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Psyc
holo
gica
l Iss
ues i
n D
ivin
g Ps
ycho
logi
cal I
ssue
s in
Div
ing
Psyc
holo
gica
l Dis
turb
ance
sPs
ycho
logi
cal D
istu
rban
ces
!!N
euro
ses
Neu
rose
s!!
Anxi
ety,
Pan
ic, P
hobi
asAn
xiet
y, P
anic
, Pho
bias
!!H
yste
rias,
Hys
teria
s,H
ypoc
hond
riasi
sH
ypoc
hond
riasi
s!!
Post
tra
umat
ic s
tres
s di
sord
erPo
st t
raum
atic
str
ess
diso
rder
!!Co
mpe
nsat
ion
neur
osis
Com
pens
atio
n ne
uros
is!!
Psyc
hose
sPs
ycho
ses
!!D
epre
ssio
n (M
anic
dep
ress
ion)
Dep
ress
ion
(Man
ic d
epre
ssio
n)!!
Schi
zoph
reni
aSc
hizo
phre
nia
!!N
arco
leps
yN
arco
leps
yD
dAl
hlM
iD
rug
and
Alco
holM
isus
e
Und
erw
ater
env
ironm
enta
l U
nder
wat
er e
nviro
nmen
tal
prob
lem
s oc
cur
due
to:
prob
lem
s oc
cur
due
to:
!!pr
opul
sion
pro
blem
s;
prop
ulsi
on p
robl
ems;
!!
rapi
d he
at lo
ss;
rapi
d he
at lo
ss;
!!br
eath
ing
com
pres
sed
gas;
br
eath
ing
com
pres
sed
gas;
!!
alte
red
card
iore
spira
tory
sys
tem
; al
tere
d ca
rdio
resp
irato
ry s
yste
m;
!!ac
com
mod
atio
n to
cha
nges
in g
as v
olum
e ac
com
mod
atio
n to
cha
nges
in g
as v
olum
e an
d pr
essu
re;
and
pres
sure
; !!
acco
mm
odat
ion
to t
he e
ffec
ts o
f th
e pa
rtia
l ac
com
mod
atio
n to
the
effec
ts o
f th
e pa
rtia
l pr
essu
re o
f ga
ses.
pres
sure
of ga
ses.
!!O
nly
the
last
of th
ese
is r
elat
ed t
hink
ing
and
Onl
y th
e la
st o
f th
ese
is r
elat
ed t
hink
ing
and
deci
sion
mak
ing
and
none
are
rel
ated
to
deci
sion
mak
ing
and
none
are
rel
ated
to
unre
ason
able
, or
erro
neou
s th
inki
ng.
unre
ason
able
, or
erro
neou
s th
inki
ng.
Rel
atio
nshi
p be
twee
n m
enta
l Rel
atio
nshi
p be
twee
n m
enta
l co
nditi
ons
and
scub
a di
ving
. co
nditi
ons
and
scub
a di
ving
.
!!Th
ere
are
obvi
ous
rest
rictio
ns a
gain
st
Ther
e ar
e ob
viou
s re
stric
tions
aga
inst
so
meo
ne d
ivin
g th
at is
out
of
touc
h w
ith
som
eone
div
ing
that
is o
ut o
f to
uch
with
re
ality
;re
ality
;!!
Who
are
sev
erel
y de
pres
sed
and
suic
idal
;W
ho a
re s
ever
ely
depr
esse
d an
d su
icid
al;
!!W
ho a
re p
aran
oid
with
del
usio
ns a
nd
Who
are
par
anoi
d w
ith d
elus
ions
and
ha
lluci
natio
nsha
lluci
natio
ns!!
How
ever
, the
re a
re m
any
who
div
e w
ith
How
ever
, the
re a
re m
any
who
div
e w
ith
ever
yday
anx
ietie
s, f
ears
and
neu
rose
s.ev
eryd
ay a
nxie
ties,
fea
rs a
nd n
euro
ses.
Succ
essf
ul d
iver
s pr
ofile
Succ
essf
ul d
iver
s pr
ofile
!!po
sitiv
ely
corr
elat
ed t
o in
telli
genc
e;po
sitiv
ely
corr
elat
ed t
o in
telli
genc
e;!!
char
acte
rized
by
a le
vel o
f ne
urot
icis
m
char
acte
rized
by
a le
vel o
f ne
urot
icis
m
that
is a
vera
ge o
r be
low
ave
rage
;th
at is
ave
rage
or
belo
w a
vera
ge;
!!sc
ore
wel
l on
stud
ies
of s
elf
scor
e w
ell o
n st
udie
s of
sel
f --su
ffic
ienc
y su
ffic
ienc
y an
d em
otio
nal s
tabi
lity.
an
d em
otio
nal s
tabi
lity.
Haz
ards
of
effe
cts
and
side
H
azar
ds o
f ef
fect
s an
d si
de
effe
cts
of m
edic
atio
nsef
fect
s of
med
icat
ions
!!A
moo
dA
moo
d --al
terin
g m
edic
atio
n ca
n be
al
terin
g m
edic
atio
n ca
n be
da
nger
ous,
in c
ombi
natio
ns e
ven
mor
e so
.da
nger
ous,
in c
ombi
natio
ns e
ven
mor
e so
.!!
No
good
sci
entif
ic s
tudi
es
No
good
sci
entif
ic s
tudi
es
!!M
edic
atio
n is
usu
ally
less
impo
rtan
t th
an t
he
Med
icat
ion
is u
sual
ly le
ss im
port
ant
than
the
co
nditi
on
cond
ition
!!
Dru
gs d
ange
rous
to
driv
ers
are
also
D
rugs
dan
gero
us t
o dr
iver
s ar
e al
so
dang
erou
s fo
r di
vers
.da
nger
ous
for
dive
rs.
!!Th
e in
tera
ctio
n be
twee
n th
e ph
ysio
logi
cal
The
inte
ract
ion
betw
een
the
phys
iolo
gica
l ef
fect
s of
div
ing
and
the
phar
mac
olog
ical
ef
fect
s of
div
ing
and
the
phar
mac
olog
ical
ef
fect
s of
med
icat
ions
is u
sual
ly a
n ed
ucat
ed
effe
cts
of m
edic
atio
ns is
usu
ally
an
educ
ated
su
ppos
ition
.su
ppos
ition
.!!
Each
situ
atio
nne
eds
care
fuli
ndiv
idua
lEa
chsi
tuat
ion
need
sca
refu
lind
ivid
ual
Effe
cts
on d
iver
s of
var
ious
Ef
fect
s on
div
ers
of v
ario
us
gase
s un
der
pres
sure
gase
s un
der
pres
sure
!!Ea
ch d
iver
res
pond
s di
ffer
ently
to
Each
div
er r
espo
nds
diff
eren
tly t
o ef
fect
s of
var
ious
gas
es u
nder
pre
ssur
eef
fect
s of
var
ious
gas
es u
nder
pre
ssur
e!!
Rea
ctio
ns a
re s
imila
r to
a
Rea
ctio
ns a
re s
imila
r to
a
psyc
hone
urot
ic r
eact
ion
or o
ne o
f th
e ps
ycho
neur
otic
rea
ctio
n or
one
of
the
orga
nic
cere
bral
syn
drom
es.
orga
nic
cere
bral
syn
drom
es.
!!Th
ese
occu
r as
iner
t ga
s na
rcos
is,
Thes
e oc
cur
as in
ert
gas
narc
osis
, ca
rbon
dio
xide
tox
icity
, oxy
gen
toxi
city
, ca
rbon
dio
xide
tox
icity
, oxy
gen
toxi
city
, H
PNS,
and
dee
p w
ater
bla
ckou
t H
PNS,
and
dee
p w
ater
bla
ckou
t
Ove
rvie
w o
f D
epre
ssiv
e O
verv
iew
of
Dep
ress
ive
Illne
sses
and
Its
Sym
ptom
sIll
ness
es a
nd I
ts S
ympt
oms
!!D
epre
ssiv
e an
d m
anic
dep
ress
ive
illne
sses
are
D
epre
ssiv
e an
d m
anic
dep
ress
ive
illne
sses
are
th
e tw
o m
ajor
typ
es o
f de
pres
sive
illn
ess,
th
e tw
o m
ajor
typ
es o
f de
pres
sive
illn
ess,
al
so k
now
n as
aff
ectiv
e di
sord
ers,
or
moo
d al
so k
now
n as
aff
ectiv
e di
sord
ers,
or
moo
d di
sord
ers.
di
sord
ers.
!!
Ove
r 17
.4 m
illio
n ad
ults
in t
he U
.S. s
uffe
r O
ver
17.4
mill
ion
adul
ts in
the
U.S
. suf
fer
from
an
affe
ctiv
e di
sord
er e
ach
year
from
an
affe
ctiv
e di
sord
er e
ach
year
----th
at's
th
at's
on
e ou
t of
eve
ry s
even
peo
ple.
(25
one
out
of e
very
sev
en p
eopl
e. (
25-- 4
4 ag
e 44
age
gr
oup)
grou
p)!!
Wom
en a
re t
wic
e as
like
ly a
s m
en t
o W
omen
are
tw
ice
as li
kely
as
men
to
expe
rienc
e m
ajor
dep
ress
ion.
ex
perie
nce
maj
or d
epre
ssio
n.
Ove
rvie
w o
f D
epre
ssiv
e O
verv
iew
of
Dep
ress
ive
Illne
sses
and
Its
Sym
ptom
sIll
ness
es a
nd I
ts S
ympt
oms
!!W
here
do
thes
e ill
ness
es c
ome
from
? W
here
do
thes
e ill
ness
es c
ome
from
? G
enet
ic, b
ioch
emic
al a
nd e
nviro
nmen
tal
Gen
etic
, bio
chem
ical
and
env
ironm
enta
l fa
ctor
s fa
ctor
s !!
Dep
ress
ive
diso
rder
s ar
e ch
arac
teriz
ed b
y D
epre
ssiv
e di
sord
ers
are
char
acte
rized
by
thei
r ex
trem
es in
inte
nsity
and
dur
atio
n.
thei
r ex
trem
es in
inte
nsity
and
dur
atio
n.
!!Pe
ople
with
sev
ere,
unt
reat
ed d
epre
ssio
n Pe
ople
with
sev
ere,
unt
reat
ed d
epre
ssio
n ha
ve a
sui
cide
rat
e as
hig
h as
15
perc
ent.
ha
ve a
sui
cide
rat
e as
hig
h as
15
perc
ent.
(#
1 ca
use
in U
S)(#
1 ca
use
in U
S)!!
Mos
t re
spon
sive
to
trea
tmen
t. (
80 p
erce
nt)
Mos
t re
spon
sive
to
trea
tmen
t. (
80 p
erce
nt)
!!Su
cces
s lo
wer
for
bip
olar
dis
orde
rSu
cces
s lo
wer
for
bip
olar
dis
orde
r
The
Cau
se o
f Aff
ectiv
e T
he C
ause
of A
ffec
tive
Dis
orde
rsD
isor
ders
!!G
enet
ic p
redi
spos
ition
to
affe
ctiv
e di
sord
ers.
G
enet
ic p
redi
spos
ition
to
affe
ctiv
e di
sord
ers.
(C
linic
al d
epre
ssio
n)(C
linic
al d
epre
ssio
n)!!
Alte
red
body
che
mis
try
can
trig
ger
the
onse
t Al
tere
d bo
dy c
hem
istr
y ca
n tr
igge
r th
e on
set
of a
dep
ress
ive
diso
rder
, due
to
the
pres
ence
of
a d
epre
ssiv
e di
sord
er, d
ue t
o th
e pr
esen
ce
of a
noth
er il
lnes
s, a
ltere
d he
alth
hab
its,
of a
noth
er il
lnes
s, a
ltere
d he
alth
hab
its,
subs
tanc
e ab
use,
or
horm
onal
flu
ctua
tions
. su
bsta
nce
abus
e, o
r ho
rmon
al flu
ctua
tions
. !!
Dis
tres
sing
life
eve
nts,
res
ultin
g in
rea
ctiv
e D
istr
essi
ng li
fe e
vent
s, r
esul
ting
in r
eact
ive
depr
essi
on.
depr
essi
on.
!!D
epre
ssio
n or
man
icD
epre
ssio
n or
man
ic-- d
epre
ssiv
e ill
ness
de
pres
sive
illn
ess
indi
cate
s an
imba
lanc
e in
the
bra
in c
hem
ical
s in
dica
tes
an im
bala
nce
in t
he b
rain
che
mic
als
calle
d ne
urot
rans
mitt
ers.
calle
d ne
urot
rans
mitt
ers.
Sym
ptom
s of
dep
ress
ion
Sym
ptom
s of
dep
ress
ion
!!U
nexp
lain
ed s
adne
ss a
nd c
ryin
g sp
ells
U
nexp
lain
ed s
adne
ss a
nd c
ryin
g sp
ells
!!
Chan
ged
appe
tite
and
slee
p pa
tter
ns
Chan
ged
appe
tite
and
slee
p pa
tter
ns
!!Ir
ritab
ility
, ang
er, w
orry
, agi
tatio
n, a
nxie
ty
Irrit
abili
ty, a
nger
, wor
ry, a
gita
tion,
anx
iety
!!
Pess
imis
m, i
ndiff
eren
ce
Pess
imis
m, i
ndiff
eren
ce
!!Lo
ss o
f ene
rgy,
per
sist
ent
leth
argy
Lo
ss o
f ene
rgy,
per
sist
ent
leth
argy
!!
Feel
ings
of gu
ilt, w
orth
less
ness
Fe
elin
gs o
f gu
ilt, w
orth
less
ness
!!
Inab
ility
to
conc
entr
ate,
inde
cisi
vene
ss
Inab
ility
to
conc
entr
ate,
inde
cisi
vene
ss
!!Lo
ss o
f in
tere
sts,
soc
ial w
ithdr
awal
Lo
ss o
f in
tere
sts,
soc
ial w
ithdr
awal
!!
Une
xpla
ined
ach
es a
nd p
ains
U
nexp
lain
ed a
ches
and
pai
ns
!!Rec
urrin
g th
ough
ts o
f de
ath
or s
uici
de
Rec
urrin
g th
ough
ts o
f de
ath
or s
uici
de
Sym
ptom
s of
Man
ia (
Bipo
lar
Sym
ptom
s of
Man
ia (
Bipo
lar
diso
rder
) di
sord
er)
!!H
igh
moo
d, o
ptim
ism
and
sel
f co
nfid
ence
H
igh
moo
d, o
ptim
ism
and
sel
f co
nfid
ence
!!
Dec
reas
ed n
eed
for
slee
p w
ithou
t fa
tigue
D
ecre
ased
nee
d fo
r sl
eep
with
out
fatig
ue
!!D
elus
ions
of gr
ande
ur a
nd s
elf
Del
usio
ns o
f gr
ande
ur a
nd s
elf --
impo
rtan
ce
impo
rtan
ce
!!Ex
cess
ive
irrita
bilit
y, a
ggre
ssio
n, r
elig
iosi
tyEx
cess
ive
irrita
bilit
y, a
ggre
ssio
n, r
elig
iosi
ty!!
Incr
ease
d ph
ysic
al a
nd m
enta
l act
ivity
In
crea
sed
phys
ical
and
men
tal a
ctiv
ity
!!Rap
id s
peec
h, f
light
of id
eas,
impu
lsiv
enes
s Rap
id s
peec
h, f
light
of id
eas,
impu
lsiv
enes
s !!
Poor
judg
men
t, e
asily
dis
trac
ted
Poor
judg
men
t, e
asily
dis
trac
ted
!!Rec
kles
s be
havi
or (
spen
ding
spr
ees,
ras
h Rec
kles
s be
havi
or (
spen
ding
spr
ees,
ras
h bu
sine
ss d
ecis
ions
, err
atic
driv
ing,
sex
ual
busi
ness
dec
isio
ns, e
rrat
ic d
rivin
g, s
exua
l in
disc
retio
ns)
indi
scre
tions
) !!
Inth
em
ost
seve
reca
ses,
hallu
cina
tions
Inth
em
ost
seve
reca
ses,
hallu
cina
tions
Advi
ce A
bout
Div
ing:
Ad
vice
Abo
ut D
ivin
g:
Dep
ress
ion
Dep
ress
ion
Whe
ther
div
ing
shou
ld b
e al
low
ed:
Whe
ther
div
ing
shou
ld b
e al
low
ed:
!!Sh
ould
be
deci
ded
on t
he m
erits
of ea
ch
Shou
ld b
e de
cide
d on
the
mer
its o
f ea
ch
case
; th
e ty
pe o
f dr
ugs
requ
ired;
the
ca
se;
the
type
of dr
ugs
requ
ired;
the
re
spon
se t
o m
edic
atio
n; t
he le
ngth
of tim
e re
spon
se t
o m
edic
atio
n; t
he le
ngth
of tim
e fr
ee o
f de
pres
sive
or
man
ic p
robl
ems.
free
of
depr
essi
ve o
r m
anic
pro
blem
s.!!
Mos
t pr
obab
ly c
ould
be
allo
wed
to
dive
, M
ost
prob
ably
cou
ld b
e al
low
ed t
o di
ve,
part
icul
arly
tho
se w
ho h
ave
resp
onde
d w
ell t
o pa
rtic
ular
ly t
hose
who
hav
e re
spon
ded
wel
l to
med
icat
ions
ove
r a
long
ter
m.
med
icat
ions
ove
r a
long
ter
m.
Advi
ce A
bout
Div
ing:
Ad
vice
Abo
ut D
ivin
g:
Dep
ress
ion
Dep
ress
ion
!!Po
ints
to
Cons
ider
: D
ecis
ion
Poin
ts t
o Co
nsid
er:
Dec
isio
n --m
akin
g ab
ility
, m
akin
g ab
ility
, re
spon
sibi
lity
to o
ther
div
ers
and
rela
tions
hip
resp
onsi
bilit
y to
oth
er d
iver
s an
d re
latio
nshi
p to
dru
g in
duce
d si
de e
ffec
ts t
hat
wou
ld li
mit
to d
rug
indu
ced
side
eff
ects
tha
t w
ould
lim
it ab
ility
to
gear
up
and
mov
e in
the
wat
er.
abili
ty t
o ge
ar u
p an
d m
ove
in t
he w
ater
.!!
Pros
pect
ive
dive
rs s
houl
d in
all
case
s pr
ovid
e Pr
ospe
ctiv
e di
vers
sho
uld
in a
ll ca
ses
prov
ide
full
disc
losu
re o
f th
eir
cond
ition
and
fu
ll di
sclo
sure
of
thei
r co
nditi
on a
nd
med
icat
ions
to
the
dive
inst
ruct
or a
nd
med
icat
ions
to
the
dive
inst
ruct
or a
nd
cert
ifyin
g ag
ency
. ce
rtify
ing
agen
cy.
Advi
ce A
bout
Div
ing:
Ad
vice
Abo
ut D
ivin
g:
Dep
ress
ion
Dep
ress
ion
The
depr
esse
d pe
rson
sho
uld
not
dive
:Th
e de
pres
sed
pers
on s
houl
d no
t di
ve:
!!if
ther
e is
any
pos
sibi
lity
of s
eizu
res.
(0.
02%
if
ther
e is
any
pos
sibi
lity
of s
eizu
res.
(0.
02%
in
all
anti
depr
essi
ves)
in a
ll an
ti de
pres
sive
s)!!
if th
ere
is d
iffic
ulty
in c
once
ntra
ting
or
if th
ere
is d
iffic
ulty
in c
once
ntra
ting
or
follo
win
g in
stru
ctio
ns.
follo
win
g in
stru
ctio
ns.
!!if
suic
idal
or
has
psyc
hiat
ric p
robl
ems
that
if
suic
idal
or
has
psyc
hiat
ric p
robl
ems
that
w
ould
det
er in
tera
ctio
n.w
ould
det
er in
tera
ctio
n.!!
if m
edic
atio
ns c
ause
any
cha
nge
in s
enso
rium
if
med
icat
ions
cau
se a
ny c
hang
e in
sen
soriu
m
that
mig
ht b
e w
orse
ned
at d
epth
due
to
the
that
mig
ht b
e w
orse
ned
at d
epth
due
to
the
addi
tive
effe
ct o
f ni
trog
en n
arco
sis.
addi
tive
effe
ct o
f ni
trog
en n
arco
sis.
Psyc
hotr
opic
Dru
gsPs
ycho
trop
ic D
rugs
Side
Effec
ts m
ay in
clud
e:Si
de E
ffec
ts m
ay in
clud
e:!!
Dec
reas
ing
the
epile
ptic
sei
zure
thr
esho
ld
Dec
reas
ing
the
epile
ptic
sei
zure
thr
esho
ld
(0.0
2%)
(0.0
2%)
!!Se
datio
n, d
row
sine
ss, d
izzi
ness
, blu
rred
Se
datio
n, d
row
sine
ss, d
izzi
ness
, blu
rred
vi
sion
, hyp
oten
sion
, tre
mor
visi
on, h
ypot
ensi
on, t
rem
or!!
Card
iac
arrh
ythm
ias
Card
iac
arrh
ythm
ias
!!Red
uced
exe
rcis
e ca
pabi
lity
Red
uced
exe
rcis
e ca
pabi
lity
!!Au
tono
mic
ner
vous
sys
tem
inte
rfer
ence
Auto
nom
ic n
ervo
us s
yste
m in
terf
eren
ce!!
Brui
sing
Brui
sing
!!Br
onch
ial s
pasm
(be
ta b
lock
ers)
Bron
chia
l spa
sm (
beta
blo
cker
s)
Anxi
ety
Anxi
ety
!!N
orm
ally
, fea
r an
d an
xiet
y ca
n he
hel
pful
, N
orm
ally
, fea
r an
d an
xiet
y ca
n he
hel
pful
, he
lpin
g us
to
avoi
d da
nger
ous
situ
atio
ns.
help
ing
us t
o av
oid
dang
erou
s si
tuat
ions
.!!
Anxi
ety
caus
es w
orrie
d fe
elin
gs, t
iredn
ess,
An
xiet
y ca
uses
wor
ried
feel
ings
, tire
dnes
s,
loss
of
conc
entr
atio
n, ir
ritab
ility
and
inso
mni
a.
loss
of
conc
entr
atio
n, ir
ritab
ility
and
inso
mni
a.
!!Ph
ysic
al e
ffec
ts in
clud
e irr
egul
ar h
eart
beat
, Ph
ysic
al e
ffec
ts in
clud
e irr
egul
ar h
eart
beat
, sw
eatin
g, t
ense
mus
cles
and
pai
n, h
eavy
sw
eatin
g, t
ense
mus
cles
and
pai
n, h
eavy
ra
pid
brea
thin
g, d
izzi
ness
, fai
ntne
ss,
rapi
d br
eath
ing,
diz
zine
ss, f
aint
ness
, in
dige
stio
n an
d di
arrh
ea a
nd a
re o
ften
in
dige
stio
n an
d di
arrh
ea a
nd a
re o
ften
m
ista
ken
by a
nxio
us p
eopl
e fo
r ev
iden
ce o
f m
ista
ken
by a
nxio
us p
eopl
e fo
r ev
iden
ce o
f se
rious
phy
sica
l illn
ess.
se
rious
phy
sica
l illn
ess.
Anxi
ety,
Pan
ic a
nd P
hobi
asAn
xiet
y, P
anic
and
Pho
bias
!!Su
dden
une
xpec
ted
surg
es o
f an
xiet
y ar
e Su
dden
une
xpec
ted
surg
es o
f an
xiet
y ar
e ca
lled
pani
c, a
nd u
sual
ly le
ad t
o th
e pe
rson
ca
lled
pani
c, a
nd u
sual
ly le
ad t
o th
e pe
rson
ha
ving
to
quic
kly
get
out
of w
hate
ver
havi
ng t
o qu
ickl
y ge
t ou
t of
wha
teve
r si
tuat
ion
they
hap
pen
to b
e in
. si
tuat
ion
they
hap
pen
to b
e in
. !!
Pani
c oc
curr
ing
at d
epth
can
lead
to
near
Pani
c oc
curr
ing
at d
epth
can
lead
to
near
--dr
owni
ng a
nd lu
ng o
ver
drow
ning
and
lung
ove
r --ex
pans
ion
inju
ries
expa
nsio
n in
jurie
s an
d de
ath.
an
d de
ath.
!!
Susc
eptib
le p
eopl
e ex
agge
rate
the
nor
mal
Su
scep
tible
peo
ple
exag
gera
te t
he n
orm
al
anxi
ety
indu
ced
by t
he u
nder
sea
anxi
ety
indu
ced
by t
he u
nder
sea
envi
ronm
ent.
envi
ronm
ent.
!!A
vici
ous
circ
le r
esul
ts a
nd t
he d
iver
may
the
n A
vici
ous
circ
le r
esul
ts a
nd t
he d
iver
may
the
n de
velo
p an
act
ual p
hobi
a to
des
cent
into
the
de
velo
p an
act
ual p
hobi
a to
des
cent
into
the
Anxi
ety,
Pan
ic a
nd P
hobi
asAn
xiet
y, P
anic
and
Pho
bias
!!An
xiet
y is
a n
orm
al h
uman
fee
ling.
We
all
Anxi
ety
is a
nor
mal
hum
an f
eelin
g. W
e al
l ex
perie
nce
it w
hen
face
d w
ith s
ituat
ions
we
expe
rienc
e it
whe
n fa
ced
with
situ
atio
ns w
e fin
d th
reat
enin
g or
diff
icul
t.
find
thre
aten
ing
or d
iffic
ult.
!!
An o
ver
An o
ver --
reac
tive
anxi
ety
stat
e us
ually
occ
urs
reac
tive
anxi
ety
stat
e us
ually
occ
urs
in r
espo
nse
to s
ome
inad
vert
ent
mis
hap,
suc
h in
res
pons
e to
som
e in
adve
rten
t m
isha
p, s
uch
as a
mas
k flo
odin
g.
as a
mas
k flo
odin
g.
!!Th
is r
esul
ts in
irra
tiona
l beh
avio
r an
d la
ck o
f Th
is r
esul
ts in
irra
tiona
l beh
avio
r an
d la
ck o
f co
ncer
n fo
r th
e sa
fety
of ot
hers
.co
ncer
n fo
r th
e sa
fety
of ot
hers
.!!
This
is s
een
mor
e of
ten
in t
hose
div
ers
who
Th
is is
see
n m
ore
ofte
n in
tho
se d
iver
s w
ho
have
an
abov
e no
rmal
neu
rotic
ism
gra
dien
t.
have
an
abov
e no
rmal
neu
rotic
ism
gra
dien
t.
Phob
ias
Phob
ias
!!A
phob
ia is
a fea
r of
par
ticul
ar s
ituat
ions
or
A ph
obia
is a
fea
r of
par
ticul
ar s
ituat
ions
or
thin
gs t
hat
are
not
dang
erou
s an
d w
hich
is
thin
gs t
hat
are
not
dang
erou
s an
d w
hich
is
asso
ciat
ed w
ith in
tens
e sy
mpt
oms
of a
nxie
ty,
asso
ciat
ed w
ith in
tens
e sy
mpt
oms
of a
nxie
ty,
as d
escr
ibed
abo
ve.
as d
escr
ibed
abo
ve.
!!A
phob
ia w
ill le
ad t
he s
uffe
rer
to a
void
A
phob
ia w
ill le
ad t
he s
uffe
rer
to a
void
si
tuat
ions
in w
hich
the
y kn
ow t
hey
will
be
situ
atio
ns in
whi
ch t
hey
know
the
y w
ill b
e an
xiou
s, b
ut t
his
will
act
ually
mak
e th
e an
xiou
s, b
ut t
his
will
act
ually
mak
e th
e ph
obia
wor
se a
s tim
e go
es o
n.
phob
ia w
orse
as
time
goes
on.
!!
Suff
erer
s us
ually
kno
w t
hat
ther
e is
no
real
Su
ffer
ers
usua
lly k
now
tha
t th
ere
is n
o re
al
dang
er, t
hey
may
fee
l sill
y ab
out
thei
r fe
ar
dang
er, t
hey
may
fee
l sill
y ab
out
thei
r fe
ar
but
they
are
stil
l una
ble
to c
ontr
ol it
. bu
t th
ey a
re s
till u
nabl
e to
con
trol
it.
Phob
ias
Phob
ias
!!Tr
ue c
laus
trop
hobi
a:Tr
ue c
laus
trop
hobi
a:!!
may
pre
vent
imm
ersi
on o
r ev
en e
ntry
into
a
may
pre
vent
imm
ersi
on o
r ev
en e
ntry
into
a
reco
mpr
essi
on c
ham
ber.
reco
mpr
essi
on c
ham
ber.
!!m
ay o
nly
surf
ace
durin
g ce
rtai
n tim
es o
f m
ay o
nly
surf
ace
durin
g ce
rtai
n tim
es o
f st
ress
and
dim
inis
hed
visi
bilit
y, s
uch
as in
st
ress
and
dim
inis
hed
visi
bilit
y, s
uch
as in
m
urky
wat
er o
r ni
ght
divi
ng, c
ausi
ng il
lusi
ons
mur
ky w
ater
or
nigh
t di
ving
, cau
sing
illu
sion
s an
d he
ight
ened
sug
gest
ibili
ty.
and
heig
hten
ed s
ugge
stib
ility
. !!
An a
gora
phob
ic r
eact
ion
An a
gora
phob
ic r
eact
ion
--of
ten
calle
d "b
lue
ofte
n ca
lled
"blu
e or
b or
dom
e sy
ndro
me
orb
or d
ome
synd
rom
e ��, i
s se
en w
hen
a di
ver
, is
seen
whe
n a
dive
r lo
ses
cont
act
with
the
bot
tom
and
the
sur
face
lo
ses
cont
act
with
the
bot
tom
and
the
sur
face
an
d be
com
es s
patia
lly d
isor
ient
ed.
and
beco
mes
spa
tially
dis
orie
nted
.
Pani
c di
sord
ers
Pani
c di
sord
ers
!!M
ore
than
hal
f of
div
ers
repo
rt e
xper
ienc
ing
Mor
e th
an h
alf of
div
ers
repo
rt e
xper
ienc
ing
at le
ast
one
pani
c or
nea
rat
leas
t on
e pa
nic
or n
ear --
pani
c ep
isod
e.
pani
c ep
isod
e.
!!Pa
nic
atta
cks
are
ofte
n sp
urre
d by
Pa
nic
atta
cks
are
ofte
n sp
urre
d by
en
tang
lem
ent,
an
equi
pmen
t m
alfu
nctio
n or
en
tang
lem
ent,
an
equi
pmen
t m
alfu
nctio
n or
be
ing
star
tled
by s
ome
unex
pect
ed s
ea
bein
g st
artle
d by
som
e un
expe
cted
sea
cr
eatu
re le
adin
g to
irra
tiona
l and
dan
gero
us
crea
ture
lead
ing
to ir
ratio
nal a
nd d
ange
rous
be
havi
or.
beha
vior
. !!
Som
etim
es e
xper
ienc
ed s
cuba
div
ers
Som
etim
es e
xper
ienc
ed s
cuba
div
ers
expe
rienc
e pa
nic
for
no a
ppar
ent
reas
on.
expe
rienc
e pa
nic
for
no a
ppar
ent
reas
on.
!!D
iver
s lo
se s
ight
of f
amili
ar o
bjec
ts, b
ecom
e D
iver
s lo
se s
ight
of f
amili
ar o
bjec
ts, b
ecom
e di
sorie
nted
and
exp
erie
nce
a fo
rm o
f se
nsor
y di
sorie
nted
and
exp
erie
nce
a fo
rm o
f se
nsor
y de
priv
atio
n, c
alle
d th
e "b
lue
orb
synd
rom
e.de
priv
atio
n, c
alle
d th
e "b
lue
orb
synd
rom
e.��
Pani
c D
isor
ders
Pani
c D
isor
ders
!!Am
ong
inex
perie
nced
div
ers,
the
re is
usu
ally
Am
ong
inex
perie
nced
div
ers,
the
re is
usu
ally
an
obj
ectiv
e ba
sis
(e.g
., lo
ss o
f ai
r or
a s
hark
) an
obj
ectiv
e ba
sis
(e.g
., lo
ss o
f ai
r or
a s
hark
) be
hind
the
pan
ic r
espo
nse.
behi
nd t
he p
anic
res
pons
e.!!
Pani
c re
spon
se is
whe
n a
dive
r be
have
s Pa
nic
resp
onse
is w
hen
a di
ver
beha
ves
irrat
iona
lly. T
he d
iver
irrat
iona
lly. T
he d
iver
�� s a
tten
tion
narr
ows
and
s at
tent
ion
narr
ows
and
he lo
ses
the
abili
ty t
o so
rt o
ut h
is o
ptio
ns.
he lo
ses
the
abili
ty t
o so
rt o
ut h
is o
ptio
ns.
!!Th
ere
are
som
e ob
viou
s di
ving
act
iviti
es
Ther
e ar
e so
me
obvi
ous
divi
ng a
ctiv
ities
w
hich
ten
d to
lead
to
pani
c ep
isod
es, s
uch
as
whi
ch t
end
to le
ad t
o pa
nic
epis
odes
, suc
h as
th
e st
ress
es o
f equ
ipm
ent
mal
func
tioni
ng,
the
stre
sses
of e
quip
men
t m
alfu
nctio
ning
, da
nger
ous
mar
ine
life,
loss
of or
ient
atio
n da
nger
ous
mar
ine
life,
loss
of or
ient
atio
n du
ring
a ca
ve, i
ce o
r w
reck
div
e, a
nd s
o on
. du
ring
a ca
ve, i
ce o
r w
reck
div
e, a
nd s
o on
.
Pani
c D
isor
ders
Pani
c D
isor
ders
!!Th
e ps
ycho
logi
cal c
once
pt k
now
n as
"tr
ait
The
psyc
holo
gica
l con
cept
kno
wn
as "
trai
t an
xiet
y" t
hat
is a
sta
ble
or e
ndur
ing
feat
ure
anxi
ety"
tha
t is
a s
tabl
e or
end
urin
g fe
atur
e of
per
sona
lity,
whe
reas
of
per
sona
lity,
whe
reas
��st
ate
anxi
ety
stat
e an
xiet
y ��is
is
si
tuat
iona
l or
tran
sito
ry. (
Mor
gan)
situ
atio
nal o
r tr
ansi
tory
. (M
orga
n)!!
A di
ver
with
tra
it an
xiet
y is
mor
e lik
ely
to
A di
ver
with
tra
it an
xiet
y is
mor
e lik
ely
to
have
incr
ease
d st
ate
anxi
ety
and
pani
c du
ring
have
incr
ease
d st
ate
anxi
ety
and
pani
c du
ring
scub
a ac
tiviti
es, i
s at
gre
ater
ris
k an
d of
ten
scub
a ac
tiviti
es, i
s at
gre
ater
ris
k an
d of
ten
trea
tmen
t is
inef
fect
ive.
tr
eatm
ent
is in
effe
ctiv
e.
!!St
uden
ts w
ith a
his
tory
of pa
nic
epis
odes
St
uden
ts w
ith a
his
tory
of pa
nic
epis
odes
sh
ould
be
coun
sele
d du
ring
scub
a tr
aini
ng
shou
ld b
e co
unse
led
durin
g sc
uba
trai
ning
cl
asse
s ab
out
the
pote
ntia
l ris
ks.
clas
ses
abou
t th
e po
tent
ial r
isks
.
Adv
ice
Abo
ut D
ivin
g: A
nxie
ty,
Adv
ice
Abo
ut D
ivin
g: A
nxie
ty,
Phob
ias a
nd P
anic
Phob
ias a
nd P
anic
""D
ivin
g sh
ould
be
deci
ded
on t
he m
erits
of
Div
ing
shou
ld b
e de
cide
d on
the
mer
its o
f ea
ch c
ase,
the
typ
e of
dru
gs r
equi
red,
the
ea
ch c
ase,
the
typ
e of
dru
gs r
equi
red,
the
re
spon
se t
o m
edic
atio
n, t
he le
ngth
of
time
resp
onse
to
med
icat
ion,
the
leng
th o
f tim
e fr
ee o
f an
xiet
y an
d ph
obic
pro
blem
s, d
ecis
ion
free
of
anxi
ety
and
phob
ic p
robl
ems,
dec
isio
n m
akin
g ab
ility
and
res
pons
ibili
ty t
o ot
her
mak
ing
abili
ty a
nd r
espo
nsib
ility
to
othe
r di
vers
.di
vers
.""
Div
ers
with
hig
h tr
ait
anxi
ety
are
mor
e lik
ely
Div
ers
with
hig
h tr
ait
anxi
ety
are
mor
e lik
ely
to h
ave
incr
ease
d st
ate
anxi
ety
and
pani
c to
hav
e in
crea
sed
stat
e an
xiet
y an
d pa
nic
durin
g sc
uba
activ
ities
. du
ring
scub
a ac
tiviti
es.
""M
ost
prob
ably
sho
uld
not
dive
but
if a
llow
ed
Mos
t pr
obab
ly s
houl
d no
t di
ve b
ut if
allo
wed
to
div
e sh
ould
be
care
fully
mon
itore
d an
d to
div
e sh
ould
be
care
fully
mon
itore
d an
d fu
lly in
form
ed o
f th
eir
risks
.fu
lly in
form
ed o
f th
eir
risks
.
Nar
cole
psy
Nar
cole
psy
!!N
arco
leps
y is
a c
hron
ic d
isor
der
of t
he b
rain
N
arco
leps
y is
a c
hron
ic d
isor
der
of t
he b
rain
ce
nter
whe
re r
egul
atio
n of
sle
ep a
nd
cent
er w
here
reg
ulat
ion
of s
leep
and
w
akef
ulne
ss t
ake
plac
e.w
akef
ulne
ss t
ake
plac
e.!!
No
scie
ntifi
c st
udie
s ha
ve b
een
done
on
No
scie
ntifi
c st
udie
s ha
ve b
een
done
on
narc
olep
tics
divi
ng.
narc
olep
tics
divi
ng.
!!Pe
ople
with
nar
cole
psy
can
fall
asle
ep w
hile
Pe
ople
with
nar
cole
psy
can
fall
asle
ep w
hile
at
wor
k, t
alki
ng, a
nd d
rivin
g a
car
and
can
at w
ork,
tal
king
, and
driv
ing
a ca
r an
d ca
n la
st f
rom
30
seco
nds
to m
ore
than
30
last
fro
m 3
0 se
cond
s to
mor
e th
an 3
0 m
inut
es.
min
utes
. !!
They
may
als
o ex
perie
nce
perio
ds o
f Th
ey m
ay a
lso
expe
rienc
e pe
riods
of
cata
plex
y (lo
ss o
f mus
cle
tone
).
cata
plex
y (lo
ss o
f mus
cle
tone
).
Nar
cole
psy
Nar
cole
psy
!!W
ith a
pre
vale
nce
of a
bout
0.0
3% o
f th
e W
ith a
pre
vale
nce
of a
bout
0.0
3% o
f th
e ge
nera
l pop
ulat
ion,
or,
abo
ut o
ne p
erso
n in
ge
nera
l pop
ulat
ion,
or,
abo
ut o
ne p
erso
n in
20
00, i
t ca
n oc
cur
at a
ny t
ime
thro
ugho
ut li
fe,
2000
, it
can
occu
r at
any
tim
e th
roug
hout
life
, bu
t its
pea
k on
set
is d
urin
g th
e te
en y
ears
.bu
t its
pea
k on
set
is d
urin
g th
e te
en y
ears
.!!
Nar
cole
psy
is h
ered
itary
alo
ng w
ith s
ome
Nar
cole
psy
is h
ered
itary
alo
ng w
ith s
ome
envi
ronm
enta
l fac
tors
. en
viro
nmen
tal f
acto
rs.
!!Sy
mpt
oms
incl
ude
exce
ssiv
e sl
eepi
ness
, Sy
mpt
oms
incl
ude
exce
ssiv
e sl
eepi
ness
, te
mpo
rary
dec
reas
e or
loss
of
mus
cle
cont
rol
tem
pora
ry d
ecre
ase
or lo
ss o
f m
uscl
e co
ntro
l (s
omet
imes
ass
ocia
ted
with
get
ting
exci
ted)
, (s
omet
imes
ass
ocia
ted
with
get
ting
exci
ted)
, vi
vid
drea
mlik
e im
ages
whe
n dr
iftin
g of
f to
vi
vid
drea
mlik
e im
ages
whe
n dr
iftin
g of
f to
sl
eep
and
wak
ing
up u
nabl
e to
mov
e or
tal
k sl
eep
and
wak
ing
up u
nabl
e to
mov
e or
tal
k fo
r a
perio
d of
tim
e.fo
r a
perio
d of
tim
e.
Nar
cole
psy
Nar
cole
psy
Driv
ing
rest
rictio
ns for
nar
cole
psy
usua
lly e
ntai
l D
rivin
g re
stric
tions
for
nar
cole
psy
usua
lly e
ntai
l a
narc
olep
sya
narc
olep
sy-- f
ree
perio
d of
one
yea
r af
ter
free
per
iod
of o
ne y
ear
afte
r st
artin
g tr
eatm
ent;
and
, no
drug
star
ting
trea
tmen
t; a
nd, n
o dr
ug-- r
elat
ed
rela
ted
sym
ptom
s.
sym
ptom
s.
!!M
edic
atio
ns u
sed
to t
reat
nar
cole
psy
incl
ude
Med
icat
ions
use
d to
tre
at n
arco
leps
y in
clud
e st
imul
ants
, ant
ist
imul
ants
, ant
i --ca
tale
ptic
com
poun
ds a
nd
cata
lept
ic c
ompo
unds
and
hy
pnot
ic c
ompo
unds
, som
e of
whi
ch h
ave
hypn
otic
com
poun
ds, s
ome
of w
hich
hav
e de
finite
effec
ts a
nd s
ide
effe
cts
that
are
de
finite
effec
ts a
nd s
ide
effe
cts
that
are
ad
vers
e to
div
ing.
Stim
ulan
ts t
hat
incr
ease
ad
vers
e to
div
ing.
Stim
ulan
ts t
hat
incr
ease
th
e m
etab
olic
rat
e ca
n ca
use
an in
crea
sed
the
met
abol
ic r
ate
can
caus
e an
incr
ease
d ris
k of
oxy
gen
toxi
city
in n
itrox
div
ers.
ris
k of
oxy
gen
toxi
city
in n
itrox
div
ers.
Advi
ce A
bout
Div
ing:
Ad
vice
Abo
ut D
ivin
g:
Nar
cole
psy
Nar
cole
psy
!!W
heth
er o
r no
t a
pers
on w
ith n
arco
leps
y W
heth
er o
r no
t a
pers
on w
ith n
arco
leps
y sh
ould
be
cert
ified
as
'fit
to d
ive'
sho
uld
be
shou
ld b
e ce
rtifi
ed a
s 'fi
t to
div
e' s
houl
d be
de
cide
d on
the
mer
its o
f ea
ch c
ase,
the
typ
e de
cide
d on
the
mer
its o
f ea
ch c
ase,
the
typ
e of
dru
gs r
equi
red,
the
res
pons
e to
of
dru
gs r
equi
red,
the
res
pons
e to
m
edic
atio
n, a
nd t
he le
ngth
of tim
e fr
ee o
f m
edic
atio
n, a
nd t
he le
ngth
of tim
e fr
ee o
f na
rcol
eptic
pro
blem
s.
narc
olep
tic p
robl
ems.
!!
Rela
tions
hip
to e
xcite
men
t, e
mot
ions
and
Re
latio
nshi
p to
exc
item
ent,
em
otio
ns a
nd
stre
ssfu
l situ
atio
ns s
houl
d be
tak
en in
to
stre
ssfu
l situ
atio
ns s
houl
d be
tak
en in
to
cons
ider
atio
n.co
nsid
erat
ion.
!!Fu
ll fa
ce m
ask?
Full
face
mas
k?
Schi
zoph
reni
aSc
hizo
phre
nia
!!Sc
hizo
phre
nia
is a
ser
ious
men
tal i
llnes
s th
at
Schi
zoph
reni
a is
a s
erio
us m
enta
l illn
ess
that
af
fect
s on
e pe
rson
in a
hun
dred
. af
fect
s on
e pe
rson
in a
hun
dred
. !!
It u
sual
ly d
evel
ops
in t
he la
te t
eens
or
early
It
usu
ally
dev
elop
s in
the
late
tee
ns o
r ea
rly
twen
ties,
tho
ugh
it ca
n st
art
in m
iddl
e ag
e or
tw
entie
s, t
houg
h it
can
star
t in
mid
dle
age
or
even
muc
h la
ter
in li
fe.
even
muc
h la
ter
in li
fe.
!!Al
thou
gh it
is t
reat
able
, rel
apse
s ar
e Al
thou
gh it
is t
reat
able
, rel
apse
s ar
e co
mm
on, a
nd it
may
nev
er c
lear
up
entir
ely.
co
mm
on, a
nd it
may
nev
er c
lear
up
entir
ely.
!!
Thou
ghts
, fee
lings
and
act
ions
are
som
ewha
t Th
ough
ts, f
eelin
gs a
nd a
ctio
ns a
re s
omew
hat
disc
onne
cted
fro
m e
ach
othe
r so
tha
t w
hat
a di
scon
nect
ed f
rom
eac
h ot
her
so t
hat
wha
t a
pers
on s
ays
may
be
out
of k
eepi
ng w
ith w
hat
pers
on s
ays
may
be
out
of k
eepi
ng w
ith w
hat
they
fee
l or
do, o
r w
hat
they
do
may
be
out
they
fee
l or
do, o
r w
hat
they
do
may
be
out
of k
eepi
ng w
ith w
hat
they
say
or
feel
. of
kee
ping
with
wha
t th
ey s
ay o
r fe
el.
Schi
zoph
reni
a: P
ositi
ve
Schi
zoph
reni
a: P
ositi
ve
Sym
ptom
sSy
mpt
oms
Sym
ptom
s ar
e po
sitiv
e, n
egat
ive
or
Sym
ptom
s ar
e po
sitiv
e, n
egat
ive
or
diso
rgan
ized
.di
sorg
aniz
ed.
!!P
osit
ive
sym
ptom
sP
osit
ive
sym
ptom
s!!
Schi
zoph
reni
a in
terf
eres
with
the
fee
ling
of
Schi
zoph
reni
a in
terf
eres
with
the
fee
ling
of
bein
g 'th
e ca
ptai
n of
the
shi
p'.
bein
g 'th
e ca
ptai
n of
the
shi
p'.
!!H
allu
cina
tion
is t
he e
xper
ienc
e of
hea
ring,
H
allu
cina
tion
is t
he e
xper
ienc
e of
hea
ring,
sm
ellin
g, fee
ling
or s
eein
g so
met
hing
tha
t is
sm
ellin
g, fee
ling
or s
eein
g so
met
hing
tha
t is
no
t th
ere.
no
t th
ere.
!!
Del
usio
ns a
re f
alse
and
usu
ally
unu
sual
D
elus
ions
are
fal
se a
nd u
sual
ly u
nusu
al
belie
fs, w
hich
can
not
be e
xpla
ined
by
the
belie
fs, w
hich
can
not
be e
xpla
ined
by
the
belie
ver's
cul
ture
or
chan
ged
by a
rgum
ent.
be
lieve
r's c
ultu
re o
r ch
ange
d by
arg
umen
t.
Schi
zoph
reni
a: N
egat
ive
and
Schi
zoph
reni
a: N
egat
ive
and
Dis
orga
nize
d Sy
mpt
oms
Dis
orga
nize
d Sy
mpt
oms
!!N
egat
ive
Sym
ptom
sN
egat
ive
Sym
ptom
s!!
Thes
e af
fect
inte
rest
, ene
rgy,
em
otio
nal l
ife
Thes
e af
fect
inte
rest
, ene
rgy,
em
otio
nal l
ife
and
ever
yday
act
iviti
es. T
hey
avoi
d m
eetin
g an
d ev
eryd
ay a
ctiv
ities
. The
y av
oid
mee
ting
peop
le, s
ay li
ttle
or
noth
ing
and
may
app
ear
peop
le, s
ay li
ttle
or
noth
ing
and
may
app
ear
emot
iona
lly b
lank
. em
otio
nally
bla
nk.
!!D
isor
gani
zed
Sym
ptom
sD
isor
gani
zed
Sym
ptom
s!!
Schi
zoph
reni
a of
ten
inte
rfer
es w
ith a
per
son'
s Sc
hizo
phre
nia
ofte
n in
terf
eres
with
a p
erso
n's
trai
n of
tho
ught
and
it b
ecom
es d
iffic
ult
to
trai
n of
tho
ught
and
it b
ecom
es d
iffic
ult
to
unde
rsta
nd t
heir
gibb
eris
h. T
hey
will
sho
ut
unde
rsta
nd t
heir
gibb
eris
h. T
hey
will
sho
ut
back
at
thei
r vo
ices
or
will
com
ply
with
the
ba
ck a
t th
eir
voic
es o
r w
ill c
ompl
y w
ith t
he
inst
ruct
ions
of
the
voic
es, o
ften
hur
ting
inst
ruct
ions
of
the
voic
es, o
ften
hur
ting
them
selv
es o
r ot
hers
. th
emse
lves
or
othe
rs.
Caus
es o
f Sc
hizo
phre
nia
Caus
es o
f Sc
hizo
phre
nia
!!Th
e ca
use
of t
his
cond
ition
is u
nkno
wn.
Ten
Th
e ca
use
of t
his
cond
ition
is u
nkno
wn.
Ten
pe
rcen
t of
peo
ple
with
sch
izop
hren
ia h
ave
a pe
rcen
t of
peo
ple
with
sch
izop
hren
ia h
ave
a pa
rent
who
suf
fers
fro
m t
he il
lnes
s.
pare
nt w
ho s
uffe
rs fro
m t
he il
lnes
s.
!!An
epi
sode
of sc
hizo
phre
nia
ofte
n oc
curs
An
epi
sode
of sc
hizo
phre
nia
ofte
n oc
curs
af
ter
som
e st
ress
ful e
vent
. af
ter
som
e st
ress
ful e
vent
. !!
Long
Long
-- ter
m s
tres
s, s
uch
as f
amily
ten
sion
s,
term
str
ess,
suc
h as
fam
ily t
ensi
ons,
m
ay a
lso
mak
e it
wor
se.
may
als
o m
ake
it w
orse
. !!
Stre
et d
rugs
like
ecs
tasy
, LSD
, am
phet
amin
es
Stre
et d
rugs
like
ecs
tasy
, LSD
, am
phet
amin
es
and
mar
ijuan
a (h
ash,
pot
, gan
ja)
are
thou
ght
and
mar
ijuan
a (h
ash,
pot
, gan
ja)
are
thou
ght
to b
ring
on s
chiz
ophr
enia
to
brin
g on
sch
izop
hren
ia ��
like
illne
sses
.. lik
e ill
ness
es..
Med
icat
ions
for
schi
zoph
reni
aM
edic
atio
ns fo
r sc
hizo
phre
nia
!!M
ost
drug
s w
ork
by b
lock
ing
the
path
of
a M
ost
drug
s w
ork
by b
lock
ing
the
path
of
a pa
rtic
ular
che
mic
al m
esse
nger
, dop
amin
e, in
pa
rtic
ular
che
mic
al m
esse
nger
, dop
amin
e, in
th
e br
ain.
th
e br
ain.
!!
The
drug
s us
ually
sup
pres
s po
sitiv
e Th
e dr
ugs
usua
lly s
uppr
ess
posi
tive
sym
ptom
s; d
elus
ions
and
hal
luci
natio
ns
sym
ptom
s; d
elus
ions
and
hal
luci
natio
ns
grad
ually
go
away
in a
few
wee
ks.
grad
ually
go
away
in a
few
wee
ks.
!!An
tiAn
ti --sc
hizo
phre
nia
drug
s m
ay c
ause
sc
hizo
phre
nia
drug
s m
ay c
ause
Pa
rkin
son
Park
inso
n ��s
like
sym
ptom
s an
d s
like
sym
ptom
s an
d ta
rdiv
eta
rdiv
edy
skin
esia
dysk
ines
ia. .
!!Fo
rtun
atel
y ne
w d
rugs
are
now
ava
ilabl
e Fo
rtun
atel
y ne
w d
rugs
are
now
ava
ilabl
e w
hich
blo
ck d
iffer
ent
chem
ical
mes
seng
ers
whi
ch b
lock
diff
eren
t ch
emic
al m
esse
nger
s an
d ar
e m
uch
less
like
l y t
o ca
use
side
and
are
muc
h le
ss li
kel y
to
caus
e si
de-- e
ffec
ts.
effe
cts.
Adv
ice
Abo
ut D
ivin
g:
Adv
ice
Abo
ut D
ivin
g:
Schi
zoph
reni
csSc
hizo
phre
nics
""D
ecis
ion
Dec
isio
n --m
akin
g ab
ility
, res
pons
ibili
ty t
o m
akin
g ab
ility
, res
pons
ibili
ty t
o ot
her
dive
rs a
nd r
elat
ions
hip
to d
rug
indu
ced
othe
r di
vers
and
rel
atio
nshi
p to
dru
g in
duce
d si
de e
ffec
ts t
hat
wou
ld li
mit
abili
ty t
o ge
ar u
p si
de e
ffec
ts t
hat
wou
ld li
mit
abili
ty t
o ge
ar u
p an
d m
ove
in t
he w
ater
sho
uld
be t
aken
into
an
d m
ove
in t
he w
ater
sho
uld
be t
aken
into
co
nsid
erat
ion.
Mos
t pr
obab
ly s
houl
d no
t co
nsid
erat
ion.
Mos
t pr
obab
ly s
houl
d no
t co
nsid
er d
ivin
g.co
nsid
er d
ivin
g.!!
Thos
e re
spon
sibl
e fo
r di
vers
sho
uld
be a
lert
Th
ose
resp
onsi
ble
for
dive
rs s
houl
d be
ale
rt
to t
hose
with
inap
prop
riate
res
pons
es o
r to
tho
se w
ith in
appr
opria
te r
espo
nses
or
activ
ity, p
aran
oid
beha
vior
or
unus
ual
activ
ity, p
aran
oid
beha
vior
or
unus
ual
idea
tion
and
be q
uick
to
ask
and
find
out
idea
tion
and
be q
uick
to
ask
and
find
out
mor
e ab
out
the
poss
ibili
ty o
f sc
hizo
phre
nia.
mor
e ab
out
the
poss
ibili
ty o
f sc
hizo
phre
nia.
Mar
ijuan
a Ef
fect
s on
Div
ers
Mar
ijuan
a Ef
fect
s on
Div
ers
!!So
me
gene
ral e
ffect
s of
sm
okin
g m
ariju
ana:
Som
e ge
nera
l effe
cts
of s
mok
ing
mar
ijuan
a:· T
he m
ore
mar
ijuan
a is
use
d, th
e sh
orte
r its
· T
he m
ore
mar
ijuan
a is
use
d, th
e sh
orte
r its
ef
fect
s la
st.
effe
cts
last
.· T
oler
ance
to th
e ps
ycho
activ
e ef
fect
s · T
oler
ance
to th
e ps
ycho
activ
e ef
fect
s de
velo
ps w
ith c
ontin
ued
use.
deve
lops
with
con
tinue
d us
e.· P
sych
olog
ical
and
mild
phy
sica
l · P
sych
olog
ical
and
mild
phy
sica
l de
pend
ence
gra
dual
ly o
ccur
s w
ith re
gula
r de
pend
ence
gra
dual
ly o
ccur
s w
ith re
gula
r us
e.us
e.!!
The
cann
abin
oid
effe
ct m
ay b
e ad
ditiv
e to
Th
e ca
nnab
inoi
d ef
fect
may
be
addi
tive
to
nitro
gen
narc
osis
.ni
troge
n na
rcos
is.
!!C
O re
tent
ion
lead
s to
hig
h pa
rtial
pre
ssur
es
CO
rete
ntio
n le
ads
to h
igh
parti
al p
ress
ures
of
CO
at d
epth
of
CO
at d
epth
--ca
usin
g hy
poxi
a on
asc
ent.
caus
ing
hypo
xia
on a
scen
t.
Mar
ijuan
a Ef
fect
s on
Div
ers
Mar
ijuan
a Ef
fect
s on
Div
ers
!!W
ithdr
awal
sym
ptom
s in
clud
e:W
ithdr
awal
sym
ptom
s in
clud
e:R
estle
ssne
ss, i
nsom
nia,
nau
sea,
irrit
abilit
y,
Res
tless
ness
, ins
omni
a, n
ause
a, ir
ritab
ility,
lo
ss o
f app
etite
, sw
eatin
g.lo
ss o
f app
etite
, sw
eatin
g.· R
isk
of a
dver
se re
actio
ns is
gre
ater
for
· Ris
k of
adv
erse
reac
tions
is g
reat
er fo
r pe
rson
s w
ho h
ave
had
schi
zoph
reni
a or
oth
er
pers
ons
who
hav
e ha
d sc
hizo
phre
nia
or o
ther
ps
ycho
tic d
isor
der,
depr
essi
on, d
ysth
ymia
, ps
ycho
tic d
isor
der,
depr
essi
on, d
ysth
ymia
, an
d bi
pola
r dis
orde
r (m
anic
and
bipo
lar d
isor
der (
man
ic-- d
epre
ssio
n).
depr
essi
on).
· Tar
con
tent
of m
ariju
ana
is s
igni
fican
tly
· Tar
con
tent
of m
ariju
ana
is s
igni
fican
tly
grea
ter t
han
ciga
rette
s, w
ith m
ore
grea
ter t
han
ciga
rette
s, w
ith m
ore
carc
inog
ens.
carc
inog
ens.
Ris
ks t
o di
ver
Ris
ks t
o di
ver
of c
asca
ding
eve
nts
lead
ing
to
of c
asca
ding
eve
nts
lead
ing
to
near
near
-- dro
wni
ng o
r arte
rial g
as e
mbo
lism
.dr
owni
ng o
r arte
rial g
as e
mbo
lism
.
Mar
ijuan
a Ef
fect
s on
Div
ers
Mar
ijuan
a Ef
fect
s on
Div
ers
!!Po
tent
ially
har
mfu
l effe
cts
to d
iver
s in
clud
e:Po
tent
ially
har
mfu
l effe
cts
to d
iver
s in
clud
e:!!
Acci
dent
s ca
used
by
dist
ortio
ns in
per
cept
ion.
Acci
dent
s ca
used
by
dist
ortio
ns in
per
cept
ion.
!!Im
pairm
ent o
f rec
ent m
emor
y, c
onfu
sion
, Im
pairm
ent o
f rec
ent m
emor
y, c
onfu
sion
, de
crea
sed
conc
entra
tion.
decr
ease
d co
ncen
tratio
n.!!
Dec
reas
ed m
uscl
e st
reng
th a
nd b
alan
ce.
Dec
reas
ed m
uscl
e st
reng
th a
nd b
alan
ce.
!!D
ecre
ased
blo
od fl
ow in
bra
in.
Dec
reas
ed b
lood
flow
in b
rain
.!!
Impa
ired
abilit
y to
per
form
com
plex
mot
or
Impa
ired
abilit
y to
per
form
com
plex
mot
or
task
s.ta
sks.
Poor
mem
ory.
Poor
mem
ory.
Amot
ivat
iona
l.Am
otiv
atio
nal.
!!D
epre
ssio
n, e
spec
ially
in n
ew u
sers
.D
epre
ssio
n, e
spec
ially
in n
ew u
sers
.!!
SS eve
re p
anic
reac
tion
(50%
)ev
ere
pani
c re
actio
n (5
0%)
!!R
apid
hear
tand
low
erex
erci
seto
lera
nce.
Rap
idhe
arta
ndlo
wer
exer
cise
tole
ranc
e.
Mar
ijuan
a Ef
fect
s on
Div
ers
Mar
ijuan
a Ef
fect
s on
Div
ers
!!H
igh
dose
s m
ay c
ause
:H
igh
dose
s m
ay c
ause
:· H
allu
cina
tions
· Hal
luci
natio
ns· D
eper
sona
lizat
ion
· Dep
erso
naliz
atio
n· P
aran
oia
· Par
anoi
a· A
gita
tion
· Agi
tatio
n· E
xtre
me
pani
c· E
xtre
me
pani
c!!
Ris
k to
Div
ers
Ris
k to
Div
ers
-- cas
cadi
ng e
vent
s le
adin
g to
ca
scad
ing
even
ts le
adin
g to
dr
owni
ng a
nd d
eath
. Pos
sibl
e in
jury
to b
uddy
dr
owni
ng a
nd d
eath
. Pos
sibl
e in
jury
to b
uddy
an
d ot
hers
in d
ive
party
.an
d ot
hers
in d
ive
party
.
Mar
ijuan
a Ef
fect
s on
Div
ers
Mar
ijuan
a Ef
fect
s on
Div
ers
!!C
hron
ic u
se m
ay c
ause
:C
hron
ic u
se m
ay c
ause
:!!
Bron
chiti
s, S
inus
itis,
Pha
ryng
itis,
Chr
onic
Br
onch
itis,
Sin
usiti
s, P
hary
ngiti
s, C
hron
ic
coug
h, E
mph
ysem
a, L
ung
canc
er.
coug
h, E
mph
ysem
a, L
ung
canc
er.
Ris
k to
Div
ers
Ris
k to
Div
ers
----Pu
lmon
ary
baro
traum
a,
Pulm
onar
y ba
rotra
uma,
ov
er e
xpan
sion
inju
ry, a
rteria
l gas
em
bolis
m.
over
exp
ansi
on in
jury
, arte
rial g
as e
mbo
lism
.!!
Poor
imm
une
syst
em fu
nctio
ning
;Po
or im
mun
e sy
stem
func
tioni
ng;
Ris
k to
Div
ers
Ris
k to
Div
ers
----m
arin
e in
fect
ions
.m
arin
e in
fect
ions
.!!
Poor
mot
ivat
ion,
dep
ress
ed m
enta
l Po
or m
otiv
atio
n, d
epre
ssed
men
tal
func
tioni
ng.
func
tioni
ng.
Ris
k to
Div
ers
Ris
k to
Div
ers
----er
rors
of o
mis
sion
, er
rors
of o
mis
sion
, co
mm
issi
on w
ith c
asca
ding
eve
nts
lead
ing
to
com
mis
sion
with
cas
cadi
ng e
vent
s le
adin
g to
dr
owni
n g.
drow
nin g
.
Alco
hol a
nd D
ivin
gAl
coho
l and
Div
ing
!B
eer W
hile
Div
ing?
!
By
drin
king
alc
ohol
bef
ore
and
durin
g di
ving
trip
s a
dive
r sev
erel
y en
dang
ers h
imse
lf, h
is b
uddy
and
ot
hers
on
the
dive
trip
! !
Alc
ohol
cau
ses:
Deh
ydra
tion,
Dim
inis
hed
awar
enes
s of c
ues a
nd re
duce
d in
hibi
tions
at
rela
tivel
y lo
w le
vels
of b
lood
alc
ohol
. (Pe
rrin
e,M
undt
and
Wei
ner)
Blo
od A
lcoh
ol C
once
ntra
tion
(BA
C) 1
80#
man
, tw
o be
ers/
1 ho
ur =
0.0
4%!
Red
uctio
n in
info
rmat
ion
proc
essi
ng, p
artic
ular
ly
in ta
sks t
hat r
equi
re u
ndiv
ided
atte
ntio
n lo
ng a
fter
the
bloo
d al
coho
l lev
el h
as re
ache
d 0.
0%.
Alco
hol I
mpa
irmen
tAl
coho
l Im
pairm
ent
All
of th
e fo
llow
ing
beha
vior
al c
ompo
nent
s req
uire
d fo
r saf
e di
ving
are
dim
inis
hed
whe
n al
coho
l is o
n bo
ard
or h
as b
een
on b
oard
in th
e pr
ior 2
4 ho
urs:
!
Rea
ctio
n tim
e
!V
isua
l tra
ckin
g pe
rfor
man
ce
!C
once
ntra
ted
atte
ntio
n
!Pr
oces
s inf
orm
atio
n in
div
ided
atte
ntio
n ta
sks
!Pe
rcep
tion
(Jud
gmen
t)
!Th
e ex
ecut
ion
of p
sych
omot
or ta
sks.
Rev
iew
of
150
stud
ies
Rev
iew
of
150
stud
ies
��Ef
fect
s of
Alc
ohol
, Ef
fect
s of
Alc
ohol
, En
gstr
omEn
gstr
om
Inge
stio
n of
eve
n sm
all a
mou
nts o
f alc
ohol
doe
s not
im
prov
e pe
rfor
man
ce: t
o th
e co
ntra
ry it
deg
rade
s pe
rfor
man
ce.
!V
aria
bles
can
spee
d up
or d
elay
the
onse
t of t
he
effe
cts o
f alc
ohol
, but
they
do
not o
verc
ome
the
decr
emen
ts to
the
cent
ral a
nd p
erip
hera
l ner
vous
sy
stem
. !
Alc
ohol
can
be
clea
red
from
the
bloo
d at
a
pred
icta
ble
rate
. Gen
eral
ly o
n th
e or
der o
f .01
5%
BA
C p
er h
our.
!O
ne d
rink
can
depr
ess t
he e
ntire
cen
tral n
ervo
us
s yst
em.
Rev
iew
of
150
stud
ies
Rev
iew
of
150
stud
ies
��Ef
fect
s of
Alc
ohol
, Ef
fect
s of
Alc
ohol
, En
gstr
omEn
gstr
om
Inge
stio
n of
eve
n sm
all a
mou
nts o
f alc
ohol
doe
s not
im
prov
e pe
rfor
man
ce: t
o th
e co
ntra
ry it
deg
rade
s pe
rfor
man
ce.
!V
aria
bles
can
spee
d up
or d
elay
the
onse
t of t
he
effe
cts o
f alc
ohol
, but
they
do
not o
verc
ome
the
decr
emen
ts to
the
cent
ral a
nd p
erip
hera
l ner
vous
sy
stem
. !
Alc
ohol
can
be
clea
red
from
the
bloo
d at
a
pred
icta
ble
rate
. Gen
eral
ly o
n th
e or
der o
f .01
5%
BA
C p
er h
our.
!O
ne d
rink
can
depr
ess t
he e
ntire
cen
tral n
ervo
us
s yst
em.
Rev
iew
of
150
stud
ies
Rev
iew
of
150
stud
ies
��Ef
fect
s of
Alc
ohol
,Ef
fect
s of
Alc
ohol
,En
gstr
omEn
gstr
om
!Th
e ef
fect
s are
moo
d el
evat
ion,
mild
eup
horia
, a
sens
e of
wel
l bei
ng, s
light
diz
zine
ss a
nd so
me
impa
irmen
t of j
udgm
ent,
self
cont
rol,
inhi
bitio
ns
and
mem
ory.
!
Incr
ease
s in
reac
tion
time
and
decr
ease
s in
coor
dina
tion
follo
w th
e do
se/re
spon
se c
urve
qui
te
wel
l.
!A
lcoh
ol is
invo
lved
in 5
0% +
/-of
all
acci
dent
s in
volv
ing
pers
ons o
f drin
king
age
. !
Div
ided
atte
ntio
n ta
sks a
re fo
und
to b
e af
fect
ed b
y al
coho
l to
a gr
eate
r deg
ree
than
thos
e ta
sks w
ith
sin g
le fo
cus o
f con
cent
ratio
n.
Link
s &
Ref
eren
ces
Link
s &
Ref
eren
ces
!H
ere
is a
ver
y go
od a
rticl
e w
ritte
n by
one
of o
ur
cons
ulta
nts:
�Alc
ohol
and
Aqu
atic
Per
form
ance
� by
Gle
n Eg
stro
m, P
h.D
ht
tp://
ww
w.je
llis.c
om/n
ews/
may
96/a
lcoh
ol.h
tm
!R
efer
ence
s:
!--
Alc
ohol
use
and
aqu
atic
act
iviti
es--
Mas
sach
uset
ts. (
1990
). Jo
urna
l Of T
he A
mer
ican
M
edic
al A
ssoc
iatio
n -(
Chi
cago
), 26
4(1)
, 19-
20.
!--
Fow
ler a
nd A
dam
s fou
nd th
at a
lcoh
ol
exac
erba
tes t
he sl
owin
g of
reac
tion
time
(RT)
pr
oduc
ed b
y in
ert g
as n
arco
sis.
Avi
at S
pace
En
viro
n M
ed19
93 Ju
n ; 6
4(6)
:493
-9
Mor
e Re
fere
nces
Mor
e Re
fere
nces
!--
Mic
halo
dim
itrak
isE,
et a
l. N
itrog
en n
arco
sis
and
alco
hol c
onsu
mpt
ion-
-a sc
uba
divi
ng fa
talit
y.
J For
ensi
cSc
i. 19
87 Ju
l;32(
4):1
095-
7."
--Fo
wle
r B, e
t al.
Effe
cts o
f eth
anol
and
am
phet
amin
e on
iner
t gas
nar
cosi
s in
hum
ans.
U
nder
sea
Bio
med
Res
. 198
6 Se
p;13
(3):3
45-5
4.
!--
Mon
teiro
MG
, et a
l. Et
hano
l and
nitr
ogen
may
sh
are
the
sam
e m
echa
nism
s of a
ctio
n in
the
brai
n A
lcoh
ol. 1
996
Jan-
Feb;
13(1
):75-
8.
!--
Ham
ilton
K, e
t al.
Nitr
ogen
nar
cosi
s and
eth
yl
alco
hol i
ncre
ase
the
gain
of t
heve
stib
ular
ocul
ar
refle
x. U
nder
sea
Bio
med
Res
. 198
9
Psyc
hotr
opic
Dru
gsPs
ycho
trop
ic D
rugs
!!M
ood
Dis
orde
rsM
ood
Dis
orde
rs!!
ANTI
DEP
RES
SAN
TS:
ANTI
DEP
RES
SAN
TS:
!!Tr
icyc
lics
Tric
yclic
s!!
SSRIs
SSRIs
!!M
AOIs
MAO
Is!!
Oth
ers
Oth
ers
!!M
OO
D S
TABI
LIZE
RS:
MO
OD
STA
BILI
ZERS
: !!
Antic
onvu
lsan
tsAn
ticon
vuls
ants
!!An
xiol
ytic
sAn
xiol
ytic
s!!
BEN
ZOD
IAZE
PIN
ESBE
NZO
DIA
ZEPI
NES
!!O
THER
SO
THER
S
!!H
ypno
tics
Hyp
notic
s!!
BEN
ZOD
IAZE
PIN
ESBE
NZO
DIA
ZEPI
NES
!!AN
TIH
ISTA
MIN
ESAN
TIH
ISTA
MIN
ES!!
OM
EGA
OM
EGA
-- 1 1
REC
EPTO
R A
GO
NIS
TS
REC
EPTO
R A
GO
NIS
TS
!!O
THER
OTH
ER!!
Antip
sych
otic
sAn
tipsy
chot
ics
!!TY
PICA
LTY
PICA
L!!
ATYP
ICAL
ATYP
ICAL
