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PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 6
Motivation
Motivation
Motivation a need or desire that
energizes and directs behavior
Instinct complex behavior that is
rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Ethology
1. Charles Darwin: theory of evolution*all species of animals are relatedBehaviors can be distinguished or
compared*humans are members of complex
species, rather than different from animals
Species-specific behavior
Freud
#1 motivator is SEXAll humans have two sets of instincts1. Eros: life2. Thanatos: death
Both are unconscious drives that motivate us
Motivation Drive-Reduction Theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Drive-reducingbehaviors
(eating, drinking)
Need(e.g., for
food, water)
Drive(hunger, thirst)
Motivation
Homeostasis tendency to maintain a balanced or
constant internal state regulation of any aspect of body
chemistry around a particular level Incentive
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Motivation-Hunger
Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger
Motivation-Hunger
Glucose the form of sugar that
circulates in the blood provides the major source of
energy for body tissues when its level is low, we feel
hunger
Motivation-Hunger
Set Point the point at which an individual’s
“weight thermostat” is supposedly set
when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
Basal Metabolic Rate body’s base rate of energy
expenditure
Motivation-Hunger
The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions
Motivation-Hunger
Women’s Body Images
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa when a normal-weight person diets and
becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
usually an adolescent female Bulimia Nervosa
disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
Motivation at Work
Structured Interview process that asks the same job-
relevant questions of all applicants rated on established scales
Achievement Motivation a desire for significant
accomplishment for mastery of things, people, or
ideas for attaining a high standard
Measuring Achievement
David McClelland: 1953 quantitative way to measure social motivation
TAT: Thematic Apperception Test, series of picture prompts, no right or wrong answers, looks at the takers on motives, beliefs and morals High score- story contained achievement and unique accomplishments
Not everyone is high achiever: they want to be only around experts who will help them, not socially correct or value intimacy with others
Fear of Success
Matina Horner (1970, 1972) Achievement in females89 men and 90 women… asked After first
term finals, John finds himself at the top of his Medical class. Then substituted John for Ann. 90% wrote success stories, 65% women wrote doom
Most women are motivated to avoid success in mostly male occupations
Very hard to define success later studies find
Other theories
JW Atkinson-expectancy-value : estimated likely hood of success and what is it worth to you
Competency theory: learn from harder tasks rather than easier ones. (McClelland)
Motivation
Internal Sources
Biological Needs
Drive
Social Motives
External Sources
Incentives