Upload
james-fernando
View
220
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
1/68
"
The Psychology of Rivalry: A Relationally-dependent Analysis of Competition
#$% &'()) *+ The Academy of Management Journal)
,*-.% /0 1.23455
6%.-(').+7 85 9*2.58'%.*: ;('3*H ,'*%+: J8AA B.22(': 9C'.) J.3(': KC.2.&
L(+28M< *%3 I*% @25(%A(.% 58' +C(.' C(2&542 5((3A*M< *%3 M8HH(%+)0 B( *2)8 +C*%< >2(N*%3('
D8%? *%3 D7(3 J.O-. 58' +C(.' *)).)+*%M( G.+C 3*+* M822(M+.8%0 E*)+27: G( '(M8?%.O( +C( )4&&8'+
&'8-.3(3 A7 +C( $%)+.+4+( 58' J()(*'MC 8% E*A8' *%3 @H&287H(%+ *+ +C( 6%.-(').+7 85 9*2.58'%.*:
;('
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
2/68
R
The Psychology of Rivalry: A Relationally-dependent Analysis of Competition
Abstract
B( .%-()+.?*+( +C( &)7MC828?.M*2 &C(%8H(%8% 85 '.-*2'7: *%3 &'8&8)( * -.(G 85 M8H&(+.+.8%
*) .%C('(%+27 '(2*+.8%*2: +C4) (N+(%3.%? +C( 2.+('*+4'() 8% M8H&(+.+.8% A(+G((% .%3.-.34*2):
?'84&): *%3 5.'H)0 D&(M.5.M*227: G( *'?4( +C*+ +C( '(2*+.8%)C.&) A(+G((% M8H&(+.+8') S *)
M*&+4'(3 A7 +C(.' &'8N.H.+7: '(2*+.-( *++'.A4+() *%3 &'.8' M8H&(+.+.-( .%+('*M+.8%) S M*% .%524(%M(
+C( )4AT(M+.-( .%+(%).+7 85 '.-*2'7 A(+G((% +C(H: GC.MC .% +4'% M*% *55(M+ +C(.' M8H&(+.+.-(
A(C*-.8'0 $%.+.*2 +()+) 85 +C()( .3(*) G.+C.% U9>> A*)
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
3/68
V
YBC(% +C( %(G )MC(342( G8423 M8H( 84+ (*MC 7(*': $Z3 ?'*A .+ *%3 M.'M2( +C( ;8)+8% ?*H()0 L8
H(: .+ G*) LC( LG8 *%3 +C( 8+C(' [\0]
Magic Johnson, former professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers.
YLC( 5.')+ +C.%? $ G8423 38 (-('7 H8'%.%? G*) 288< *+ +C( A8N )M8'() +8 )(( GC*+ F*?.M 3.30 $
3.3%^+ M*'( *A84+ *%7+C.%? (2)(0]
Larry Bird, former professional basketball player for the Boston Celtics.1
98H&(+.+.8% .) * 5*M+ 85 2.5(X (H&287(() M8H&(+( 58' &'8H8+.8%): ?'84&) 85 '()(*'MC(') -.( 58'
?'*%+): *%3 M8H&*%.() 5.?C+ 58' H*'2+C84?C '.-*2'.() *'( &'8H.%(%+ .% )&8'+): +C(7 (N.)+ .% * A'8*3 '*%?( 85 )(++.%?)0 > )+43(%+
H*7 A( &*'+.M42*'27 H8+.-*+(3 +8 84+&('58'H M('+*.% &((')X * 4%.-(').+7 &'85())8' H*7 M28)(27
H8%.+8' +C( M.+*+.8% M84%+) 85 M('+*.% )MC82*')0 $% +C( A4).%()) G8'23: '.-*2'7 H*7 A( ()&(M.*227
M8HH8%0 B.+C.% 5.'H): (H&287(() H*7 )(( M('+*.% M8G8'&&2(: 85+(% M8H( +8 -.(G 8%( *%8+C(' *) H4MC H8'( +C*% ).H&2(
M8H&(+.+8')0 $% 5*M+: +C()( '.-*2'.() 85+(% ?'8G )8 .%+(%)( *) +8 2(*3 +8 *A%8'H*2 8' .''*+.8%*2
M8H&(+.+.-( A(C*-.8'0 a8' (N*H&2(: .% "bbV: c.'?.% >+2*%+.M G8% * 2.A(2 )4.+ *?*.%)+ ;'.+.)C
"C++&WddGGG0%A*0M8Hd(%M7M28&(3.*d'7*%e'.-*2'.()0C+H2
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
4/68
f
>.'G*7) *5+(' +C( 2*++(' *3H.++(3 +8 C*-.%? 2*4%MC(3 * Y3.'+7 +'.M
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
5/68
j
)4MM()) 85 8%( &*'+.M.&*%+ M8H() *+ +C( 5*.24'( 85 +C( 8+C('0 a8228G.%? 5'8H +C.) 3(5.%.+.8%:
)+43.() 8% .%+('g.%3.-.34*2 M8H&(+.+.8% C*-( +7&.M*227 (N*H.%(3 &*'+.M.&*%+) .% * 2*A8'*+8'7
)(++.%?: &.++.%? +C(H *?*.%)+ 8%( *%8+C(' 8' *?*.%)+ M8%5(3('*+() 85 +C( (N&('.H(%+(' #(0?0:
;((')H*: =822(%A(M
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
6/68
i
*4M+.8% A(C*-.8' .%3.M*+() +C*+ &(8&2( *'( H8'( 2.
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
7/68
k
D&(*'): h F*%)+(*3: "bb[Q: *%3 '(2*+.-( )+*+4) #;'*%+CG*.+( h /8%(): "bkjX 58' * '(M(%+ H(+*g
*%*27).): )(( ;(++(%M84'+: I8'': 9C*'2+8%: h =4H(: R\\"Q0
Competition between organizations. =.)+8'.M*227: H4MC 85 +C( '()(*'MC 8% .%+('5.'H
M8H&(+.+.8% C*) *2)8 .?%8'(3 +C( '82( 85 '(2*+.8%)C.&)0 `'?*%.O*+.8%*2 (M828?.)+) C*-( +7&.M*227
M8%M(.-(3 85 M8H&(+.+.8% *) 8MM4''.%? A(+G((% 8'?*%.O*+.8%*2 58'H): 8' &8&42*+.8%) 85 ).H.2*'27
)+'4M+4'(3 8'?*%.O*+.8%) #9*''822 h =*%%*%: "b[bX =*%%*% h a'((H*%: "b[bQ0 U(+G8'?*.%: +C.)
)+*%3) .% M8%+'*)+ +8 +C( .3(* +C*+ M8H&(+.+.8% .) 3'.-(% &4'(27 A7 +C( MC*'*M+('.)+.M) 85 +C(
M8H&(+.+.-( (%-.'8%H(%+: .0(0: +C( (N+(%+ +8 GC.MC M8H&(+.+8') *'( -7.%? 58' )M*'M( '()84'M()0
a4'+C(': +C.) H(*%) +C*+ '.-*2'7: *%3 C(%M(: M8H&(+.+.-( .%+(%).+7: M*%%8+ A( 54227 &'(3.M+(3 A7 +C(
*++'.A4+() 85 +C( .%3.-.34*2 *M+8')0 a8' (N*H&2(: *2+C84?C C.?Cg)+*+4) *M+8') H.?C+ (2.M.+ C.?C('
M8H&(+.+.-( .%+(%).+7 5'8H +C(.' 8&&8%(%+) 8% *-('*?(: G( &'(3.M+ +C*+ *33.+.8%*2 &*++('%) 85
'.-*2'7 G.22 (H('?( +C*+ M*% 8%27 A( M*&+4'(3 A7 +C( 4%._4( '(2*+.8%)C.&) A(+G((% M8H&(+.+8')0
Hypothesis 1A. Perceptions of rivalry vary significantly at the dyad level.
a4'+C('H8'(: G( &'(3.M+ +C*+ &('M(&+.8%) 85 '.-*2'7 G.22 %8+ 8%27 -*'7 *+ +C( 37*3 2(-(2: A4+
G.22 A( 3'.-(% H8'( A7 M8H&(+.+8')^ '(2*+.8%)C.&) +C*% A7 +C(.' .%3.-.34*2 MC*'*M+('.)+.M)0
Hypothesis 1B. Perceptions of rivalry are determined more by the relationship between
competitors than by their individual characteristics.
Antecedents of Rivalry
$% *33.+.8% +8 +()+.%? +C( (N+(%+ +8 GC.MC '.-*2'7 -*'.() *MM8'3.%? +8 M8H&(+.+8')^
'(2*+.8%)C.&): G( .%-()+.?*+( C8G *%3 GC7 '.-*2'7 58'H): *%3 +C( 5*M+8') +C*+ 3(+('H.%( .+)
)+'(%?+C0 >2+C84?C .3.8)7%M'*+.M (-(%+) 2.
M8HH8% +C(H( '4%) *M'8)) +C( 5.')+ +G8 5*M+8')W ).H.2*'.+7: A8+C .% +('H) 85 28M*+.8% *%3 *M+8')^
*++'.A4+(): H*7 A( *% *%+(M(3(%+ 85 '.-*2'70
> 2*'?( A837 85 '()(*'MC G.+C.% &)7MC828?7 *%3 )8M.828?7 )4??()+) +C*+ ).H.2*'.+7 ?(%('*227
58)+(') .%M'(*)(3 2.
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
12/68
"R
'()&(M+ +8 M8H&(+.+8'): +C.) H*7 %8+ A( +C( M*)( S .%)+(*3: ?'(*+(' ).H.2*'.+7 H*7 A'((3 ?'(*+('
'.-*2'7: 58' )(-('*2 '(*)8%)0 a.')+: G.+C '(?*'3 +8 28M*+.8%: M28)(27g28M*+(3 M8H&(+.+8') *'( H8'(
-.).A2( *%3 )*2.(%+ .% *M+8')^ H.%3): *%3 +C4) H*7 A( H8'( 2.
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
13/68
"V
)MC882 .% +C( '(?.8%X +G8 '4%%(') 85 )*H( ?(%3(' *%3 ).H.2*' *?( H*7 A8+C )+'.-( +8 A( *H8%?
+C( A()+ G.+C.% +C*+ )4AgM*+(?8'7 85 '4%%(')0 LC4): M8H&(+.+.8% *?*.%)+ ).H.2*' 8+C(') H*7 A(
H8'( .3(%+.+7 '(2(-*%+: GC.MC .% +4'% )C8423 .%M'(*)( +C( &)7MC828?.M*2 )+*
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
14/68
"f
B.+C '(?*'3 +8 +C( _4*%+.+7 85 M8H&(+.+.-( .%+('*M+.8%): +C('(58'(: '(&(*+(3 M8H&(+.+.8% .)
2.
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
15/68
"j
'.-*2'7 G.22 A( &8).+.-(27 '(2*+(3 +8 +C( YM8H&(+.+.-(%())] 85 &'.8' M8%+()+): 8' +C( (N+(%+ +8 GC.MC
M8H&(+.+8') C*-( A((% (-(%27gH*+MC(30 a.')+: M8%+()+) 3(M.3(3 A7 )H*22 H*'?.%) *'( 2.> )+*+.)+.M) 8% 28)+ 24??*?( *%3
8%g+.H( *''.-*2)0 LC('(58'(: G( H.?C+ &'(3.M+ +C*+ *.'2.%() +C*+ C*-( A((% C.)+8'.M*227 (-(%27g
H*+MC(3 8% +C()( H(+'.M) G.22 C*-( )+'8%?(' '.-*2'.()0 F8'( A'8*327: * -*'.(+7 85 '(?42*'27
'(2(*)(3 &('58'H*%M( H(+'.M) (N.)+ *+ +C( 5.'H 2(-(2: .%M243.%? )*2(): (*'%.%?): MC*%?() .% H*'))8M.*+()Q: *22 85 GC.MC
M8423 58'H +C( A*).) 58' * C.)+8'.M*227 M8H&(+.+.-( H*+MCg4&0
`-('*22 +C(%: G( &'(3.M+ +C*+ ).H.2*'.+7: '(&(*+(3 M8H&(+.+.8%: *%3 &*)+ M8H&(+.+.-(%()) G.22
*22 2(*3 +8 '.-*2'70 $% (55(M+: G( *'( &'8&8).%? * &*+Cg3(&(%3(%+ M8%M(&+.8% 85 M8H&(+.+.8% S
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
16/68
"i
&'.8' M8%+()+) A(+G((% M8H&(+.+8') *'( (N&(M+(3 +8 .%524(%M( +C(.' M8H&(+.+.-( &('M(&+.8%) (-(%
*5+(' 84+M8H() C*-( A((% 3(M.3(30 >?*.%: +C.) M8%+'*)+) G.+C +C( H*T8'.+7 85 &'.8' '()(*'MC 8%
M8H&(+.+.8% G.+C &)7MC828?7: 8'?*%.O*+.8%*2 A(C*-.8': *%3 (M8%8H.M): *%3 )4??()+) +C( &8+(%+.*2
58' .''*+.8%*2 M8H&(+.+.-( A(C*-.8'0
$+ .) .H&8'+*%+ +8 %8+( +C*+ +C( &'8&8)(3 *%+(M(3(%+) 85 ).H.2*'.+7 #.% *A.2.+7 8' )+*+4)Q *%3
M8H&(+.+.-(%()) M*% A( M28)(27 '(2*+(30 a8' (N*H&2(: )&8'+) '.-*2'.() H*7 .%-82-( M8H&(+.+8')
GC8 *'( '84?C27 (_4*2 .% *A.2.+7 *%3 GC8 C*-( *2)8 A((% C.)+8'.M*227 (-(%27gH*+MC(30 J.-*2
5.'H) H*7 C823 ).H.2*' 2(-(2) 85 H*'
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
17/68
"k
D.%M( L'.&2(++: H*%7 '()(*'MC(') C*-( )+43.(3 +C( (55(M+) 85 M8H&(+.+.8% 8% H8+.-*+.8% *%3
&('58'H*%M(: G.+C H.N(3 '()42+)0 `% 8%( C*%3: * %4HA(' 85 )+43.() C*-( ).H.2*'27 2.%
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
18/68
"[
>22 +C.%?) M8%).3('(3: G( &'(3.M+ * &8).+.-( 2.%< A(+G((% '.-*2'7 *%3 H8+.-*+.8%W '(*2gG8'23
M8%+()+) *?*.%)+
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
19/68
"b
B( M8%34M+ * 5.')+ +()+ 85 84' +C(8'7 G.+C.% U*+.8%*2 9822(?.*+( >+C2(+.M >))8M.*+.8% #U9>>Q
F(%^) ;*)> A*)> A*)32(' h >32(': "b[[Q: +C4) H.+.?*+.%?
M8%M('%) *A84+ +'(*+.%? +C(H *) 4%.+*'7 *M+8') #=*H.2+8% h DC('H*%: "bbiX 12(.% (+ *2: "bbfQ0
$+ .) *2)8 G8'+C H(%+.8%.%? +C*+ )&8'+) )(++.%?) C*-( 28%? A((% '(M8?%.O(3 *) M8%34M.-( +8
8'?*%.O*+.8%*2 '()(*'MC: ?.-(% +C*+ H*%7 85 +C( M8'( (2(H(%+) 85 8'?*%.O*+.8%): )4MC *) C.('*'MC7:
+(*HG8'
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
20/68
R\
B( 3'*G 4&8% +C'(( 3*+*)(+) .% 84' *%*27)()0 a.')+: G( &822(3 )+43(%+ )&8'+)G'.+(') *%3 *)
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
21/68
R"
+C( M8%5('(%M( *) * GC82(p]X " q Y%8+ M28)(27 *+ *22] *%3 k q Y-('7 M28)(27]Q0 LC.'+7g%.%(
'()&8%3(%+) #b0VsQ GC8 .%3.M*+(3 +C*+ +C(7 3.3 %8+ M8-(' +C( A*)
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
22/68
RR
$99 *M'8)) +C( k" )MC882) G*) (_4*2 +8 0bR: *%3 *22 A4+ +G8 +(*H) #;8)+8% 9822(?( *%3 K(%%
D+*+(Q C*3 $99) 85 *+ 2(*)+ 0kb0 LC.) .%3.M*+() * C.?C 2(-(2 85 M8%)(%)4) *H8%? '()&8%3(%+): *%3
H.+.?*+() M8%M('%) +C*+ 3.55('(%+ '()&8%3(%+) H*7 C*-( 3(5.%(3 '.-*2'7 3.55('(%+27: ?.-(% +C*+
+C(7 G('( %8+ &'8-.3(3 G.+C *%7 58'H*2 3(5.%.+.8%0 B( %(N+ '(H8-(3 '()&8%3(%+) GC8)( '*+.%?)
3.3 %8+ .%3.M*+( M8%)(%)4) G.+C +C(.' M2*))H*+(): 3(5.%(3 *) +C8)( GC8)( *-('*?( M8''(2*+.8% G.+C
8+C(') *+ +C(.' )MC882 G*) *+ 2(*)+ 0R\ A(28G +C( H(*% *?'((H(%+ *H8%? 8+C(' '()&8%3(%+) *+ +C*+
)MC8820 "[ )4MC '()&8%3(%+) #f0ksQ G('( '(H8-(3: 7.(23.%? * 5.%*2 )*H&2( 85 ViR '()&8%3(%+)
#j0"\ &(' )MC882X *+ 2(*)+ +G8 58' (-('7 )MC882Q: G.+C $99) '*%?.%? 5'8H 0kf +8 0bb #Mq 0bVQ0
I()&.+( +C( C.?C 2(-(2) 85 M8%)(%)4) *%3 )(25g'(&8'+(3 (N&('+.)( *H8%?)+ 84' &*'+.M.&*%+
)&8'+)G'.+('): +C(.' '*+.%?) )+.22 &'8-.3( *% .%3.'(M+ H(*)4'( 85 '.-*2'7 A(+G((% M822(?( A*)M'8)) +C()( "" +(*H): "Vf &2*7(')
#Mq "R0R: SDq "0i\Q *%3 RV M8*MC() #Mq R0": SDq "0bkQ '(+4'%(3 M8H&2(+(3 )4'-(7)0
J(2.*A.2.+7 8% '*+.%?) 85 '.-*2'7 G*) (N+'(H(27 C.?C: G.+C $99) '*%?.%? 5'8H 0bR +8 0bb *M'8)) +C(
"" +(*H) #Mq 0bj: SDq 0\RQ: M8%5.'H.%? +C( (N&(M+(3 C8H8?(%(.+7 .% 5((2.%?) 85 '.-*2'70
a4'+C('H8'(: +C( 2(-(2 85 *?'((H(%+ A(+G((% +(*H H(HA(') *%3 )&8'+)G'.+(') G*) -('7 C.?C #r q
0[b:pt 0\"Q0 B( M*% +C('(58'( A( M8%5.3(%+ +C*+ )+43(%+ )&8'+)G'.+(') *'( G(22 *++4%(3 +8 +C(
5((2.%?) 85 '.-*2'7 C(23 A7 M822(?( A*)'.O8%* D+*+(: 9*2.58'%.*: I4
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
23/68
RV
M8%5('(%M(: M*2M42*+(3 *) +C( *-('*?( 2(-(2 85 '.-*2'7 '(&8'+(3 *M'8)) '()&8%3(%+)0 L*A2( "
M8%+*.%) *% (N*H&2( 85 8%( )4MC '.-*2'7 H*+'.N: 58' +C( K*Mg"\ M8%5('(%M(0 >M'8)) +C( kk[
4%._4( &('M(.-('g+*'?(+ &*.') .% 84' )*H&2(: +C( *-('*?( 2(-(2 85 '.-*2'7 G*) j0\R # SDq R0jVQ0
ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg
$%)('+ L*A2( " *A84+ C('(
ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg
Data Analyses
$% 8'3(' +8 +()+ =7&8+C().) "> *%3 *))()) +C( (N+(%+ +8 GC.MC '.-*2'7 -*'.() *+ +C( '(2*+.8%)C.&
2(-(2 -)0 +C( *M+8' 2(-(2: G( (H&287(3 +C( D8M.*2 J(2*+.8%) F83(2 #DJFX 1(%%7: "bbfX 1(%%7 h
E* c8.(: "b[fQ0 `4' 3*+*)(+ M8%).)+(3 85 ).N M8%5('(%M() '*%?.%? .% ).O( 5'8H +(% +8 584'+((%
H(HA('): *%3 (H&287(3 * round-robin3().?% .% GC.MC (-('7 H(HA(' 85 (*MC M8%5('(%M( '*+(3
(-('7 8+C(' H(HA(' 85 +C( M8%5('(%M(0 ,.-(% +C()( '84%3g'8A.% '*+.%?): DJF .) *A2( +8 ()+.H*+(
+C( (N+(%+ +8 GC.MC +C( -*'.*%M( .% '*+.%?) .) 34( +8 &('M(.-(' (55(M+): +*'?(+ (55(M+): '(2*+.8%)C.&
(55(M+):*%3 H(*)4'(H(%+ (''8'0f K('M(.-(' (55(M+) M*&+4'( +C( '82( 85 '*+(' *++'.A4+() *%3 '*+.%?
+(%3(%M.()0 $% +C.) )(++.%?: ).?%.5.M*%+ &('M(.-(' (55(M+) G8423 .%3.M*+( +C*+ M('+*.% +(*H) 5((2
C.?C(' -)0 28G(' 2(-(2) 85 '.-*2'7 +8G*'3) 8&&8%(%+ +(*H) .% ?(%('*20 L*'?(+ (55(M+) M*&+4'( +C(
'82( 85 '*+(( *++'.A4+() 8% '*+.%?)0 D.?%.5.M*%+ +*'?(+ (55(M+) G8423 .%3.M*+( +C*+ M('+*.% +(*H)
+(%3 +8 (2.M.+ C.?C(' -)0 28G(' 2(-(2) 85 '.-*2'7 5'8H 8&&8%(%+) .% ?(%('*20 a.%*227: '(2*+.8%)C.&
(55(M+) M*&+4'( +C( '82( 85 4%._4( '(2*+.8%)C.&) A(+G((% '*+(')0 >% (N*H&2( 85 * '(2*+.8%)C.&
(55(M+ G8423 A( .5 L(*H > 5((2) * 2(-(2 85 '.-*2'7 +8G*'3) L(*H ; +C*+ .) *A8-( *%3 A(78%3 +C(
'.-*2'7 +C*+ L(*H > ?(%('*227 5((2) +8G*'3) 8+C('): *%3 .) *A8-( *%3 A(78%3 +C( '.-*2'7 +C*+
L(*H ; +(%3) +8 (2.M.+ 5'8H 8+C(')0 J(2*+.8%)C.& (55(M+) )C8423 M*&+4'( +C( '82() 85 &'8N.H.+7:
fF(+C83828?.M*227: .% 8'3(' +8 )(&*'*+( '(2*+.8%)C.& (55(M+) 5'8H H(*)4'(H(%+ (''8': +C( D8M.*2 J(2*+.8%) F83(2
'(_4.'() H42+.&2( )(+) 85 '*+.%?) *%3 4)() +C( (_4.-*2(%+ 85 )&2.+gC*25 '(2.*A.2.+7 +8 3.)+.%?4.)C +C( (N+(%+ +8 GC.MC37*3.M '*+.%?) *'( )7)+(H*+.M0 LC4): ()+.H*+.8% 85 -*'.*%M( 34( +8 '(2*+.8%)C.& (55(M+) '(_4.'() '(&(*+(3
H(*)4'(H(%+) 58' (*MC '*+('g'*+(( &*.': GC.MC G( C*-( .% +C.) 3*+*)(+ A(M*4)( +C('( G('( *+ 2(*)+ +G8 '()&8%3(%+)
5'8H (-('7 4%.-(').+70
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
24/68
Rf
'(2*+.-( *++'.A4+() *%3 &'.8' .%+('*M+.8%) S .% 84' (N*H&2(: &('C*&) L(*H > *%3 L(*H ; *'( -('7
).H.2*' +8 8%( *%8+C(' 8' C*-( A((% &*'+.M42*'27 (-(%27gH*+MC(3 8-(' +C( &'(-.84) 5(G )(*)8%)0
Results
B( 4)(3 +C( )85+G*'( &'8?'*H D`J@F` #1(%%7: "bbjQ +8 .H&2(H(%+ +C( DJF *%*27)() 85
'.-*2'7 '*+.%?)0 `5 &'.H*'7 .%+('()+ G*) +C( &*'+.+.8%.%? 85 -*'.*%M( *M'8)) +C( M8H&8%(%+) 85
&('M(.-(': +*'?(+: '(2*+.8%)C.&: *%3 (''8'0 K('M(.-(' (55(M+) *MM84%+(3 58' f0is #pt 0"\Q 85 +C(
-*'.*%M( .% '.-*2'7 '*+.%?): GC.MC: *2+C84?C H*'?.%*227 ).?%.5.M*%+: .%3.M*+() +C*+ +C('( G*)
'(2*+.-(27 2.++2( -*'.*+.8% .% +C( *-('*?( *H84%+ 85 '.-*2'7 5(2+ A7 +(*H)0 L*'?(+ (55(M+) *MM84%+(3
58' Ri0Rs #pt 0\\"Q 85 +C( -*'.*%M( .% '.-*2'7 '*+.%?): .%3.M*+.%? +C*+ M('+*.% +(*H) (2.M.+(3
C.?C(' 2(-(2) 85 '.-*2'7 5'8H 8&&8%(%+): 8% *-('*?(: +C*% 8+C(')0 $% )4&&8'+ 85 =7&8+C().) ">: *
5422 j\0fs #pt 0\\"Q 85 +C( -*'.*%M( .% '.-*2'7 '*+.%?) G*) *++'.A4+(3 +8 '(2*+.8%)C.& (55(M+)0 LC.)
.%3.M*+() +C*+ +C( )+'(%?+C 85 '.-*2'7 A(+G((% +(*H) .) +8 * 2*'?( (N+(%+ 3'.-(% A7 +C(.' 4%._4(
'(2*+.8%)C.&)0 >) *% (N*H&2(: `'(?8% D+*+( '*+(3 .+) '.-*2'7 +8G*'3) '(?8% *+ +C( H*N.H4H
2(-(2 85 "\0\X C8G(-(': `'(?8% D+*+( 38() %8+ 5((2 *A%8'H*227 C.?C 2(-(2) 85 '.-*2'7 .% ?(%('*2
#F q j0j\Q: %8' 38() `'(?8% (2.M.+ 4%4)4*227 C.?C 2(-(2) 85 '.-*2'7 5'8H 8&&8%(%+) #F q j0RjQ0
LC.) .%+(%)( '.-*2'7: +C('(58'(: .) &*'+.M42*' +8 '(?8% D+*+(^) '(2*+.8%)C.& G.+C '(?8%0 a.%*227:
D`J@F` .%3.M*+(3 +C*+ "[0ks 85 +C( -*'.*%M( .% '.-*2'7 '*+.%?) G*) 34( +8 (''8': '()42+.%? 5'8H
+C( 2*M< 85 &('5(M+ M8%)(%)4) *H8%? '*+(') *+ (*MC 4%.-(').+70
U(N+: G( +()+(3 GC(+C(' +C( -*'.*%M() (N&2*.%(3 A7 &('M(.-(' *%3 +*'?(+ (55(M+) G('(
)+*+.)+.M*227 3.55('(%+ 5'8H +C( -*'.*%M( (N&2*.%(3 A7 '(2*+.8%)C.& (55(M+): *) 58228G)0 a.')+: G(
4)(3 D`J@F` +8 '4% +C( -*'.*%M( &*'+.+.8%.%? *%*27)() )(&*'*+(27 58' (*MC M8%5('(%M(0 LC(%:
G( 4)(3 +C()( 3*+* +8 '4% * )('.() 85 '(&(*+(3gH(*)4'( >U`c> *%*27)() .% GC.MC (*MC
M8%5('(%M( G*) +'(*+(3 *) * ).%?2( &*'+.M.&*%+ #U q iQ: *%3 +C( -*24() 58' &('M(.-(': +*'?(+: *%3
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
25/68
Rj
'(2*+.8%)C.& -*'.*%M( G('( +'(*+(3 *) +C( '(&(*+(3 H(*)4'()0 J(2*+.8%)C.& -*'.*%M( G*) 584%3 +8
A( ).?%.5.M*%+27 ?'(*+(' +C*% &('M(.-(' -*'.*%M( #F#": jQ q "R\0kk:pt 0\\"Q: +*'?(+ -*'.*%M( #F#":
jQ q VR0[i:pt 0\"Q: *%3 (-(% +C( )4H 85 A8+C &('M(.-(' *%3 +*'?(+ -*'.*%M( #F#": jQ q "V0Vk:pt
0\jQ0 >33.+.8%*227: +C()( '()42+) G('( M8%).)+(%+ *M'8)) M8%5('(%M() S '(2*+.8%)C.& -*'.*%M( G*)
2*'?(' +C*% +C( )4H 85 &('M(.-(' *%3 +*'?(+ -*'.*%M( .% (-('7 M*)(0 LC('(58'(: G( C*-( )+'8%?
)4&&8'+ 58' =7&8+C().) ";0 LC*+ .): '.-*2'7 .% U9>> A*)M'8)) 84' )*H&2( 85 V[b 37*3): +C( M8''(2*+.8% A(+G((% +C( )+'(%?+C)
85 '.-*2'7 *H8%? &*.') 85 +(*H) G*) )4A)+*%+.*2 #rq 0if:pt 0\\"Q0 a4'+C('H8'(: D`J@F`
&'8-.3() *% ()+.H*+( 85 +C.) M8''(2*+.8% +C*+ &*'+.*2) 84+ *M+8' *%3 +*'?(+ (55(M+)0 LC.) G*) (_4*2
+8 0[j: .%3.M*+.%? +C*+ 8%M( *-('*?( +(*Hg2(-(2 +(%3(%M.() +8G*'3) 5((2.%? *%3 (2.M.+.%? '.-*2'7
G('( M8%+'822(3 58': '.-*2'7 A(+G((% U9>> A*)
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
26/68
Ri
M8H&(+.+8')0 a.%*227: G( *2)8 584%3 (-.3(%M( 58' 2())(': 7(+ )+*+.)+.M*227 ).?%.5.M*%+: +*'?(+
(55(M+): .%3.M*+.%? +C*+ )8H( )MC882) *'( ?(%('*227 &('M(.-(3 *) ?'(*+(' '.-*2) +C*% 8+C(')0
EMPIRICAL ANALYSES, PART II: ANTECEDENTS OF RIVALRY
B( %(N+ +4'%(3 84' *++(%+.8% +8 +C( *%+(M(3(%+) 85 '.-*2'7: G.+C * &'.H*'7 58M4) 8%
&'(3.M+.%? 37*3g2(-(2 -*'.*%M( .% '.-*2'70 `4' .%3(&(%3(%+ H(*)4'() .%M243(3 *'MC.-*2 3*+* 8%
+C( k" +(*H) *%3 V[b +(*Hg37*3) .% 84' )*H&2(: 3'*G% 5'8H $%+('%(+ G(A).+() H*.%+*.%(3 A7 +C(
+(*H) *%3 *+C2(+.M M8%5('(%M()0 B.+C '(?*'3 +8 84' 3(&(%3(%+ H(*)4'(: G( G('( &'.H*'.27
.%+('()+(3 .% 37*3g2(-(2 -*'.*%M( .% '.-*2'7: *%3 )8 G( C*3 D`J@F` 84+&4+ '.-*2'7 '(2*+.8%)C.&
(55(M+) 58' (*MC 85 +C( 37*3) .% 84' )*H&2(0 D&(M.5.M*227: +C()( '(&'()(%+ +C( '.-*2'7 5(2+ A7 +(*H
> +8G*'3) +(*H ;: M8%+'822.%? 58' +C( (N+(%+ +8 GC.MC +(*H > 5((2) '.-*2'7 8% *-('*?(: +C( (N+(%+
+8 GC.MC +(*H ; (2.M.+) '.-*2'7 8% *-('*?(: *%3 *%7 M8%5('(%M(g2(-(2 3.55('(%M()0 J.-*2'7
'(2*+.8%)C.& (55(M+) G.+C.% 37*3) G('( M2(*'27 %8+ .%3(&(%3(%+ #' q 0[j: *) %8+(3 *A8-(Q: GC.MC
H(*%+ +C*+ G( M8423 %8+ *%*27O( +C(H *+ +C( +(*H 2(-(2 #1(%%7: 1*)C7: h 988
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
27/68
Rk
$+ .) G8'+C %8+.%? +C*+ H*%7 85 84' H(*)4'() *'( A*)(3 8% 3.55('(%M( )M8'() A(+G((% +C( +G8
+(*H)0 > %4HA(' 85 H(+C83828?.M*2 M8%M('%) C*-( A((% '*.)(3 .% '(?*'3 +8 4).%? 3.55('(%M(
)M8'() *) &'(3.M+8' -*'.*A2(): H8)+ %8+*A27: +C( 5*M+ +C*+ +C(7 H*7 M8%584%3 +C( (55(M+) 85 +C(.'
M8H&8%(%+ H(*)4'() #@3G*'3): R\\RX @3G*'3) h K*''7: "bbVQ S .% +C.) M*)(: +C( .%3.-.34*2
*++'.A4+() 85 (*MC +(*H0 L8 *33'()) +C.) M8%M('%: G( .%M243( 5.N(3 (55(M+) 58' .%3.-.34*2 +(*H) .%
84' H83(2): .% 8'3(' +8 M8%+'82 58' *%7 3.55('(%M() A(+G((% +(*H) 8% +C( M8H&8%(%+) +C*+ H*99 *%3 ;.? @*)+ M8%5('(%M() &'.8' +8 +C( R\\fg\j
*%3 R\\jg\i )(*)8%) #;8)+8% 9822(?(: 9.%M.%%*+.: E84.)-.22(: F*'_4(++(: F.*H.: *%3 c.'?.%.*
L(MCX * +8+*2 85 ii 37*3)Q0 a4'+C(': +8 (%)4'( H(*%.%?542 -*24() 58' +C( .%3(N 85 '(M(%+
jLC( '()42+) 85 +C()( *%*27)() *'( 4%MC*%?(3 GC(% '*G *-('*?( '.-*2'7 .) 4)(3 *) +C( 3(&(%3(%+ H(*)4'(: 34( +8 +C(
4)( 85 +(*Hg2(-(2 5.N(3 (55(M+)0
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
28/68
R[
M8H&(+.+.-(%()): G( 8%27 .%M243(3 &*.') 85 +(*H) +C*+ C*3 &2*7(3 (*MC 8+C(' *+ 2(*)+ +C'(( +.H()
8-(' +C( +C'(( )(*)8%) &'.8' +8 R\\jg\i #+C.) (2.H.%*+(3 *% *33.+.8%*2 j 37*3)Q0 >22 H83(2) G('(
'4% 8% +C.) )4A)*H&2( 85 V"[ 37*3): G.+C +C( (NM(&+.8% 85 +C8)( +C*+ .%M243(3 &'8T(M+(3
M8%5('(%M( '*%) +C( ;.? L(% M8%5('(%M( 38() %8+ &4A2.)C &'8T(M+(3 '*%) &'(3.M+(3: ?(8?'*&C.M 3.)+*%M( A(+G((% +(*H) .) ).?%.5.M*%+27
%(?*+.-(27 '(2*+(3 +8 37*3g2(-(2 -*'.*%M( '.-*2'7 #tq g[0[\:pt 0\\"X *22 +()+) *'( +G8g+*.2(3Q0 $%
8+C(' G8'3): +C( M28)(' +G8 +(*H) *'( 28M*+(3 +8 (*MC 8+C(': +C( )+'8%?(' +C(.' '.-*2'7 +(%3) +8 A(0
$% *33.+.8%: G( 5.%3 +C*+ +(*H) 28M*+(3 G.+C.% +C( )*H( )+*+( C*-( ).?%.5.M*%+27 )+'8%?(' '.-*2'.()
G.+C 8%( *%8+C(': *A8-( *%3 A(78%3 +C( (55(M+ 85 ?(8?'*&C.M 3.)+*%M( #tq k0Ri:pt 0\\"Q0
B( 288
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
29/68
Rb
).H.2*' '(2*+.8%)C.& A(+G((% '.-*2'7 *%3 '(M(%+ )+*+4): *) H(*)4'(3 A7 M8%5('(%M( G.%%.%?
&('M(%+*?( 8-(' +C( +C'(( )(*)8%) &'.8' +8 R\\jg\i #F83(2 fX tq gR0"":pt 0\jQ: *) G(22 *)
A(+G((% '.-*2'7 *%3 M4''(%+ )+*+4): *) H(*)4'(3 A7 &'8T(M+(3 M8%5('(%M( '*%< .% +C( 4&M8H.%?
)(*)8% #F83(2 jX tq gR0iR:pq 0\"Q0
E*)+27: G.+C '()&(M+ +8 A'8*3(' 4%.-(').+7 MC*'*M+('.)+.M): *A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% *M*3(H.M
_4*2.+7 G*) ).?%.5.M*%+ #F83(2 iX tq gV0R\:pt 0\"Q *%3 *A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% (%'822H(%+ G*)
H*'?.%*227 ).?%.5.M*%+ #F83(2 kX tq g"0[b:pt 0"\QX C8G(-(': ).H.2*'.+7 .% +('H) 85 GC(+C('
4%.-(').+.() G('( &4A2.M 8' &'.-*+( G*) %8+ '(2*+(3 +8 *-('*?( '.-*2'7 #F83(2 [X tq 0b[: nsQ0
`-('*22: G( C*-( )+'8%? )4&&8'+ 58' =7&8+C().) R S ).H.2*'.+7 .% +('H) 85 28M*+.8%: A*)
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
30/68
V\
H*'?.% 85 -.M+8'7 #F83(2 "RX tq gR0"i:pt 0\jQ: *2)8 &'(3.M+(3 +C( )+'(%?+C 85 '.-*2'7 A(+G((%
+(*H)0 LC('(58'(: G( C*-( )4&&8'+ 58' =7&8+C().) f0
Recent vs. historic similarity and competitiveness. >) *% *33.+.8%*2 )(+ 85 *%*27)(): G(
288) 3.)M4))(3: +C()( +G8 M8%)+'4M+) H*7
85+(% A( C.?C27 M8''(2*+(30 $%3((3: .% +C.) 3*+*)(+: C.)+8'.M )+*+4) ).H.2*'.+7 #.% +('H) 85 *22g+.H(
M8%5('(%M( G.%%.%? &('M(%+*?(Q *%3 C.)+8'.M M8H&(+.+.-(%()) *'( M8''(2*+(3 *+ rq 0k":pt 0\\"0
B( (%+('(3 A8+C 85 +C()( &'(3.M+8') .% F83(2 "i: *%3 584%3 +C*+ *A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% C.)+8'.M
)+*+4) G*) %8+ ).?%.5.M*%+ #tq g0b\: nsQ: GC('(*) C.)+8'.M M8H&(+.+.-(%()) '(H*.%(3 C.?C27
).?%.5.M*%+ #tq V0i\:p t 0\\"Q0 >2+C84?C +C()( '()42+) )C8423 A( .%+('&'(+(3 G.+C M*4+.8% 34( +8
+C( C.?C 2(-(2 85 .%+('M8''(2*+.8%: .+ *&&(*') +C*+ +C( (N+(%+ +8 GC.MC M8H&(+.+8') C*-( A((%
(-(%27gH*+MC(3 *M'8)) +C(.' &'.8' M8%+()+) H*7 +'4H& C.)+8'.M ).H.2*'.+7 .% )+*+4) 8' *A.2.+7g2(-(20
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
31/68
V"
Full models. E*)+27: G( &'()(%+ +G8 5422 H83(2)0 F83(2 "k .%M243() *22 &'(3.M+8' -*'.*A2()
(NM(&+ 58' 3.55('(%M( .% &'8T(M+(3 M8%5('(%M( '*%
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
32/68
VR
98''(2*+.8%) G.+C *22 584' H(*)4'() 85 A*)
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
33/68
VV
+C( M28)(' +C( C.)+8'.M H*+MCg4& A(+G((% +(*H) G*) +8 * j\gj\ )&2.+: +C( )+'8%?(' +C( '.-*2'7
A(+G((% +C(H: (-(% GC(% M8%+'822.%? 58' ).H.2*'.+7 .% +C( +(*H)^ *22g+.H( G.%%.%? &('M(%+*?()0
LC.) .%3.M*+() +C*+ &'.8' M8%+()+) A(+G((% +(*H) &'(3.M+(3 +C(.' '.-*2'7 '(2*+.8%)C.&) *A8-( *%3
A(78%3 +C( (55(M+) 85 +C8)( M8%+()+) 8% +C(.' '(2*+.-( )+*%3.%?) G.+C.% +C( M8%5('(%M(0 LC4): .+
)((H) +C*+ &'.8' M8H&(+.+.-( (%M84%+(') M*% 2(*-( * H*'< +C*+ (%34'() 28%? *5+(' +C(7 C*-( A((%
3(M.3(3: .% )4&&8'+ 85 +C( %8+.8% +C*+ M8H&(+.+.8% .) &*+Cg3(&(%3(%+: *%3 M8%+'*'7 +8 GC*+
'*+.8%*2 H83(2) G8423 &'(3.M+0
LC.'3: G( 584%3 +C*+ C.)+8'.M ).H.2*'.+7 *%3 M8H&(+.+.-(%()) *&&(*'(3 +8 +'4H& '(M(%+
).H.2*'.+7 *%3 M8H&(+.+.-(%()) .% &'(3.M+.%? '.-*2'70 LC.) .) *2)8 M8%).)+(%+ G.+C +C( .3(* +C*+
M8H&(+.+.-( &('M(&+.8%) *'( (%34'.%? *%3 H*7 %8+ %(M())*'.27 '(52(M+ M4''(%+ M8%3.+.8%): *%3 +C*+
M8%+()+) *'( (HA(33(3 G.+C.% A'8*3(' '(2*+.8%*2 M8%+(N+0 F8'( A'8*327: +C( 5*M+ +C*+ G( G('(
*A2( +8 '(2.*A27 &'(3.M+ )+'(%?+C 85 '.-*2'7 -.* H(*)4'() 85 +(*H)^ '(2*+.8%)C.&) A82)+(') +C(
*'?4H(%+ +C*+ M8H&(+.+.8% .) '(2*+.8%*20
a.%*227: *+ +C( +(*H 2(-(2: C.?C(' )+*+4) G*) &8).+.-(27 '(2*+(3 +8 8&&8%(%+)^ 5((2.%?) 85
'.-*2'70 >2+C84?C +C( &'(M.)( H(MC*%.)H) A(C.%3 +C.) 5.%3.%? *'( 4%M2(*': .+ H*7 A( +C( M*)( +C*+
*M+8') +'7 +8 &'()(%+ +C(H)(2-() *) '.-*2) +8 C.?Cg)+*+4) M8H&(+.+8') .% 8'3(' +8 ?*.% )+*+4) A7
*))8M.*+.8%: &*'+.M42*'27 .5 '.-*2'7 .) ?(%('*227 &('M(.-(3 *) )7HH(+'.M0 >2+('%*+.-(27: &('C*&)
M8H&(+.%? *?*.%)+ +C( A()+ .) (%('?.O.%? 34( +8 +C( '(&4+*+.8%*2 A88)+ +C*+ M*% A( ?*.%(3 +C'84?C
-.M+8'7: 8' A(M*4)( *M+8') (%-7 +C(.' C.?Cg)+*+4) M8H&(+.+8') *%3 G*%+ +8 A'.%? +C(H 38G%0
a4+4'( G8'< )C8423 3(2-( 54'+C(' .%+8 +C.) &C(%8H(%8%0
EMPIRICAL ANALYSES, PART III: CONSEQUENCES OF RIVALRY
Measures
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
34/68
Vf
$% 8'3(' +8 .%-()+.?*+( +C( M8%)(_4(%M() 85 '.-*2'7 A(+G((% U9>> A*)2+C84?C +C.) 5.(23 )(++.%? 38() %8+ *228G 58' 3.'(M+ H(*)4'(H(%+ 85
H8+.-*+.8%: .+ 38() &'8-.3( * '*%?( 85 &('58'H*%M( H(+'.M)0 =7&8+C().) j &8).+) +C*+ ?'(*+('
'.-*2'7 .%M'(*)() &('58'H*%M( 8% (558'+gA*)(3 +*)
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
35/68
Vj
&('58'H*%M( 85 8%( +(*H .) M8%584%3(3 G.+C +C( 3(5(%).-( &('58'H*%M( 85 +C( 8+C('Q: G( 4)(3
+C( *-('*?( 2(-(2 85 '.-*2'7 .% (*MC ?*H( *) +C( &'(3.M+8' -*'.*A2(: *%3 *??'(?*+( ?*H(g2(-(2
)+*+.)+.M) *) 3(&(%3(%+ H(*)4'()0 L(*Hg2(-(2 5.N(3 (55(M+) 58' C8H( *%3 *G*7 +(*H) G('(
.%M243(3 .% *22 *%*27)() .% 8'3(' +8 M8%+'82 58' +(*H)^ *A.2.+7 2(-(2)0
$% F83(2 ": '.-*2'7 .) &8).+.-(27 '(2*+(3 +8 5*% *++(%3*%M( # t q V0kj:p t 0\\"Q: )4??()+.%? +C*+
.+ C*) * &8).+.-( (55(M+ 8% +C( .%+('()+ 2(-(2 8' H8+.-*+.8% 85 +C8)( GC8 58228G +C( M8H&(+.+.8%0 $%
F83(2 R: '.-*2'7 .) %(?*+.-(27 '(2*+(3 +8 &8.%+) )M8'(3 &(' &8))()).8%b#tq gR0"f:pt 0\jQ: GC.MC
'(52(M+) .%M'(*)(3 3(5(%).-( (55.M.(%M7 #K8H('87: R\\jQ0 F83(2 V (N*H.%(3 *%8+C(' H(*)4'( 85
(55.M.(%M7: 5.(23 ?8*2 &('M(%+*?(: *%3 '(-(*2(3 * ).H.2*': H*'?.%*227 %(?*+.-(: *))8M.*+.8% G.+C
'.-*2'7 #tq g"0[":pq 0\kQ0 LC4): .% ?*H() A(+G((% 5.('M( '.-*2): 3(5(%).-( (55.M.(%M7 +(%3) +8 A(
C.?C(' +C*% .% ?*H() A(+G((% H.23 8' %8%g'.-*2)0 LC()( '()42+): C8G(-(': M*% *2)8 A( -.(G(3 *)
'(52(M+.%? 3(M'(*)(3 855(%).-( (55.M.(%M7 S 855(%).-( *%3 3(5(%).-( (55.M.(%M7 *'( &('5(M+27
M8%584%3(3 *+ +C( ?*H( 2(-(20 LC('(58'(: G( *%*27O(3 +C( 5'(_4(%M7 85 )+(*2) *%3 A28M
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
36/68
Vi
L8 54'+C(' .%-()+.?*+( +C( ).?%.5.M*%+ 5.%3.%?) 58' &8.%+) &(' &8))()).8% *%3 A28M
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
37/68
Vk
&(')&(M+.-(: G( G8423 (N&(M+ +C( %(?*+.-( (55(M+) 85 (N+'(H( *'84)*2 8% &('58'H*%M( +8 (N+(%3
+8 5'(( +C'8G )C88+.%?0 $%3((3: G( H.?C+ (N&(M+ (NM()) *'84)*2 +8 A( *+ .+) H8)+ C*'H542 2(-(2
GC(% * &2*7(' .) )+*%3.%? *28%( *+ +C( 5'(( +C'8G 2.%( G.+C +.H( +8 +C.%< *A84+ +C( 4&M8H.%? )C8+0
>) M*% A( )((% A7 +C( '()42+) .% L*A2( j #F83(2 iQ: +C('( G*) %8 ).?%.5.M*%+ '(2*+.8%)C.& A(+G((%
'.-*2'7 *%3 5'(( +C'8G )C88+.%? *MM4'*M7 #tq g\0jb: nsQ0 >2+C84?C 8%( H4)+ *2G*7) (N('M.)(
M*4+.8% GC(% +'7.%? +8 .%+('&'(+ %422 5.%3.%?): +C.) '(34M() +C( &2*4).A.2.+7 85 +C( MC8
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
38/68
V[
6).%? * )+*+.)+.M*2 +(MC%._4( 3().?%(3 +8 H83(2 .%+('&(')8%*2 &('M(&+.8% #1(%%7: "bbfQ: G(
584%3 +C*+ &('M(&+.8%) 85 '.-*2'7 A(+G((% U9>> A*)
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
39/68
Vb
D.H.2*'27: 5.'H) +C*+ '()(HA2( 8%( *%8+C(' #.% +('H) 85 ?(8?'*&C.M 28M*+.8%: '()84'M( &'85.2(:
8'?*%.O*+.8%*2 58'H: (+M0Q: C*-( * C.)+8'7 85 M8H&(+.%? #(0?0: Y*++*M
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
40/68
f\
Limitations
LC( (H&.'.M*2 *%*27)() &'()(%+(3 C('( G('( 3().?%(3 *) * 5.')+ +()+ 85 84' +C(8'(+.M*2
5'*H(G8'> A*)
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
41/68
f"
M8%)(_4(%M(): *) (-.3(%M(3 A7 +C( '(2*+.-(27 )H*22 H*?%.+43( 85 84' '()42+) 58' 3(5(%).-(
&('58'H*%M(0 LC( A(C*-.8' 85 A*)33.+.8%*227: +C( .%+('3(&(%3(%+ %*+4'( 85 &('58'H*%M( .% A*)32(' h >32(': "b[[Q: GC.MC H.?C+ H*
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
42/68
fR
%8%g)&8'+) )(++.%?): .% *33.+.8% +8 +C( &8+(%+.*227 ?'(*+(' ).?%.5.M*%M( 85 +C(.' 3(M.).8%): '.-*2'7
H*7 *M+4*227 C*-( ?'(*+(' .H&2.M*+.8%) 84+).3( 85 )&8'+)0 a4+4'( G8'
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
43/68
fV
2()) M8HH.++(3 8' )+'8%?27 .3(%+.5.(3 8'?*%.O*+.8%*2 H(HA(') H*7 5*.2 +8 .%+('%*2.O( H*M'8g2(-(2
'.-*2'.()0
LC.'3: 54+4'( '()(*'MC )C8423 *2)8 M8%).3(' 2(-(2g)&(M.5.M H83('*+8') 85 '.-*2'70 a8' .%)+*%M(:
H8'( C8H8?(%(84) ?'84&) H*7 A( H8'( 2.
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
44/68
ff
D.N+C: *2+C84?C G( 584%3 )+'8%? )4&&8'+ 58' ).H.2*'.+7 *) *% *%+(M(3(%+ 85 '.-*2'7: .+ .)
&8)).A2( +C*+
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
45/68
fj
REFERENCES
>32(': K0 >0: h >32(': K0 "b[[0 $%+(%)( 287*2+7 .% 8'?*%.O*+.8%)W > M*)( )+437 85 M822(?( *+C2(+.M)0
Administrative Science Quarterly: VVW f\"gf"k0
>'H)+'8%?: /0 D0 h 98228&7: a0 "bbi0 98H&(+.+8' 8'.(%+*+.8%W @55(M+) 85 8AT(M+.-() *%3.%58'H*+.8% 8% H*%*?('.*2 3(M.).8%) *%3 &'85.+*A.2.+70Journal of Marketing Research:
VVW "[[g"bb0
;*4H: /0 >0 90 h 18'%: =0 /0 "bbi0 98H&(+.+.-( 37%*H.M) 85 .%+('5.'H '.-*2'70Academy ofManagement Journal: VbW RjjgRb"0
;*4H: /0 >0 90: h 18'%: =0 /0 "bbi0 98H&(+.+.-( 37%*H.M) 85 .%+('5.'H '.-*2'70Academy of
Management Journal: VbW RjjgRb"0
;*4H: /0 >0 90: h F(O.*): D0 /0 "bbR0 E8M*2.O(3 M8H&(+.+.8% *%3 8'?*%.O*+.8%*2 5*.24'( .% +C(
F*%C*++*% C8+(2 .%34)+'7: "[b[g"bb\0Administrative Science Quarterly: VkW j[\gi\f0
;*4H: /0 >0: h 18'%: =0 /0 "bbb0 I7%*H.M) 85 37*3.M M8H&(+.+.8% .%+('*M+.8%0Strategic
Management Journal: "kW Rj"gRk[0
;((')H*: ;0: =822(%A(MJ '*M.%?0Administrative Science Quarterly: jRW
R\[gRfk0
;'*%+CG*.+(: >0 h /8%(): /0 @0 "bkj0 a*.'%()) *%3 3.)M'.H.%*+.8%W @%?2.)C -(')4) B(2)C0
European Journal of Social Psychology: jW VRVgVV[0
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
46/68
fi
;'(CH: /0 B0: B'.?C+: J0 >0: D828H8%: D0: D.2H('.M*% H*'
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
47/68
fk
9'8))2*%3: 90: h =*HA'.M0 E0 h F8''.): F0 B0 R\\\0 J*&&8'+ .% M8%52.M+ '()824+.8%W >MM84%+.%? 58' C8G 5*M(g+8g5*M( M8%+*M+ 58)+(') H4+4*2 M88&('*+.8% .% H.N(3gH8+.-( M8%52.M+)0Journal of
Experimental Social Psychology: ViW Rigj\0
IG(M
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
48/68
f[
@'(-: $0: ;8'%)+(.%: ,0: h ,*2.2.: J0 "bbV0 98%)+'4M+.-( .%+('?'84& M8H&(+.+.8% *) * )824+.8% +8
+C( 5'(( '.3(' &'8A2(HW > 5.(23 (N&('.H(%+0Journal of Experimental Social Psychology:RbW fiVgfk[0
a(''.(': B0 /0 R\\"0 U*-.?*+.%? +C( M8H&(+.+.-( 2*%3)M*&(W LC( 3'.-(') *%3 M8%)(_4(%M() 85
M8H&(+.+.-( *??'()).-(%())0Academy of Management Journal: ffW [j[g[kk0
a(''.(': B0 /0: DH.+C: 10 ,0: h ,'.HH: 90 F0 "bbb0 LC( '82( 85 M8H&(+.+.-( *M+.8% .% H*' )+437 85 .%34)+'7 2(*3(') *%3 MC*22(%?(')0
Academy of Management Journal: fRW VkRgV[[0
a()+.%?(': E0 "bjf0 > +C(8'7 85 )8M.*2 M8H&*'.)8% &'8M())()0Human Relations: kW ""kg"f\0
a27%%: a0 /0: h >H*%*+422*C: @0 L0 R\\f0Psyched up or psyched out? The influence of coactorstatus on individual performance.K*&(' &'()(%+(3 *+ +C( if
+CF((+.%? 85 +C( >M*3(H7
85 F*%*?(H(%+: U(G `'2(*%): E>0
,*'M.*: D0 F0: L8': >0: h ,8%O*2(O: J0 R\\i0 J*% A(C*-.8'*2 +C(8'7 85 5.'H ?'8G+CW D(_4(%+.*2 *++(%+.8% +8 ).O( *%3&('58'H*%M( ?8*2)0Academy of Management Journal: j"W fkigfbf0
=*M
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
49/68
fb
=*HH8%3: E0 10 h ,823H*%: F0 "bi"0 98H&(+.+.8% *%3 %8%gM8H&(+.+.8% *%3 .+) '(2*+.8%)C.& +8
.%3.-.34*2 *%3 ?'84& &'834M+.-.+70Sociometry: RfW figi\0
=*%%*%: F0 L0: h a'((H*%: /0 "b[b0 Organizational ecology. 9*HA'.3?(: F>W =*'-*'3
6%.-(').+7 K'())0
=*'3(': /0 B0 "bbR0 K2*7 58' &*7W @55(M+) 85 .%(_4.+7 .% * &*7g58'g&('58'H*%M( M8%+(N+0
Administrative Science Quarterly: VkW VR"gVVj0
=*7G*'3: F0 E0 >0: h =*HA'.M 288< *+ J4)).*%)Z &('M(&+.8%) .% &8)+gD8-.(+
('*0Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin: RVW "\"VS"\R"0
=(G)+8%(: F0: J4A.%: F0: h B.22.): =0 R\\R0 $%+('?'84& A.*)0Annual Review of Psychology:jVW jkjgi\f0
=.22(': U0: h =*HA'.M0 "bbf0Interpersonal perception0 U(G l8'M*3(H.M0
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
50/68
j\
1(%%7: I0 >0: F8C': 90 I0: h E(-()_4(: F0 /0 R\\"0 > )8M.*2 '(2*+.8%) -*'.*%M( &*'+.+.8%.%? 85
37*3.M A(C*-.8'0Psychological Bulletin: "RkW "R[g"f"0
12(.%: 10 /0 I*%)('(*4: a0: h =*22: J0 /0 "bbf0 E(-(2) .))4() .% +C(8'7 3(-(28&H(%+: 3*+*
M822(M+.8% *%3 *%*27).)0Academy of Management Journal: "bW "bjgRRb0
18C%: >0 "bbR0No contest: The case against competition.U(G l8'% (H&.'.M*2 *%*27).)0
Strategic Management Journal: "kW f"bgfVb0
F.22(': I0: h 9C(%: F0g/0 "bbf0 D84'M() *%3 M8%)(_4(%M() 85 M8H&(+.+.-( .%('+.*W > )+437 85 +C(
60D0 *.'2.%( .%34)+'70Administrative Science Quarterly: VbW "gRV0
F.22(': I0: h I'n?(: 90 "b[i0 K)7MC828?.M*2 *%3 +'*3.+.8%*2 3(+('H.%*%+) 85 )+'4M+4'(0
Administrative Science Quarterly: V"W jVbgji\0
F.22(': E0 10: h =*HA2.%: J0 E0 "biV0 $%+('3(&(%3(%M(: 3.55('(%+.*2 '(G*'3.%?: *%3 &'834M+.-.+70
American Sociological Review: R[W ki[gkk[0
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
51/68
j"
F.22(': U0: h 9*H&A(22: I0 L0 "bjb0 J(M(%M7 *%3 &'.H*M7 .% &(')4*).8% *) * 54%M+.8% 85 +C(
+.H.%? 85 )&((MC() *%3 H(*)4'(H(%+)0Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology: jbW"gb0
F8)M8-.M.: D0: h m*-*228%.: F0 "bib0 LC( ?'84& *) * &82*'.O(' 85 *++.+43()0Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology: "RW "Rjg"Vj0
F42-(7: K0 B0 h J.AA(%): ;0 >0 "bbb0 LC( (55(M+) 85 .%+('?'84& M8H&(+.+.8% *%3 *)).?%(3 ?'84&
?8*2) 8% ?'84& (55.M*M7 *%3 ?'84& (55(M+.-(%())0Small Group Research: V\W ij"gikk0
U(H(+C: 90 /0: h D+*G: ;0 F0 "b[b0 LC( +'*3(855) 85 )8M.*2 M8%+'82 *%3 .%%8-*+.8% G.+C.% ?'84&)
*%3 8'?*%.O*+.8%)0 $% E0 ;('
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
52/68
jR
J*AA.(: /0 F0: ;(%8.)+: a0: `8)+('A*0=: h c.))(': E0 "bkf0 I.55('(%+.*2 &8G(' *%3 (55(M+) 85
(N&(M+(3 M8H&(+.+.-( *%3 M88&('*+.-( .%+('?'84& .%+('*M+.8% 8% .%+'*?'84& *%3 84+?'84&*++.+43()0Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: V\W figji0
J((-(: /0 h I(M.: @0 E0 "bbi0 @2(H(%+) 85 +C( M8H&(+.+.-( ).+4*+.8% +C*+ *55(M+ .%+'.%).M
H8+.-*+.8%0Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin: RRW RfgVV0
J(?(': J0 10 h K*2H(': L0 ;0 "bbi0 F*%*?('.*2 M*+(?8'.O*+.8% 85 M8H&(+.+8')W 6).%? 823 H*&) +8
%*-.?*+( %(G (%-.'8%H(%+)0 Organization Science: kW RRgVb0
DMC('(': a0 F0: h J8)): D0 "bb\0Industrial market structure and economic performance #V'3
(30Q0 ;8)+8%W =84?C+8% F.552.%0
DMC%(.3(': ;0 "b[k0 LC( &(8&2( H*
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
53/68
jV
L*4(': /0 F0 h =*'*M$
K'())0
c*% @('3(: B0: h LC(.''7: =0 "bbi0 c'88H^) (N&(M+*%M7 H83(2) *%3 G8'0: B(.M
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
54/68
jf
l84%?: D0 F0: a.)C(': /0: h E.%3_4.)+: L0 F0 "bbV0 LC( (55(M+) 85 .%+('?'84& M8H&(+.+.8% *%3
.%+'*?'84& M88&('*+.8% 8% )2*M< *%3 84+&4+ .% * H*%45*M+4'.%? )(++.%?0Accounting
Review: i[W fiigf["0
m*T8%M: J0 ;0 "bij0 D8M.*2 5*M.2.+*+.8%0Science: "fbW RibgRkf0
m*T8%M: J0 ;0 "bi[0 >++.+43.%*2 (55(M+) 85 H('( (N&8)4'(0Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology: bW "gRk0
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
55/68
jj
FIGURE 1
Theoretical Model
D.H.2*'.+7
J(&(*+(3
M8H&(+.+.8%
98H&(+.+.-(%())
J.-*2'7 F8+.-*+.8%
+8 G.%
=R
=V
=f
=j
@558'+gA*)(3
&('58'H*%M(
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
56/68
ji
TABLE 1
Pac-10 Rivalry Matrixa
L*'?(+)
>'.O8%*
>'.O8%*
D+*+( 9*2.58'%.* '(?8%
`'(?8%
D+*+( D+*%58'3 69E> 6D9 B*)C.%?+8%
B*)C.%?+8%
D+*+(
>'.O8%* [0kj j0j\ f0kj "0kj [0kj k0Rj V0kj k0kj R0\\>'.O8%* D+*+( "\0\\ R0\\ "0ik "0VV j0\\ j0\\ V0\\ R0ik "0VV
9*2.58'%.* j0j\ R0Rj j0Rj V0\\ b0kj b0\\ i0kj f0j\ R0j\
`'(?8% k0\\ f0\\ f0j\ "\0\\ k0\\ i0Rj V0kj "\0\\ j0j\
`'(?8% D+*+( [0\\ "0j\ f0\\ "\0\\ f0\\ f0j\ "0j\ b0j\ i0j\
D+*%58'3 [0kj V0\\ k0Rj V0j\ R0Rj i0j\ j0Rj j0kj V0j\
69E> [0\\ "0kj i0kj f0kj "0Rj [0Rj b0Rj j0kj "0Rj
6D9 i0\\ V0\\ j0ik f0VV R0"k i0VV b0[V f0j\ R0\\
B*)C.%?+8% [0\\ R0VV R0VV b0\\ f0\\ i0VV i0ik "0VV [0ik
B*)C.%?+8% D+*+( i0\\ j0\\ j0VV f0\\ f0ik i0VV i0ik i0ik b0ik
* J.-*2'7 '*+.%?) '(&'()(%+ +C( *-('*?( *M'8)) *22 _4*2.5.(3 '()&8%3(%+) *+ * ?.-(% 4%.-(').+7: 8% * )M*2( 5'8H \ +8 "\0
K('M(.-(')
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
57/68
jk
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
58/68
j[
TABLE 2
Antecedents of Rivalry: Independent Measures
Variables Description
Similarity (geographic)
,(8?'*&C.M 3.)+*%M( I'.-.%? 3.)+*%M(: .% C4%3'(3) 85 H.2(): A(+G((% +C( +(*H)Z )+*3.4H)
*) '(&8'+(3 A7 ,88?2( F*&) #C++&WddH*&)0?88?2(0M8HQ
D*H( )+*+( I4HH7 -*'.*A2( )(+ +8 " .5 +(*H) *'( 28M*+(3 .% +C( )*H( )+*+( #\ 8+C('G.)(Q
Similarity (basketball status)
>A)0 3.55('(%M( .% *22g+.H( M8%5('(%M( G.%%.%? s >A)824+( 3.55('(%M( A(+G((% +(*H)Z *22g+.H( G.%%.%? &('M(%+*?()
.% .%+'*gM8%5('(%M( &2*7
>A)0 3.55('(%M( .% *22g+.H( M8%5('(%M( +.+2() G8% >A)824+( 3.55('(%M( A(+G((% +(*H)Z %4HA(' 85 '(?42*' )(*)8%
M8%5('(%M( +.+2() #.0(0: 5.%.)C.%? .% 5.')+ &2*M( .% +C( M8%5('(%M(Q
>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% '(M(%+ >A)824+( 3.55('(%M( A(+G((% +(*H)Z G.%%.%? &('M(%+*?()
M8%5('(%M( G.%%.%? s .% .%+'*gM8%5('(%M( &2*7 8-(' +C( R\\Rg\V: R\\Vg\f: *%3 R\\fg\j )(*)8%)
>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% &'()(*)8% K'8T(M+(3 M8%5('(%M( '*%< 58' +C( R\\jg\i )(*)8%: *) -8+(3 8% A7 M8*MC() &'8T(M+(3 M8%5('(%M( '*%< *%3 H(HA(') 85 +C( %(G) H(3.* *+ (*MC M8%5('(%M(Z) H(3.* 3*7
Similarity (university characteristics)
>A)0 3.55('(%M( .% *M*3(H.M _4*2.+7 >A)824+( 3.55('(%M( A(+G((% 4%.-(').+.()Z *M*3(H.M _4*2.+7: *) H(*)4'(3 A7 *%
*??'(?*+( 85 +C'(( H(+'.M) 4)(3 .% +C( 60D0 U(G) *%3 B8'23 J(&8'+ R\\j
4%('?'*34*+( 4%.-(').+7 '*%
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
59/68
jb
TABLE 3
Antecedents of Rivalry: Descriptive Statistics and Correlationsa
Variables Mean s.d. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
"0 >-('*?( '.-*2'7 '(2*+.8%)C.& (55(M+ \0"\ "0iV
R 0 I.)+*%M( A( +G((% )+*3 .4H) f 0i f R0bi g0f [www
#.% C4%3'(3) 85 H.2()Q
V 0 L (*H) G.+C.% +C( )*H( )+*+( \ 0" \ \0V\ 0jV www g0VV www
f0 >A)824 +( 3 .55('(%M( .% M8%5( '(%M( "V0bi ""0"j g 0"Vw 0 \R 0 \"
G.%%.%? s #*22g+.H(Q
j 0 >A )824+( 3.55(' (% M( .% M 8%5('(%M( i 0i k [0\f g0\ V g0\" g0\ f 0V jwww
+.+2() G8% #*22g+.H(Q
i 0 >A)824 +( 3 .55('(%M( .% M8%5( '(%M( R"0ff "f0kR g0 "Vw g0 \" 0\f 0f[www 0 Rbwww
G.%%.%? s #&'.8' +C'(( )(*)8%)Q
k 0 >A)824 +( 3 .55('(%M( .% &'8 T(M+ (3 f 0fR R 0[f g0 "iww g 0""y g 0\R 0 V[www 0 "[www 0 fVwww
M8%5('(%M( '*%A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% \0bf \0kb g0"jww 0""y g0\R g0"\y 0\f g0\f g0\f
*M*3(H.M _4*2.+7
b0 >A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% (%'822H(%+ "\0ij [0R\ g0\b 0"Vw 0\V g0\" g0\j g0\" 0\V 0Riwww
#+C84)*%3) 85 )+43(%+)Q
"\0 ;8+C &4A2.M 8' &'.-*+( \0kR \0fj g0\" 0"fw g0"fw 0\\ 0\R g0\b g0\b g0Rkwww g0V"www
#34HH7 -*'.*A2(Q
""0 U4HA(' 85 ?*H() &2*7(3 k0k\ iV0bV 0j\www g 0ifwww 0fVwww g 0\k g0\\ g0\by 0\V g0""w g0"fww g0\"
#H(*%gM(%+('(3 A7 M8%5('(%M(Q
"R0 98H&(+.+.-(%()) .%3(N Vk0[b b0fj 0"bwww g0"fw 0\b g0k"www g0fjwww g0Viwww g0Rjwww 0 \R g0\V g0\\ 0RVwww
#*22g+.H(Q
"V0 98H&(+.+.-(%()) .%3(N Rj0b\ "i0V" 0"Vw 0\f g0\R g0VRwww g0R\www g0i\www g0R\www 0\f 0\V 0\i 0\[ 0RRwww
#&'.8' +C'(( )(*)8%)Q
"f0 >-('*?( H*'?.% 85 -.M+8'7 ""0Vj f0\\ g0"Rw 0\j g0\V 0Rfwww 0\V 0Viwww 0R"www g0\k g0\R g0\" g0\[ g0Rfwww g0R"www
#&'.8' +C'(( )(*)8%)Q
*n q V"[ +(*H 37*3): (NM(&+ 58' zk: 58' GC.MC n q Rii +(*H 37*3)
y & 0"\: *22 +()+) +G8g+*.2(3
w & 0\j
ww & 0\"
www & 0\\"
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
60/68
i\
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
61/68
i"
TABLE 4
Multivariate Regression Models of Average Rivalrya
Variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Model 7 Model 8 Model 9
I.)+*%M( A(+G((% )+*3.4H) g\0V[www g\0Riwww
#.% C4%3'(3) 85 H.2()Q #\0\fQ #\0\jQ
L(*H) G.+C.% +C( )*H( )+*+( R0fRwww "0bjww
#\0VVQ #\0VjQ
>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% g\0\jwww
M8%5('(%M( G.%%.%? s #*22g+.H(Q #\0\"Q
>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% g\0\[w
M8%5('(%M( +.+2() G8% #\0\VQ
>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% g\0\Rw
M8%5('(%M( G.%%.%? s #&'.8' V )(*)8%)Q #\0\"Q
>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% g\0"Rww
&'8T(M+(3 M8%5('(%M( '*%< #\0\jQ
>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% g\0jkww
*M*3(H.M )+*+4) #\0"[Q
>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% (%'822H(%+ g\0\fy
#.% +C84)*%3) 85 )+43(%+)Q #\0\RQ
;8+C &4A2.M 8' &'.-*+( \0fR
#34HH7 -*'.*A2(Q #\0fVQ
U4HA(' 85 ?*H() &2*7(3 \0\"ww
#H(*%gM(%+('(3 A7 M8%5('(%M(Q #\0\\Q
98H&(+.+.-(%()) .%3(N
#*22g+.H(Q
98H&(+.+.-(%()) .%3(N
#&'.8' +C'(( )(*)8%)Q
>-('*?( H*'?.% 85 -.M+8'7
#&'.8' +C'(( )(*)8%)Q
JR
\0i[ \0f\ \0V[ \0Vk \0fR \0Vb \0Vk \0Vi \0ib
>3T0 JR
\0j\ \0\i \0\f \0\V \0\b \0\i \0\V \0\R \0jRJ
R.%M'(*)( 5'8H 5.N(3 (55(M+) H83(2 \0VR \0\f \0\R \0\" \0\R \0\V \0\" \0\\ \0VV
>3T0 JR.%M'(*)( 5'8H 5.N(3 (55(M+) H83(2 \0f[ \0\j \0\R \0\R \0\V \0\f \0\" \0\\ \0j\
* n q V"[ +(*H 37*3): (NM(&+ 58' H83(2) j: "f: *%3 "[: 58' GC.MC n q RiV
A>22 H83(2) .%M243( 5.N(3 (55(M+) 58' +(*H)
y & 0"\: *22 +()+) +G8g+*.2(3
w & 0\j
ww & 0\"
www & 0\\"
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
62/68
iR
TABLE 4 (continued)
Multivariate Regression Models of Average Rivalrya, b
Variables Model 10 Model 11 Model 12 Model 13 Model 14 Model 15 Model 16 Model 17 Model 18
I.)+*%M( A(+G((% )+*3.4H) g\0Rkwww g\0"bww
#.% C4%3'(3) 85 H.2()Q #\0\iQ #\0\iQ
L(*H) G.+C.% +C( )*H( )+*+( "0ijwww "0\jw
#\ 0V[Q #\0fRQ
>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% g\0\fww g\0\Vy g\0\" g\0\\ \0\\
M8%5('(%M( G.%%.%? s #*22g+.H(Q #\0\"Q #\0\RQ #\0\RQ #\0\"Q #\0\"Q
>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% g\0\" \0\"
M8%5('(%M( +.+2() G8% #\0\RQ #\0\VQ
>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% g\0\" g\0\" \0\"
M8%5('(%M( G.%%.%? s #&'.8' V )(*)8%)Q #\0\"Q #\0\"Q #\0\"Q
>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% g\0\[ g\0""ww
&'8T(M+(3 M8%5('(%M( '*%< #\0\jQ #\0\fQ
>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% g\0"" g\0"j
*M*3(H.M )+*+4) #\0"VQ #\0"VQ
>A)824+( 3.55('(%M( .% (%'822H(%+ g\0\R g\0\Ry
#.% +C84)*%3) 85 )+43(%+)Q #\0\"Q #\0\"Q
;8+C &4A2.M 8' &'.-*+( \0\j g\0\j
#34HH7 -*'.*A2(Q #\0V\Q #\0RbQ
U4HA(' 85 ?*H() &2*7(3 \0\"w \0\"www
#H(*%gM(%+('(3 A7 M8%5('(%M(Q #\0\\Q #\0\\Q
98H&(+.+.-(%()) .%3(N \0\kwww \0\kwww \0\iwww \0\R \0\"
#*22g+.H(Q #\0\"Q #\0\"Q #\0\RQ #\0\"Q #\0\"Q
98H&(+.+.-(%()) .%3(N \0\"w \0\" \0\"y \0\Rw
#&'.8' +C'(( )(*)8%)Q #\0\"Q #\0\"Q #\0\"Q #\0\"Q
>-('*?( H*'?.% 85 -.M+8'7 g\0\iw g\0\V g\0\V
#&'.8' +C'(( )(*)8%)Q #\0\VQ #\0\RQ #\0\RQ
JR
\0fV \0Vk \0Vk \0f\ \0fV \0ff \0fV \0kV \0ki
>3T0 JR \0"R \0\V \0\V \0\i \0"\ \0"R \0"R \0ji \0i\
JR.%M'(*)( 5'8H 5.N(3 (55(M+) H83(2 \0\k \0\" \0\" \0\f \0\k \0\[ \0\k \0Vk \0Vk
>3T0 JR.%M'(*)( 5'8H 5.N(3 (55(M+) H83(2 \0"\ \0\R \0\R \0\j \0\b \0"" \0"\ \0jf \0jf
* n q V"[ +(*H 37*3): (NM(&+ 58' H83(2) j: "f: *%3 "[: 58' GC.MC n q RiV
A>22 H83(2) .%M243( 5.N(3 (55(M+) 58' +(*H)
y & 0"\: *22 +()+) +G8g+*.2(3
w & 0\j
ww & 0\"
www & 0\\"
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
63/68
iV
TABLE 5
Correlations with Target Scores on Rivalrya
Variables Correlation
98%5('(%M( G.%%.%? s #*22g+.H(Q 0kVwww
98%5('(%M( +.+2() G8% #*22g+.H(Q 0jfwww
98%5('(%M( G.%%.%? s #&'.8' V )(*)8%)Q 0[Rwww
K'8T(M+(3 M8%5('(%M( '*%< g0i[www
>M*3(H.M _4*2.+7 0VVww
@%'822H(%+ 0R\y
K'.-*+( 4%.-(').+7 g0"\
*n q k" +(*H)
y & 0"\: *22 +()+) +G8g+*.2(3
w & 0\j
ww & 0\"
www & 0\\"
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
64/68
if
TABLE 6
Consequences of Rivalry: Control Variables and Dependent Measures
Variables Description
Control variables
>++(%3*%M( LC( %4HA(' 85 5*%) *+ +C( ?*H(0 LC.) -*'.*A2( G*) .%M243(3 .% 8'3(' +8 M8%+'82 58' +C( .%524(%M( 85 +C( M'8G3 4&8% &2*7(' H8+.-*+.8%
*%3 *'84) *2 #m*T8%M: "bijQ: *) '.-*2'7 .) 2. 3(5(%).-( )+*+.)+.M .% GC.MC * &2*7(' .%+('M(&+) * &*)) 8'
8+C('G.)( +*
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
65/68
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
66/68
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
67/68
ik
8/10/2019 Psychology of Rivalry
68/68
Gavin J. Kilduff #