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UNIT
2Chapter 2: The Biological Basis of Behavior
PSYCHOLOGY100: Unit 2: Weeks 2 & 3: Spring 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Enduring Issues
To what extent is behavior caused by internal processes,
as opposed to environmental factors?
Diversity-UniversalityDiversity-
Universality
Stability-ChangeStability-Change
Mind-BodyMind-Body
Nature-NurtureNature-Nurture
Person-SituationPerson-Situation
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Enduring Issues
To what extent does heredity affect behavior?
Diversity-UniversalityDiversity-
Universality
Stability-ChangeStability-Change
Mind-BodyMind-Body
Nature-NurtureNature-Nurture
Person-SituationPerson-Situation
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Enduring Issues
Does the nervous system change due to experience?
Diversity-UniversalityDiversity-
Universality
Stability-ChangeStability-Change
Mind-BodyMind-Body
Nature-NurtureNature-Nurture
Person-SituationPerson-Situation
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Enduring Issues
Are there differences between men and women in the way that the brain works?
Diversity-UniversalityDiversity-
Universality
Stability-ChangeStability-Change
Mind-BodyMind-Body
Nature-NurtureNature-Nurture
Person-SituationPerson-Situation
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Enduring Issues
What is the connection between what we experience and our biological processes?
Diversity-UniversalityDiversity-
Universality
Stability-ChangeStability-Change
Mind-BodyMind-Body
Nature-NurtureNature-Nurture
Person-SituationPerson-Situation
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Psychobiology and Neuroscience
Psychobiology:Focuses on biological bases of behavior and mental processes
Neuroscience:The study of the brain and the nervous system
Neurons: The Messengers
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Complex network of
cells that carry
information to and from all parts of the
body
ervous systemervous system
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Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
The Neuron
Terminal buttons
Axon
Cell body (soma)
MyelinDendrites
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Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Three Types of Neurons
Afferent (sensory) neurons
Efferent (motor) neurons
Association neurons (interneurons)
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Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
The Neural Impulse
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
All-or-None Law
The neuron either fires completely or it does not fire at all.
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Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
The Synapse
Terminal button
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Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Neurotransmitters
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Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Applying Psychology
• Caffeine
• Cocaine
• Antidepressants
• Botulism
• Black widow spider
• Antipsychotics
Drugs and Behavior
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Effects of Cocaine
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Neural Plasticity and Neurogenesis
Neural plasticity: Experience can change the brain structurally and chemically.
• Rosenzweig (1984)
Neurogenesis: Adult brains can produce new brain cells.
Source: From “Brain changes in response to experience” by M. R. Rosenzweig, E. L. Bennett, and M. C. Diamond. Copyright © 1972, Scientific American, Inc.
The Central Nervous System
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Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
The Organization of the Nervous System
PERIPHERAL
Autonomic Somatic
Parasympathetic Sympathetic
Brain
CENTRAL
Spinal Cord
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
The Brain
The human brain is the product of millions of years of evolution in three stages:
• Central core
• Cerebral cortex
• Limbic system
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Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
The Central Core
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Reticular formation
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Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Structures in the Hindbrain
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Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Outer surface
of the two
cerebral
hemispheres
that regulates
most complex
behavior
erebral cortexerebral cortex
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
Both the left and right hemispheres can be roughly divided into four sections.
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
The Limbic System
Limbic system: Ring of structures that plays a role in learning and emotional behavior
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Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Hemispheric Specialization
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Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
The Split-Brain Experiment
The corpus callosum is sometimes severed to reduce seizures.
• Left visual field right hemisphere
• Right visual field left hemisphere
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Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Broca’s Area & Wernicke’s Area
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Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
• Microelectrode techniques
• Macroelectrode techniques–EEG
• Structural imaging–CAT or CT scanning–MRI
• Functional imaging–EEG imaging–MEG, MSI–PET scanning–fMRI
Tools for Studying the Brain
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
The Spinal Cord
Spinal cord:
• Complex cable of neurons that runs down the spine, connecting the brain to most of the rest of the body
• Functions as a “communication superhighway”
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Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
The Spinal Cord and Reflex Action
Motor neurons
Sensory neurons
Interneurons
The Peripheral Nervous System
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Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Peripheral Nervous System
Parasympathetic
PERIPHERAL
Autonomic
Sympathetic
Somatic
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Links the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body• Afferent neurons• Efferent neurons
PERIPHERAL
Autonomic Somatic
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Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Autonomic NS: Sympathetic
“Fight or flight”
Source: Adapted from General Biology, revised edition, 1st edition by Willis Johnson, Richard A. Laubengayer, and Louis E. Delanney, Copyright © 1961. Reprinted with permission of Brooks/Cole, an
imprint of the Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning.
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Autonomic NS: Parasympathetic
Source: Adapted from General Biology, revised edition, 1st edition by Willis Johnson, Richard A. Laubengayer, and Louis E. Delanney, Copyright © 1961. Reprinted with permission of Brooks/Cole, an imprint of the Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning.
“Rest and digest”
The Endocrine System
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
The Endocrine System
Genes, Evolution, and Behavior
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Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Behavior Genetics
Genes, Evolution, and Behavior
Two different but related fields contribute to the understanding of the influence of heredity
on behavior:
Evolutionary
Psychology
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Genetics
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
B = dominant gene
Transmission of Eye Color
b = recessive gene
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Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Behavior Genetics
Animal behavior genetics• Strain studies• Selection studies
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Behavior Genetics
Human behavior genetics
•Family studies
•Twin studies– identical twins– fraternal twins
•Adoption studies
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Social Implications
New challenges have arisen as a result of our better understanding of genes.
• Modern prenatal screening can detect genetic defects; do parents have the right to abort because of this?
• Over-simplified reporting of genetic technologies in mass media can lead to misinterpretation of complex research findings.
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Copyright ©Pearson Education 2013
Evolutionary Psychology
Evolutionary psychology examines adaptive value of behaviors from an evolutionary perspective.• Darwin’s natural selection
Charles Darwin
Acknowledgments: See other PPT