PSY412 Foundations of Clinical Psychology

INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY:SCIENCE, PRACTICE AND ETHICSDEFINITION AND TRAINING

Assist. Prof. Merve TopcuDepartment of Psychology, Çankaya University2016-2017, Fall

Content1. APA division definition2. Basics of Clinical Psychology3. Training 4. History

1. APA Division 12 Clinical PsychologyDefinition “The field of Clinical Psychology integrates science, theory, and

practice to understand, predict, and alleviate maladjustment,

disability, and discomfort as well as to promote human adaptation,

adjustment, and personal development. Clinical Psychology focuses

on the intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social, and

behavioral aspects of human functioning across the life span, in

varying cultures, and at all socioeconomic levels.”

Türk Psikologlar Derneği – Klinik Psikoloji Birimi

2. Basics of Clinical Psychology• Features of Clinical Psychology• Emphasis on

• Science • Determinism• Empiricism• Hypothetical constructs

• Maladjustment & mental disorders• Individual & interpersonal-level • Helping

• Respect for dignity• Responsible caring• Integrity in relationships• Responsibility to society

Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005

Activities of Clinical Psychologists Administration Psychological assessment Treatment planning Consultation Diagnosis Psychotherapy Reporting Research Teaching Program development

For various pops!

2. Basics of Clinical Psychology


A day in the life of a Clinical Psychologist (Dr. Melinda Losee)Monday8:00am - check messages, e-mail, return calls9:00 - psychotherapy client10:00 - psychotherapy client11:00 - case conference -review new cases12:00 - continuing education luncheon1:00pm - intake new psychotherapy client2:00 - consult with psychiatrist re: inpatients3:00 - intake new psychotherapy client4:00 - supervision of Master’s level clinicians5:00 - paperwork


EXAMPLE


A day in the life of a Clinical Psychologist (Dr. Melinda Losee)Tuesday8:00 - exercise9:00 - check messages, return calls, prepare10:00 - score/interpret psychological testing11:00 - report writing12:00 - lunch1:00 - psychotherapy client2:00 - psychological evaluation3:00 - psychological evaluation continued4:00 - psychotherapy client5:00 - paper work/return calls


EXAMPLE

A day in the life of a Clinical Psychologist (Dr. Melinda Losee)Wednesday8:00 - check phone and e-mail, return calls9:00 - report writing10:00 – psychotherapy client11:00 – Policy Committee12:00 – Wellness Committee/lunch1:00 - consultation with inpatient psychiatry2:00 - consultation continued3:00 - consultation continued4:00 - report-writing5:00 - paper work/return calls


EXAMPLE

Distinguishing Clinical Psychology from Related Professions•Psychiatry•Clinical Social Work•Counseling Psychology•School Psychology•Consultation


3. Training in Clinical Psychology

1. Undergraduate preparation2. Graduate School3. Continuing Professional Education


3. Training in Clinical Psychology1. Undergraduate Preparation•Education in Psychology

• Basic psychology courses• Clinically-relevant must & elective courses

• Statistics and research methods

•Broad Liberal Arts Education• “Hard” sciences• Related social sciences


3. Training in Clinical Psychology2. Getting into Graduate School

• Grade Point Average (GPA)• Exams

• Graduate Record Exams (GRA) • Lisansüstü Eğitimi Giriş Sınavı (LES)• TOEFL / IELTS • Yabancı Dil Bilgisi Seviye Tespit Sınavı (YDS)

• Research experience• Clinically-relevant experience

• Volunteer work• Internship

• Letters of recommendation• Interviews



Graduate Training in Clinical Psychology

• Scientist-Practitioner Model

• Clinical-Scientist Model

• Criticisms of Scientist-Practitioner Model

• Alternative Model – Psy.D.

• Professional Schools


3. Training in Clinical PsychologyGraduate Training in Clinical Psychology


Criticisms of Boulder Model

•Training is not integrated

•Faculty are poor role-models

•Most applicants interested in practice

•Few clinical psychologist do research

•Research training not necessary to be a good clinician





Scholar Practitioner

Scientist Practitioner

Clinical Scientist

Practice

Science

Graduate Training in Clinical Psychology


3. Training in Clinical PsychologyPost-Doctoral Training

• Licensure• In USA, State Board of Psychological Examiners

• To protect the health, safety and welfare of the people of New Jersey.

• To regulate the practice of psychology.• To ensure that licensed psychologists practice professionally and

ethically.• Research/Academic Career

• 1 to 3 years of post-doctoral training experience is common• Grant-supported post-doctoral fellowships

• EuroPsy-The European qualification standard for psychologists

4. History of Clinical PsychologyAncient Roots

• Hippocrates (c. 446-377) • The first one who emphasize biopsychosocial approach• Mental disturbances by natural causes• Melancholy• Phrenitis (Menenjit)• Mania• Hysteria

• Greek Philosophers• Socrates (470-399)• Plato (428-347)

• Role of societal forces on mental disturbances• Psychological needs in development of mental disturbances

• Aristotle (384-323)• Biological determinants of mental disorders


4. History of Clinical Psychology15th – 17th centuries•1500, mental disorders by natural forces, not by witchcraft or satanic possesions

• Aslyums• Calming extreme behavior by bleeding with knives or leeches

•1700s, scientific methods in human experience• Humanity, influence of Renaissance • Use of moral therapy • Rapid increase in neurology, rapid recognition of mental

conditions• See that some conditions cannot be purely explained by biology

•1800s-2000s, assessment-based developments


18th - 20th Centuries: Laying the Groundwork • Application of scientific principles to understand ab/normal human

behavior• Wilhelm Wundt – the First psychology laboratory • Mckeen Catell – Reaction time & intelligence

• Term «mental tests»

• Measurement of Individual Differences• Emergence of Scientific Psychiatry

• Krapelin – the term «syndrome» & classification system• Hysteria and Psychological Determinism

• Jean Martin Charcot (1825-1893)• Piere Janet (1859-1947)• Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

4. History of Clinical Psychology

• Birth of the Discipline (1890-1910)• Rapid Growth of Psychology

• Wilhelm Wundt (1875)• William James (1875)• G. Stanley Hall (1883)• James McKeen Cattell (1888)

• By 1900-1940 Psychology laboratories at US Universities• APA, establihed in 1892• The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test by Alfred Binet in 1916• The Section on Clinical Psychology in 1919


Childhood: WWI through WWII• Army Alpha & Army Beta Tests • Stanford-Binet – 1916 (revised in1937)• Wechsler-Bellvue – 1939• Rorschach Inkblot Test – 1921• Thematic Apperception Test – 1938• MMPI - 1943


4. History of Clinical PsychologyChildhood: WWI through WWII APA

• 1917 – AACP forms• 1919 – AACP incorporated into APA as Section f Clinical Psychology• 1921 – Ph.D. + published research• 1926 – creates associate member status• 1937 – AAAP formed• 1939 – 618 member, 1909 associates• 1942 – goals and membership qualifications change• 1944 – AAAP votes itself out of existence, joins APA

Adolescence: Post WWII• Need for clinical psychologists• Training moneys become available• Shakow Report - 1947• Boulder Conference - 1949

4. History of Clinical PsychologyScientist- Practitioner Model

• Training in University Departments of Psychology• Trained as Scientist and Practitioners• Internship – 1 year of full-time practice• Trained in diagnosis, research and therapy• Original research required

Post-Boulder Training Growth NIMH, USPHS money available for doctoral training VA – money for internship training 1947 – 22 doctoral training programs in US 1949 – 42 doctoral training programs in US 1960 – 60 APA-accredited gradate training programs (55 NIMH funded)

4. History of Clinical PsychologyAdulthood1.Training

• Miami Beach conference 1958 – Psy.D. proposed• University of Illinois – 1968 – first Psy.D. program• California Professional School of Psychology – 1969• Vail conference – 1974 – endorsement of Psy.D. as legit• Salt Lake City, Utah – 1987

• Greater diversity in training• All graduate programs must be affiliated with regionally accredited university• Not accepted by APA

• Clinical Scientist Training proposed by Richard McFall, 1991.

4. History of Clinical PsychologyAdulthood1.Psychotherapy

• Client-Centered Therapy - Carl Rogers• Behavior Therapy – Joseph Wolpe, Hans Eysenck, B.F. Skinner• Cognitive-Behavior Therapy – Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck

• Last 50 years increasingly identified with clinical psychology• Surveys – the most commonly engaged in activity by clinical psychologists

2.Psychological Testing• Clinical Utility

• Q ‘does having assessment data on a patient actualy provide information leading clinical outcome?’

• Service evaluation• Increasing pressure to demonstrate psychological service work

4. History of Clinical PsychologyAdulthood3.Professional Practice

• Licensing vs. certification• All states create licensing/certification laws 1945-1980• Psychologists get third-party reimbursement• Private practice grows• Managed care

4.Specialization• Division 12 – Society of Clinical Psychology: Sections

• II – Clinical Geropsychology• III – Society of a Science of Clinical Psychology• IV – Clinical Psychology of Women• V. Clinical Psychology of Ethnic minorities• VI. – Emergencies and Crises• VII. – Association of Medical Psychology

• Section 1 – Clinical Child Psychology became Division 53• Section 5 – Society of Pediatric Psychology became Division 54

4. History of Clinical PsychologyAdulthood

5.Training

• 1969 – 70 APA accredited programs

• 1979 – 100

• 1989 – 157

• 1999 – over 200

• Membership

• 1999 – over 50% APA members identify themselves as clinical

• 1990’s 9 of 10 APA presidents clinical psychologists

Fin..

Documents

PSY412 Foundations of Clinical Psychology