StudyGuideExam3

TEAMWORKMAKESTHEDREAMWORK(yes)

wouldibefineifijustreadthisandlookatsomequizlet?*Thisreviewsheetcoversthematerialthatyoushouldknowfromthetextbook.Youareresponsibleforeverythingcoveredinlecture.yougotthis!!!!Chapter51. Whatisconsciousness?Howdoesconsciousnessrelatetoawarenessandarousal?Whatistherelationshipbetweenthetwoconcepts?Consciousnessapersonssubjectiveexperienceoftheworldandthemind.Anindividual'sawarenessofexternaleventsandinternalsensationsunderaconditionofarousal.Awarenessincludesawarenessoftheselfandthoughtsaboutonesexperience.Arousalisthephysiologicalstateofbeingengagedwiththeenvironment.Arousalreferstothewayawarenessisregulated.2. Whatismetacognition?Howisitrelatedtoconsciousness?Thinkingaboutthinking,animportantaspectofawareness.3. Whatistheoryofmind?Howisitrelatedtoconsciousness?Individualsunderstandingthattheyandothersthink,feel,perceive,andhaveprivateexperiences.Theoryofmindisessentialforsocialcapacities(suchasfeelingempathy/sympathy).Intext,relatestheoryofmindtoautism.Thosewithautismlackwelldevelopedtheoryofmindwhichiswhytheyfacesocialdifficulties.4. Whatisthedifferencebetweenhigherlevelandlowerlevelconsciousness?Higherlevelconsciousnessinvolvescontrolledprocessing,inwhichindividualsactivelyfocustheireffortsonattainingagoalthemostalertstateofconsciousness.Lowerlevelconsciousnessincludesautomaticprocessingthatrequireslittleattention,aswellasdaydreaming.5. Whatisthedifferencebetweencontrolledandautomaticprocesses?

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Incontrolledprocesses,individualsactivelyfocustheireffortstowardagoal.Automaticprocessesrequirelittleattentionanddonotinterferewithongoingactivities.6. Whyishigherlevelconsciousassociatedwithcontrolledprocessesandlowerlevelconsciousnessassociatedwithautomaticprocesses?Becausecontrolledprocessesinvolveexecutivefunctions(higherordercomplexcognitiveprocesseslikethinking,planning,andproblemsolving).Automaticprocessesarealmostreflexiveinnatureanddonotrequireanactiveeffortofattention.7. Howisexecutivefunctioninvolvedinthecontrolledprocessesofhigherlevelconsciousness?Executivefunctionissomeonescapacitytoharnesstheirconsciousnessandfocusonspecificthoughtswhileignoringothers.Thisiscalledcognitivecontrolmaintainingattentionbyreducinginterferingthoughtsandbeingcognitivelyflexible.8. Whatisanalteredstateofconsciousness?Amentalstatethatisnoticeablydifferentfromnormalawareness,rangingfromlosingonessenseofselfconsciousnesstohallucinating.9. Whatisastateofsubconsciousawareness?Howisincubationanexampleofsubconsciousawareness?Thegreatdealofbrainactivitythatoccurswithoutthatactivityimpingingonawareness.Incubationreferstothesubconsciousprocessingthatleadstoasolutiontoaproblemafterabreakfromconsciousthoughtabouttheproblem.Showsthatyourbraincankeepworkingonasolutionsubconsciouslyafteryoustopactivelythinkingaboutit.10.Whatismeantbyunconsciousthought?Unconsciousthought,accordingtoFreud,isareservoirofunacceptablewishes,feelings,andthoughtsthatarebeyondconsciousawareness.11.Whatissleep?Goodquestion.Sameaf.Anaturalstateofrestforthebodyandmindthatinvolvesthereversiblelossofconsciousness.12.Whatisacircadianrhythm?Howcanacircadianrhythmbecomedesynchronized?Dailybehavioralorphysiologicalcyclesthatinvolvethesleep/wakecycle,bodytemperature,bloodpressure,andbloodsugarlevel.Reliesheavilyonthesuprachiasmaticnucleus(SCN),whichisasmallbrainstructurethatusesinputfromtheretinato

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synchronizeitsownrhythmwiththedailycycleoflightanddark.Canbecomedesynchronizedbythingslikejetlag,changingworkshifts,andinsomnia.13.Whatarefourmajortheoriesforwhyweneedtosleep?Whatroledoesmemoryconsolidationplayinsleep?1)Animalsneedtoprotectthemselvesatnighthelpsprotectthemfrombecominganotheranimalspreyandavoidinjuryduetolowvisibility.2)Itisawaytoconserveenergyandcalories,especiallywhenfoodandwaterarescarce.Itisalsoeasierformostanimalstofindfoodandwaterwhenitislightoutsidesotheenergytheyareexpendingisbetterused.3)Itrestores,replenishes,andrebuildsthebrainandbody,whichadayswakingactivitiescanwearout.Studiesshowthatsleepdeprivationcausesaweakeningoftheimmunesystemandthatdeepsleepcanincreasecelloutput.4)Itcanaffectbrainplasticity,whichisthebrainscapacitytochangeinresponsetoexperience.Somestudiesshowthatsleepenhancessynapticconnections.Memoryconsolidationhappensduringsleepbecausethecerebralcortexisfreetoconductactivitiesthatstrengthenmemoryassociations.14.Whateffectscanchronicsleepdeprivationhave?Itcanreduceourabilitytomakehealthychoices,andcancauseagitation,abnormalmotormovements,hallucinations,andconfusion.15.Whatarethetwokindsofbrainwavesthatoccurduringwakefulconsciousness?Betawaves:indicativeofconcentrationandalertness,highfrequencyAlphawaves:moreregularwavesthatoccurinstatesofrelaxationordrowsiness.16.WhatarethefourstagesofnonREMsleep?Stageoneischaracterizedbydrowsysleepandislightsleeplastingupto10minsincludinglowfrequency/amplitudethetawaves.Stagetwoischaracterizedbyadecreaseinmuscleactivityandalackofawarenessofenvironmentlastingupto20minsincludesthetawavesinterspersedwithsleepspindles(briefhighfrequencywaves).Stage3and4(deepsleep)arecharacterizedbydeltawavesandprogressivelymoremusclerelaxation.17.Whatisstage5/REMsleep?

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Anparadoxial/activestageofsleepduringwhichdreamingoccurswhichischaracterizedbyrapideyemovements.Lastsabout10minsinfirstsleepcycleofthenightanduptoanhourinthelast.18.Whatisthenormalcyclethroughthesefivestagesofsleep?Howdoesthiscyclechangeacrossthenight?HowdoestheamountoftimethatwespendinbothREMsleepanddeep/deltasleepchangeacrossthenight?12343252ect.Overthecourseofthenightyouspendlessandlesstimeinstages3&4andmoretimeinREMsleep.60%inlightsleep,20%indeep/deltasleep,and20%inREMsleepinatypicalnight.19.Whatisinsomniaandhowcanitbehelped?Insomniaischaracterizedbyaninabilitytosleep,whetheritbeaproblemfallingasleep,wakinginthenight,orwakingtooearly.Itcanbehelpedwithmedicationandbypracticinggoodsleephabits.20.WhatisFreudstheoryofdreaming?Whatroledoesmanifestandlatentcontentplayinthistheory?Freudbelievedthatdreamsaresymbolicofourunconsciouswishes.Manifestcontentisthesurfacecontentofadream,containingdreamsymbolsthatdisguisethedreamstruemeaning.Latentcontentisthedreamshiddencontentitssubconsciousandtruemeaning.21.Whatisthecognitivetheoryofdreaming?Atheoryproposingthatdreamingcanbeunderstoodbyapplyingthesamecognitiveconceptsusedtostudythewakingmind.22.Whatistheactivationsynthesistheoryofdreaming?Atheoryproposingthatdreamingoccurswhenthecerebralcortexsynthesizesneuralsignalsgeneratedfromactivityinthelowerpartofthebrainandthatdreamsresultfromthebrainsattemptstofindlogicinrandombrainactivitythatoccursduringsleep.23.Whatisapsychoactivedrug?Drugsthatactonthenervoussystemtoaltertheconsciousness,modifyperception,andchangemood.24.Whatisdrugtolerance?Howisitrelatedtodrugabuseandaddiction?Theneedtotakeanincreasingamountofadrugtoexperiencethesameeffects,increasedconsumptioncanleadtoworsephysicalandpsychologicaldependencywhicharebothfacetsofaddiction.

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25.Whatisthedifferencebetweenphysicaldependencyonadrugandpsychologicaldependency?Howdoeseachoftheserelatetoaddiction?Physicaldependencyischaracterizedbythephysiologicalneedforadrug,whichcausesunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomssuchasphysicalpain,andacravingforthedrugwhenitisdiscontinued.Psychologicaldependenceischaracterizedbythestrongdesiretorepeattheuseofthedrugforemotionalreasons,suchasafeelingofwellbeingandareductionofstress.Bothareindicatorsofaddiction.26.Whatisdrugwithdrawal?Howisitrelatedtotoleranceanddependency?Feelingsofphysicalorpsychologicaldiscomfort/uneasethatenforcedependencyandaregenerallymoresevereastoleranceincreases.27.Whatarethethreemajortypesofpsychoactivedrugs?Stimulants,depressants,andhallucinogens.Chapter151. Howisabnormalbehaviordefined?Behaviorthatisdeviant(doesnotconformtoacceptedsocialstandards),maladaptive(interfereswithapersonsabilitytofunctioneffectivelyintheworld),orpersonallydistressfuloverarelativelylongperiodoftime(engaginginbehaviorthepersonfindstroubling).2. Whatarethefourmajorapproachestopsychologicaldisorders?1)BIOLOGICALattributespsychologicaldisorderstoorganic,internalcauseslikethebrainandgenetics.Treatedwithmedicine.2)PSYCHOLOGICALemphasizesthecontributionsofexperiences,thoughts,emotions,andpersonalitycharacteristics.Treatedwiththerap)y,emphasisonchildhoodexperienceandreward/punishment.3)SOCIOCULTURALemphasizesthesocialcontextsinwhichapersonlives,includingtheindividualsculture.Treatedwithemphasisoncultural/environment.4)BIOPSYCHOLOGICALencompassesalloftheotherapproaches,butdoesnotnecessarilyviewoneasmoreimportantthantheothers.3. Whatisthediathesisstressmodel(vulnerabilitystresshypothesis)ofpsychologicaldisorders?Atheorysuggestingthatpreexistingconditions(suchasgeneticcharacteristics,personalitydispositions,orexperiencesmayputapersonatriskofdevelopingapsychologicaldisorder.

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4. WhatisDSM5?ThefiftheditionoftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisordersthemajorclassificationofpsychologicaldisordersintheUnitedStates.1. Whatisananxietydisorder?Adisabling(uncontrollableanddisruptive)psychologicaldisordersthatfeaturemotortension,hyperactivity,andapprehensiveexpectationsandthoughts.2. Foreachofthefourfollowinganxietydisorders:GeneralizedAnxietyDisorder,PanicDisorder,SpecificPhobia,andSocialAnxietyDisordera.Whatisthenatureoftheanxiety?GADAnxietydisordermarkedbypersistentanxietyforatleast6months,andinwhichtheindividualisunabletospecifythereasonsfortheanxiety.PDmarkedbytheindividualexperiencingrecurrent,suddenonsetsofintenseterror,oftenwithoutwarningandwithnospecificcause.SPAnxietydisorderinwhichtheindividualexperiencesanirrational,overwhelming,persistentfearofaparticularobjectorsituation.SADAnxietydisorderinwhichtheindividualhasanintensefearofbeinghumiliatedorembarrassedinsocialsituations.b.WhatmajorfactorscontributetothedevelopmentofthedisorderGADGeneticpredispositions,deficiencyintheneurotransmitterGABA,respiratorysystemabnormalities,harshorimpossibleselfstandards,overlystrict/criticalparents,automaticnegativethoughtsduetostress,andahistoryofuncontrollabletraumasorstressorssuchasabusiveparents.PDGenesthatdirecttheactionofneurotransmitterssuchasnorepinephrine,GABA,andserotonin,anelevationofthebrainchemicallactate,problemswithhormoneregulation,learningprocesses,elevatedlevelsofCO2,andgender(womenaremorelikelytohaveit).SPExtremeresponsetolearnedfearassociations,experiences,memories.SADGenes,neuralcircuitrydealingwiththethalamus,amygdala,andcerebralcortex,serotonin,vulnerabilities,andoverprotectiveorrejectingparents.7. Whatisobsessivecompulsivedisorder?Whatisanobsession?Whatisacompulsion?HowdoobsessionsandcompulsionsinteractinOCD?Obsessivecompulsive disorder is a psychological disorder in which the individual has anxietyprovoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation. Obsessions are recurrent

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thoughts, and compulsions are recurrent behaviors. Individuals with OCD dwell on normal doubtsandrepeattheirbehavioralroutinessometimeshundredsoftimesaday.8. WhatarethemajorfactorscontributingtothedevelopmentofOCD?WhatistheroleofavoidancelearninginOCD?Genetics,lowlevelsofserotoninanddopamine,highlevelsofglutamate,thebrainengaginginhighlevelsofmonitoringbehavior.ThishighlevelofbrainactivationmaycontributetoindividualswithOCDhavingthefeelingthatsomethingisnotrightperhapstoomuchinfoisbeingsentfromthefrontalcortex/basalgangliatothethalamusandthiscausestheobsessive/compulsivethoughts.AvoidancelearningplaysanimportantroleinOCDbecausepeoplewithOCDareoftentryingtoavoidanegativeoutcome,andaslongastheycontinuepracticingtheOCDbehaviortheywillneverrealizethatthelackoftheoutcomeisnotcorrelatedtotheirOCDbehavior.9. Whatisposttraumaticstressdisorder?Whatarethemajorsymptomsofthisdisorder?WhatmajorfactorscontributetothedevelopmentofPTSD?PTSDisadisorderthatresultsfromatraumaticexperienced.Themajorsymptomsarehauntingmemories,nightmares,socialwithdrawal,jumpyanxiety,numbnessoffeeling,andinsomnia.10.Whatisadepressivedisorder?Anunrelentinglackofpleasureinlife11.Whatarethetwomajorsymptomsofmajordepressivedisorder?Whatarethesecondarysymptomsofdepressivedisorders?1)significantdepressiveepisodes2)reducedinterestorpleasureinactivitiesthatwereonceenjoyable3)(Secondary?)

1)Weightloss/gain2)troublesleeping/toomuch3)fatigue4)feelingworthlessorguilty5)lackofconcentration6)thoughtsofdeath7)nohistoryofmanic(euphoricmood)episodes(Thatwouldmakethisbipolar)

12.Whataretheimportantbiologicalfactorsinvolvedinmajordepression?lackofserotoninmatchedwithstresslowactivityprefrontalcortexdoesn'trespondtorewardsinenvironments,brainisstructuredsoyoudontseeopportunitiesforpleasure

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13.Whataretheimportantcognitivefactorsinvolvedindepression?Inparticular,whatistheinfluenceofdepressionof:learnedhelplessness,automaticnegativethoughts,rumination,pessimisticattributions?Theimportantcognitivefactorsinvolvedindepressionarelearnedhelplessnessnegativeexperiencesnegativefeelingsnegativeassumedattributions(causes).Learnedhelplessness:whenpeoplecannotcontrolnegativecircumstances,theymayfeelhelplessandstoptryingtochangetheirsituation.depressioncreatesnegativethoughtsthatcanresultinillogicalselfdefeatingbeliefs.Thiscanthenmagnifynegativeexperiencescanendurehelplessnesswayquickerthanintheaverageindividual.Automaticnegativethoughts:automaticnegativethoughts(aresultofdepression)cancreateillogicalselfdefeatingbeliefsthatshapetheexperiencesofindividualswhoaredepressed,magnifynegativeexperiences.Negativefeelings:DepressioncannotonlyaffectwhatyouthinkbutHOWyouthink.Depressedpeoplemayruminateonnegativeexperiencesandnegativefeelings.Negativeassumedattributions(pessimistic):Attributionsarepeople'sattemptstoexplainwhatcausedsomethingtohappendepressedindividualsoftenblamethemselvesfornegativeexperiencesandexpectthemtorecurinthefutureinternal:itsmyfaultstable:thissituationisalwaysgoingtobethiswayglobal:appliestoeverything14.Whatisbipolardisorders?WhatisbipolarIdisorderandbipolarIIdisorder?Bipolardisorders:extrememoodswingsthatincludeoneormoreepisodesofmania,anoverexcited,unrealisticallyoptimisticstateBipolarI:BipolarIissomeonewhohasextrememanicepisodesduringwhichtheymayexperiencehallucinationsBipolarII:BipolarIIissomeonewithamilderversioninwhichtheyexperiencelessextremelevelsofeuphoria15.Whatarethemajorfactorsthatcontributetothedevelopmentofbipolardisorder?Geneticsarestrong.Differencesinbrainactivity.Highlevelsnorepinephrine,lowlevelsofserotonin.16.Whatisdisruptivemooddysregulationdisorder?Whyisitacontroversialdiagnosis?Depressive disorder in children who show persistent irritability and recurrent episodes of outofcontrol behavior. Its not clear whether kids with mood swings have this disorder or aresimplykidswithmoodswings.

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17.Whatisadissociativedisorder?HowaredissociativedisordersrelatedtoPTSD?A dissociative disorder is a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the dissociation (separation) of the individuals memories and thoughts. Dissociative disorders are related to PTSD because both are thought to be rooted in extremely traumatic life events18.Whatisdissociativeamnesia?Extremememorylossthatiscausedbyextensivepsychologicalstress(1newidentity)19.Whatisdissociativeidentitydisorder?Whyisitacontroversialdiagnosis?Whatfactorscontributetothedevelopmentofthisdisorder?Dissociative identity disorder is when two or more distinctive personalities or selves, each with its own memories, behaviors and relationships (straight up Greek and Roman god shit) (2 identities). DID peaks in societies where the media shows cases like this (so like a movie about someone with multiple personalities) because of this they question how real it is. They think it may be a "social construction" people use to explain things in their life. The factors that contribute to this disorder are extraordinarily severe sexual or physical abuseduringearlychildhood20.Whatisapsychosis?Whatisschizophrenia?Whyisschizophreniaconsideredapsychoticdisorder?Psychosis:termmeaningwhenaperson'sperceptionsandthoughtsarefundamentallyremovedfromreality.Schizophrenia:aseverepsychologicaldisorderhighlydisorderedthoughtprocessesindividualssufferingfromschizophreniamaybereferredtoaspsychoticbecausetheyaresofarremovedfromreality.Itisconsideredapsychoticdisorderbecausetheaffectedindividualsarementallyremovedfromreality21.Whatisthedifferencebetweenapositiveandanegativesymptomofschizophrenia?apositivesymptomisadistortionorexcessofanormalfunctionanegativesymptomisalossofformalfunction22.Whataresomeofthepositivesymptomsofschizophrenia?1)Hallucinations(thingsseen/heardwithoutstimuli)2)delusions(false,unusualandsometimesmagicalbeliefs)3)Thoughtdisorders(bizarrethoughtprocesses,sometimestheydon'tmakesense)4)Referentialthinking(givingmeaningtomeaninglessevents)5)Movementdisorders6)Catatonia(nomovey)

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23.Whataresomeofthenegativesymptomsofschizophrenia?1)flataffect(littleornoemotion)2)socialwithdrawal3)behavioraldeficits24.Whatarethethreemajorbiologicalfactorscontributingtothedevelopmentofschizophrenia?1)Genes2)Structuralbrainabnormalities*enlargedventricles3)Neurotransmitterregulation*Highdopaminelevels25.Whatroledoesstressplayinschizophrenia?highstresslevelsmaybelinkedtoschizophreniabothmayhavesamebiologicallinkstresscanactasthetrigger.26.Whatroledosocioculturalfactorsplayinschizophrenia?earlyinterventioncanbeanimportantfactoralsononindustrializednationshavebetteroutcomesthanindustrializedbecauseofthestrongandacceptingfamilyvalues27.Whatisapersonalitydisorder?chronic,maladaptivecognitivebehavioralpatternsthatarethoroughlyintegratedintoanindividual'spersonality28.Whatarethefollowingpersonalitydisorders:antisocial,borderline,andnarcissistic?Antisocial:manipulative,deceitfulandamoral.Peoplewiththisdisorderlackempathyforothers,areegocentric,andarewillingtouseothersfortheirownpersonalgain.(regularfemmefatale)Borderline:emotionallyvolatileandunstablesenseofself.Theseindividualsarepronetomoodswings,excessiveselfcriticism,extremejudgmentsofothersandarepreoccupiedwithbeingabandoned.Narcissistic:selfaggrandizingyetoverlydependentontheexhalationsofothers.Peoplewiththisdisorderviewthemselvesasentitledandbetterthatothers.Theyshowdeficitsinempathyandinunderstandingthefeelingsofothers29.Whatfactorsincreasethelikelihoodthatsomeonewillcommitsuicide?1)Geneticfactorsareatplayparticularlylowserotoninlevelsandlowserotoninlinkedgenes

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2)psychologicaldisorders(depressionandanxiety)oradramaticevent3)socioculturalfactorsarebasicallyinsocietieswheresuicideislookeddownon,itslesslikelyChapter161. Whatisclinicalpsychology?Whatispsychotherapy?Whatissbiologicaltherapy?Clinical:theareaofpsychologythatintegratesscienceandtheorytopreventandtreatpsychologicaldisorders.Psychotherapy:Anonmedicalprocessthathelpsindividualswithpsychologicaldisordersrecognizeandovercometheirproblems.Biologicaltherapies:Treatmentsthatreduceoreliminatethesymptomsofpsychologicaldisordersbyalteringaspectsofbodyfunctioning.2. Whoisabletoprescribepsychoactivemedications?Whataretheargumentsforandagainstlettingclinicalpsychologistsprescribemedication?Psychiatrists.Support:wouldmaketreatmentmoreeffective,usuallypsychologistsfirstreactionistherapyinfavorofstrongdrugssowouldreduceprescriptions,whennotneeded.Against:Drugsaresopowerfulandaffectsomuchthattheextratrainingmustberequired,mayalsohavephysicalillnessesthatpsychologistscannottreat.3. Whatistheconceptofempiricallysupportedtreatment?Anapproachtotreatingpsychologicaldisordersthatadvocatesmakingtreatmentdecisionsbasedonthebodyofresearchthathasshownwhichtypeoftherapyworksbest.4. Howeffectivehadpsychotherapybeenfoundtobeoverall?Hasanyoneformoftherapybeenfoundtobemoreeffectivethanothers?Psychotherapyisveryeffective.Noonetherapyismoreeffective.5. Whataretheargumentsforandagainstdevelopingspecifictreatmentsforspecificdisorders?For: People for it just think it would be more precise and in turn more effective. Against: people against say that this is making therapy overly medical by trying to match techniques to diseases like medications. Might be taking away flexibility that is vital for improvement.6. Intermsofpsychotherapy,whatisthetherapeuticalliance?Whatroledocharacteristicsofthetherapistplayindetermininghoweffectivepsychotherapyis?Whatroledoestheclientplay?

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Therapeuticalliance:relationshipbetweentherapistandclient.Therapistparticipatesactively,providesgenuinesupport,monitorsqualityofrelationshipwithclient.Clientparticipatesactively,drawsonpersonalstrengths,abilities,skills,andmotivation,developsconfidenceandtrustintherapist,becomesmorehopefulandlessalienated.7. Whatdoesitmeantoclassifypsychotherapiesintermsofinsightversussymptomsandskilldevelopment?Sometreatmentsfocusongaininginsightintothedeepercausesofaproblemothersfocusonthepersonsimmediatesymptomsandonhelpingthepersondevelopspecificskillstomanagethosesymptoms.8. Whatdoesitmeantoclassifypsychotherapiesintermsofbeingdirectiveversusnondirective?Sometreatmentscallforthetherapisttobeoutspokeningivingadvice,encourageanactiveroleintheclientslifeothersprompttheclienttodrivetheinteraction,withthetherapisttakingalessactiveroleintreatment.9. Whatarethefourmajorapproachestopsychotherapy?psychodynamic,humanistic,behavioral,cognitive.10.Whatarethepsychodynamictherapies?Treatmentsthatstresstheimportanceoftheunconsciousmind,extensiveinterpretationbythetherapist,andtheroleofearlychildhoodexperiencesinthedevelopmentoftheclientsproblems.11.Whatispsychoanalysis?Howdoespsychoanalysismakeuseofbothdreamanalysisandtransference?PsychoanalysisisFreudstherapeutictechniqueforanalyzinganindividualsunconsciousthoughts.Psychoanalystsbelievethatdreamscontaininformationaboutunconsciousthoughts,wishes,conflicts.Transferenceisaclientsrelatingtothepsychoanalystinwaysthatreproduceorreliveimportantrelationshipsintheclientslife.12.Whatarethehumanistictherapies?Treatmentsuniqueintheiremphasisonpeoplesselfhealingcapacities,thatencourageclientstounderstandthemselvesandtogrowpersonally.Emphasizeconsciousthought,presentexperiences,andselffulfillment.

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13.Whatisclientcenteredtherapy?Whatisthetechniqueofactivelisteningandreflectivespeech?Withinthisformoftherapy,whatroleisplayedbyeachofthefollowing:unconditionalpositiveregard,empathy,andgenuineness?Aformofhumanistictherapy,developedbyRogers,inwhichthetherapistprovidesawarm,supportiveatmospheretoimprovetheclientsselfconceptandtoencouragetheclienttogaininsightintoproblems.Reflectivespeech:therapistmirrorstheclientsownfeelingsbacktotheclient.Unconditionalpositiveregard:therapistconstantlyrecognizestheinherentvalueoftheclient.Empathy:strivestoputhimselfintheclientsshoes,tofeeltheemotionstheclientfeels.Genuineness:Thetherapistisarealpersoninhisrelationshipwiththeclient,sharingfeelingsandnothidingbehindafacade.14.Whatarethebehaviortherapies?Treatmentsbasedonthebehavioralandsocialcognitivetheoriesoflearning,thatuseprinciplesoflearningtoreduceoreliminatemaladaptivebehavior.15.Howisclassicalconditioningusedinbehaviortherapy?Whatissystematicdesensitizationandhowisitaformofclassicalconditioning?Classicalconditioninghasbeenusedintreatingphobias.Systematicdesensitizationisamethodofbehaviortherapythattreatsanxietybyteachingtheclienttoassociatedeeprelaxationwithincreasinglyintenseanxietyproducingsituations.16.Howisoperantconditioningusedinbehaviortherapy?Whatisappliedbehavioranalysisandhowisitaformofoperantconditioning?Justasmaladaptivebehaviorsarelearned,theycanbeunlearned.Therapyinvolvesacarefulanalysisofthepersonsenvironmenttoseewhatneedsmodification.Appliedbehavioranalysisinvolvesestablishingpositivereinforcementconnectionsbetweenbehaviorsandrewardssoindividualsengageinappropriatebehaviorandextinguishinappropriatebehavior.17.Whatarethecognitivetherapies?Whatistheconceptofcognitiverestructuringandhowisitusedincognitivetherapy?Whatiseachofthefollowingcommoncognitiveerrors:ignoringcontraryevidence,overgeneralizing,negativemagnification,andabsolutistthinking?Cognitivetherapiesteachpeoplenew,moreadaptivewaysofthinkingbasedontheassumptionthatourthoughtsintervenebetweeneventsandouremotionalreactions.Selfblamingandovergeneralizedexplanationsofbadeventsareoftenpartofdepressioncycle.Contraryevidenceisignoredaspityorflatteryandisnttakenseriously.

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18.Whatiscognitivebehaviortherapy?Whatroledoeseachofthefollowingtechniquesplayincognitivebehaviortherapy:selfinstructionalmethods,reinforcingselfstatements,andselfefficacy?Cognitivebehaviortherapycombinescognitivetherapy(changingselfdefeatingthinking)withbehaviortherapy(changesbehavior). Selfinstructionalmethodsashomework,clientspracticebehaviorsthatcountertheirproblemspeoplewithdepressionkeeplogofdailysituationsandattempttoengageinactivitiesthatmakethemfeelgood.PeoplewithOCDdoanenjoyable,alternativebehaviorthatshiftstheirattentionfromgivingintotheircompulsiveurges.Theseactivitieshelpreinforceselfstatementsandselfefficacy.19.Whatistheconceptofintegrativetherapy?useofacombooftechniquesfromdifferenttherapiesbasedonthetherapist'sjudgmentofwhichparticularmethodswillprovidethegreatestbenefitfortheclient20.Whatisdialecticalbehaviortherapy?usedtotreatborderlinepersonalitydisordertakesimportantinchildhoodmemoriesemploysavarietyoftechniquesincludinghomework,cognitiveinterventions,intensiveindividualtherapy,andgroupsessionswithotherswithdisorder21.Whatisdrugtherapy?Drugtherapyisthemostwidelyusedbiomedicaltreatments.Itinvolvestheuseofadrugsintreatingpsychologicaldisordersitinvolvesantipsychoticdrugs,antianxietydrugs,antidepressants,andmoodstabilizingmedications.22.Whatisanantianxietymedication?Whydotheyneedtobeusedwithgreatcaution?Antianxietymedicationdepressescentralnervoussystemactivity(shouldnotbeusedwithalcohol),controllinganxietyandagitation.Theymaybeusedwithgreatcautionbecausetheyreducethesymptomswithoutresolvingtheunderlyingproblems.Medicationistypicallybenzodiazepinesandcanbeextremelyaddictive,mustcloselymonitorpatient.23.Whatisanantidepressant?Whatisthemostcommonlyprescribedformofantidepressant?Anantidepressantworksbyincreasingavailabilityofcertainneurotransmittersthatelevatearousalandmoodwhicharetypicallyscarcewhenoneexperiencesdepressionoranxiety.Themostcommonlyprescribeddrugs(includingProzac,Zoloft,andPaxil)blocknormalreuptakeofexcessserotoninfromsynapses.TheyarecalledSSRIs(selectiveserotoninreuptakeinhibitors)ratherthanantidepressants.

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24.Forwhatdisordersareantidepressantsprescribed?Antidepressantsareusedtotreatdepression,anxietydisorders,OCD,andPTSD.(Considercheckingthelastthree)(WouldntantidepressantsonlyincreaseserotoninandordopaminelevelswhichpeoplewithOCD,oranxietyalreadyhaveenoughof)25.Forwhatdisorderislithiumprescribed?Lithiumisamoodstabilizingmedication,andisusedtotreatbipolardisorder.26.Whatareantipsychoticdrugs?Forwhatdisordersaretheyprescribed?Whatarethemajorrisksofthisdisorder?Antipsychoticdrugsareusedtotreatschizophreniaandotherformsofseverethoughtdisorder.Theyreducepatientsoverreactionstoirrelevantstimuli.Majorrisks(sideeffects)includetardivedyskinesia(involuntarymovementoffacialmuscles)andincreaseriskofobesityanddiabetes.27.Whatiselectroconvulsiveshocktherapyandwhenisitused?Electroconvulsiveshocktherapyiswhenabriefelectriccurrentissentthroughthebrainofananesthetizedpatient.Itisusedtotreatseveredepressionintreatmentresistantpatientswhohavenotrespondedtodrugtherapy.28.Whatisgrouptherapy?Whenandwhyisitused?Grouptherapyistherapyconductedwithagroupofindividualsseekinghelp.Itisusedtosavetherapiststimeandclientsmoney,enablesotherstoseeotherssharingproblems,offersasociallaboratorytoexploresocialbehavior/developsocialskills,andprovidesfeedbackasclientstrynewwaysoflearning.29.Whatarefamilytherapyandcouplestherapy?Whenandwhyisthisapproachused?Familytherapyistherapythattreatstheentirefamilyitisusedtomakefamilymembersunderstandhowtheiractionsaffectotherfamilymembers.TheemphasisisNOTchangingtheindividualsbutchangingtheirrelationshipsandinteractions.30.Whatisthedifferencebetweenaselfhelpgroupandatherapygroup?Aselfhelpgroupistypicallyledbyitself(notherapistinvolved)whileatherapygroupisleadbyatherapist.Maytheforcebewithyoutomorrow.GoodLuckall.

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