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Characteristics of Discourse Global Structure (macrostructure):
Jill bought a new sweater. Sweater are sometimes made of wool. Wool production gives some farmers a good livelihood. Farming is a high-risk business. On the news last night, I saw a group of business executives discussing recent trends in the stock market.
The relationship between the sentences and our knowledge of the world
Characteristics of Discourse Global Structure (macrostructure):
Jill bought a new sweater. Sweater are sometimes made of wool. Wool production gives some farmers a good livelihood. Farming is a high-risk business. On the news last night, I saw a group of business executives discussing recent trends in the stock market.
Okay local structure, but each sentence isn’t relevant to an overall topic of discourse
Characteristics of Discourse Global Structure (macrostructure):
Schemas & Scripts General knowledge structures for common social
situations Genres
Narrative structure Story grammars - extension of idea of grammatical
rules, specify the organization of a story Expository structure
Different structures
Effects of world knowledge
Rocky slowly got up from the mat, planning his escape. He hesitated a moment and thought. Things were not going well. What bothered him most was being held, especially since the charges against him had been weak. He considered his present situation. The lock that held him was strong but he thought he could break it. He knew, however, that his timing would have to be perfect.
Prison escape OR Wrestling match
Effects of world knowledge Bartlett (1932)
Schema a whole package of information used to facilitate
comprehension of discourse
Read native American folk tale Participants’ memories changed to fit their
existing beliefs Added new details Changed details Deleted details
Effects of world knowledge Scripts
Generic story of situations
Go inside
Go to table
Sit down
Scene 1: Enter Scene 2: Order
Get menu
Read menu
Choose food
Give order
Scene 3: Eat
Get food
Eat food
Scene 4: Pay
Ask for check
Received check
Tip waiter
Pay check
Exit
Restaurant Script
Effects of world knowledge What happened to semantic networks?
One explanation Some representations get so strongly
associated that they get activated as an entire unit
Narrative structure
Once there was a woman. She saw a tiger’s cave. She wanted a tiger’s whisker. She put food in front of the cave. The tiger came out. She pulled out a whisker.
The story has a structure, a story grammar
Narrative structure Story grammar - can depict with a tree structure
Story
Setting Episode
Event Reaction
Goal Overt Response
Action Consequence
Event Event
Once there was a woman.
She saw a tiger’s cave.
She wanted a tiger’s whisker.
She put food in front of the cave.
The tiger came out. She pulled out a whisker.
Narrative structureThorndyke (1977) Level effect
Read more slowly but are better remembered.
She wanted a tiger’s whisker.
The tiger came out.
High hierarchy statements Lower in the hierarchy.
Trabasso & Suh (1993)
Sequential version
Once there was a girl named Betty.One day, Betty found that her mother’s birthday was coming soon.Betty really wanted to give her mother a present.Betty went to the department store.
Betty found a pretty purse.Betty bought the purse.Her mother was very happy.
Several days later, Betty saw her friend knitting.Betty was good at knitting.Betty decided to knit a sweater.Betty selected a pattern from a magazine.Betty followed the instructions in the article.Finally, Betty finished a beautiful sweater.Betty pressed the sweater.Betty folded the sweater carefully.
Betty put it in the closet for the next time she was going out.Berry was very happy.
Betty found that everything was too expensive.Betty could not buy anything.Betty felt sorry.
Betty gave the sweater to her mother.Her mother was excited when she saw the present.
Hierarchical version
Characteristics of Discourse
Test to see if structure effects whether inferences are made
How does “Betty really wanted to give her mother a present” connect up with other statements in the story?
Trabasso & Suh (1993)
Trabasso & Suh (1993)
Hierarchical version
Betty was good at knitting.Betty decided to knit a sweater.Betty selected a pattern from a magazine.Betty followed the instructions in the article.Finally, Betty finished a beautiful sweater.Betty pressed the sweater.Betty folded the sweater carefully.Betty gave the sweater to her mother.Her mother was excited when she saw the
present.
SGAAOAAOR
SE
GAOORE
S = SettingE = EventR = ReactionG = GoalO = Overt ResponseA = Action
Once there was a girl named Betty.One day, Betty found that her mother’s birthday
was coming soon.Betty really wanted to give her mother a present.Betty went to the department store.Betty found that everything was too expensive.Betty could not buy anything.Betty felt sorry.Several days later, Betty saw her friend knitting.
Trabasso & Suh (1993)
Once there was a girl named Betty.One day, Betty found that her mother’s birthday
was coming soon.Betty really wanted to give her mother a present.Betty went to the department store.Betty found that everything was too expensive.Betty could not buy anything.Betty felt sorry.Several days later, Betty saw her friend knitting.
Hierarchical version
Betty was good at knitting.Betty decided to knit a sweater.Betty selected a pattern from a magazine.Betty followed the instructions in the article.Finally, Betty finished a beautiful sweater.Betty pressed the sweater.Betty folded the sweater carefully.Betty gave the sweater to her mother.Her mother was excited when she saw the
present.
S E G A O O R
E
SGAAOAAOR
S G A A O
A A O R
SE
GAOORE
• Is a superordinate goal that motivates the subgoal of the next episode
Trabasso & Suh (1993)
Once there was a girl named Betty.One day, Betty found that her mother’s birthday
was coming soon.Betty really wanted to give her mother a present.Betty went to the department store.Betty found a pretty purse.Betty bought the purse.Her mother was very happy.Several days later, Betty saw her friend knitting.
Sequential version
Betty was good at knitting.Betty decided to knit a sweater.Betty selected a pattern from a magazine.Betty followed the instructions in the article.Finally, Betty finished a beautiful sweater.Betty pressed the sweater.Betty folded the sweater carefully.Betty put it in the closet for the next time she
was going out.Berry was very happy.
SGAAOAAO
R
SE
GAOORE
S E G A O O R
E S G A A O A A O
• The goal is already filled, so not related to the subgoal of the next episode
Trabasso & Suh (1993)
Results
In a think aloud task, participants mentioned the superordinate goal in the hierarchical condition but not the sequential condition
Story grammar structure matters Strongly support the hypothesis that readers do make
global causal connections during reading.
Expository Structure Reading texts, listening to lectures, etc.
Organized with different relationships (but can still draw a tree structure)
Relationships Collection - ideas or events related on the basis of some
commonality Causation - ideas are joined causally so that one idea is
identified as the antecedent and another as the consequence Response - ideas are joined in a problem/solution or
question/answer relationship Comparison - ideas are related by pointing out similarities and
differences Description - general ideas are explained by giving attributes
or other specific details
Discourse in memory Kintsch’s model
The Construction-Integration Model Discourse occurs in a series of cycles
As each sentence comes in it gets integrated into the discourse
In each cycle Construction phase - activate relevant concepts Integration phase - keep only the most relevant elaborations
Multiple levels of representation formed Surface form, textbase, situation model
Discourse in memory Kintsch and colleagues (1990)
Jack scanned the newspaper.Jack looked through the newspaper.Jack looked through the movie ads.Jack looked over some editorials.
It was Friday night and Jack and Melissa were bored, so they decided to catch a movie. Jack scanned the newspaper. He saw that they could just make the nine o’clock showing of the hot new romantic comedy. Off they went.
Did this sentence occur in the paragraph?Read before
Discourse in memory Kintsch’s model
Jack scanned the newspaper.
Jack scanned the newspaper
S
N VP
NPV
Surface form
Jack scanned the newspaper
S
N VP
NPV
Surface form
Discourse in memory Kintsch’s model
Jack scanned the newspaper.
Textbase
Examine
Jack Newspaper
Jack scanned the newspaper
S
N VP
NPV
Surface form
Discourse in memory Kintsch’s model
Jack scanned the newspaper.
Textbase
Examine
Jack Newspaper
Situational Model
Discourse in memory Kintsch and colleagues (1990)
Jack scanned the newspaper.Jack looked through the newspaper.Jack looked through the movie ads.Jack looked over some editorials.
It was Friday night and Jack and Melissa were bored, so they decided to catch a movie. Jack scanned the newspaper. He saw that they could just make the nine o’clock showing of the hot new romantic comedy. Off they went.
Did this sentence occur in the paragraph?Read before
Evidence for surface form
Similar meaning
If Better memory here
Discourse in memory Kintsch and colleagues (1990)
Jack scanned the newspaper.Jack looked through the newspaper.Jack looked through the movie ads.Jack looked over some editorials.
It was Friday night and Jack and Melissa were bored, so they decided to catch a movie. Jack scanned the newspaper. He saw that they could just make the nine o’clock showing of the hot new romantic comedy. Off they went.
Did this sentence occur in the paragraph?Read before
Evidence for Strong textbase
If Better memory hereAdds inference
Infers which section did he scan.
Discourse in memory Kintch and colleagues (1990)
Jack scanned the newspaper.Jack looked through the newspaper.Jack looked through the movie ads.Jack looked over some editorials.
It was Friday night and Jack and Melissa were bored, so they decided to catch a movie. Jack scanned the newspaper. He saw that they could just make the nine o’clock showing of the hot new romantic comedy. Off they went.
Did this sentence occur in the paragraph?
Evidence for Strong situation model
inconsistent
If Better memory here
consistent
Consistent with situation model.
Discourse in memory Kintch and colleagues (1990)
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 min 40 min 2 days 4 days
Delay
Trace strength
SituationalmodelTextbase
Surface form