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8/9/2019 Psychology Sem Exam Rev
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Psychology Semester 1 Exam Review
Mathews
25 Point Assignment
Success Psychology:
Know the seven Habits
1 3 ___________ Success
H1: Be Proactive
Example- You make up a study schedule
H2: Begin w/ the end in mind
Example Setting goals
H3: 1st things 1st!
Example- Do your HW before you play video
Chart with examples:
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4 6 ___________ Success (Public)
H4: Think Win/Win
Example- Help someone, they will help you
H5: Seek 1st to understand, then to be understood
Example- No one cares how much you know
until they know how much you care.
H6: Synergize
Example- Use a groups diversity for creativity
dont be afraid of whats different.
Habit 7 is the __renewal__ habit which we call
_____Sharpen__ The __Saw__!
The Four Tools of Disciple are:T1: Delay Gratification
Example- HW first, TV when your chores are
done! Ought before Want!
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T2: Accept Responsibility
Example- AA- I did it, I need to change.
T3: Dedication to Reality
Example- Use the tools you have, dont
concentrate on the ones you dont. Mr. Mathews
will Not play on the PGA, even though he loves
golf!
T4: Balance
Example- All work and no play makes Jack a
dull boy. Spiritual, Professional, and Social all
need to be addressed
Who is responsible for the Four Tools of
Discipline? Scott Peck!
Who gave us the 7 Habits of Highly Effective
People? Steven Covey
Chapter 1:
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Sigmund Freud- Psychoanalysis, Unconscious
dream analysis, free association, Id, ego,
superego
Basic science- Study for the sake of knowledge
only
Applied Science- Study to use knowledge for
something.
Hypothesis- An educated guess
Theory- The result of the scientific method and
set of assumptions about the work.
Watson- Behaviorist. Lil Albert experiment
Dualism- Idea that Body and mind are separateentities within a person
Ivan Pavlov- Classical Conditioning,
behaviorism, Dogs.
Educational Psychologist- Works with youngkids and adolescents. Mostly in schools
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Predict- One of the goals of Psychology. Guess
an outcome
environmental Studies the workplace and the
effects of our surroundings
Wilhelm Wundt- Structuralism. 1st Psychology
lab.
Sir Francis Galton- Inheritable Traits.Nature v
Nurture debate.
Skinner- Behaviorist. Walden Two.
The vast majority of psychologists study
Observable behavior
Longitudinal Study- Study of a group over time.
Cross sectional study- Study of the effect on
diverse groups.
Blind Study- Participant doesnt know purpose
Double Blind- Neither administrator nor
participant know the purpose.
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Case Study- Study a person over their life. Use
diaries, third party interviews and personal
records to achieve this.
Independent Variable- One that experimenters
alter to observe its effects
Dependent Variable- One that changes in
relation to the variable which is being altered
Control Group- One that receives no treatment
or a Placebo.
Experimental Group- One that receives a
treatment.
Placebo- A neutral treatment
Naturalistic Observation: When an observer
blends in with the environment and go unnoticed
Survey- A set of questions asked to a group toobtain information.
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Experiment- A scientific way to discover if what
you believe is true or untrue.
Placebo Effect- When a participant changes his
attitude or performance based on his believes
about a treatment he believes he has received.
Self-fulfilling Prophecy- When a person acts in a
way to ensure what he believes will happen
happens.
Positive Correlation- When two variables
increase OR decrease together
Negative Correlation- When two variables
increase or decrease in opposite directions.
Conditioning Chapter 9
A. Unconditioned Stimulus- Brings about a
consistent response w/o conditioning.
B. Discrimination The ability to distinguishbetween like stimulus.
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C. Extinction - When the training from
conditioning is forgotten and the CS no longer
elicits a response.
D. Generalization- The inability to distinguish
between like stimuli.
E. Primary Reinforcer- Things needed for
survival. Water, Food, Shelter.
AB. Secondary Reinforcer - Things you may
want but do not need for survival. Money, I-pod
touch.
AC. Token Economy- When secondary
reinforces obtain value to subjects.
AE. Modeling - When someone demonstrates
the correct behavior in hopes it will be copied by
her subjects.
BC. Behavior ModificationBD. Shaping- Rewarding behaviors which are
closer and closer to desired behavior
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Reinforcement Schedules:
Fixed Ratio- Ref given for a certain # of
behaviors
Example: A person is paid for every 10
baskets of berries picked
Variable Ratio: Ref given on unknown # of
repetitions.
Example: Slot machines. Simon Says
Fixed Interval: Ref given after set amount oftime.
Example: My paycheck on 1st and 15th. HR
at TC.
Variable Interval: Re given at unknown time
intervals.
Example: Hot Potato.
Classical Conditioning- Ivan Pavlov. A response
follows a stimulus. A neutral stimulus is turned
into a conditioned stimulus after training, by
pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.
Operant Conditioning- A reinforcement follows
a behavior. 1st comes behavior then comes a
reward or punishment.
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Stimulus- Brings about a response
Response- Behavior brought on by a stimulus
Reinforcement- This follows a behavior. Always
increases a behavior
Positive Reinforcement- Behavior gets you
something you Want
Negative Reinforcement- Still increases a
behavior by keeping you from something you
dont want.
Punishment- Always decreases a behavior
Punishment I- Something you do not want is
applied. Smack in the head.
Punishment II- Withholding something you
enjoy. You messed up, NO SHARK WEEK!
Avoidance Conditioning- You skip a situation
before a negative stimulus is applied.
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Escape Conditioning- You leave a situation in
which a negative stimulus is present. Your ex is
at a party so you scram.
Learned Helplessness: You feel you have no
control in a situation so you do not even try!
Memory Ch 10:
Recognition - A police line-up. You have to see
the answer to remember it!
Recall - Describing a suspect to a police artist.
Reconstruct previously learned material.
Confabulation - Filling in memory gaps with
plausible but not necessarily accurate info
Episodic Chronological retention of events in
ones life.
Eidetic- The ability to remember visual info
based on short term exposure.
State-dependent- Memories flood back when in
same emotional state as when it occurred.
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Mnemonic - H.O.M.E.S Many beautiful
HOMES on the Great Lakes. Devices we create
to help us remember
Chunking- Grouping into sets to increase Short
Term Mem.
Maintenance Rehearsal-
Reconstructive Process- Alteration of a memory
by simplification or distortion based on
experience, attitude or environment.
Schemas - Conceptual frameworks.
Decay - Forgetting over time.
Interference- Anything that keeps you from
recalling a stored memory.
Proactive Interference - New memory blockedby old memory.
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Retroactive Interference- Old memory blocked
by new memory
Repression- Freud- Memory or feeling is so bad
you cant get to it. Need therapy or hypnosis to
rember
Elaborate Rehearsal Linking new material to
what you already know.
Procedural Memory- Stuff you do w/o thinking,
tying your shoes. Breathing. Typing
Encoding - Transferring of information so
nervous system can process it.
Sensory Mem. Chuck it or Chunk it! Either
you discard an input or put it in STM
Short-Term - About 7 items. Lasts as long as
you rehearse it.
Long-Term - Unlimited space. In until you die
or decay.
Retrieval- Calling up of stored info
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Declarative Memory- Info we call forth and use
as we need it!
Storage Placing stuff in your memory.
Chapter 12 Motivation:
Instinct Theory- We do what we do based on
genetics.
Drive-Reduction Theory: Clark Hull. We are
motivated by relieving internal tension (drives)
Humanistic Theory- Abe Maslow: We are on a
quest for self-actualization (being our best):
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs.
Incentive/Arousal Theory: We are on a constant
quest for stimulation.
Homeostasis: Our bodys constant quest for
equilibrium.
Motivation- The incentive to act.
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Motive- Moving towards a specific goal
Drive- The internal tension that pushes us to act.
Need- Creates a drive something that you want
or require.
Incentive- This is a reward that pulls us toward
an act.
Emotion- Feelings
Motives:
Motive 1- Something pleasant as a reward
Motive 2- When you are motivated to stay away
from an unpleasant stimulus. (do it right or yourun wind sprints)
Conscious Motive: Putting on a suit for a job
interview. You know you are doing it.
Unconscious Motive: An action you are doingwithout thinking, you may or may not realize
you are doing.
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Extrinsic Motive: A tangible reward, like
money, service hours, ice cream
Intrinsic Motive: A personal reward. The good
feeling you get for doing something.
Ch 14 Personality Theories:
Rogers: Humanist: Person centered therapy
Freud: Psychoanalyst: We are motivated by ourunconscious. Life is a struggle between the ID
(Primal desires) and the Superego (Moral being)
and moderated by the Ego (reality based)
Maslow: Humanistic View.
Id: Primal desires
Superego- Moral being
Ego- Reality based moderator
Defense Mechanisms:Sublimation: Taking out anxiety in a socially
acceptable manner
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Exmple: Mad at Alex I go the gym and
kick box
Denial: Refusing to accept a reality which
causes anxiety
Example: She still love me, that guy was
probably her cousin
Displacement: Taking out anxiety on a less
powerful person.Example: Mad at your boss, you yell at
your husband.
Rationalization: Making excuses for behavior
you abhor in yourself.
Example: You fail your psych exam. Youblame the teacher, even though you didnt study.
Repression: Placing something you cant accept
in your unconscious mind
Example: Rape, abuse, death
Regression - Reverting to immature behavior
when faced with adversity.
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Example: How Mackenzie when Cameron
was born.
Reaction Formation - When you replace an
action with the opposite action.
Example: Youre doing great (what he really
thought was you suck like a turbo-powered
Hoover!.. )
Projection: Taking a thought you have aboutyourself and attributing it to others
Example: Mr. Mathews believes hes lazy,
so he accuses his students of being lazy
Dream Analysis:
Learning Theories: Actions based on reward and
punishment (behaviorism).
Free Association: Saying the first thing that
comes to mind in therapy
Conscious Mind- The thoughts and feeling of
which we are aware.
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Unconscious Mind: Stuff thats in there of which
we are not aware.
Ch 16 Psychological Disorders:
Agoraphobics would probably be more afraid at
home than at the mall.
Ophidiophibics love to go to the reptile section
of the zoo.
Phobias are usually caused by brain chemistry.
Anxiety disorders affect 15-20% of thepopulation.
The Humanistic Perspective relies heavily on the
cognitive domain.
Most people respond the same way to stressful
events
The cause of Hypochondria is physical illness.Somatoform illnesses are usually long-lasting.
Most psychologists agree that Obsessive
Compulsive Disorder is caused by brain
chemistry.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder is usually a
learned behavior.
Perspectives:
Biological
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Psychodynamic
Cognitive
Behavioral
Humanistic
Stigma:
Possible Short Responses:
Describe Freuds idea of the minds constant
struggle for control. You must use his terms for
the factors in your mind vying for control:
In the space below explain the Stanley Milgram
experiment. Describe its purpose, what he
learned, how you believe you would have actedas a teacher, and list any moral and ethical
problems you have with the experiment as a
whole.
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List AND define 3 defense mechanisms. In
addition give an example of each in use in our
everyday lives:
DM 1:
Example:
DM 2:
Example
DM 3:
Example:
Draw the time/matrix, label the quadrants ANDgive an example of an activity in each quadrant:
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Discuss the four goals of psychology and
provide an example of each.
Goal 1:
Goal 2:
Goal 3:
Goal 4:
Write out a description of a classical
conditioning case (it can be one that we have
I II
III IV
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studied, Pavlov, Little Albert, or Samson) and
list, using bullet-points, all of the elements.
Create a flow chart, complete with definitions
for the Memory Process:
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SR 8: Give the name of the chart below, tell who
originated it and label the 5 steps one must go
through to reach their top potential (and give the
name the originator has for reaching your top
potential.)