Psychology: The Science - Gordon State College PowerPoints... · Definitions Structural Functional Early Modern LO 1.6 ... LO 1.11 Experimental design Psychology: ... Sample From

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Links to Learning ObjectivesLinks to Learning Objectives

WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGYLO 1.1 Definition and goals

PSYCHOLOGY THENLO 1.2 Structuralism and functionalismLO 1.3 Gestalt, psychoanalysis…

PSYCHOLOGY NOWLO 1.4 Modern perspectives LO 1 6 Psychiatrists Psychologists

LO 1.12 Placebo/experimenter effectsLO 1.13 Conducting a real experiment

ETHICS & CRITICAL THINKINGLO 1.14 Ethical concerns LO 1.15 Critical thinkingLO 1.16 Applying critical thinking…

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Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies

ModernEarlyFunctionalStructural Definitions

LO 1.6 Psychiatrists, Psychologists…

PSYCHOLOGY THE SCIENCELO 1.7 Scientific method LO 1.8 Naturalistic/laboratory settingsLO 1.9 Case studies & surveysLO 1.10 Correlational techniquesLO 1.11 Experimental design

Psychology: The SciencePsychology: The SciencePsychology: The SciencePsychology: The Science

HYPOTHESIZEPERCEIVE

Scientific MethodScientific Method1.7 Why is psychology a science?

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FIVE STEPS

DRAW CONCLUSIONS

You mean you tell them what happened, even if it failed?

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Methods for DescribingMethods for Describing

• Naturalistic Observation– advantages &

disadvantages

1.8 How do psychologists use naturalistic and laboratory settings?

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• Laboratory Observation– advantages &

disadvantages

Methods for DescribingMethods for Describing

• Case Studies– advantages &

disadvantages

1.9 Case studies and surveys

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• Surveys– advantages &

disadvantages“Next question: I believe that life is a constant striving for balance, requiring frequent tradeoffs between morality and necessity, within a cyclic pattern of joyand sadness, forging a trail of bittersweet memories until one slips, inevitably, into the jaws of death. Agree or disagree?”

Finding Relationships: CorrelationFinding Relationships: Correlation

Variable –thi

1.10 Correlational Technique

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Variable 1 Variable 2Income EducationSmoking Health• Correlation – a measure

of the relationshipbetween two variables

anything that

changes or

varies

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Positive CorrelationPositive Correlation

+.70

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• Positive correlation –variables related in same direction

Show graph

Negative CorrelationNegative Correlation

-.70

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• Negative correlation –variables related in opposite direction

Show graph

Perfect Correlations and Non-CorrelationsPerfect Correlations and Non-Correlations

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If we found a perfect correlation between cigarette smoking and health, does this mean thatsmoking causes a decrease in health?

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Operational definitions• Independent and dependent variables

(e.g., type of dog and level of fear)• Experimental, control groups & random

ExperimentsExperiments1.11 Designing an experiment

Experimental, control groups & random assignment

RepresentativeSample

From Population To SampleFrom Population To Sample

70%

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Non-representativeSample

%

POPULATION

The ExperimentThe Experiment

• Placebo effect • Single-blind• Experimenter

effects & “double

1.12 Placebo and other experimental effects

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effects & double blinding”

• Quasi-experimental designs

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“Universities and colleges (where most psychological h i i d t) ll h thi itt

1.14 What are the ethical concerns when conducting research?

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research is carried out) usually have ethics committees, groups of psychologists or other professionals who look over each proposed research study and judge it according to its safety and consideration for the participants…”

-Page 35 (Ciccarelli & Meyer)

Ethics in Psychological ResearchEthics in Psychological Research

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Ethics in Animal ResearchEthics in Animal Research

• Animal research –answers questions we could never do with human research

• Focus is on avoiding

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unnecessary pain/suffering

• Animals used in approximately 7% of psychological studies

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Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking

“Truths”

Evidence

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22

1.15 What are the basic principles of critical thinking

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Authorities

Open minds

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PseudopsychologiesPseudopsychologies

• Pseudopsychologies –unscientific systems explaining behaviors– Phrenology

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– Palmistry – Graphology

Astrology

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Lecture ActivitiesLecture Activities

Limits of Common Sense

With which of the following do you agree? Why?

“Birds of a feather flock together”“Opposites attract”Attraction

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“Opposites attract”

“Absence makes the heart grow fonder”“Out of sight, out of mind”Commitment

“Can’t teach an old dog new tricks”“Never too old to learn”Motivation

Correlation Research

1. Find a partner and develop a list of two numeric variables that you think would be associated (i.e., amount of sleep and GPA) and survey/observe at

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p ) yleast 10 people in class.

2. Graph your findings in a scatterplot.3. Discuss the findings with your partner and write

your conclusions.

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OPERATIONALIZING ROMANCE– Are you currently in love? How

do you know for sure? Get together with a few other

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together with a few other students and operationally define “being in love.” • In your group, discuss the

practical implications of operationalizing your feelings.

Applying Critical Thinking to Astrology

Are astrologer’s charts up-to-date? The basic astrological charts were designed over 3,000 years ago. The stars, planets,

1.16 How might critical thinking be applied to a real-world example?

y gand constellations are no longer in the same positions in the sky due to changes in the rotation of the Earth’s axis over long periods of time—over 24 degrees in just the last 2,000 years. So a Gemini is really a Cancer and will be a Leo in another 2,000 years.

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

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• Photos used with permission under the Creative Commons “Attribution 2.0 Generic” license from the internet domain of www.flickr.com– Star Walker – username “Jon go”– Wreck – username “JennyHuang”– A week in Vienna: Angel – username “guldfisken”

• Tiger barb fish animation by Dave Sutton, developer of Seven Oaks Art

• Some royalty-free images adapted fromSome royalty free images adapted from www.clipart.com, an internet domain of Jupiterimages Corporation

• Various menu boxes and menu bubbles adapted from PowerPoint © templates (distributed for business and commercial use) by www.themegallery.com and developed by Guild Design, Inc.

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Psychology: The Science - Gordon State College PowerPoints... · Definitions Structural Functional Early Modern LO 1.6 ... LO 1.11 Experimental design Psychology: ... Sample From