Psychology is the scientific study of

A) Behavior and Mental Processes

B) the Psyche

C) Sex & Aggression

D) Mental Processes

A) Behavior and Mental Processes

Which of the following are the goals of Psychology?

A) Describe, manipulate, control, and examine behavior

B) Describe, explain, predict, and change behavior

C) Predict, control, examine and change behavior

D) Manipulate, control, explain, and change behavior

B) describe, explain, predict, and change behavior

Applied research is conducted to study

A) How people apply knowledge in an educational setting

B) Theoretical questions that may or may not have real-world applications

C) The goals of psychology

D) A specific real-world problem

D) A specific real-world problem

A procedure to ensure that each individual has the same probability as any other of being in a given group is called _____.A. Random selection

B. Random assignment

C. Representative selection

D. Representative assignment

B. Random assignment

Only the experiment allows one to investigate __________.

A) Relationships

B) Correlations

C) Causation

D) The goals of psychology

C) Causation

The tendency of experimenters to influence the results of their experiment in an expected direction is called ____.A) Experimenter bias

B) Control bias

C) Observational bias

D) Experimental bias

A) Experimenter bias

The experimental group in an experiment is the group in which the participants _____.A. Do not receive the independent variable

B. Receive the dependent variable

C. Do not receive the DV

D. Receive the IV

D. Receive the IV

The first step in the scientific method is _____.

A. Forming a testable hypothesis

B. Developing a theory

C. Reviewing the literature of existing theories

D. Designing a study

C. Reviewing the literature of existing theories

The total of all possible cases from which a sample is selected is called the __________.A) subject pool

B) population

C) selection group

D) control group

B) population

Freud’s research is not well supported, mostly because he used _______ as a method of study.A) naturalistic observation

B) case study

C) correlation

D) surveys and questionnaires

B) Case Study

The ______ variable is the variable that is measured.

A) Independent

B) Intervening

C) Controlled

D) Dependent

D) Dependent

A hypothesis is derived from a ______.

A) idea

B) research paper

C) brainstorming

D) theory

D) theory

The three major parts of a neuron are the _______.

A) glia, dendrites, and myelin

B) Myelin, dendrites, and axon

C) Dendrites, axon and soma

D) Axon, glia and myelin

C) dendrites, axon and soma

The major ions involved in the resting and action potential are ________.

A) Sodium and hydrogen

B) Hydrogen and potassium

C) DNA and RNA

D) Potassium and sodium

D) Potassium and sodium

Myelin, the fatty insulation surrounding the axon, is required for ___________.

A) Complex cognitive tasks

B) Complex motor tasks

C) Increasing the speed of the action potential

D) All of these options

C) Increasing the speed of the action potential

The parasympathetic and sympathetic are the major divisions of the __________ nervous system.A) Autonomic

B) Somatic

C) Central

D) Automatic

A) Autonomic

The major divisions of the CNS are __________.

A) sympathetic and parasympathetic

B) somatic and autonomic

C) gray matter and white matter

D) brain and spinal cord

D) brain and spinal cord

The frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes make up the ________.

A) brain

B) cerebral cortex

C) subcortex

D) brain stem

B) Cerebral cortex

This structure at the top of the brain stem is involved in respirations, movement, waking, sleep, and dreaming.

A. Medulla

B. Pons

C. Cerebellum

D. Reticular formation

B. Pons

The __________ system prepares your body to respond to stress.

A) central nervous

B) fight or flight

C) peripheral

D) somatic

B) fight or flight

The _____ serves as the major sensory relay area for the brain.

A. Hypothalamus

B. Thalamus

C. Cortex

D. Hindbrain

B. Thalamus

The corpus callosum __________.

A) maintains your balance

B) keeps you breathing

C) connects your right and left hemispheres

D) is the center of your personality

C) connects your right and left hemispheres

The limbic system is involved with your __________.

A) ability to move and maintain posture

B) sense of touch and pain

C) basic bodily functions

D) emotional behavior

D) emotional behavior

The __________ is the brain structure most associated with the formation of new memories.A) hypothalamus

B) thalamus

C) hippocampus

D) pituitary gland

C) hippocampus

___, ___, ___ are the three major techniques for scanning the brain.

A) PET, CAT, DOG

B) PET, CT, MRI

C) MRI, CAT, FSH

D) CT, MRI, NFL

B) PET, CT, MRI

Spontaneous recovery occurs when _________ suddenly reappears.

A) your lost wallet

B) a previously extinguished response

C) an extinct instinct

D) a forgotten stimulus-response sequence

B) a previously extinguished response

A relatively permanent change in behavior is __________.

A) Learning

B) Conditioning

C) Behavior modification

D) Modeling

A) Learning

Once classical conditioning has occurred, the CR may be elicited by stimuli that are similar to the CS. This is called _________.A) Generalization

B) Discrimination

C) Spontaneous conditioning

D) Replication of the effect

A) Generalization

Higher order conditioning occurs when a(n) _________.

A) Previously NS elicits a CR

B) NS is paired with a previous NS

C) NS is paired with and UCS

D) UCR is paired with a CS

B) NS is paired with a previous NS

Anything that causes an increase in a response is a(n) __________.

A) conditioned stimulus

B) reinforcement

C) punishment

D) unconditioned stimulus

B) reinforcement

Anything that causes a decrease in a response is a(n) __________.

A) conditioned stimulus

B) reinforcement

C) punishment

D) unconditioned stimulus

C) punishment

Negative reinforcement and punishment are __________.

A) the same

B) the best ways to learn a new behavior

C) not the same because negative reinforcement increases behavior and punishment decreases behavior

D) not the same, even though they both decrease behavior

C)

Gamblers continue to put their money into slot machines because they pay off __________. A) on a variable ratio

B) at variable intervals

C) at fixed intervals

D) on a fixed ratio

A) on a variable ratio

If you reinforce your dog for sitting by giving him a treat every third time he sites, you are using a __________.A) continuous schedule of reinforcement

B) random ratio reinforcement schedule

C) fixed interval reinforcement schedule

D) fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

D) fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

Individuals who believe they are unable to control or escape from sources of pain may develop __________.A) Learned Helplessness

B) Panic Disorder

C) Depression

D) OCD

A) Learned Helplessness

What was Pavlov originally trying to study?

A) Eating behavior of dogs

B) saliva processes

C) digestive system

D) meat powder

C) digestive system

Food, water and sex are examples of

A) Negative reinforcers

B) Secondary reinforcers

C) Positive reinforcers

D) Primary reinforcers

D) Primary reinforcers

Spontaneous recovery occurs when _________ suddenly reappears.

A) your lost wallet

B) a previously extinguished response

C) an extinct instinct

D) a forgotten stimulus-response sequence

B) a previously extinguished response

Dolphin training is done via what principle of learning.

A) continuous reinforcement schedule

B) Generalization

C) Discrimination

D) Shaping

D) Shaping

The __________ is the brain structure most associated with the formation of new memories.A) hypothalamus

B) thalamus

C) hippocampus

D) pituitary gland

C) hippocampus

Maintenance rehearsal __________.

A) Causes consolidation

B) Prevents chunking

C) Re-enters information in sensory memory

D) Re-enters information from STM

D) re-enters information from STM

The _________ effect suggests that people will recall information presented at the beginning and end of a list better than information from the middle of the list.A) recency

B) serial position

C) latency

D) primacy

B) serial position

An ______ prevents maintenance rehearsal.

A) A long list

B) Mnemonics

C) Interference task

D) Flashbulb memories

C) Interference task

Developmental psychologists are NOT interested in _____

a)fetal well-being

b) age-related differences

c) age-related similarities

d) life after death

d) life after death

Age at crawling, walking, and toilet training is primarily dependent on the _____

a) education level of the parents

b) specific training techniques of the child’s caretakers

c) maturational readiness of the child

d) genetic influences inherited from both mother and father

c) maturational readiness of the child

The period of life when an individual first becomes capable of reproduction is known as_____

a) the growth spurt

b) adolescence

c) puberty

d) the latency period

c) puberty

According to the language theory of Noam Chomsky, _____.

A. Children are born “prewired” to learn languageB. Language development is primarily a result of

rewards and modeling of adult speedC. Overgeneralizations of speech result from faulty

development of the LADD. Language development cannot be determined

a) Children are born “prewired” to learn language

Harlow’s research with infant monkeys and artificial surrogate mothers indicates that ______.

A. The most important factor in infant development is a loving environment

B. Attachment is not essential to normal developmentC. There is no significant difference in the choice of wire or

terrycloth mothersD. The most important variable in attachment may be contact

comfort

d) The most important variable in attachment may be contact comfort

Schemas are cognitive structures that contain organized ideas about the world and _____

A. Expand or differentiate with experienceB. May assimilate new informationC. May accommodate new informationD. All of the above

d) All of the above

Egocentrism is present in which of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A. Preoperational and formal operationalB. Preoperational onlyC. Sensorimotor and preoperationalD. Sensorimotor only

a) Preoperational and formal operational

According to Piaget, an infant acqures _____ when he or she understands that people and things continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or be touched.A. ConservationB. ReversibilityC. EgocentrismD. Object permanence

d) Object permanence

By age _____ most children are capable of communicating adequately in their native language.

A. 2

B. 5

C. 7

D. 8

b) 5

Chomsky’s language acquisition device (LAD) is _____.

A. A child’s inborn ability to learn languageB. A device given to deaf children to help them learn

language despite their hearing lossC. Learned in infancy when parents use “baby talk” to

stimulate its developmentD. The ability of some children to acquire many languages

easily

a) A child’s inborn ability to learn language

_____ is the basic, inborn dispositional quality that appears shortly after birth and characterizes an individual’s style of approaching people and situation.A. Personality

B. Trait theory

C. Character

D. temperament

d) Temperament

The positive or negative resolution of eight developmental challenges is characteristic of _____ theory

A. Freud’s psychosexual

B. Freud’s psychoanalytical

C. Maslow’s heirarchical

D. Erikson’s psychosocial

d) Erikson’s psychosocial

According to Erikson, the inner conflict during which an individual examines his or her life and values and makes decisions about life roles is called a (n) _____ crisis.

A. Midlife

B. Climacteric

C. Integrity

D. Indentity

d) identity

Moral judgment is self-centered and based on obtaining rewards or avoiding punishment in this stage of moral development

A. PreoperationalB. PreconventionalC. ConventionalD. Postoperational

b) preconventional

A temperamental style that works best in period of famine is _____.

A. Attached

B. Extroverted

C. Difficult

D. Imprinted

c) difficult

According to Erikson, intimacy is the result of the successful completion of this stage of development

A. Infancy and toddlerhood

B. Junior and senior high school

C. Young adulthood

D. Middle adulthood

c) Young adulthood

The _____ theory of aging suggests that it is natural and necessary for people to withdraw from their roles in life as they age in order to prepare themselves for death.A. Kubler-Ross

B. Secondary process

C. Developmental

D. Disengagement

d) Disengagement

Compared to people who show a lack of obvious grieving, people who exhibit intense initial grief work through the bereavement process _____.

A. FasterB. No fasterC. Much slowerD. Moderately slower

b) No faster

The four stages of grief begin and end with _____ and _____ respectively.

A. numbness; yearning

B. Numbness; disorganization and despair

C. Resolution; yearning

D. Numbness; resolution

d) numbness; resolution

According to learning theory, anxiety disorders are most likely caused by _____.

A. Classical conditioning

B. Operant conditioning

C. Modeling and imitation

D. All of the above

D. All of the above

A major depressive disorder is BEST characterized by _____.

A. Frequent melancholia, prolonged blues, or prolonged griefB. A long-lasting depressed mood that interferes with

functioning, pleasure, and life interestsC. Any depression of mood that also includes suicidal

thoughtsD. Recurring or persistent episodes of depressed mood, with

or without psychotic thinking and suicidality

B.

Someone who experiences episodes of mania or cycles between mania and depression has a _____.

A. Disruption of circadian rhythms

B. Bipolar disorder

C. Manic-depressive syndrome

D. Cyclothymia disorder

B. Bipolar disorder

Seligman found that when faced with a painful situation from which there is no escape, animals and people enter a state of helplessness and resignation. He called this _____.A. Autonomic resignation

B. Helpless resignation

C. Resigned helplessness

D. Learned helplessness

D. Learned helplessness

_____ refers to “split mind”, while _____ refers to “split personality”

A. Psychosis; neurosisB. Insanity ; multiple personalityC. schizophrenia ; dissociative identity disorderD. paranoia; ; borderline

C. Schizophrenia ; dissociative identity disorder

Schizophrenia is associated with _____.

A. Withdrawal from others

B. Withdrawal from reality

C. Delusions and hallucinations

D. All of the above

D. All of the above

This is the term for sensory perception that occurs in the absence of an external stimulus.

A. Delusion

B. Illusion

C. Hallucination

D. Flight of ideas

C. Hallucination

This is a thought disturbance characterized by mistaken beliefs that are maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary.

A. Cognitive disruptionB. False premiseC. DelusionD. Illusion

C. Delusion

This is an example of an emotional disturbance in schizophrenia.

A. Exaggerated laughter

B. Rapidly fluctuating between fear and euphoria

C. A complete lack of emotional expression

D. All of the above

D. All of the above

_____ symptoms of schizophrenia refer to “excess” behaviors such as hallucinations, whereas _____ symptoms refer to “deficits” such as flattened emotions or loss of activity.

A. Alpha : beta

B. Type a : type b

C. Hyperactive ; hypoactive

D. Positive ; negative

D. Positive ; negative

This disorder is triggered by stress and characterized by amnesia, fugue or multiple personalities.

A. Dissociative disorder

B. Displacement disorder

C. Disoriented disorder

D. Identity disorder

A. Dissociative disorder

Egocentrism, lack of a conscience, impulsive behavior, and charisma are characteristic of _____.

A. Bart Simpson

B. Beavis and Butthead

C. Politicians in general

D. Someone with an antisocial personality disorder

D. Someone with an antisocial personality disorder

Using therapeutic techniques to improve psychological functioning and promote adjustment to life is known as _____.

A. Eclectic therapy

B. psychoanalysis/psychodynamic therapy

C. Psychotherapy

D. Counseling

C. Psychotherapy

Which of the following is NOT one of the five common areas of concern for all psychotheapy?

A. Disturbed thoughts

B. Biomedical disturbances

C. Disturbed emotions

D. Disturbed sleep

D. Disturbed sleep

Disturbed thoughts, disturbed emotions, disturbed behaviors, disturbed interpersonal and life situation and biomedical disturbances are characteristic of _____.

A. Every mental disorderB. The types of problems addressed by psychotherapyC. Normal individualsD. All of the above

B. The types of problems addressed by psychotherapy

This is an approach to psychotherapy in which the therapist combines techniques from various theories to find the appropriate treatment for the client.

A. MultimodalB. MultidimensionalC. BiopsychologicalD. Eclectic

D. Eclectic

If a therapist believes that problem behaviors are caused by chemical imbalances or other disturbances in the nervous system, they are lively to use _____ to treat the problem.

A. Biomedical therapyB. Drugs or electroconvulsive shock C. PsychosurgeryD. Any of the above

D. Any of the above

Mood stabilizers are most often used to treat _____.

A. Bipolar disorders

B. Major depression

C. Anxiety disorders

D. Psychotic disorders

A. Bipolar disorders

A biomedical treatment that is based on passing an electrical current through the brain is called _____.

A. EMT

B. ECT

C. EKG

D. EFG

B. ECT

In psychoanalysis, free association refers to _____.

A. Unproductive session for which the client is not chargedB. A thought process which has no underlying cause or motivationC. Reporting whatever comes to mind without monitoring its contentD. Purposefully bizarre and disconnected associations

C. Reporting whatever comes to mind without monitoring its content

In dream analysis, a psychoanalyst will look for the _____ meaning that underlies the _____ content.

A. Conscious; unconscious

B. Latent; manifest

C. Dramatic; mundane

D. Countertransferential; transferential

B. Latent; manifest

Which of the following is an example of psychoanalytic resistance?

A. Arriving on time for an appointment

B. Arriving early for an appointment

C. Arriving late or canceling an appointment

D. Each of these options may or may not be actual resistance

D. Each of these options may or may not be actual resistance

Interpretation in psychoanalysis _____.

A. Is the analyst’s explanations of a patient’s free associations, dreams, resistance, and transference

B. Is the analyst’s presentation of the patient’s problems in a new light or manner

C. Must occur at the right time to be effective or useful

D. All of the above

D. All of the above

The process by which the therapist and client work to change destructive ways of thinking is called _____.

A. Problem-solving

B. Self-talk

C. Cognitive restructuring

D. Rational recovery

C. Cognitive restructuring

In Ellis’s RET, the letters ABC represent _____.

A. Actualization of self, mental and physical behavior, coping reactions

B. Authenticity, becoming, choiceC. Activating event, belief system, emotional

consequenceD. Analyzing, believing, creating

C. Activating event, belief system, emotional consequence

The belief that humans have personal freedom to make choices and that they are responsible for the choices they make characterizes the _____ approach to therapy.A. Psychoanalytic

B. Humanistic

C. Learning

D. Gestalt

B. Humanistic

The main focus in behavior therapy is to increase _____ and decrease _____.

A. Positive thoughts and feelings; negative thoughts and feelings

B. Adaptive behaviors; maladaptive behaviors

C. Coping resources; coping deficits

D. All of the above

B. Adaptive behaviors; maladaptive behaviors

An important component in systematic desensitization is _____.

A. Relaxation training

B. Aversion conditioning

C. Operant conditioning

D. Assertiveness training

A. Relaxation training

In aversion therapy, _____ compete (s) with pleasurable associations someone experiences when they engage in a maladaptive behavior, like drinking.A. Positive punishment

B. Negative associations

C. Parasympathetic arousal

D. Negative punishment

B. Negative associations

In aversion therapy, _____ compete (s) with pleasurable associations someone experiences when they engage in a maladaptive behavior, like drinking.A. Positive punishment

B. Negative associations

C. Parasympathetic arousal

D. Negative punishment

B. Negative associations

In aversion therapy, _____ compete (s) with pleasurable associations someone experiences when they engage in a maladaptive behavior, like drinking.A. Positive punishment

B. Negative associations

C. Parasympathetic arousal

D. Negative punishment

B. Negative associations

Social Psychologists study

A. How others influence an individual’s thoughts

B. How groups influence behavior

C. How a person’s feelings are affected by others

D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Attribution _____

A. Explains how people use cognitive structures for exploring the world and explaining human behavior

B. Describes the principles we use in explaining what caused a behavior

C. Is usually unrelated to social perceptionsD. Describes our predisposition toward others and things

B. Describes the principles we use in explaining what caused a behavior

People engage in the fundamental attribution error because _____.

A. It is easier to blame people than things

B. Of the saliency bias

C. Situations are not as concrete and conspicuous

D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Cognitive dissonance provokes a change in attitude due to _____.

A. Rational discourse between the id, ego and superego

B. Rational discourse between people with opposite attitudes

C. Emotional thinking and reasoning

D. Psychological tension produced by personally discrepant attitudes

D. Psychological tension produced by personally discrepant attitudes

Prejudice is a _____ directed toward others based on their group membership.

A. Negative behavior

B. Generally negative attitude

C. Stereotype

D. All of the above

B. Generally negative attitude

Which of the following is an example of the outgroup homogeneity effect?

A. You don’t belong here

B. We are all alike

C. You can’t tell those people apart

D. All of the above

C. You can’t tell those people apart

Research has consistently shown that physical attractiveness _____.

A. Has little or no effect on interpersonal attraction

B. Is one of the most important factors in liking

C. Is associated with socioeconomic status

D. None of the above

B. Is one of the most important factors in liking

Authority is most associated with which form of social influence?

A. Informational

B. Normative

C. Obedience

D. Reference group

C. Obedience

Altruism refers to actions designed to help others when _____.

A. There is no obvious benefit to oneself

B. There is a benefit to the altruistic person

C. They have previously helped you

D. They are in a position to help you in the future

A. There is no obvious benefit to oneself

Normative social influence, informational social influence, and reference groups are explanations for _____.

A. Compliance

B. The foot-in-the-door strategy

C. Obedience

D. Conformity

D. Conformity