Pserc Smart Grid White Paper March 2009 Adobe7

8/2/2019 Pserc Smart Grid White Paper March 2009 Adobe7

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U.S. Energy Infrastructure Investment:Large-Scale Integrated Smart Grid

Solutions with High Penetrationof Renewable Resources, Dispersed

Generation, and Customer Participation

White Paper

Power Systems Engineering Research Center

A National Science FoundationIndustry/University Cooperative Research Center

since 1996

PSERC


2/17

Intentionally Blank Page


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U.S.EnergyInfrastructureInvestment:

LargeScaleIntegratedSmartGridSolutions

withHighPenetrationofRenewable

Resources,DispersedGeneration,

andCustomerParticipation

APSERCWhitePaper

PSERCPublication0901

March2009


4/17

InformationaboutthiswhitepaperForinformationaboutthiswhitepapercontact:

VijayVittal

Director,Power

Systems

Engineering

Research

Center

IraA.FultonChairProfessor,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering

IraA.FultonSchoolofEngineering

ArizonaStateUniversity

Phone:(480)9651879

Email:[email protected]

PowerSystemsEngineeringResearchCenterThe Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSERC) is amultiuniversity Center

conductingresearchonchallengesfacingtheelectricpowerindustryandeducatingthe

nextgenerationofpowerengineers.

Ourcorepurpose: Empoweringmindstoengineerthefutureelectricenergysystem

Whatsimportanttous: Pursuing,discoveringandtransferringknowledge Producinghighlyqualifiedandtrainedengineers Collaboratinginallwedo

Moreinformation

about

PSERC

can

be

found

at

the

Centers

website:

http://www.pserc.org.PSERCcanbecontactedat:

PowerSystemsEngineeringResearchCenter

ArizonaStateUniversity

577EngineeringResearchCenter

Tempe,Arizona852875706

Phone:4809651643

Fax:4809650745

NoticeConcerningCopyrightMaterialAllpagesofthiswhitepaperincludingthecovermaybefreelycopied,distributed,and

postedonwebsites.Allusesofthisdocumentmustacknowledgeitspublicationbythe

PowerSystemsEngineeringResearchCenter.

2009BoardofRegentsofArizonaStateUniversity.Allrightsreserved.


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Power Systems Engineering Research Center

Letter from the Director

March 2009

The 21st

century will witness unprecedented growth of electricity as the dominant energy carri-

er. Such reliance on electricity requires resolution of numerous challenges related to the exist-

ing electricity grid. Much attention is being given to smart grid development in the U.S. and

around the world. In the future, the name smart grid may be associated with a period in time

in which the evolution of grid technologies moved quickly toward their convergence with com-munications, sensor, and information technologies. The goals of this evolutionary change in-

clude harmonizing old with new energy production technologies, enabling bidirectional energy

exchange between service providers and customers, and facilitating system integration across

the electricity enterprise.

This white papers purpose is to advance progress toward a future grid that is even more relia-

ble, safe, efficient, secure, resilient, flexible and economic than the present grid. PS ERC has tak-

en a step back from current discussions of particular smart grid technologies, functionality, and

standards to try to answer commonly heard questions about the vision of a smart grid and how

to make it a reality. We suggest what the next steps could be for research, development, dem-

onstration, and deployment activities that will help in achieving successful implementation ofan envisioned smart grid.

We hope that this white paper will contribute to solving the challenges in the evolution of the

legacy electric energy system to meet changing national priorities while improving service to

customers and society at-large using leading-edge concepts, architectures, technologies and

analytical tools.

Sincerely,

Vijay Vittal

Director


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AcknowledgementsandDisclaimerThiswhitepaperisintendedtopromotediscussiononthevisionofasmartgridandthetasks

neededforitstimelyimplementation.ThewhitepaperwaspreparedbythePowerSystemsEn

gineeringResearchCenter(PSERC)inanindustryuniversitycollaborativeeffort.Itscontentsdo

notnecessarily

reflect

the

views

of

any

of

the

organizations

who

are

PSERC

members,

including

thoseorganizationsofthemajorcontributorstothewhitepaper.

Themajorcontributorstothiswhitepaperwere:

LisaBeard TVA

NavinBhatt AEP

AnjanBose WashingtonStateUniversity

IanDobson UniversityofWisconsinMadison

FloydGalvan Entergy

JayGiri AREVAT&D

GeraldT.

Heydt

Arizona

State

University

WardJewell WichitaStateUniversity

MladenKezunovic TexasA&MUniversity

JimMcCalley IowaStateUniversity

SakisMeliopoulos GeorgiaTechUniversity

JamesMomoh HowardUniversity

DennisRay PSERC

PeterSauer UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana/Champaign

VijayVittal ArizonaStateUniversity

Ourthanks

go

to

others

in

PSERC

who

also

made

contributions.

PSERCacknowledges itsaffiliationwithNationalScienceFoundation Industry/UniversityCo

operativeResearchCenterprogramunderwhichPSERCwascreated.


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U.S.EnergyInfrastructureInvestment:

LargeScaleIntegratedSmartGridSolutionswithIncreasedPenetration

ofRenewableResources,DispersedGeneration,andCustomerParticipation

The evolutionary path of theU.S. electricity grid is at an historical crossroad.Decisions are

going tobemadeabout thedirectionofgriddevelopment so that itcanmeetextraordinary

economicchallenges,criticalneeds forenergysecurity,andessential requirements forasus

tainablewayoflife.Thisisadefiningmomentintermsofournationscommitmenttoprovid

ing an electric energy system, including the bulk transmission network, thatmeets societal

needsofthe21stcenturyandbeyond.Amajorevolutionarystepinthegridsdesign,planning,

andoperation isneededusingnewdesignconceptsand innovative technologies thatcanbe

integratedintoamoderninfrastructure.TheAmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentActof2009

providesopportunitiestoachievethesefarreachingobjectives.

ThiswhitepaperwascreatedbythePowerSystemEngineeringResearchCenter(PSERC),ana

tionalconsortiumofuniversities,government,andindustry.Drawingonthedifferingperspec

tivesofmembersofthatcollaborativeprovidesinsightsintohowtointegratetheoreticalcon

ceptswithpracticalconsiderations.Thepaperdescribesavisionandneededstepsforreaching

anationalobjectiveofhavingasmartgrid infrastructure.Demonstrationsofasmartgridare

neededtoidentifypossibleimprovementsandtoshoweffectivenessfromthegenerationsys

tem,tothebulktransmissionanddistributionnetworks,andfinallytothecustomerpremises.

Thevisiondescribed inthiswhitepapercanmakeasignificantcontributiontotheU.S.DOEs

effortstoleadthenationindevelopinganddeployingasmartgridsolutionthatwillefficiently

supportalowcarbonenergyinfrastructureportfolio.

Thispapersfocusisontechnologicalconsiderationsindevelopingsmartgridsolutions.Howev

er,tomaximizethebenefitsofasmartgrid,demonstrationsshouldallowforrigorousassessmentofcustomerparticipationchallenges,too. Inaddition,publicpolicyscenariosshouldbe

consideredwhentheyaffectdecisionsonsmartgridimplementation.

Thesevenobjectivesofthesmartgrid,asidentifiedbytheU.S.DOE,are:

1. Enablinginformedparticipationbycustomers2. Accommodatingallgenerationandstorageoptions3. Enablingnewproducts,services,andmarkets4. Providingthepowerqualityfortherangeofneedsinthe21stcenturyeconomy5. Optimizingassetutilizationandoperatingefficiently6. Addressingdisturbancesthroughautomatedprevention,containment,andrestora

tion

7. Operatingresilientlyagainstallhazards.


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2

Meetingthesefunctionalneedsofasmartgridwillrequireconsiderationnotonlyoftheend

statewhenasmartgridvisionisrealized,buttheevolutionaryperiodtothatstateduringwhich

thelegacyinfrastructurewillbeusedsidebysidewithnewtechnologies.

Asmartgridresearchanddevelopmentefforthastoharmonizethreeprincipalaspectsofthe

futuregrid:

Expansionoftheelectricitygridinfrastructure.Thisaspectincludes(1)buildingnewinfrastructuretoreplaceaginginfrastructurewhileexpandinggridcapacity,(2)improving

theoperationandefficiencyoftheexistinginfrastructure,and(3)developingnovelcon

cepts,technologiesandapplications.Thesmartgridwillintegraterenewablegeneration

anddistributedenergysources.Itwillalsoenablecreativeoptionsforcustomerstopar

ticipate insystemoperationsbyofferingtheir loadsandstoragecapability(suchasby

using plugin hybrid electric vehicles) as resources. Customers alsowant options for

makingtheirownusagemoreenergyandcostefficient(suchasthroughbuildingenergy

managementsystems.

Introductionof information technology, communications infrastructure,andmodernsensorsatlargescalesforbothonlineandbackofficeservicestofacilitatetheoperationandmanagementofassets.Smartgridinnovationswillexpandtheuseofcomput

ersand communications.Theywillalsoaddnew sensor technologies,databaseman

agementsystems,dataprocessingcapabilities,computernetworkingfacilities,meansof

cybersecurity,andvisualizationtoolsforassetoperatorsandmanagers.

Incorporationofnewmonitoring, control,andprotectionapplications thatare integratedandoperateseamlessly.Thesmartgridwillhavetechnologicaladvancesinmon

itoring, datatoinformation conversion and visualization technologies, and advanced

controlandprotectionschemes.Theseadvanceswillbe for integrating renewable re

sourcesand

distributed

generation,

for

supporting

customer

choices,

for

facilitating

risk

basedassetmanagementandcontrolstrategies,andfor improvingefficiencyandpro

tectionofthegrid.

Thesmartgriddemonstrationscompletedsofarhavenotbeensufficientlycomprehensive,in

tegrative,andatascalesufficienttoprovidetheinsightsneededforlargescalesmartgriddep

loyment.Mostdemonstrationprojectshavebeenlimitedtoadvancedmeteringinfrastructure

(AMI) that includes smartmeters. Demonstrations have used communications technologies

suchasbroadbandoverpower line (BPL)andwirelesscommunications, andhave testedcus

tomertechnologiesfordemandsidemanagement(DSM).

Suchdemonstrationshaveprovided insightsonportionsofacomprehensivesmartgridsolu

tion.Most

AMI

and

DSM

applications

were

limited

either

by

the

technology

(e.g.,

no

two

way

communicationbetweenthecustomerandtheutility)orbythescope(e.g.,limitedoptionsfor

controllingloadsornotestingoftimeofusepricing).Whatisneedednowisaclearvisionofa

systemwidesmartgrid.Withthatvision,itwillbepossibletoconductthenecessaryresearch,

developmentanddemonstrationofintegratedsolutionsthatmeettheoverarchingobjectiveof

enhancingperformanceoftheentiresystemranging fromthegenerationsource,tothegrid,

andfinallytothecustomer.


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Admittedlythestateofknowledgeneedstogrowontheuseofsmartgridtechnologiesatthe

bulktransmission level.Forexample,asignificanteffort indeploying technology forsynchro

nizedphasormeasurementsisunderwaythroughtheNorthAmericanSynchrophasorInitiative;

however,thebenefitsandramificationsofthistechnologyareyettobefullyexplored.

There isacriticalneedforresearch,development,anddemonstrationof largescalesolutions

thatwill

revolutionize

the

design,

planning,

and

operation

of

the

electric

energy

network.

A

largescaledemonstrationcanbeused tocomprehensivelyassessandevaluatethe feasibility

andmeritofapplyingsmartgridtechnologiesonthebulktransmissionsystem,distributionsys

tem,andcustomerpremises.Thus,thereisaneedtobroadenthefocusofthesmartgriddem

onstrationsbeyondtheexistingdistributionandcustomerorientedprojects.Aholisticperspec

tiveisneededusingasystemvisionofasmartgridthatincludesbulktransmission.

Inthiswhitepaper,asystematicapproachissuggestedtoidentifyingthechallengesofintegrat

ingamixofenergygeneration,storage,andcustomer resources;and todevelopingan inte

gratedoperationsframeworkacrosstheelectricenergyenterprise.Thisframeworkcanbeused

(1)tomeetestablishedandupdatedreliabilitycriteria,(2)tofacilitatemarketmechanisms,and

(3)to

ensure

efficiency

and

economy.

The

approach

incorporates

the

smart

grid

functions

se

lectedby theU.S.DOE. Itaddresses thePresidentsgoalof facilitatingagreeneconomyand

makingtheU.S.moreselfsufficientinmeetingitsenergyneeds.

Therearefourcrucialstepsinadvancingasmartgrid:

Defineavisionofanintegratedsolution Conceptualizetheoverallsmartgridarchitecture Conductresearchanddevelopmenttocreateanintegratedsolution Moveforwardwithstakeholdercollaborationandlargescaledemonstrations.

Thesestepsaredescribedinthenextfoursections.

I. DefineaVisionforIntegratedSystemsOperationsTheproposedvisionfor integratedsystemsoperationmustsatisfytheobjectivesofthesmart

grid, suchas those identifiedby theU.S.DOE.To satisfy theobjectives, thereneeds tobea

novelmappingofsmartgridapplicationtotheproposed infrastructure.Fig.1 illustrateshow

infrastructureandapplicationsolutionsmaybemappedtoobjectives.Thevisionneedstoes

tablishcategoriesofnewapplicationsthataremoreeffectivethantheexistingonesinachiev

ing the smartgridgoals.Thiswhitepaperplacesanemphasison researchanddevelopment

needstodefine,create,andtestnewapplicationsthatintegratetheoperationsacrosstheen

tire grid enterprise including generation, transmission, distribution, and enduse customers.

Thecoreofthenewapplicationsis integrationofmassivesourcesofdatameasuredfromthe

grid,andextractionofinformationthatcanservetheneedsofthestakeholders:marketopera

tors,generatorowners,wirescompanies,and,mostofall,customers.


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Fig.1:Mapping

Solutions

to

Objectives

Integration of smart grid solutions requires a versatile communication infrastructure that is

muchmore flexible than theexistingone.Fig.2 illustratesacommunicationsystem thatwill

providetheneededintegration.Thecommunicationrequirementsofthesmartgridaremuch

moredemandingthanofthelegacygrid.Therealtimerequirementsforexchangeofdataand

informationrequirelowlatencyandredundancyincommunicationpaths.Thebackofficedata

processing and storage requires communication support for distributed databases and

processingfacilities.Thecommunicationinfrastructurealsohastoenablethespecialprotection

schemes critical to reliable system operation and control. Recent developments of modern

communicationarchitectures,

such

as

the

North

American

Synchrophasor

Initiative

net,

are

a

stepforward,butmoreworkisneededtofullyunderstandthecommunicationrequirementsof

newapplicationsinasmartgrid.


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5

Control

Center

Substation 1

Measurement1

Measurement i

Substation

Server 1

L

A

N Executive Unit1

Executive Unit i

Substation 2

Measurement1

Measurement i

Substation

Server 2

L

A

N

Executive Unit1

Executive Unit i

Substation 3

Measurement1

Measurement i

Substation

Server 3

L

A

N

Executive Unit1

Executive Unit i

SPS 1

Power System

Communication Systems

SPS 2

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

Fig.2:CommunicationamongSystemElements

II. ConceptualizetheOverallSmartGridArchitectureAconceptualarchitectureofthesmartgridisdepictedinFig.3.Theproposedarchitecturead

vocatesa synergyof computingandphysical resources,andenvisionsa trustworthymiddle

wareprovidingservicestogridapplicationsthroughmessagepassingandtransactions.Thear

chitecturealsoaccounts forapower system infrastructureoperatingonmultiple spatialand

temporal scales.That infrastructuremust support growingpenetrationofdistributedenergy

resources.Therewillalsobethousandsofsensorsandactuatorsthatwillbeconnectedtothe

gridand

to

its

supporting

information

network.

Energy

generation,

transmission,

and

distribu

tionwillbe controlledbyanew generationof cyberenabledand cybersecureenergyman

agement systems (EMS)withahigh fidelitysupervisorycontrolanddataacquisition (SCADA)

frontend.


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6

LOADS

legacysystems

withlargeDERs

legacysystemswith

manysmallDERs

LOADS

LOADS

LOADS

Fig.3:ArchitectureforProposedIntegratedSmartGridSystem

TheinformationnetworkwillmergethecapabilitiesoftraditionalEMSandSCADAwiththenext

generationofsubstationautomationsolutions.Itwill(1)enablemultiscalenetworkedsensing

andprocessing,(2)allowtimelyinformationexchangeacrossthegrid,and(3)facilitatetheclos

ingofa largenumberofcontrol loops inrealtime.Thiswillensuretheresponsivenessofthe

commandandcontrolinfrastructureinachievingoverallsystemreliabilityandperformanceob

jectives.

III. ConductResearchandDevelopmenttoCreateanIntegratedSmartGridSolution

Muchattentionisbeingpaidtocustomerlevelsmartgriddevicesincurrentsmartgriddiscus

sions. There also needs to be planning for the implementation of a smart grid at the bulk

transmission level. Thisplanningmustaddress challenges toachievehighpenetrationof re

newableenergyresourcesatdifferentvoltageandpowerlevelsinanenvironmentwhereoper

atingmarginsaredecliningduetoloadgrowthandretirementoflegacygenerationresources.

The following tasksareneeded tocreatean integrated smartgridbulk transmissionsolution


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thatensurestheseamlessaccommodationofgreen resourcesandguarantees thatoperating

criteriawillbesatisfiedevenunderextremesystemloadingconditions.

1. Developandestablishforwardlooking,updatedoperationscriteriaincludingmethods,tools,andoperationalstructureoftheinterconnection

Regionalentities

of

the

North

American

Electric

Reliability

Corp.

(NERC)

establish

reliability

cri

teriathatarenecessaryto implement,toaugment,ortocomplywithreliabilitystandards. In

broadterms,theregionalcriteriadescribehowplanningandoperationsneedtobedonetoen

suregridreliability.Thus,thecriteriacan include,forexample,operatingpracticesandproto

cols,tools,methods,andorganizationalprocesses.Acriticalelementofanintegratedsolution

approachwillbedevelopingappropriate systemoperations criteria thataccount forvariable

power output from renewable resources. New riskbased operations criteria will also be

neededtobalanceeconomicandreliabilitygoalswhileaccountingfortheincreaseduncertainty

inthesystem.

Theupdatedoperationscriteriawillneed to includecontrolareaandbalancingareadesigns

thataccount

for

increased

penetration

of

renewables.

The

criteria

must

provide

interoperability

standardsandcriteriathatenableflexibledeploymentofnewandoldgenerationsources.The

criteriamustensurethatthegridcontinuestoberesilientunder increaseduncertaintyabout

systemconditionsandresourceavailability.

Models,operationalstructure,andanalysistoolsforstudyingrequirementsforinteroperability

standardswillbeneeded.Thesetoolsmusthavethecapabilitytoallowexaminationoflegacy

andnewcriteria,andtoquantifytheimpactofproposedcriteriaonpowersystemseconomics

andreliability,particularlyunderextremeevents.

Researchanddevelopmentshouldbeconductedinanumberofareas.

a) Measurementsandsensors:Developmentofhighbandwidth,highaccuracycurrentandvoltagetransformers,andothertypesofsensors,suchassensorsthatmonitormechan

icalvariablesof the transmission infrastructure.Phasormeasurementunitsandother

GPSenabledintelligentelectronicdeviceswillplayacriticalroleintheenvisionedsmart

gridsolution.Methodswillalsobeneededforintrasubstationdatacollectionandsto

rage.

b) Communications: A high bandwidth network capable of intrasubstation, intersubstation,andcontrolcentercommunicationwillberequired to facilitate largescale

datacollection,localprocessing,anddistilledinformationtransfer.Akeyfeatureofthis

architecturewillbecommunicationsmanagementviaadvancedmiddleware.

c) Integration of information technology: The envisioned information technology infrastructurewillalsoincludedistributeddatabasesthatrequirelocalanddistributedman

agementaddressingrealtimeandofflinerequirements.Thearchitecturereliesonlocal

processing capabilities toperformdata integration and information extraction.Cyber

securityanddata integrity issueswillneedtobeaddressedtoensurethatoperational

criteriaaremet.


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d) Monitoringandsupervisorycontrol:Theproposedsmartgridsolutionneedstoprovideadvanced visualizationand situationawareness, intelligent alarmingand alarmsman

agement, theability toquantify reliabilityandmarketperformanceasoperationaids,

andsupervisorycontrolaidsduringalertandemergencyconditions.

e) Intelligentrecoveryandrestoration:Withtheneedtomonitorandcontrolasystemondiverse

spatial

and

temporal

scales,

ahigh

degree

of

coordination,

and

automation

is

imperativewhenrestoringasystemfollowingmajoroutages.Thiswillrequiredevelop

mentof specialmonitoringmethodsandonlineanalytical toolsnot currently inuse,

andwillalso involve thedevelopmentofoperatoraids to translate restorationproce

duresintoactions.

f) Wideareacontrolandprotection:Newrequirementsforcontrolandprotectionwillresult fromthewidediversityofthedistributedenergyresources interconnectedtothe

gridatarangeofvoltagelevels.Tomanageandenhancethespeedandeffectivenessof

suchfunctions,innovationswillbeneededinsynchrophasorbasedmonitoring,relaying

andcontrol,fastutilizationofFACTSdevicesforsystemwidechangingconditions,sup

pressionof

inter

area

oscillations,

system

integrity

protection

schemes,

and

adaptive

is

landingasalastresort.

g) Onlinegridcontrolandmanagement tools:The increasingcomplexityandsizeof theelectricenergysystemwillalsonecessitatenewdevelopments in(1)faststateestima

tionthatwillreplaceSCADAdataforoperatordisplays,(2)intelligentintegrated(static,

dynamic,voltage)contingencyanalysis,(3)OPFbasedcontroldecisionsduringreliability

ormarketdeterioration, (4)direct statemeasurements that replace stateestimation,

(5)fastsimulationtechniquesforrealtimecontingencyapplications,and(6)systemre

presentation andmodeling for operations (real time) and planning (offline) applica

tions.

2. Analyzethelikelyinteractionsofrenewableresourcesandstoragewiththebulktransmissionsystem

The increased penetration of renewable resourceswill necessitate the need for largescale

energystorageatthebulktransmissionlevel.Itwillbecomplextoconductarigorousinvestiga

tion of the interactions between renewable resources and largescale storage in the bulk

transmission system.The investigationwillneed to account for the variabilityofpower and

energyoutputfromrenewableresources,andincorporateinteractionsamongdiverserenewa

bleresources(e.g.,wind,solar,andbiomass).Theeffectofrenewableresourcesandstorageon

powersystemoperationshouldbeexamined,suchasbalancingauthorityfunctions,automatic

generationcontrol,

and

market

operation.

Theseanalyseshavenotbeencarriedoutforlargescaleintegrationofrenewables.Novelana

lyticalapproachesandtoolswillhavetobedeveloped.


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3. Assesstheeffectsofhighpenetrationoflowcarbonsolutionsalongwithimplementationofpossiblepolicyscenarios(suchascapandtrade)oninvestmentandoperations,andon

economicprofitabilityandriskundertodaysmarketdesignstodeterminewhetherthose

designsneedtobechangedinthefuture

Tofacilitatethepenetrationofrenewableresources,anintegratedapproachthataccountsfor

bothsystem

operations

and

the

underlying

market

mechanisms

is

essential.

This

integrated

analysisunderplausiblefuturescenariosshouldaccountforrenewableresources,demandre

sourceprogramsenabledbyasmartgrid,massiveenergystorage,atransmissiongridbackbone

ofHVDCandHVAC technologies,andcentralstationgeneration (including legacygeneration,

andnewnuclear,cleancoal,andotherrelevantgenerationtechnologies).

4.DeveloptechnologiesandtoolstofacilitatecustomerparticipationCustomerresponsetocommunications(suchasprices)fromserviceprovidersplaysanimpor

tantroleintheschemeenvisagedforasmartgridthatisintegratingrenewablesources.Tech

nologiesandtoolsthatfacilitatecustomerparticipationmustbedevelopedandincorporatedin

thesmart

grid

vision.

This

research

activity

should

consider:

Demandsidemanagement Intelligentmetering Useofpluginhybridandallelectricvehicles Aggregationasameansofcollectiveparticipation Loadasaresource Newdesignsforinformationsharingandtransactinginanenergyexchangesystem Factorsthatdrivecustomerandbusinessadoptionofnewtechnologiesandwaysof

transacting

Businessmodelsinthenewenergyenterprise.IV. Moveforwardwithstakeholdercollaborationandlargescaledemonstra

tions

Thenext step in thepath to smartgrid implementation is toconduct largescaledemonstra

tionsusingthevisionofanintegratedsolutionandarchitecture,andtheapplicationsfromgen

erationsourcestoenduses.Largescaledemonstrationswillfacilitatecontinuingresearchand

development,testing,

and

implementation

of

proposed

solutions.

Anumberofkeystepsshouldbetakentoensureasuccessfullargescaledemonstration.

1. Engagestakeholdersfromthebeginning indefiningthescale,scope,andobjectivestothe endwhen results are evaluated and next steps are discussed. A comprehensive

smartgridsolutionwillrequiresubstantial investment intransmissionanddistribution

systems,willaffectcustomersandenergyserviceprovidersthroughoutaserviceterrito

ry,andwillrelyonmanufacturerstosupplyneededhardwareandsoftware.Themore


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10

the stakeholder collaboration is from the beginning, the less the uncertainty there

shouldbeabouttheappropriatetechnologies,andtheeffectsandacceptabilityof im

plementationofthosetechnologies. Inaddition, it isusefultoclarifysmartgriddesign

conceptsbasedondiscussionsbetweenacademicsand industryparticipants fullyen

gagedinresearchanddevelopmentaswellasdeploymentofsmartgridtechnologies.

2. Linkthescale,scopeandobjectivestothe informationneededtocommitresourcestobuildingasmartgrid.Ifthedemonstrationdoesnotfillgapsintheinformationneeded,

thentherewillstillbequestionsattheendofthedemonstrationastowhetherandhow

thesmartgridshouldbebuilt.Collaborationamongstakeholderswillbeveryimportant

inidentifyingtheinformationthatneedstobegainedfromthedemonstration.

3. Define themetricsfor evaluating the demonstrations results. The evaluationmetricsshouldbespecifiedfromthebeginningtoensurethatthenecessarydataaregathered

duringthecourseofthedemonstration.Ofcourse,themetricsshouldberelatedtothe

informationgapsthatthedemonstration isseekingtofill.Anevaluationanalysisteam

shouldbeformedasthedemonstrationisbeingplannedsothattheirinputcanbecon

sideredin

the

design.

This

team

should

be

multi

disciplinary

(such

as

engineers,

statisti

cians,consumermarketresearchers,andeconomists)toprovidethemultidisciplinary

informationneededtodecidewhetherandhowtoimplementasmartgridsolution.

4. Coordinatetheplanningofthedemonstrationwithotherdemonstrationprojects.Largescaledemonstrationprojectstakeconsiderableresourcesandtime.Efficiencyandeffec

tivenessof thedemonstrationwillbewellservedby coordinatingwithotherdemon

strationprojectsthatarebeingplannedorthatareinprogress,andbyreviewingresults

ofcompleteddemonstrationprojects.Thiscoordinationwillbefacilitatedbythecom

mondemonstrationprojectdatabasethatisbeingplannedbytheU.S.DOE.

5. Use scientific studymethodologies rather thanjust technology demonstrationswhenappropriate.Justbecauseaproposedsolutionworkstechnicallydoesnotmeanthatitisthepreferredsolution.Resultsinatechnologybaseddemonstrationmaynotbeuseable

inmaking inferencesabouthowallcustomers(betheyendusecustomers,distributed

generation customers, or other types of customers)will change their electric energy

consumptionorproductiondecisionsinresponsetoaparticularsolution.Theremayal

sobecustomeradoptionbarriersthatshouldbeconsideredindevelopingorsellingthe

solution to them.Using scientificapproacheswhereappropriate, suchas in trying to

understandcustomerresponse,couldprovideresultsthatcanbegeneralizedtoanen

tire service territory. Good estimates of customer response are needed to evaluate

smartgridsolutionsevenatthebulktransmission levelwhereplannersneedtoknow

howtransmission

flows

will

be

affected

by

customer

response

to

smart

grid

solutions.


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V. ConclusionsThefourtasksdescribedabovearecrucialtosmartgridresearchanddevelopment,demonstra

tion,andeventualdeployment.Aslearningandinnovationoccursduringthecourseofadem

onstration,changesmaybeneededinthearchitecture,thecomponents,andhowtheyarein

tegratedoperationally.

The

goal

is

to

acquire

the

best

information

possible

for

the

eventual

de

cisionsonwhetherandhowan integratedsmartgridsolutionshouldbe implemented,soad

justingdemonstrationsasneededtoprovidethatinformationcouldbeveryappropriate.

Itisalso importantthatdemonstrationsbedesignedand implementedtogaintheknowledge

neededforasystemwidedeploymentofasmartgrid.Thebulktransmissionsystemshouldbe

includedinthedesign.

Thereareagreatnumberofunknownsinmovingtowardanationalgoalofalowcarbonecon

omy.Thatuncertaintycanbereducedbyeffectivelydesignedlargescaledemonstrationsdraw

ingonresultsofresearchanddevelopmentwork.

Documents

Pserc Smart Grid White Paper March 2009 Adobe7