PSYCHOLOGIST 10 important Psychologist to Remember By Steven
Wilkey
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BANDURA Born December 4, 1925, in Mundare, Alberta, Canada
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BANDURA Banduras approach was originally classified as social
learning, but he decided to change it to social cognitive This was
because Bandura decided that his studies pushed beyond the limits
of social learning
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BANDURA Developed a social cognitive theory of human
functioning This theory states that humans are self-organizing,
proactive, self- reflecting and self-regulating
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BANDURA Bandura is also famous for the idea of modeling The
most famous of the modeling experiments in the is the Bobo doll
experiment which showed that if children saw adults beat the doll,
then they are likely to do the same.
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BANDURA Bandura's current research falls into four main areas
The first is the continuation of modeling His second line of
research is about the mechanisms of human agency(how people control
there own motivation/behavior) His third line of research is how
people's perceptions of their abilities is used to exercise
influence over the events that affect their lives Bandura's fourth
line of research is to learn how stress reactions and depressions
are caused
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ERIK ERIKSON Born Frankfurt, Germany 1902
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ERIKSON Erikson is a Freudian ego psychologist This means that
he basically accepts Freud's beliefs and continues to expound on
them. However he is much more culture and society oriented then
most Freudian.
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ERIKSON Erikson's most famous contribution is the epigenetic
principle This principle states that we develop through a
predetermined unfolding of our personalities in eight stages Each
stage includes task that are psychosocial in nature.
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ERIKSON One of Erikson's greatest accomplishments was the
development of the eight, not five, stages of social development
While Freud pointed out that a relationship with there parents is
important to the child, Erikson pointed out that the arrival of
children was important to the parents as well
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ERIKSON Erikson developed the eight stages of social
development These eight stages are trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs.
shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority,
ego-identity vs. role- confusion, intimacy vs. isolation,
generativity vs. self-absorption, and finally integrity vs.
despair
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SIGMUND FREUD Born May 6, 1856, in Freiburg, Moravia
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FREUD Freud is considered the father of Psychoanalytic thought
Please note that there are more slides on Freud than anyone else
because quite simply there is so much that he did
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FREUD Freud is responsible for making the conscious vs.
unconscious debate very popular According to Freud the conscious
mind is what you are aware of at a particular moment, the
unconscious to put it simply is everything else
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FREUD Freud also developed the ideas of id, ego, and super ego.
Id is the pleasure principle the id only knows that you want it Ego
is the reality principle it represents reason and says that we will
take care of the want as soon as a reasonable how is found Super
Ego is right and wrong. The Superego is divided into conscience and
ego ideal which communicate with the ego through guilt
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ID, EGO, AND SUPEREGO This is a portrayal of the mind as it
works according to Freud
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FREUD Freud also developed what are called the defense
mechanisms The mechanisms include denial, repression, isolation,
and displacement among other techniques See
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/freud.html for the complete
listhttp://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/freud.html
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FREUD AGAIN Freud also developed the idea of five stages of
development The stages are the oral stage, anal stage, phallic
stage, the latent stage, and the genital stage
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FREUD STILL The oral stage focuses on the mouth as the form of
pleasure (till 18 months) The anal stage focuses on the anus as the
form of pleasure (18 months till 4 years) The phallic stage focuses
on the genitals(3 to 7 years old) The latent stage is suppressed
feelings (7 years till puberty) The genital stage is pretty self
explanatory
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MASLOW Born April 1, 1908, Brooklyn, New York
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MASLOW Maslow is a humanist, being that he stressed the
importance of the human in psychology
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MASLOW Maslow is of course most important for his hierarchy of
needs This hierarchy of needs include from the bottom,
physiological needs, safety/security needs, love/belonging needs,
esteem needs, and finally self actualization
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MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
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MASLOW Maslow also dealt with the idea of self actualization To
Maslow all self actualized people had some things in common, they
were reality and problem centered, they enjoyed autonomy, they had
human kinship For the complete list visit
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/maslow.html
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/maslow.html
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STANLEY MILGRAM Born August 15, 1933, in New York City
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MILGRAM Milgram is famous for his studies on obedience
following the Holocaust to see whether or not Eichman was just
following orders To test this Milgram performed the infamous
Milgram Experiment
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MILGRAM The Milgram experiment consisted of teachers and
students. The teachers were told to shock the students every time
the student missed one of the vocab words that was said, up until a
lethal 450 volts
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MILGRAM The results were shocking, 65% of all the people
continued until the max 450 volts, despite the pleas of the student
to stop No one was actually hurt as the students were actually part
of the experiment and were not shocked, however the teachers never
knew that.
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MILGRAM These foundings led Milgram to say every human has the
dual capacity to function as an individual exercising his or her
own moral judgment and the capacity to make their own moral
decisions based on their personal character
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IVAN PAVLOV Born September 14, 1849, at Ryazan, Russia
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PAVLOV Ivan Pavlov is famous for his work into classical
conditioning Classical conditioning is the pairing of a neutral
stimulus with an excitatory one eventually leading the neutral
stimulus to elicit the response in a way that was associated with
the original, unlearned reflex
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PAVLOV In Pavlov's experiment Pavlov used a metronome as the CS
which he rang first, then fed the dogs. This pairing would
eventually establish the dog's conditioned response of salivating
to the sound of the metronome. After repeating this procedure
several times, Pavlov was able to remove the US (food) and by only
ringing the bell the dogs would salivate (CR). Since the bell alone
now produced the unconditioned response (salivation), the
association had been established (Conditioned). Pavlov continued to
present the CS with any pairing with the US until the CR no longer
occurred. This elimination of the CR is known as extinction.
However, waiting a few days and then reintroducing ticking
metronome resulted in the dogs once again salivating to the CS.
Pavlov termed this, spontaneous recovery.( recount of experiment
from source 5)
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PAVLOV The Unconditioned Stimuli= something that naturally
causes the unconditioned response The Unconditioned Response=
natural reaction to the unconditioned stimuli Conditioned Response=
learned response to the previous neutral stimuli
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PAVLOVS EXPERMENT
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JEAN PIAGET Born Neuchtel, Switzerland, on August 9, 1896
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PIAGET Piaget was a developmental psychologist, focusing
primarily on the intellectual development of children
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PIAGET Piaget developed the idea of things that he called
schemas. Schemas are simples skills that even infants have that
direct the way that they work in the environment Piaget is also
famous for his studies of adaptation(learning) The two types of
adaptations are assimilation(assimilating a new object into an old
schema) and accommodation (accommodating an old schema to a new
object)
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PIAGET Piaget developed the stages of cognitive development The
stages are sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete
operations stage, and the formal operations stage
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PIAGET Sensorimotor- last from birth till two years old, the
infant uses senses and motor skills to understand the world
Preoperational- last from about two till seven, has mental
representations and begins to pretend, early use of symbols
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PIAGET Concrete Operations Stage- from about seven till eleven,
now children are able to manipulate symbols logically Formal
Operations Stage- from teen years on, quite simply the ability to
think abstractly,
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B.F. SKINNER Born March 20, 1904, Susquehanna,
Pennslyvania
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SKINNER Skinner is famous for his Skinners Box Experiment
Skinner helped to develop the idea of Operant Conditioning Operant
Conditioning is the idea that reinforcer can help to achieve the
desired goal. I.E. Rat presses bar to get food
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SKINNER Skinner also developed the schedules of reinforcement,
which are continuous reinforcement(every time reward), fixed
ratio(every 3 times reward), fixed interval schedule( if hit during
certain time they get a treat)
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WILHEIM WUNDT Born August 16 th, 1832, in the town of Neckarau,
outside of Mannheim
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WUNDT Known as the father of experimental psychology Founded
the first psychology laboratory Famous as an influencer of many
types of psychology, such as pragmaticsm
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LEV VYGOTSKY Born November 1896
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VYGOTSKY Framework for ideas is that social interaction plays a
fudmental role in the development of cognition. "Every function in
the child's cultural development appears twice: first, on the
social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between
people (interpsychological) and then inside the child
(intrapsychological). This applies equally to voluntary attention,
to logical memory, and to the formation of concepts. All the higher
functions originate as actual relationships between individuals."
(p57).
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VYGOTSKY Second part of his theory depends upon "zone of
proximal development" (ZPD) This is a level of development that
comes from social interaction Development of ZPD depends on social
interaction