sequences 5-30% of the time –

a high error rate compared with those of existing full-sized sequencers. It also has

trouble reading long, repetitive regions of sequence.

Improvements are coming: the MinION reads each genetic base many times, and

bioinformaticians in the pilot programme have developed error-correcting methods

to combine data from these reads into results that have a much lower overall error

rate.

Biologists want more from the MinION – faster and more accurate performance,

and the ability to simply drop a sample onto the sequencer with no preparation.

Users hope that, at the London meeting, the company will unveil improvements in

the speed and performance of the technology that it has hinted at on Twitter over

the past month.

Kathryn Rossi: We strongly encourage you and all your Ayurveda colleagues to learn how to use

the MinION to do the necessary research to create a modern science based foundation for

Ayurvedic practices. We believe this is the future of mind-body therapy.

Robert Sachs: I see words like plasticity, activation, metastasis, cancer, circadian, cells,

hormones, immune functions and more. We would love to know how they are activated

in our work with individual clients for genuine personalized medicine.

Melanie Sachs: This is amazing! Now that we know specific gene tests to target for real-time

results from doing therapeutic Ayurveda is possible. We can see that many gene families

engaged in your MBT-T therapy in Table Three are also engaged in our Ayurvedic work.

I wonder if you need to know a bit more about Ayurveda to learn how we evaluate people

and our therapeutic healing treatments?

Kathryn Rossi: Yes, Melanie. We know about the 4-Stage Creative Process within MBT-T

psychotherapy, but I wonder if you can tell us how this works in Ayurveda?

Melanie Sachs: Central to Ayurvedic understanding of health and well-being is the idea that each

of us is truly unique while at the same time sharing similarities on the physical as well as

psychological-emotional level. The explanation for this might fit best into the proper

concept of "Energy Medicine.” Ayurvedic Science explains how each individual has a

personalized blend of energies that expresses itself as an unchanging, but mutable

constitution known as Prakruti and a more transient ever-changing conditional state

known as Vikruti. It is Prakruti [24] that determine how they look, express themselves

and feel inside. These energies in their various physical and psychological-emotional

expressions are called doshas. Ayurvedic texts fully describe each of these three doshas,

[2] naming them Vata, Pita and Kapha, and then further elaborate on what these

characteristics looks and feel like when experienced as being in or out of balance

Each dosha has positive and desirable attributes present when in balance and are

sometimes known as the “Beauties” or perfections of the doshas. The Tibetan tradition

of Ayurveda links the transformation of the doshas to enlightened psychological-spiritual

qualities that aid in overcoming “Mental poisons” [7] that you would call psychological

abnormalities or mental problems. Tibetan Ayurveda, linked closely with Buddhist

philosophy calls these habitual patterns. When the doshas are operating in perfection and

the “Mental Poisons” are transformed, a person lives in the experience of the an

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Unlimited Mind (Vata), Spontaneous Joy (Pitta) and the Rainbow Body (Kapha) inferring

mastery and ease with dealing with all things at all levels of our physical, emotional, and

spiritual manifestation. To honor health we present the perfections rather than afflictions

or difficulties associated with each dosha in Table Five. It is important to know what

good mental and physical health is.

We suggest these positive qualities of doshas naturally become more evident as the result

of changes initiated with a customized and individualized mind-body approach within a

therapeutic relationship. That is: people experience less physical limitation (Rainbow

Body of Kapha), have a greater sense of possibility and plasticity in thought and

emotional expressions (Unlimited Mind of Vata) and appear to act more spontaneously,

with less stress and more joy (Spontaneous Joy of Pitta).

Table 5: Positive Mind States associated with balanced doshas.

Please keep in mind:

We each have mixtures of all three doshas so we may naturally and spontaneously

develop the “Beauty” within ourselves.

We each have all three doshas in unique proportions.

The very nature of the doshas is to change with plasticity like dancing in response to

our inner and outer world always seeking balance.

To help us easily hold the qualities of doshas in our minds they are classically described

as having the combined qualities of two of the five elements (pancha mahabhutas): space,

air, fire, water and earth. These should not be viewed in the literal sense but thought of as

ideas that carry or suggest particular states as shown in Figure Two. For example, most

all of us would agree space is vast and cold, wind is dry, fire is hot, water is wet and earth

is solid.

Vata mind combines qualities that are like space and air.

Pitta Mind combines qualities that are like fire and water.

Kapha mind combines qualities that are like the earth and water.

Bringing each of these elements to mind we can think of their balanced state being life

supporting and their unbalanced state being life limiting and potentially destructive. For

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example, having sufficient personal space to grow emotionally is helpful; gentle wind

facilitates movement and moving on; a campfire provides warmth and security; a glass of

water is refreshing; earth is endlessly supportive. But should an element increase too

much there will be trouble. Too much space can lead to chaos; too much wind can

overwhelm us; too much fire burns and destroys; too much water floods; and too much

earth can make us feel unable to move.

Ayurvedic therapy treatments are customized holistic mind-body approaches to stimulate

energetic balance of an individual with the goal of bringing personal elements into better

balance rather than focusing on a particular symptom [27].

Figure 2. Ayurveda star map of health and wellbeing. Doshas in the center (Vata, Pitta and

Kapha) are surrounded by the five associated elements (ether, earth, water, fire and air). © Nic

Goodyear, theGrindlekin@gmail.com.

Robert Sachs: Ayurvedic therapeutic treatments are specific to restoring balances to the doshas

[28]. Pancha Karma (5 actions) detoxification therapy has been developed over more

than 5,000 years [29]. Many of these actions are done on the skin – the largest body

organ. It's easy to forget that your skin is a vital functioning organ. With an average

surface area of more than 21 square feet and 6% to 10% of your body weight! Internal

skin lines the esophagus, upper and lower intestines, bowls and stomach. Therapeutic

oils, massage, steam and herbs aid the process of pushing out toxins onto the skin, or

through the digestive track.

The primary actions of Pancha Karma begin with something called Purva (preparatory)

Karma (action) include massages and hydrotherapy in the form of steam or herbal baths.

The actual five actions of Pancha Karma include nasal treatments (nasya), cleansing and

nourishing enemas or bastis to address the Vata dosha, purgatives or virechana for the

small intestine and to address the Pitta dosha, emetics or therapeutic vomting known as

vomina for the stomach and Kapha dosha, and blood cleansing, which can be traditional

blood-letting, but is now most commonly done in the West with the help of herbal

ingested formulas. Other treatments in the Pancha Karma regimens can include sense

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cleansing therapies such as auricular (karna purana), and eye cleanses (netra basti), and

more specific body therapies to address various mind-body conditions. One of the final

nourishing treatmenst of Pancha Karma can be Shirodhara, where a fine stream of oil is

poured on the center of the forehead which causes a release of serotonin inducing a

deeply relaxed state. Although the purva karma of massage and steams is always part of

the Pancha Karma process, the type of touch and oils used will vary according to the

client’s condition. Similarly, the sense therapies and the specific cleanses to client’s

digestive tract are tailored to their specific needs.

Diet plays a role and clients are encouraged to eat light vegetarian food and ingest

therapeutic ghee (clarified butter) on an empty stomach upon wakening during the active

phase of treatment.

The Pancha Karma process follows Rossi’s classical 4-Stage Creative Cycle as the

sessions are 90-120 minutes long. Stage One, dukha, or suffering, brings the question

forward about coming to treatment in the first place. Stage Two, samudaya, or the causes

of suffering are explored for the first three days of the five day treatment. This time can

be physically, mentally and emotionally challenging. At the end of three days a

transitional point, the Bindu Bridge – a place where the benefits of the changes

experienced – begin to create an opportunity for enrichment and integration emerges. At

the end of treatment Stage Four consolidates new ways of creating better health and

freedom of thought.

Ernest Rossi: It is interesting to think of a star map of personalized gene interactions that may

happen during Ayurvedic Pancha Karma. What research might you find by creating a

Psychosocial Genomic Star Map for your clients like in Figure Three? Psychosocial

genomic studies could reveal profound but still unknown benefits for health, mind and

the human condition in conjunction with Ayruveda.

Kathryn Rossi: Thank you Robert and Melanie Sachs! We greatly appreciate wisdom of ancient

Ayurveda, which Kathryn and Ernest now recognize is entirely consistent with the central

concepts of psychosocial and cultural genomics, which we summarize in Figure Three.

How interesting it is to compare your Ayurveda star map in Figure Two with one of our

current psychosocial Genomic Star maps [30] in Figure Three. How enlightening it will

be to create individual, personalized star maps to show therapeutic efficacy for our

clients. A great deal of research will now be needed to document the scientific validity of

correlating Ayurveda’s emphasis on health, happiness and inspiration with Psychosocial

genomic concepts presented in all the figures and tables of this interview. This will

greatly advance modern therapeutic practice. But you and your Ayurvedic colleagues

must really do it!

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Figure 3. A Psychosocial Genomic Star Map of the SNCA/SNCB Twin Gene that has profound but still

unknown implications for health, mind and the human condition [31]. (with permission by String 9.0,

http://String-db.org).

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