Psych Reviewer2

8/6/2019 Psych Reviewer2

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GREETINGS PROTOCOL

TEAM!

THIS REVIEWER INCLUDES THE FF:

± NERVOUS SYSTEM

± PSYCH THEORIES feat. DEVELOPMENTALSTAGES



NERVOUS SYSTEM

� CNS ± BRAIN and SPINAL CORD

� BRAIN

± Cerebrum ± Cerebellum

± Brainstem

± Limbic System



CEREBRUM

� Divided into two hemispheres

� Pineal Body/Gland

± Between the hemispheres

± Endocrine gland

± Influences pituitary gland, islets of Langerhans, parathyroids, adrenals and

gonads� Corpus Callosum

± Pathway connecting two hemispheres



FOUR LOBES

� FRONTAL

± Organization of thought, body movement,

memories, emotions, moral behavior

± Integration : arousal, focuses attention,

enables problem solving and decision making

± Affected in Schizophrenia, ADHD and

Dementia



FOUR LOBES

� PARIETAL

± sensations of taste and touch, spatialorientation

� TEMPORAL ± sense of smell and hearing

± memory and emotional expressions

� OCCIPITAL ± coordinating language generation, visual

interpretation (depth perception)



CEREBELLUM

� Below the cerebrum

� Center for coordination of movements and

postural adjustments� Receives and integrates information from

all areas of the body



BRAINSTEM

� MIDBRAIN ± Connects the pons and cerebellum with the cerebrum

± Respiration, CV functions

± Includes the Reticular Activating System andExtrapyramidal System

± RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM� Motor activity, sleep consciousness and awareness

± EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM� Relayed information about movement and coordination from

brain to spinal nerves

� PONS ± Above medulla, in front of cerebrum, primary motor

pituitary



BRAINSTEM

� MEDULLA OBLONGATA

� NUCLEI FOR CN III THROUGH XII

� Locus Ceruleus ± Norepinephrine producing neurons in the

brainstem

± Stress, anxiety and impulsive behavior



LIMBIC SYSTEM

� Above the brainstem

� THALAMUS ± Activity,sensation,emotion

� HYPOTHALAMUS ± Temperature regulation, appetite control, impulsivebehavior (anger, rage, excitement), endocrinefunctions, sexual drive

� HIPPOCAMPUS

± Emotional arousal, memory� AMYGDALA

± Emotional arousal, memory



LIMBIC SYSTEM

� Disturbances:

± memory loss in dementia

± partly controlled emotions and responses inpsychotic/manic



NEUROTRANSMITTERS

� Neurotransmission

± Sending electrochemical messages from to

neuron to neuron

� Dendrites

± Projections from the cell body

� Soma/Cell Body

� Axon

± Long extended structures



NEUROTRANSMITTERS

� Chemical substances manufactured in the

neuron that aid in transmission of

information throughout the body

� Excitatory or Inhibitory



NEUROTRANSMITTERS

� DOPAMINE

± primarily in the brainstem

± control of complex movements, motivation, cognition

and regulation of emotional responses ± GENERALLY EXCITATORY

± Synthesized from TYROSINE (amino acid)

± (Schizophrenia, Parkinson¶s and other mov¶t.

disorders) ± Antipsychotics work by blocking this neurotransmitter



NEUROTRANSMITTERS

� NOREPINEPHRINE

± most prevalent in the NS

± primarily in the BRAINSTEM ± changes in attention, learning, memory, sleep

and wakefulness, mood regulation

± Some antidepressants block the reuptake of

this neurotransmitter



NEUROTRANSMITTERS

� EPINEPHRINE ± limited distribution in the brain

± FIGHT OR FLIGHT response in PNS

� SEROTONIN

± derived from TRYPTOPHAN (amino acid) ± MOSTLY INHIBITORY

± control of food intake, sleep and wakefulness, temperatureregulation, pain control, sexual behavior and regulation of emotions

± Plays impt role in anxiety, mood disorders and schizophrenia

± Contributes to DELUSIONS, HALLUCINATIONS ANDWITHDRAWN behavior in Schizophrenia

± Some antidepressants block the reuptake of thisneurotransmitter



NEUROTRANSMITTERS

� ACETYLCHOLINE

± found in brain, SC and PNS particularly at the

neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle

± EITHER EXCITATORY OR INHIBITORY

± synthesized from CHOLINE

± affect sleep wake cycle and signals muscles

to become active



NEUROTRANSMITTERS

� GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID

± INHIBITORY

± modulates other neurotransmitter systemsrather than to provide direct stimulus

± increased function: treat anxiety and induce

sleep



PSYCH THEORIES feat.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES



FREUD¶SPhase Age Focus

ORAL Birth to 18

months

Mouth,lips and tongue- major site of tension and gratification

-biting and sucking activities

ID ±present at birth

Ego gradually develops from rudimentary structure present birth.

ANAL 18-36

months

Anus and surrounding area- major source of interest

Voluntary sphincter control ± toilet training

PHALLIC/OED

IPAL

3-5 years Genitals- focus of interest, stimulation, excitement

Penis- organ of interest for both sexes

Masturbation

Penis envy (wish to possess penis)- girls

Oedipal and Electra Complex- wish to marry opposite sex parent

and get rid of same sex parent

LATENCY 5-11 or 13

years

Resolution of Oedipal Complex

Sexual drive- channeled to school activities and sports

SUPEREGO

Final stage of psychosexual development

GENITAL 11-13 years Puberty and biologic capacity for orgasm

True intimacy capacity



ERIKSON¶SStage Virtue Task

Trust vs. Mistrust

(infant)

Hope World as safe and reliable.

Relationships as nurturing, stable and dependable.

Autonomy vs.

Shame and Doubt

(toddler)

Will Sense of Control and Free Will

Initiative vs. Guilt

(pre-school)

Purpose Beginning development of conscience

Manages conflict and anxiety

Industry vs.

Inferiority (school

age)

Competen

ce

Emerging confidence in own abilities.

Pleasure in accomplishments.

Identity vs. Role

Confusion

(adolescence)

Fidelity Sense of Self and Belonging

Intimacy vs.

Isolation (young

adult)

Love Adult, loving relationships and meaningful attachments



ERIKSON¶S

Stage Virtue Task

Generativity vs.

Stagnation (middle

adult)

Care Creative and Productive

Establishing the next generation

Ego integrity vs.

Despair (maturity)

Wisdom Responsibility for self and life

Documents

Psych Reviewer2