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Psychological ScienceMichael Gazzaniga and Todd Heatherton
Chapter Four:
The Brain and Consciousness
Overview of Chapter Questions:
What Are the Basic Brain Structures and Their Functions?
How Does the Brain Change?
How Is the Brain Divided?
Can We Study Consciousness?
What Is Sleep?
What Are the Basic Brain Structures and Their Functions?
The Spinal Cord Is Capable of Autonomous Function.
The Brainstem Houses the Basic
Programs of Survival. The Cerebellum Is Essential for Movement. Subcortical Structures Control Basic
Drives and Emotions. The Cerebral Cortex Underlies Complex
Mental Activity.
The Spinal Cord Is Capable of Autonomous Function
Grey Matter
White Matter
Spinal Reflexes
Example: The Stretch Reflex
The Brainstem Houses the Basic Programs of Survival
A complement of survival reflexes:
Gagging, breathing, swallowing, etc.
Brainstem uses spinal reflexes to produce useful behavior:
The reticular formation and sleep
The Cerebellum Is Essential for Movement
Cerebellum = “little brain”
Role in motor learning
Beyond motoric training: Multiple cognitive processes Empathy
Subcortical Structures Control Basic Drives and Emotions The limbic system separates the “older” and
“newer” parts of the brain.
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Hippocampus and Amygdala
Basal Ganglia
The Cerebral Cortex Underlies Complex Mental Activity
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Fig. 4.7
How Does the Brain Change?
The Interplay of Genes and the Environment Wires the Brain.
The Brain Rewires Itself throughout Life.
The Brain Can Recover from Injury.
The Interplay of Genes and the Environment Wires the Brain
The Importance of plasticity
Chemical signals guide growing connections.
Experience fine-tunes neural connections.
Plasticity has “critical periods.”
The Brain Rewires Itself throughout Life
Change in the strength of connections underlies learning
Hebbian learning: “fire together, wire together”
Changes in use distort cortical maps
The Brain Can Recover from Injury
Remapping after injury reflects plasticity
The promise of transplanting stem cells
How Is the Brain Divided?
The Hemispheres Can Be Separated.
The Separate Hemispheres Can Be Tested.
The Hemispheres Are Specialized.
The Mind Is a Subjective Interpreter.
Fig. 4.16
Fig. 4.19
Can We Study Consciousness?
Definitions of Consciousness Allow
Its Empirical Study
Unconscious Processing Influences
Awareness
Awareness Has Many Seats in the Brain
Definitions of Consciousness Allow Its Empirical Study
Subjectivity and “qualia”
Access to Information
Unconscious Processing Influences Awareness
The case for unconscious influence:
Priming effects
The “Freudian Slip”
The Illusion of conscious will
Awareness Has Many Seats in the Brain
“Blindsight”
Neuronal Workspace
Fig. 4.23
What Is Sleep?
Sleep Is an Altered State of
Consciousness.
Sleep Is an Adaptive Behavior.
Sleep and Wakefulness Are Regulated by
Multiple Neural Mechanisms.
People Dream while Sleeping.
Sleep Is an Altered State of Consciousness Stages of sleep
REM sleep
Sleep Is an Adaptive Behavior
Restoration and Sleep Deprivation: Microsleeps
Circadian Rhythms
Facilitation of Learning
Fig. 4.26
Sleep and Wakefulness Are Regulated by Multiple Neural Mechanisms
Brainstem and arousal
REM Sleep
Fig. 4.27
Fig. 4.28
People Dream while Sleeping
What do dreams mean?
Activation-synthesis hypothesis
Evolved threat-rehearsal strategies
Student Website: Study Smarter
www.wwnorton.com/psychsci Diagnostic Quizzes Chapter Reviews Vocabulary Flashcards Studying the Mind videos Animations and Activities
Concept Quiz
1.Franz decided to go on some of the rides at a fair. Unfortunately, a piece of the carousel broke and punctured his skull in Broca's area. We know that when he recovers, he is going to have difficulty with the:
a. production of language b. understanding of language c. hearing of language d. control of his emotions
Concept Quiz
2.Roger is suffering from severe epilepsy. To control it, he opts to have this brain area severed thus separating the two hemispheres of the brain.
a. corpus callosum b. frontal lobe c. hypothalamus d. amygdala
Concept Quiz
3.Mike, a split-brain patient, is shown a key in his left visual field and a ring in his right visual field. He is asked what he sees. Which of the following is most likely his answer?
a. nothing b. a key c. a ring d. a key ring
Concept Quiz
4. Larry has lost his vision following a couple of strokes. However, when he takes he kids to the mall he amazes them by guessing fairly accurately the expressions of people without actually seeing them. This phenomenon of visual processing without visual awareness is known as:
a. qualia b. subliminal perception c. blindsight d. unconscious awareness
Concept Quiz
5. For revenge, Joe wants to put shaving cream on his roommates face and write "STUPID" on his forehead. Which sleep stage should he pick for his roommate to be least likely to detect this?
a. Stage 1 b. Stage 2 c. REM d. Stage 4
Concept Quiz
6. Nancy has been depressed throughout the winter. She tries something new and cuts her sleep in half for a week. Amazingly, this helps lift her spirits. This effect likely works because sleep deprivation leads to increased activation of __________ receptors.
a. acetylcholine b. dopamine c. serotonin d. GABA