PSYCHODYNAMIC AND HUMANISTIC

PSYCHOTHERAPIES

OBJECTIVES To be able to define psychoanalysis ,

psychodynamic and humanistic therapy.

To be able distinguish the difference between psychodynamic, psychotherapy and psychoanalysis.

To be able to identify and define the concept essential Psychodynamic and Humanistic therapies.

To provide information regarding the application of the Psychodynamic and Humanistic Psychotherapy.

To enumerate some of the different Psychodynamic and Psychotherapy approaches

PSYCHOANALYSIS Traditional psychoanalysis stresses

the role of unconscious conflict stemming from early childhood relationships and psychological defenses against anxiety in therapy.

In developing psychoanalysis, Freud became the founder of psychotherapy, one on one treatment involving frank discussion of client’s thoughts and feelings.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION Freud described mental life as a

occurring partly at the level of conscious awareness; partly at a preconscious level, which we can become aware o f by shifting our attention; and partly at an unconscious level which we cannot experience without the use special therapy techniques.

SOME ELEMENTS COMMON TOPSYCHOANALYSIS AND

PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY

DEFENSE MECHANISM

Projection Splitting Dissociation Regression Identification Displacement Intellectualization Reaction formation Suppression Sublimation Humor Denial

Denial- denying the existence of external threat or traumatic event.

Projection- involves attributing a disturbing impulse to someone else.

Splitting - compartmentalizing experiences of the self and others so that contradictions in behavior, thought, or affect are not recognized.

Dissociation - disrupting one sense of continuity in the areas of identity, memory, consciousness or perception.

Regression – returning to an earlier phase of development or functioning.

Identification – internalizing the qualities of another person by becoming like him or her.

Displacement – shifting feelings associated with one idea, object or person to another.

Intellectualization – using excessive and abstract ideation to avoid difficult feelings.

Reaction formation – transforming an unacceptable impulse into its opposite.

Suppression – Consciously deciding not to attend to a particular feeling, state or impulse.

Humor – finding the comic and or ironic elements in difficult situations.

Sublimation – transforming socially or internally unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable expression.

TRANSFERENCE It is common, and even expected, for the client to experience feelings for the psychotherapist that are called a transference reaction; these feelings are really no different than common “love” or hate.

COUNTER TRANSFERENCE Can be considered the reverse of

transference. The term describes the

psychotherapist’s unconsciously activated reactions to the client.

If the counter-transference gets too intense the psychotherapist might have to end the treatment and refer the client to someone else, for the client’s own protection.

PSYCHIC DETERMINISM In psychoanalysis, slips of the tongue

and other unexpected verbal associations are presumed to be psychologically meaningful, as are mental images, failures of memory and a variety of other experiences.

If a client suddenly remember something that’s seems trivial or unrelated to the topic of discussions during the therapy session, the therapist assume that there is a reason this material “popped into” the clients head.

RESISTANCE

Freud defined resistance as “whatever interrupts the progress of analytic work,” such as being late, missing a session, “holding back” your thoughts in the moment (i.e., refusing to speak about them) or avoiding a particular issue.

GOALS OF PSYCHOANALYSIS

THE MAIN GOALS OF PSYCHOANALYTIC TREATMENT ARE

Intellectual and emotional insight into the underlying causes of the client’s problems

Working through or fully exploring the implications of those insights, and

Strengthening the ego’s control over the id and the superego.

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

HISTORY AND CASE FORMULATIONS

Assessment in psychoanalysis is an ongoing process that occurs over multiple sessions. The following would be especially important for psychoanalytic treatment of clients.

Historical data such as family and developmental history

Mental status, level of distress, ego strengths and deficits, and “psychological mindedness” and

Defense mechanisms, themes, or patterns of attachment difficulties in interpersonal relationships.

FREE ASSOCIATIONSThe client should say anything that

comes to mind without editing or censorship.

Clients’ current problems are revealed only gradually and indirectly in the form of memories, feelings, wishes, and impressions arising through free association.

It is the therapist’s task to try to make of these emerging bits and pieces, some of which seem unrelated and even irrelevant.

THE ROLE OF THE THERAPISTDuring therapy sessions,

traditional psychoanalysts maintain an “analytic incognito” revealing little about themselves during the course of psychotherapy.

The therapist’s likes and dislikes, problems, hopes, and, so on, remain unknown to the client.

The therapists remain opaque, much like a blank movie screen, so that clients can be free to project onto the therapist the attributes and motives that are unconsciously associated with parents and other important people in their lives.

The therapist may also explore with the client, and perhaps interpret, the motives behind the client’s desire to know more about the therapist.

Is not coldly analytical and unresponsive. Should understand the importance of creating emotional safety in the therapeutic relationship, and so they are frequently emphatic and reflective in their comments.

ANALYSIS OF EVERYDAY BEHAVIOR

The client’s description of a dream reveals its manifest content or obvious features.

Manifest content often contains features associated with the dreamer’s recent activities.

ANALYSIS OF TRANSFERENCE

When the patient-therapist relationship creates a miniature version of the causes of the client’s problems, it is called transference neurosis and becomes the central focus of analytic work

ANALYSIS OF RESISTANCE Client behaviors that interfere with the analytic process are considered signs of resistance against achieving insight.

MAKING ANALYTIC INTERPRETATIONS

Through questions and comments about the client’s behavior, free associations, dreams, and the like, the analyst guides the process of self exploration. Thus, if the client shows resistance but also offers an interpretation of what is going on.

HUMANISTIC PSYCHOTHERAPY

HUMANISTIC PSYCHOTHERAPY Emphasize conscious awareness rather

than unconscious conflict

Stress the need for the therapist to seek to understand the experiential worlds of their clients and to communicate that understanding to clients as a way of creating a therapeutic atmosphere and the therapeutic relationship

Stress the importance of clients focusing on their immediate, here-and-now experiences

The goal of the humanistic therapy became to set up the conditions that would enable patients to choose to help themselves, rather than to require a doctor to administer interventions.

Humanistic psychotherapists view humans as creative, growthful beings who, if all goes well, could consciously guide their own behavior towards their fullest potential.

When behavior disorders arise, they are usually seen as stemming from disturbances in awareness or restrictions on existence.

EXAMPLES OF HUMANISTIC APPROACHES:

Gestalt therapy Existential therapy Focusing-oriented psychotherapy

THEMES UNIFYING THE GOALS AND TECHNIQUES ASSOCIATED WITH HUMANISTIC TREATMENTS:

1. humanistic therapists assume that their clients’ lives can be understood only from the viewpoint of those clients.

2. many humanistic therapists view human beings as naturally good people able to make their own choices and determine their own destinies

3. humanistic therapists view the therapeutic relationship as the primary vehicle by which therapy achieves its benefits

4. many humanistic therapists emphasize the importance of experiencing and exploring emotions that are confusing or painful

PERSON-CENTERED THERAPYΨ developed by Carl Rogers

Ψ also called Client-centered therapy/ nondirective counseling

Ψ began to take shape after Rogers’ discovery of Otto Rank’s treatment approach: “client…is a moving cause, containing constructive forces within, which constitute a will to health…the therapist as a human being who is the remedy, not his technical skill…”

Ψ therapy as an “if…then” proposition: If the correct circumstances are created by the therapist, then the client—driven by an innate potential for growth—will spontaneously improve.

ROGERS’ PERSONALITY THEORY AND VIEW OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Phenomenology – teaches that behavior is totally determined by the phenomenal field of the person

Phenomenal field – everything experienced by the

person at any given point in time

Phenomenological theory : the basic human urge is to preserve and enhance the phenomenal self

Self – represents the experiences the person recognizes as “me”; includes values, images, memories, behavior patterns and especially current experiences

- real self and ideal self- awareness of one’s being and functioning

Self-actualization – refers to the tendency of all human beings to move forward, grow, and reach their fullest potential.

Members of the client-centered movement rely heavily on self-reports as the premiere source of information rather than on inferences from test data/ related observations

THE SELF AND CONDITIONS OF WORTH

Children’s self-concept, as they grow, develop not in isolation but in the context of relationships with other’s especially parents

Unconditional positive Regard – ideal situation in which parents are successful at communicating their acceptance (if not approval) of all of the child’s behavior and experiences.

Conditions of Worth – when parents communicate disapproval or rejection of some of the child’s behaviors and experiences, the child may experience love as conditional

the child comes to believe that acceptance depends on thinking and acting in certain ways

the ideal self is not immediately experienced as “me” but as what the child believes he/she should be

INCONGRUENCE

the discrepancy between the real self and ideal self

the conditions of worth force people to distort their real feelings or experiences

THE GOAL OF PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY

person-centered therapists do not set treatment goals for their clients instead, clients are free to select their own goals

key aim: to make clients more authentically aware of their moment-to-moment experiences

UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD the therapist cares about the client, accepts

the client, and trusts the client’s ability to change

nonpossessive caring: ideal form of unconditional positive regard; genuine positive feelings are expressed in a way that makes the clients feel valued but still free to be themselves

the therapist’s willingness to listen is an important manifestation

Rogerian therapists (patient, warm and interested in what the client has to say) do not interrupt the client or change the subject or give other signs that they would rather be doing something else

Unconditional aspect: therapist’s willingness to accept clients as they are without judging them

Therapist must separate the client’s worth as a person from the worth of the client’s behavior

Positive component: therapist’s trust in the client’s potential for growth and problem solving

EMPATHY/EMPATHIC UNDERSTANDING

The therapist must try to see the world as the client sees it

External frame of reference: therapist’s observation of the client from the outside and applying their values or psychological theories to what the client says

Reflection : serves the purposes of (a) communicating the therapist’s desire for understanding & (b) making clients more aware of their own feelings

: involves distilling and playing back the clients feelings: consists of paraphrasing and/or summarizing what a client has just said

Some Therapist Thoughts that Reflect Internal vs. External Frames of Reference

External Internal

I wonder if I should get him started talking.

You’re wanting to struggle toward normality, aren’t you?

Is this inability to get underway a type of dependence?

It’s really herd for you to get started.

Why this indecisiveness? What could be its cause?

Decision making just seems impossible for you.

What is meant by this focus on marriage & family?

You want marriage, but it doesn’t seem to you to be much of a possibility.

The crying, the “dam,” sounds as though there must be a great deal of regression.

You feel yourself brimming over w/ childish feelings.

He’s a veteran. Could he have been a psychiatric case? I feel sorry for anybody who spent 4 ½ years in the service.

To you, the Army represented stagnation.

What is this interest in children? Identification? Vague homosexuality?

Being very nice to children somehow has a meaning for you; but it was—and is—a disturbing experience for you.

CONGRUENCE

The therapist’s feelings and actions should be congruent/ consistent with one another

Refers to the therapist's openness and genuineness—the willingness to relate to clients without hiding behind a professional facade.

THE SEQUENCE OF PROGRESSTherapy sessions are usually scheduled once a week. More

frequent sessions, extra sessions, and phone calls are discouraged since these can lead to dependency.

7 Stages that the Client Undergoes

1. unwillingness to reveal self; own feelings not recognized; rigid constructs; close relationships perceived as dangerous

2. feelings sometimes described but person is still remote from own personal experience

3. still externalizes heavily but begins to show some recognition that problems and conflicts exist

4. free description of personal feelings as owned by the self; dim recognition that long-denied feelings may break into the present; loosening of personal constructs; some expression of self-responsibility; begins to risk relating to others on a feeling basis

5. free expression of feelings and acceptance of them; previously denied feelings, although fearsome, are clearly in awareness; recognition of conflicts between intellect and emotions; acceptance of personal responsibility for problems; a desire to be what one is

6. acceptance of feelings w/o need for denial; a vivid, releasing sense of experience; willingness to risk being oneself in relationships w/ others; trusts others to be accepting

7. individual now comfortable w/ experiencing self; experiences new feelings; little incongruency; ability to check validity of experience

THE NATURE OF CHANGE IN PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY

Rogers argued that as clients experience empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence in a therapeutic relationship, they become more self-aware and self-accepting, more comfortable & less defensive in interpersonal relationships, less rigid in thinking, more reliant on self-evaluation than on evaluation of others and better able to function in a wide variety of roles.

CASE FORMULATION

A person-centered therapist would not be inclined to seek personal/ family history, neither to assign a DSM diagnosis. More important to the therapist is the client’s internal perspective

ROLE OF THE THERAPIST Provide an atmosphere in which the client can

explore his thoughts and feelings about things that trouble him

Being nondirective—does not suggest topics, guide conversation or interpret the behavior; instead listens emphatically, responds reflectively and models genuineness in his own behavior toward the client

Congruence : therapist should recognize in themselves their genuine & persistent feelings toward their clients & that they may express those feelings to the clients in an appropriate way.

Irrational behavior is often rational from the client’s perspective & so the therapist seeks to expand the client’s perspective rather than change the client’s behavior.

Mobilizing the client’s critical intelligence : Bohart’s term for the client’s growing interest in exploring his internal perspective

The process of person-centered therapy is designed to develop a greater sense of self-trust.

OTHER HUMANISTIC

APPROACHES

Gestalt TherapyGestalt therapy is a complex

psychological system that stresses the development of client self-awareness and personal responsibility.

Frederick (Fritz) Perls

was the figure who was most closely identified with the development of the Gestalt therapy. It is the best- known humanistic treatment.

with family, at work, school, friends). The focus of therapy is more on what is happening (the moment-to-moment process) than what is being discussed (th Central to the Gestalt therapy is the conceptualization of the person as an organized whole, not as disjointed collection of emotion, cognitions, and behaviors.

The goal of Gestalt therapy is to raise clients' awareness regarding how they function in their environment e content).

Awareness is being alert to what are the most

important events in clients' lives and their environment with full sensorimotor, emotional, cognitive, and energy support.

Support

is defined as anything that makes contact with or withdrawal from with the environment possible.

Gestalt therapist seeks to reestablish clients’ stalled growth process by helping them (a) become aware of feelings they have disowned but that are a genuine part of them, and (b) recognize feelings and values they think are genuine part of themselves but in fact are borrowed from other people.

Gestalt therapists are much more dramatic than in the person-centered treatment.

Focus on the here and nowTherapeutic progress is made by

keeping the client in contact with their feelings as they occur in the here and now.

The concept of the here and now is what is being done, thought, and felt at the moment, and not in the past or the future.

Role –Playing (Gestalt game)Through role playing or part-taking,

clients explore inner conflicts and experience the symptoms, interpersonal games, and psychological defenses they have developed to keep those conflicts and various other aspects of their selves out of the awareness. By asking clients to “become” their resistance to change.

Empty chair technique- therapists encourage clients to talk to the imagined to be seated in a nearby chair.

Unmailed letter technique- clients would write but do not send a letter in which they express important but previously unspoken feelings.

Frustrating the client

Another way of self exploration which helps the clients gives up their maladaptive interpersonal roles and games.

hot seat- done during an individual or group therapy, a Gestalt therapist would focus on the manipulative aspect of the statement, which seems to contain the message.

Nonverbal cues/ behaviorGestalt therapists pay attention to

what clients’ say and what they do, because the nonverbal channel contradicts the client’s words

The rulesCommunication is in the present tense

(looking backward or forward is discouraged.)

Communication be between equals (one talks with, not at).

The participants use “I” language rather than “it” language (to encourage acceptance of responsibility).

The clients continually focus on immediate experience.

There is no gossip (talking about someone rather than to him).

Questions are discouraged.

Moral aspectsRules for patients to live by:

Live now. Live here. Stop imagining Stop unnecessary thinking Express directly- do not explain, judge, or

manipulate. Be aware of both the pleasant and the

unpleasant. Reject all “should” and “ought” that are not

your own. Take complete responsibility for your actions,

thoughts, and feelings. Surrender to being what you really are.

Existential PsychotherapiesThis therapy helps clients to

explore fully what it means to be alive. It also stresses the immense freedom that human beings have to make sense of their lives.

It tries to understand the client’s inner world, frames of reference, and a flow of experiences. They do not try to formulate diagnoses or objective descriptions instead existential humanistic therapists stress freedom, experiential reflection, and responsibility.

The goal of therapy. The ultimate goal of the existential psychotherapy is to help the individual reach a point at which awareness and decision making can be expected responsibly

Logotherapy- one of the most widely known forms of existential therapy. A technique that encourages the client to find meaning in what appears to be a callous, uncaring, and meaningless world.

Postmodern Humanistic Approaches

This therapy share much with the psychodynamic postmodern and relational approaches and with existential approaches. The emphasis in the therapy is on helping clients “re-author their life narratives or experiment with new constructions of the self and relationship that afford more hopeful possibilities for the future”.

PSYCHODYNAMICS

PSYCHODYNAMICS

was developed by Sigmund Freud. Freud suggested that psychological processes are flows of psychological energy in a complex brain, establishing "psychodynamics" on the basis of psychological energy, which he referred to as libido.

The psychodynamic psychotherapy is a less intensive form compared to classical psychoanalysis practiced by strict Freudians, demanding sessions only once weekly instead of 3-5 times weekly which was typical for traditional psychoanalysts.

PSYCHODYNAMICS DIVIDED INTO 2 PARTS interaction of

emotional forces: the interaction of the emotional and motivational forces that affect behavior and mental states, especially on a subconscious level

inner forces affecting behavior: the study of the emotional and motivational forces that affect behavior and states of mind;

HISTORY

Psychodynamics was initially developed by Ernst von Brücke, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler and Melanie Klein. By the mid 1940s and into the 1950s, the general application of the "psychodynamic theory" had been well established.

In his 1988 book Introduction to Psychodynamics - a New Synthesis, psychologist Mardi J. Horowitz states that his own interest and fascination with psychodynamics began during the 1950s, when he heard Ralph Greenson, a popular local psychoanalyst who spoke to the public on topics such as “People who Hate”, speak on the radio at UCLA. In his radio discussion, according to Horowitz, he “vividly described neurotic behavior and unconscious mental processes and linked psychodynamics theory directly to everyday life.”

In the 1950s, American psychiatrist Eric Berne built on Freud's psychodynamic model, particularly that of the "ego states", to develop a psychology of human interactions called transactional analysis which, according to physician James R. Allen, is a "cognitive behavioral approach to treatment and that it is a very effective way of dealing with internal models of self and others as well as other psychodynamic issues."[12] The theory was popularized in the 1964 book Games People Play, a book that sold five million copies, giving way to such catch phrases as “Boy, has he got your number!”.

FREUDIAN PSYCHODYNAMICS Freud greatly admired Brücke and quickly

became indoctrinated by this new dynamic physiology. Thanks to Freud’s singular genius, he was to discover some twenty years later that the laws of dynamics could be applied to man’s personality as well as to his body. When he made his discovery Freud proceeded to create a dynamic psychology. A dynamic psychology is one that studies the transformations and exchanges of energy within the personality. This was Freud’s greatest achievement, and one of the greatest achievements in modern science, It is certainly a crucial event in the history of psychology.

JUNGIAN PSYCHODYNAMICS contributions in psychodynamic psychology include: The psyche tends toward wholeness. The self is composed of the ego, the personal

unconscious, the collective unconscious.[15] The collective unconscious contains the archetypes which manifest in ways particular to each individual.

Archetypes are composed of dynamic tensions and arise spontaneously in the individual and collective psyche. Archetypes are autonomous energies common to the human species. They give the psyche its dynamic properties and help organize it. Their effects can be seen in many forms and across cultures.

The Transcendent Function: The emergence of the third resolves the split between dynamic polar tensions within the archetypal structure.

The recognition of the spiritual dimension of the human psyche.

The role of images which spontaneously arise in the human psyche (images include the interconnection between affect, images, and instinct) to communicate the dynamic processes taking place in the personal and collective unconscious, images which can be used to help the ego move in the direction of psychic wholeness.

Recognition of the multiplicity of psyche and psychic life, that there are several organizing principles within the psyche, and that they are at times in conflict.

POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

In positive psychology, the psychodynamic conception of flow is defined as a conscious state of mind in harmonious order. In simple terms, it is a state in which people are so involved in an activity that nothing else seems to matter; the experience itself is so enjoyable that people will do it even at great costs, for the sake of doing it. In other words, in positive psychology, flow is a state of mental activity or operation in which the person is fully immersed in what he or she is doing, characterized by energized focus, full involvement, and success in the process of the activity.

The concept of flow in relation to mental contentment was developed by American psychologist Mihály Csíkszentmihályi who, beginning in the 1970s, interviewed and studied hundreds of successful people, such as musicians, athletes, artists, chess masters, and surgeons. In his studies, he made people wear “flow timers” in which at various randomized times during their workday a timer would go off and they document their flow state on paper. Among his many books on this subject, the pinnacle publication was the 1990 book Flow – the Psychology of Optimal Experience, which introduced the world to the psychological concept of flow and optimal experience. In this book, he states that “our perceptions about our lives are the outcome of many forces that shape our experience, each having an impact on whether we feel good or bad.”

HISTORY OF PSYCHODYANAMIC APPROACH

* Anna O a patient of Dr. Joseph Breuer (Freud's mentor and friend) from 1800 to 1882 suffered from hysteria.

* In 1895 Breuer and his assistant, Sigmund Freud, wrote a book, Studies on Hysteria. In it they explained their theory: Every hysteria is the result of a traumatic experience, one that cannot be integrated into the person's understanding of the world.

* By 1896 Freud had found the key to his own system, naming it psychoanalysis. In it he had replaced hypnosis with "free association."

* In 1900 Freud published his first major work, The Interpretation of Dreams, which established the importance of psychoanalytical movement.

* In 1902 Freud founded the Psychological Wednesday Society, later transformed into the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. As the organization grew, Freud established an inner circle of devoted followers, the so-called "Committee" (including Sàndor Ferenczi, and Hanns Sachs (standing) Otto Rank, Karl Abraham, Max Eitingon, and Ernest Jones).

* Freud and his colleagues came to Massachusetts in 1909 to lecture on their new methods of understanding mental illness. Those in attendance included some of the country's most important intellectual figures, such as William James, Franz Boas, and Adolf Meyer.

* In the years following the visit to the United States, the International Psychoanalytic Association was founded. Freud designated Carl Jung as his successor to lead the Association, and chapters were created in major cities in Europe and elsewhere. Regular meetings or congresses were held to discuss the theory, therapy, and cultural applications of the new discipline.

* Jung's study on schizophrenia, The Psychology of Dementia Praecox, led him into collaboration with Sigmund Freud.

* Jung's close collaboration with Freud lasted until 1913. Jung had become increasingly critical of Freud's exclusively sexual definition of libido and incest. The publication of Jung's Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido (known in English as The Psychology of the Unconscious) ted to a final break.

* Following his emergence from this period of crisis, Jung developed his own theories systematically under the name of Analytical Psychology. Jung's concepts of the collective unconscious and of the archetypes led him to explore religion in the East and West, myths, alchemy, and later flying saucers.

* Anna Freud (Freud's daughter) became a major force in British psychology, specializing in the application of psychoanalysis to children. Among her best known works is The Ego and the Mechanism of Defense (1936)

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH SUMMARY

Collective Unconscious (Jung)

Psychosexual Development (Freud)

Unconscious Mind (Freud)

Tripartite Personality Defence Mechanisms

(Freud) Psychosocial Develop

ment (Erikson)

Case Studies (Little Hans)

Dream Analysis Free Association Projective Tests

(TAT, Rorschach) Slips of the Tongue

(parapraxes) Hypnosis

Key features Methodology

The major causes of behavior have their origin in the unconscious

Psychic determinism: all behavior has a cause/reason

Behavior is motivated by instinctual drives (eros & thanatos)

Different parts of the unconscious mind are in constant struggle

Our behavior and feelings as adults (including psychological problems) are rooted in our childhood experiences

Gender Role Development

Therapy (Psychoanalysis)

Attachment (Bowlby) Moral Development

(super-ego) Aggression

(Displacement / Thanatos)

Personality (Erikson, Freud)

Basic Assumptions Areas of Application

Made the Case Study method popular in psychology

Defense Mechanisms Free association Projective Tests (TAT,

Rorschach) Highlighted the

importance of Childhood Highlighted the

importance of the unconscious mind

Dream analysis

Case Studies - Subjective / Cannot generalize results

Unscientific (lacks empirical support)

Too Deterministic (little free-will)

Biased Sample (e.g. middle aged women from Vienna)

Ignores Mediational Processes (e.g. thinking, memory)

Rejects Free will (e.g. Humanism believe free will exists)

Unfalsifiable (difficult to prove wrong)

Strengths Weaknesses

PSYCHODYANAMIC THERAPHY Psychodynamic therapy assumes that

these defenses have gone wrong and are causing more harm than good, that is why you have needed to seek help. It tries to unravel them, as once again, it is assumed that once you are aware of what is really going on in your mind the feelings will not be as painful.

CURRENT Understanding and anticipating the range

of specific conscious and unconscious responses to specific sensory inputs, as images, colors, textures, sounds, etc.

Utilizing the communicative nature of movement and primal physiological gestures to affect and study specific mind-body states.

Examining the capacity for the mind and senses to directly affect physiological response and biological change.

TRIVIAS: *Why does psychotherapy take so long? There are essentially two reasons. In the practical

sense, even 12 sessions of treatment might seem like a long time, especially when compared to a 15-minute office visit with a physician. Yet these 12 sessions are really about equivalent to a weekend workshop in which you learn a new skill. For that matter, a full year of weekly psychotherapy is about equivalent to an intensive 10-day seminar. So remember that whatever you are learning—whether it is to get an education, to acquire new job skills, or to overcome depression or anxiety—the process takes hard work, commitment, and a considerable investment of time and money.

In the psychological sense, many individuals have a reluctance to speak about their deep and private inner experiences. Most likely, some of your private thoughts—the most dark and ugly ones—are so shameful and frightening that you would not reveal them to anyone, not even your own psychotherapist. Is it any wonder, then, that psychotherapy can take a really, really long time?

*The greatest hindrance to free association—and to the progress of psychotherapy itself—is the childhood experience of having to guard the things you say and do so as to avoid getting criticized by a demanding parent. When this defense continues into adulthood, it not only obstructs your capacity for honest and intimate interpersonal communication, but it also causes you to feel afraid of saying anything spontaneously in psychotherapy. Not knowing what is hidden in your unconscious, you will feel terrified that anything you say might be more revealing of the truth than you would like.

* The gentle client-centered Rogerians pioneered that now clichéd phrase, "how do you feel about that".

QUIZ It stresses the role of the unconscious conflict

stemming from early childhood relationship is called what?

What does id, ego and super ego formed when they’re together?

The idea that memories, impressions, or experiences that occur together with the client’s mind are necessary related and not random is called?

A phenomenon where a client unconsciously brings a maladaptive pattern of relating into the therapy is called?

The term describes the psychotherapist’s unconsciously activated reactions to the client is called?

Who developed psychoanalysis? Give at least one of the main goals of

psychoanalysis. It is when the client should say

everything that comes to their mind without editing or censorship?

What does the client description of a dream reveals?

When the patient-therapist relationship creates a miniature version of the cause of the client’s problem, it is called?

This psychotherapy approach view humans as creative, growthful beings who, if all goes well can consciously guide there own behavior towards their fullest potential?

This humanistic approach was originally called client-centered therapy?

It is ideal situation where parents are successful at communicating their acceptance of all the child’s behavior and experiences?

The discrepancy between the real self and the ideal self?

This involves distilling & “playing back” the client’s feeling?

A kind of technique in gestalt therapy in which therapist encourage client’s to “talk” to someone they imagined to be seated in a nearby chair?

A kind of therapy that helps the client to explore fully what it means to be alive?

The founder of gestalt therapy A technique in which client clarify and

release feelings towards significant people in their lives through unsent letters?

This therapy emphasized on the present experience and on the immediate awareness of emotions and actions?

He initially develop the psychodynamics?

He was the American psychiatrist that built on Freuds Psychodynamic model, particularly “ego states”?

He was a young Swiss psychiatrist had been following Freud’s writing

The other term for psychodynamics She begun to apply Freud’s

Psychodynamic theories of the “ ego” to study of parent- child attachment ad especially deprivation

ANSWERS1. Psychoanalysis2. Structural model of the mind3. Psychic determinism4. Transference5. Counter transference6. Sigmund Freud7. Strengthen the ego, intellectual & emotional insight,

working through implications8. Free Association9. Manifest content10. Transference neurosis11. Humanistic psychotherapy12. Person centered psychotherapy13. Unconditional positive regard14. Incongruence

15.Reflection16.Empty chair technique17.Existential psychotherapies18.Federick Perls/ Laura Perls19.Unmailed letter technique20.Gestalt therapy21.Ernest von Brucke22.Eric Berne23.Carl Jung24.Dynamic Psychology25.Anna Freud

PREPARED BY: KATIPUNAN, Denisse BULANTE, Rose Jelynn PARANAL, Jun Alexis VILLOCILLO, Jaquelyn GUIANG, Krystal Luna

Submitted to: Dr. Ryan B. Corońa