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Paper&prepared&for&the&2014&Political&Studies&Association&Annual&Conference:&
‘Rebels&and&Radicals’&14>16th&April&2014,&Manchester.&
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Revival,!Not!Revolution!How!China’s!Young!Urban!Protestants!
Think!About!Politics!!
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Phil!Entwistle!
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DPhil!Candidate!
Department!of!Politics!and!International!Relations!
University!of!Oxford!
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Unpublished!work!–!please!do!not!circulate.!
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Phil&Entwistle& Revival,&Not&Revolution& 2&
1.!Introduction1!
&This&paper&examines&the&question&of&how&Chinese&Protestant&Christians2&think&about&politics.&&I&intend&to&examine&this&question&through&the&lens&of&national&narrative.&In&particular,& I&ask:&how&do&individual&Protestants&think&about&the&nation&of&China&and&its&place&in&the&world?&&How&does&their&thinking&converge&with&or&diverge&from&that&of&their&demographic&peers,&and&with&the&national&narrative&promoted&by&the&party>state?&And&do&these&ways&of&thinking&translate&into&political&activity?3&&Protestant& Christianity& has& grown& rapidly& in& China& since& 1978.& & Common& wisdom&suggests&that&that&this&will&prove&a&westernising,&liberalising&and&even&democratising&force& in& Chinese& society.& & During& the& same& period,& scholars& have& also& become&increasingly&interested&in&the&perceived&rise&of&Chinese&nationalism&in&its&official&and&unofficial&forms,&a&nationalism&that&seeks&to&define&China&against&the&Western&Other.&&Yet&there&has&been&little&academic&research&into&the&intersection&of&these&trends.&&On& the& popular& level,& Journalist& David& Aikman& has& written& of& the& Chinese& dragon&being&tamed&by&the&Christian&lamb,&arguing&that&Christianity&will&cause&China&to&act&more& responsibly& on& the& international& stage.4&& A& recently>leaked& Communist& Party&Central& Committee&document& takes& a&more&negative& angle,& claiming& that,& ‘Foreign&hostile&forces&have&put&even&greater&emphasis&[on]&using&religion&to&infiltrate&China&to& carry& out& their& political& plot& to& westernise& and& divide&China,’& and& singling& out&Christianity&as&worthy&of&particular&concern.5&&This&study&holds&these&ideas&up&to&social&scientific&scrutiny&by&examining&the&national&narrative(s)&of&young,&middle>class&Protestant&Christians& in&Beijing&and&Shenzhen.& & I&argue& that& when& Christians& and& those& of& other& affiliations& talk& about& ‘China’& as& a&nation,&they&are&generally&talking&about&the&same&concept.&&&&However,&relative&to&their&demographic&peers&of&other&or&no&religious&affiliation,&my&Protestant& Christian& respondents& are& more& critical& of& China’s& current& political&arrangements&and&more&approving&of&democracy;&are&less&concerned&with&economic&growth;&are&less&hawkish&on&international&and&territorial&issues;&are&more&concerned&about&the&moral&state&of&Chinese&society;&and&are&more&concerned&with&the&spread&and&growth&of&Christian&faith&in&China.&
&On& the& first& three& issues,& Protestants’& political& views& are&more& divergent& from& the&priorities&embedded&in&the&party>state’s&national&narrative&–&a&strong,&CCP>led&state,&economic&growth,&territorial&sovereignty,&and& international&assertiveness&>& than&are&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&1&This& research& was& made& possible& by& a& generous& grant& from& the& Chiang& Ching>Kuo& Foundation& for& Scholarly&Exchange.&&2&As&this&study&focuses&on&Protestants,&I&use&‘Christian’&and&‘Protestant’&interchangeably&in&this&article.&3&I&will& touch&upon& this& last& question&only& briefly,& as& I& know& that&my& colleague& and& fellow&panellist& Yu& Tao&will&discuss&the&effect&of&religious&belief&on&collective&political&action,&albeit& in&a&somewhat&different&context&to&that&studied&by&my&research.&4&Aikman&2005,&286>287.&&5&Document&of&the&General&Office&of&the&Central&Committee&of&the&Communist&Party&of&China&Zhong&Ban&Fa&No.&18&2011.&
Phil&Entwistle& Revival,&Not&Revolution& 3&
those&of&their&demographic&peers.&&Christians&share&the&party>state’s&concerns&about&Chinese& society’s& perceived& moral& problems.& & However,& the& way& they& talk& about&these& problems& differs& in& important& ways& from& party>state& discourse:& for& several&Christian&respondents,&China’s&party>state&is&part&of&the&problem;&and&the&solution&is&to&promote&spiritual&revival&via&the&spread&of&Christianity.&&Overall,& then,& Christians& could& be& described& as& holding& a& more& critical& national&narrative&relative&to&their&demographic&peers.&&I&will&then&make&the&causal&argument&that&rather&than&Christian&belief&causing&people&to& embrace& politically& contrarian& values,& it& is& those& who& are& disaffected& with& the&political&and&social&status&quo&who&are&most&likely&to&be&drawn&to&Christianity.&&&&I& conclude& by& arguing& that& growth& of& Christianity& amongst& China’s& young& urban&professionals& may& be& the& symptom& of& a& wider& value& shift& in& Chinese& society:& the&emergence& of& generation& whose& priorities& differ& in& important& ways& from& those& of&party>state.& & If,& therefore,& it& is&to&maintain& its&hold&on&power,&the&Communist&Party&will& need& to& develop& a& legitimating& national& narrative& rooted& in& values& other& than&economic&growth,&nationalism,&and&political&stability.&&2.!The!Concept!of!‘National!Narrative’!
&I&define&‘national&narrative’&loosely&as&the&way&that&people&think&about&their&nation&>&its&form&and&history,&its¤t&condition&and&place&in&the&world,&and&its&future.&&It&is&both& descriptive& (‘the& nation& is….’)& and& normative& (‘the& nation& should….’).& & & & A&national&narrative&could&roughly&be÷d&into&two&aspects:&&i. National& identity& –& What& ‘loci& of& identification’6&does& the& individual& use& to&
define&the&nation?&&What&are&the&‘hard’&and&‘soft’&boundaries7&of&membership&of&this& ‘imagined& community’8?& & And& how& does& the& individual& define& his& or& her&relationship&to&that&community?&
&ii. The&state&of&the&nation&–&What&are&the&key&issues&the&nation&is¤tly&facing?&&
How&should&the&nation&be&governed&and&handle&its&international&relations?&&Do&the&nation’s¤t&political&configurations&best&benefit&the&nation?&What&is&the&ideal&future&vision&for&the&nation?&
&National&narratives&are&narrated&by&numerous&actors:&state&rulers,&sub>state&or&trans>state& nationalists& agitating& for& their& own& nation>statehood,& individuals,& and& even&outside&observers.&&It& is& important& to&distinguish& the&concepts&of& ‘national&narrative’&and& ‘nationalism’.&&Nationalism& is& a& political& project& that& firstly& privileges& national& identity& over& other&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&6&Duara&1996,&44.&7&Duara&1996,&49.&8&Anderson&1991.&
Phil&Entwistle& Revival,&Not&Revolution& 4&
identities& such& as& religion,& race,& class,& gender& or& political& belief. 9 && However,&nationalists&do&use&and&combine& these& secondary& identities& to&delineate& the& ‘hard’&and&‘soft’&boundaries&of&their&nation,&defining&who&is&included&and&who&is&excluded.10&&Secondly,&nationalism&seeks&to&achieve&self>determination&for&the&nation&in&question&over& a& territory& it& views& as& rightfully& its& own,& preferably& in& the& guise& of& a& nation>state.11&Nationalism&can&be&irredentist&(India),&separatist&(Catalonia,&Tibet,&Scotland),&or&supportive&of&the&territorial&status&quo&(USA).&&A&national&narrative&can&be&nationalistic,&but& it& is¬&necessarily& so.& &An& individual&may&tell&the&story&of&her&nation&before&stating&that&she&feels&little&attachment&to&it,&or&does& not& consider& membership& of& the& national& community& to& be& as& important& as&other& communities& to&which& she&belongs.& & Similarly,& she&may¬& place& that&much&importance&upon&seeking&national&self>determination,&nor&support&those&who&do.&&3.!Literature!review:!China,!national!narrative,!and!Christianity!
&Many&scholars&have&analysed&the&perceived&prominence&of&nationalism&in&reform>era&China,&both&as&a&defining&feature&of&the&party>state’s&national&narrative,&and&also&as&a&tenet&of&popular&political&thought&in&wider&Chinese&society.&&&&Suisheng&Zhao&has&argued&that&nationalism’s&rise&has&been&due&to&the&Party>state’s&instrumental&promotion&of&‘Patriotic&Education’&as&a&way&of&shoring&up&its&legitimacy&in&the&wake&of&Tiananmen.12&&Anne>Marie&Brady&takes&a&similar&line,&stating&that&the&aim&of&official&nationalist&propaganda&in&the&years&following&1989&has&been&to&form&a&link&in&Chinese&citizens’&minds,&&
‘whereby& the& CCP>controlled& PRC& is& China& and& all& it& represents;&hence&to&criticize&or&attack&the&state&in&anyway&[sic]&is&to&be&a&traitor&to&China&(hanjian)&and&a&collaborator&(maiguozei).’13&
&Edward&Vickers& investigates& the&content&of&Patriotic&Education&classes&by&analysing&the& content& of& upper>middle& school& textbooks.&14&& Similarly& to& Zhao& and& Brady,& he&concludes&that&the&Party>state&promotes&nationalism&through&the&education&system&as&a&way&of&uniting&China’s&population&behind&a&strong&state&and&legitimating&unjust&socio>economic&arrangements&by&subordinating&all&other&considerations&to&the&goal&of&enhanced&state&power.&&Susan& Shirk& and& Peter&Hays&Gries& take&more& bottom>up& perspectives& arguing& that,&conversely,&it&is&popular&nationalism&which&forces&the&Party>state&into&taking&certain&nationalistic&foreign&policy&positions&in&order&to&stay&legitimate.15&
&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&9&Geertz&1994.&10&Duara&1996;&Marx&2002.&11&Gellner&2006;&Kedourie&1993;&Anderson&1991.&12&Zhao&2004.&13&Brady&2008,&100.&14&Vickers&2009.&15&Shirk&2008.&
Phil&Entwistle& Revival,&Not&Revolution& 5&
Alastair& Ian& Johnston’s& use& of& survey& data& to& argue& that& middle>class& residents& of&Beijing& have& less& ‘nationalistic’& views& on& foreign& policy& relative& to& lower>income&groups& in& terms& of& attitudes& towards& free& trade,& support& for& interdependence,&support&for&military&expenditure,&and°ree&of&‘amity’&for&the&USA.16&&Numerous&studies&have&examined&the&way&in&which&the&party>state&propaganda&has&linked& individual& conduct& and& national& strength& with& concepts& such& as& suzhi17 ,&morality,& and& civilisation,& as& well& as& a& recent& re>emphasis& on& traditional& Chinese&cultural&values.18&&Implicit&in&this&is&the&party>state’s&awareness&of&the&serious&threats&that&perceived&moral&decay&and&corruption&pose&to&the&wellbeing&of&China’s&citizens&and&their&trust&in&the&ruling&Communist&Party.&&From& the& above& literature,& it& is& possible& to& discern& several& key& emphases& of& the&official&national&narrative:&&a&strong,&CCP>led&state;19&territorial&sovereignty,&including&over&Taiwan,&Tibet,&Xinjiang,& and& the&Diaoyu& Islands;20&economic&growth&and& social&stability,& leading&to&economic&and&military&strength;21&a&rhetoric&of&victimisation&by,&and&hostility& towards,& Japan&and& the&USA;22&and&a& concern&with& the&moral& state&of&society&and&the&suzhi&of&its&citizens.23&
&Historically& speaking,& Christianity& has& often& been& seen& as& at& odds& with& Chinese&nationalism.& Late& Qing>dynasty& intellectuals& argued& that& it& was& heretical& and&antithetical& to& Chinese& culture 24 ;& the& May& Fourth& Movement& and& later& the&Communist& Party& dismissed& religion& as& superstitious& and& detrimental& to& China’s&modernisation.25&&Early&nationalist& leaders& such&as&Sun&Yat>sen,&Soong&Mei>ling&and&Chiang& Kai>Shek& embraced& Christianity26 ;& but& following& Mao’s& victory& over& the&Kuomintang,&Christians&came&under&political&suspicion&for&their&perceived&links&to&the&West&and&their&ability&to&organise&independently&of&the&state,&a& line&of&thinking&still&evident&in&Document&18"ed&above.&&Few& studies& on& national& narrative& and& Christianity& in& present>day& China& exist.&&However,& there& is& much& scholarship& on& the& relationship& between& Protestantism,&society&and&the&state.&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&16&Johnston& 2004.& I& find& Johnston’s& use& of& ‘liberal’& and& ‘nationalistic’& as& two& ends& of& a& spectrum& is& highly&problematic,&as&liberal&nationalism&–&the&adherence&to&liberal&views&about&domestic&politics&and&hawkish&views&of&international&politics&–&is&a&phenomenon&that&has&been&observed&in&China&(Zhao&2004).&17&Suzhi&(5@)&is&often&translated&into&English&as&‘quality’&but&that&fails&to&capture&the&complexity&of&a&term&that&carries& a&wide& and& contested& range& of& associations,& such& as& education,& politeness,& refinement,& sophistication,&publicðics,&and&even&chastity.&See&Fong&2007.&18&Fong&2007;&Holbig&and&Gilley&2010;&Kipnis&2006.&19&Brady&2008;&Vickers&2009;&Zhao&2004.&20&Brady&2008.&21&Brady&2008;&Vickers&2009.&22&Brady& 2008;&Vickers& 2009.& The&party>state’s& hawkish&narrative&has& not& always& been& followed&up&by&hawkish&foreign&policy&actions;&indeed,&this&was&one&of&the&complaints&raised&by&some&of&my&respondents&(IVN14a,&SIVN03,&IVN04b1b).&23&Fong&2007;&Kipnis&2006.&24&Cohen&1963.&25&Hodous&1930.&26&Chiang&1968.&
Phil&Entwistle& Revival,&Not&Revolution& 6&
Writing&shortly&after&the&1989&Tiananmen&Square&demonstrations,&Alan&Hunter&and&Kim>Kwong&Chan&observed&that&despite& their& seeming& ‘apolitical&quietism’,&Chinese&Christians’& decision& to& convert& ‘may& be& a& symbolic& rejection& of& official& ideology.’27&&Fenggang&Yang&analyses&the&growth&of&Christianity&among&young&urban&professionals,&arguing& that& in& becoming& Christians& they& are& aligning& themselves& with& something&they& see& as& ‘progressive,& liberating,& modern& and& universal’& which& offers& them&security&and&peace&against&a&background&of&‘bewildering&market&forces&and&a&stifling&political& atmosphere.’ 28 && Similarly,& Gerda& Wielander& argues& that& people& have&embraced&Christianity&as&a&response&to&the&perceived&hedonism&and&nihilism&present&in&Chinese&society&since&the&1980s.29&&4.!Methodology!
&The& findings& outlined& in& this& paper& come& from& 100& in>depth& semi>structured&interviews&carried&out& in&Beijing&and&Shenzhen& in&2011&and&2012.& &All& respondents&were&aged&between&20&and&40,&had&graduated&from&university,&and&were&working&in&what& could& be& loosely& defined& as& white>collar& jobs.& & This& demographic& group& is&accessible&to&the&researcher,&at&the&forefront&of&China’s&social&changes,&and&is&one&in&which&the&number&of&Christian&believers&has&been&growing.&&Respondents& were& contacted& via& a& peer>referral& method& known& as& respondent>driven& sampling,& a& variant& of& snowball& sampling.30&& 50& of& my& respondents& were&Christian&and,&for&comparative&purposes,&50&belonged&to&a&control&group&consisting&of&those&of&other&or&no&religious&affiliation.31&&&&I& interviewed&each& respondent& for& about& two&hours,& recording& the& interview&when&permitted.&&To&get&a&gist&of&respondents’&overall&opinions&I&performed&a&basic&content&analysis,& coding& the& answers& to& each& question& and& counting& the& number& of&respondents& in&each&group,&Christian&and&control,&who&mentioned&an& issue.& & If& the&difference& between& the& answers& given& by& the& different& groups& of& respondents& is&large32 &and& replicated& in& both& Beijing& and& Shenzhen& over& a& number& of& similar&questions,&then&the&greater&the&chance&is&that&we&are&observing&a&real&difference&in&opinion.& & Having& gained& an& idea& of& the& themes& and& issues& that& respondents& had&raised,&and&their&relative&salience,&I&then&investigated&further,&examining&the&answers&that& individual& respondents& had& given& in& order& to& gain& a& deeper& understanding& of&their&opinions&and&the&reasoning&behind&them.&&At& this& point& it& is& necessary& to& note& that& at& no& point& do& I& claim& that& all& of& my&respondents&share&the&points&I&highlight&unanimously;&neither&do&I&contend&that&the&party>state&and&its&actors&are&100%&consistent&in&the&‘official&national&narrative’&they&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&27&Hunter&and&Chan&1993,&273,&278.&28&Yang&2005,&425.&29&Wielander&2013.&30&Heckathorn&1997.&31&18& control& group& members& had& no& religion,& 5& were& Buddhists,& 1& was& investigating& Buddhism& and& 1& was&investigating&Christianity,&both&of&the&latter&with&a&view&to&conversion.&32&In&this&study&I&take&a&difference&of&over&10%&as&potentially&interesting;&I&then&look&to&see&if&it&has&been&replicated&in&both&cities,&and&in&answers&to&similar&questions.&&
Phil&Entwistle& Revival,&Not&Revolution& 7&
recount.&&What&I&am&saying&is&that&by&picking&out&points&of&common&concern&–&points&which& interview& respondents& themselves& repeatedly& and& consistently& raised& >& a&coherent&narrative&emerges&from&amongst&Christian&respondents;&I&do¬&claim&that&all&respondents&agree&to&every&tenet&of&that&narrative.&&&&5.!Findings!
&The&numerical&data&for&the&following&findings&can&be&found&in&Table&2.&&
i. Similar!definitions!of!‘China’!
&The& first& point& to& note& is& that,& despite& several& features& of& Christians’& national&narrative&diverging& from& that&of& official& nationalism&and& that&of& their& demographic&peers,& there& was& very& little& apparent& disagreement& over& the& definition& of& what&counted& as& ‘China’& and&of&what& it&meant& to& be&Chinese.& & In& other&words,& they& are&talking&about&the&same&thing&in&different&ways,¬&about&different&things.&&When& asked& ‘What& does& China& mean& to& you?’& and& ‘What& is& the& meaning& or&significance& of& being& Chinese?’,& there& were& common& points& raised& by& high&proportions&of&both&groups&in&answer&to&this&question&–&for&example,&the&ideas&that&China&was& the&motherland33,& the&place&where& the& respondent& grew&up34,& and& that&had& distinctive& culture& and& traditions35&–& were& raised& by& similar& proportions& of&respondents& from&both&groups,&or& showed&no&discernible&pattern&of&variation&over&the&two&groups&and&the&two&questions.&&A& clear& pattern& of& difference& between& Christians& and& their& demographic& peers& did&emerge&in&two&areas:&on&the&sense&of&responsibility&towards&China36&and&the&calling&to&preach&the&gospel&to&China37.&&I&will&discuss&these&below.&&
ii. Disaffection!with!political!status!quo!and!positive!about!democracy!
&The&second&area&to¬e&is&that&Christians&are&less&satisfied&with&China’s&government&and&politics&and&more&positive&about&democracy.&&&&I&presented&respondents&with&a&hypothetical&dialogue&asking&whether&they&thought&the&Chinese&political&system&was:&
a) good&and&should¬&be&changed;&b) not&ideal&and&should&be&changed,&but¬&yet;&c) not&good,&and&should&be&changed.&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&33&32%&of&Christians,&30%&of&the&comparison&group.&34&32%&of&Christians&and&16%&of&the&comparison&group&gave&this&answer&to&the&question,&‘What&does&China&mean&to&you?’&35&6%&of&Christians&and&22%&of&the&comparison&group&gave&this&answer&to&the&question,&‘What&does&China&mean&to&you?’;&21%&of&Christians&and&26%&of&the&comparison&group&gave&this&answer&to&the&question:&‘What&does&it&mean&to&be&Chinese?’&36&23%&of&Christians&and&0%&of&the&comparison&group&gave&this&answer&to&the&question:&‘What&does&it&mean&to&be&Chinese?’&37&21%&of&Christians&and&0%&of&the&comparison&group&gave&this&answer&to&the&question:&‘What&does&it&mean&to&be&Chinese?’&
Phil&Entwistle& Revival,&Not&Revolution& 8&
&A&63%&majority&of&the&Christians&who&were&asked&said&that&the&system&was¬&good&and&should&be&changed,&whereas&a&plurality&of&50%&of&those&of&other&affiliations&said&that& the& system&was& not& ideal& and& should& be& changed,& but& not& yet.& & It& should& be¬ed&that&several&respondents&who&advocated&change&supplemented&their&answer&by&saying&that&the&type&of&change&they&hoped&for&was&gradual&and&reformist&rather&than&immediate&and&revolutionary38:&
‘I& think& that& [China’s]& politics& has& lots& of& places& that& need& to& be&improved.&But&I&certainly&cannot&suddenly&bring&a&big&revolution&to&thoroughly& turn& [things]& over& [�C],& I& think& this& is& an& impossible&and& unrealistic& [�,�]& method.& I& hope& that& we& can& have&more&democracy&and&more&freedom&step&by&step,&then&we&will&be&able&to&draw& lessons& from& some& of& the& West's& experiences,& and& then&improve&our&politics.’39&
&When&asked&their&opinions&of&the¢ral&government,&whilst&similar&proportions&of&both&groups&voiced&praise,&a&much&higher&proportion&of&Christians&voiced&criticisms&(69%&compared&to&38%&of&the&comparison&group).& &On&the&question&of&the&political&system&as&a&whole,&more&Christians&said&it&was&autocratic&(39%&compared&to&24%&of&the&comparison&group)&and&needed&to&be&restricted&by&rule&of&law&(18%&to&4%&of&the&comparison&group).& &Christians&were& less&forthcoming&with&praise&when&asked&their&opinion&of&the&Communist&Party&–&Only&22%&of&Christian&respondents&voiced&positive&opinions,&compared&to&54%&of&the&comparison&group.&&Christian&respondents&were&also&more&likely&to&disassociate&loving&the&country&from&loving&the&Party.&&When&asked&if&they&agreed&with&the&statement&‘To&love&the&country&is& to& love& the& Party,’40&more& Christians& than& non>Christians& chose& the& ‘No’& option.&&When&asked&what&‘China’&meant&to&him,&one&respondent&answered:&
‘I’m& very& proud& to& be& Chinese,& because& [China& has]& a& very& long&history,&a&glorious&cultural&history.& &This& land&has&also&birthed&and&nourished& me.& & So& I'm& a& patriot& [+�9],& but& when& I& love& my&country& it& doesn't& necessarily&mean& I& love&my& government& or& the&ruling&Party,&I&only&love&the&country.&I&could&also&say&that&I&want&to&do& lots&of& things& for&my&country& […];& that& is& to& say,& the&benefit&of&the&country&[...]&ranks&very&highly&in&my&heart.&&My&level&of&trust&in&the&ruling&Party&and&government&is&lower&and&lower.’41&&
!
iii. Less!concern!with!economic!issues!
&It& was& amongst& respondents& of& other& affiliations& that& economic& issues&were&more&frequently&raised.&&On&the&question,&‘What&do&you&hope&China&will&be&like&in&20&years’&time?’,& none& of& the& 50& Christians& interviewed& said& ‘more& economic& growth’,&compared&to&38%&of&their&demographic&peers.& &On&the&personal& level,& in&answering&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&38&e.g.&IVC04b2,&IVC05,&IVC011211,&IVC0112131&39&SIVC01b11&40&This&question&took&the&form&of&a&hypothetical&dialogue.&See&Table&3&for&details.&41&IVC05&
Phil&Entwistle& Revival,&Not&Revolution& 9&
the&question&‘Do&you&have&an&ideal&or&goal&for&20&years'&time?’,&fewer&Christians&(10%&compared&to&36%&of&their&demographic&peers)&mentioned&some&kind&of&material&or&financial&goal&such&as&earning&more&money&or&buying&a&house.&&When&asked,&‘What&is&it&about&China&that&makes&you&proud?’,&fewer&Christians&(23%)&than& those& of& other& affiliations& (36%)& mentioned& economic& growth,& although& in&Shenzhen& the& difference& was& admittedly& small& (27%& of& Christians& and& 36%& of& the&comparison& group).& & As& I&will& discuss&with& reference& to&Christians’&moral& concerns,&many&respondents,&particularly&Christian&ones,&expressed&concern&that&economic&and&material&goals&had&become&too&important&in&China:&
‘In&China&at& the&moment,&people’s& thinking& is& restricted&to&certain&things.& For& example,& everyone& wants& to& buy& a& flat,& or& everyone&thinks& “I&want& to& earn& a& bit&more&money”,& or& everyone& thinks,& “I&want&to&study&more,&to&gain&a&higher°ree,”&so& I&think&that&now&everyone's&thinking&is&very&limited&[…].&&But,&in&the&future,&after&I've&got&the&flat,&will&things&be&better?&&Or&after&I've&earned&more&salary,&will& things&go&better?&Or&after& I've&got&a&bit&more&education,&will& I&be& happier?& & Actually,& nobody& has& future& ideals;& everyone& just&wants&to&first&get&these&things&into&their&hands.’42&
&iv. International!and!territorial!doveishness!
&In&general,&Christians&were&less&hawkish&than&their&demographic&peers&on&the&issues&highlighted&by&the&literature&on&Chinese&nationalism43&as&areas&of&typical&nationalist&concern,&namely:&China’s&international&position,&its&relations&with&the&USA&and&Japan,&and&the&Taiwan&issue.44&&&&Firstly,&in&answering&the&question,&‘What&do&you&hope&China&will&be&like&in&20&years’&time?’,&more&non>Christians&than&Christians&(22%&to&0%)&said&they&hoped&that&China’s&international&standing&would&improve.&&In&contrast,&Christians&viewed&this&as&less&of&a&priority:&
‘Actually& I&think&that&economically,&[…]&China's&economy&is&already&very& good,& I& hope& that& the&government&will& be&able& to& care&more&about&the&people&and¬&only&care&about&getting&to&the&moon,¬&care&about&China&building&the&world's&tallest&building.& & I&hope&that&people's& salaries& and& their& purchasing& power& [A��]& will& all& be&very& good,& I& hope& that& I& won't& see& […]& the& government& only&seeming&to&care&about&how&many&gold&medals& [China&wins]& in&the&Olympics.& But& actually& our& own& public& welfare& benefits& [2�],&recently&I&feel&have&been&reduced.’45&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&42&IVC06&43&Brady&2008;&Shirk&2008;&Vickers&2009.&44&In& the& middle& of& my& research& trip& the& issue& of& China’s& island& maritime& disputes& came& into& prominence.&&Although&I&did¬&include&a&question&on&these&issues,&respondents&would&frequently&mention&them&and&comment&on&them.&45&SIVC06b&
Phil&Entwistle& Revival,&Not&Revolution& 10&
The&respondent&then&went&on&to&discuss&Shenzhen’s&hosting&of&the&2011&Universiade&and&how&it&used&up&a&lot&of&public&money&that&could&have&been&put&towards&pensions.&
&When&asked&their&opinions&on&the&USA,&significant&proportions&of&both&Christians&and&non>Christians&(28%&and&36%)&commented&negatively&on&its&international&behaviour.&&However,&fewer&Christians&(6%&compared&to&24%&of&the&comparison&group),&said&that&America&was& the&hegemon& (H&�HE),& the&world&police& (�->�)&or& the&boss&(7�).&&&&When&asked&their&opinion&of&Japan,&more&non>Christians&than&Christians&(56%&to&33%)&raised&the& issue&of& Japan’s& invasion&of&China,&or& its&antagonistic&history&with&China.&&For&Christians,&however,& this&was&still& the&most&common&issue&raised.& &When&asked&whether&China&should&forgive&Japan&for&the&atrocities&it&carried&out&against&China,&or&whether& it& should& pay& a& price,& more& Christians& (64%& compared& to& 32%& of& the&comparison&group)&said&that&China&should&forgive&Japan.&
&On&the&question&of&Taiwan,&more&than&twice&the&proportion&of&non>Christians& than&Christians&(58%&to&25%)&stated&explicitly&that&Taiwan&is&part&of&China.&&A&considerable&proportion&of&both&groups&said&that&they&hoped&for,&or&predicted&unification&(32%&of&those& of& other& affiliations,& 25%& of& Christians).& & However,& as& also& described& above,&more& Christians& had& positive& opinions& of& Taiwanese& politics& and& society& (19%&compared&to&6%&of&the&comparison&group):&
‘Taiwan&is&part&of&China,&I&think&that&no&matter&whether&it's&in&terms&of& history& or& culture,& […]& it’s& like& this.& Even& if& it& says,& “I'm& not& a&country”&or&whatever& Taiwanese&people,& those&people,& think,& but&at& the& very& least& [in& terms& of]& cultural& links& [Taiwanese& and&mainlanders]&are&all&one& race& [3#],& they're&all& the&same&people.&But&nevertheless&Taiwan,&compared&to&the&mainland,&is&more&open,&more&democratic.&Also,&their&civil&society& is&more&robust&than&that&of&the&mainland.&If&you&now&want&to&tell&them&that&they&should&let&the&mainland&unify&with&them,&I&think&if&I&were&a&Taiwanese&person,&I& wouldn't& accept& this.& Because& the& two& sides& already& have& too&many& differences& in& terms& of& political& structure.& & If& you& use& one&political&form&to&unite&them,&I&think&this&is¬&realistic.’46&
!
v. Moral!critique!
&Many&respondents& in&both&groups&raised& issues&of&morality& in&China.&However,& this&concern&was&particularly&pronounced&amongst&the&Christian&respondents.&&When& asked,& ‘What& do& you& hope& China& will& be& like& in& 20& years’& time?’,& more&Christians&highlighted&‘moral&issues’&as&loosely&defined&(46%&compared&to&20%&of&the&comparison&group).47&&Likewise,& to&the&question& ‘What&aspects&of&China&that&makes&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&46&IVC0112131&47&This&was&a&condensed&category,&under&which&the&following&were&coded&moral&issues:&Morality&in&general&(E�);&the&problems&of&materialism&and&utilitarianism;&lack&of&love,&compassion&and&close&relationships&between&people;&
Phil&Entwistle& Revival,&Not&Revolution& 11&
you&feel&ashamed?’,&more&Christians&mentioned&Chinese&people’s&perceived&negative&characteristics&and&behaviour48&(72%&to&46%&respectively).&For&both&groups,&however,&this&was& the&most& common& concern& raised.&More&Christians& raised&morality& as& the&biggest&issue&facing&China&(27%&compared&to&4%&of&the&comparison&group).&&As&mentioned& above,& there&was& a& shared& concern&with&materialism,& utilitarianism,&and&a&sense&of&normlessness&Chinese&in&society49:&
‘Chinese&society& is&at&what&seems&to&be&the&end&of&an&era;& lots&of&past&Chinese&culture,&and&things&everyone&used&to&approve&of,&are&no&more,& they’ve& been& smashed.& & New& things& have& not& yet& been&established,&there’s&no&new&consensus;&[the&only&new&consensus&is]&“Ah,&we&want&GDP,&we&want& to&earn&money.”& […]&China& is& totally&restless& [*B]& […],& it& doesn’t& know&what& it&wants& to&do,& it’s& very&similar&to&everybody’s&own&situations&–&that&is&to&say,&very&busy,&but&without& knowing& what& the& future& goal& is.& & China& appears& to& be&becoming& a& superpower,& but& what& are& the& responsibilities& [that&come&with]&becoming&a&superpower?&No>one&knows.&[…]&America,&when&it&was&establishing& itself&as&a&country&[��.$],&wanted&to& illuminate& the&world& spiritually& and&morally;& but& China& doesn’t&have& these& kinds& of& ideals.& […]&Most& individuals& don’t& have& these&kinds&of&ideals,&either.’&50&
&Respondents& discussed& ways& in& which& they& perceive& this& normlessness,& or& lack& of&moral&baseline&(E��6)&to&be&manifesting&itself&in&society51:&lying52,&corruption53,&food&safety&scandals54,&a&lack&of&compassion&between&people55,&and&passers>by&who&refuse&to&help&people&on&the&street&for&fear&of&being&cheated&out&of&money.56&
&It& should,& however& be& noted,& that& in& the& midst& of& all& the& negativity,& respondents&showed&a&high& level&of&pride& in&Chinese&people’s&good&characteristics.&When&asked&‘What& is& it&about&China&that&makes&you&feel&proud?’,&55%&of&Christians&and&56%&of&their&demographic&peers&mentioned& the&positive& characteristics&of&Chinese&people,&such&as&hard&work57,&filial&piety58,&cleverness59,&endurance60,&and&kindness.61&&Despite&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&a& lack& of& ideals& or& focus;& and& issues& of& sexual&morality.& Corruption& (both& governmental& and& commercial)& was&coded&as&a&separate&category.&48&This&category&included&negative&behavioural&traits&that&the&respondent&did¬&explicitly&link&to&lack&of&suzhi&or&morality:&greed,&money&worship,&throwing&litter,&and¬&helping&other&people.&49&IVC011,&IVC04b1,&IVC05,&IVC06,&IVC01111&50&IVC011&51&Many&of&the&following&concerns&are&mentioned&and&analysed&by&Yan&2011.&52&IVC01121,&IVC01122,&SIVC01b1,&SIVC01b2,&SIVC01b3,&SIVC06a,&SIVN06aa11,&SIVN081&53&IVC031,& IVC04,& IVC04b,& IVC11221,& IVC112133,& SIVC01b2,& SIVC01b112,& SIVC01c2,& SIVN03,& SIVN09a,& SIVN09b,&SIVN09c&54&IVC04b,&IVC06,&SIVC01b113,&SIVC01c1,&SIVC01c21,&SIVC06a,&SIVN02a2,&SIVN04,&SIVN09b&55&IVC01121,&IVC011213,&IVC0112111,&IVC0112133,&SIVC01c&56&IVC011213,&IVC0112133&57&IVC04b3,& IVC01111,& IVC01122,& IVN0921,& IVN101,& IVN102,& SIVC01b,& SIVC01b1,& SIVC01c,& SIVC01c1,& SIVC2,&SIVC07c1,&SIVN02a,&SIVN06a1,&SIVN06a11,&SIVN082,&SIVN09a1&58&IVN09,&IVN11,&SIVC01c21,&SIVC06b,&SIVC07c1,&SIVC07b1,&SIVN02a1,&SIVN06a&59&IVC05,&IVN102,&IVN112,&SIVC01b111,&SIVC07b,&SIVN09b,&&60&IVC011,&IVC01111,&IVC011211,&SIVC01b,&SIVC01b2,&SIVC01c,&SIVN06a11,&SIVN09c,&SIVN09d,&SIVN09a1&61&IVN14a,&SIVC01b113,&SIVC01c1&
Phil&Entwistle& Revival,&Not&Revolution& 12&
all& the& talk&of&moral& turmoil,& for&many& respondents,&Christians&and&others,& there& is&still& a& lot& of& goodness& and& good& people& in& China.62&& Indeed,& it& is& often& out& of& the&contrast&with& the&good& characteristics&of&Chinese&people& that&moral&worries& about&China& arise.& & Rapid& economic& and& social& change,& and& before& that,& the& Cultural&Revolution&are&seen&as&having&caused&damage&to&what&many&perceive&to&be&China’s&good&traditional&values.63&
&From&this&analysis,&therefore,&a&nuanced&picture&emerges:&The&traditional&values&and&characteristics&of&the&Chinese&people&are&generally&good.&However,&these&values&have&been&damaged&first&of&all&by&the&Cultural&Revolution,&and&then&by&rapid&economic&and&social&change.& & In&Chinese&society,& there& is&now&a&pervasive&sense&of&normlessness,&and&a& lack&of&moral& framework&or&common&value&system.& &This&has& led&people& into&the& blind& pursuit& of& money& and& interests& at& the& expense& of& others,& and& has&manifested&itself&in&all&sorts&of&undesirable&social&phenomena.&Whilst&these&concerns&were&shared&by&respondents&from&both&groups,&it&was&amongst&the&Christian&sample&that&these&issues&were&more&frequently&raised.&&In& this& respect,&a&greater&number&of&Christian& respondents&echoed& the&concerns&of&the&party>state’s&national&narrative®arding&the&moral&state&of&Chinese&society.&&For&example,&in&his&speech&on&19th&August&2013,&Xi&Jinping&is&alleged&to&have&said:&
Among& our& Party& members& and& cadre& teams,& lack& of& belief& is& a&problem&that&needs&to&attract&high&attention.&Among&a&few&people&[…]&some&are&slaves&of&material&things,&believe&in&the&supremacy&of&money,& the&supremacy&of& fame&and&the&supremacy&of&enjoyment,&they&don’t&have&any&reverence&in&their&hearts,&and&their&acts&don’t&have&any&baseline&at&all.64&
&It&may&be& that&both&groups&–&Christians&and& the&party>state&–& feel& that& they&are& in&some& way& responsible& for& the& fate& of& China,& so& are& likely& to& be& more& sensitised&towards&the&moral&state&of&Chinese&society.65&& Indeed,& it&was&common&for&Christian&respondents& to& articulate& a& feeling& of& responsibility& towards& China,& When& asked&‘What& does& it&mean& to& be& Chinese?’,& 23%& of& Christians& said& they& felt& a& burden& of&responsibility,&compared&to&0%&of&the&comparison&group.&
&However,&while&Christians&share&several&moral&concerns&in&common&with&the&party>state& –& lack& of& value& system,& money>worship,& lack& of& moral& baseline,& resulting&unethical& behaviour& –& there& are& a& number& of& important& differences& in& their&assessments&of&the&reasons&for&the&perceived&problem,&and&ideas&of&how&to&resolve&it.&
&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&62&As&with&many&points&highlighted&in&this&analysis,&this&point&was¬&shared&unanimously.&For&some,&it&was&all&or&part&of&traditional&morality&itself&&>&with&its&perceived&passivity,&hierarchy,&utilitarianism,&and&conservatism&>&that&was&part&of&the&problem,&rather&than&part&of&the&solution.&e.g.&IVN092,&IVN1021,&SIVC01b1,&SIVN09d12,&SIVC07c1,&SIVC07b1.&63&IVC01121,& IVC0112133,& IVN14c,& SIVC01b3,& SIVC01b12,& SIVC01b1121& ,& SIVC01c1,& SIVC06b,& SIVN02a2,& SIVN03,&SIVC06c;&see&also&Yan&2011.&64&China&Copyright&and&Media&2013.&65&I&am&grateful&to&Anna&Boermel&for&giving&me&this&suggestion.&
Phil&Entwistle& Revival,&Not&Revolution& 13&
For& some&Christians,& the& party>state& itself& is& part& of& the& problem:& it& has& not& taken&responsibility& for&China’s&moral&state66;& it& tacitly&consents& to&people&making&money&the& most& important& thing& in& their& lives67,& and& its& official& corruption& sets& a& bad&example&to&the&Chinese&public:&
‘The&corruption&problem&is&the&root&of&all&other&problems.&It&is&the&root& of& a& lot& of& the& problems& that& China& now& has.& If& your&government& is& that& corrupt,& you&have&no&way&of& attracting&public&trust&[)%��],&then&how&will&you&demand&that&your&people&be&kind&[�:],&or&that&they&care&for&other&people?&You&can't&say&that&people&in&government&are&allowed&to&be&corrupt,&but&demand&that&people&be&kind&to&each&other.&This&is&impossible.’68&
&In&terms&of&solutions,&whereas&the&party>state&are&moving&towards&more&ideological&education& and& culturalism,& combined& with& greater& control& over& the& internet, 69&several& Christian& respondents& see& the& answer& as& a& better>established,& fairer,& legal&system&that&gives&freedom&of&religion.70&&Most&importantly,&for&a&lot&of&Christians&the&solution&is&to&encourage&people&to&embrace&Christianity&and&turn&away&from&sin.&&This&leads&on&to&the&next&point.&&
vi. Concern!with!the!spread!and!growth!of!Christian!faith!
&For& several& Christian& respondents& (and& even& a& small& number& of& those& of& other&affiliations),&the&root&of&China’sðical&problems&is&a&lack&of&faith71;&as&outlined&above,&the&perception&is&that&China&has&destroyed&its&old&cultural&system,&but&neither&has&it&fully&embraced&Christianity.72&&In& answering& the& question,& ‘What& is& the& biggest& issue& facing& China?’,& 33%& of&Christians& and& 2%& of& the& comparison& group& discussed& issues& of& religion& and&Christianity,&namely&concerns&over&China’s&lack&of&faith.&&When&asked&their&hopes&for&China,& 34%& of& Christians& and& 0%& of& the& comparison& group& expressed& a& hope& that&there&will&be&more&Christians&in&20&years’&time.&More&Christians&(18%)&than&those&of&other& affiliations& (0%)& said& they& wanted& Christianity& to& influence& Chinese& society.&&Below&is&a&common&response:!
‘I&certainly&hope&that&in&20&years’&time,&China&[...]&will&get&better&and&better,&and&more&people&will&have&faith.&Because&China&is&a&country&without& faith,& they& all& think& Chinese& people&worship& their& things,&worship& this,&worship& that,& believe& in& this,& believe& in& that,& lots& of&people&[...]&just&believe&in&money,&[...].&You&need&a&faith&to&support&you;& if& you& have& no& support,& the& problems& facing& China& will& get&worse.&[...]& I&also&hope&that&more&people&will&be&able&to&believe& in&God,&and&we&can&then&address&social&contradictions&really&well,&via&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&66&IVC0112133&67&SIVC06b&68&SIVC01c21&69&China&Copyright&and&Media&2013;&Holbig&and&Gilley&2010.&70&SIVC01b21,&SIVC09d1,&SIVC07c1&71&IVN14a,&IVN101,&SIVN06c&72&IVC011,&IVC04b,&IVC01121,&IVC011221,&SIVC01c2,&SIVC01c21&
Phil&Entwistle& Revival,&Not&Revolution& 14&
the&instruction&of&the&Bible.&If&they&have&no&active&faith&as&a&basis,&I&will&really&worry&about&China's&future.’73&
&I& have& noted& above& that& a& number& of& Christian& respondents& expressed& a& sense& of&responsibility&towards&China;&this&was&often&phrased& in&terms&of&divine&destiny&and&linked&to&the&desire&to&preach&the&gospel&and&influence&society&for&the&better.&When&asked&what&it&means&to&be&Chinese,&more&Christians&than&non>Christians&(17%&to&2%)&said&that&God&had&put&them&in&China&or&had&a&plan&for&China.&&21%&raised&the&idea&of&spreading& the& gospel& in& China,& compared& to& 0%& of& the& comparison& group.& Indeed,&most&Christian& respondents& claim& to&have&done& some&kind&of&evangelism,&whether&talking&to&their& friends&and&family&about& issues&of& faith,74&or&going&to&a&park&to&sing&Christian&songs&or&give&out&tracts.75&&Table!1:!Summary!of!findings!
& !!
PartyWstate!national!narrative&&
Christian!national!narrative&
Strong,&CCP>led&state& Disaffection&with&political&status&quo&and&positive&about&democracy&&
Economic&growth& Less&concern&with&economic&issues&&
International&and&territorial&hawkishness&
International&and&territorial&doveishness&
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Moral!concern!
!
! More& concern& with& the& spread& of&Christian&faith&
!
5.!Discussion!
&Figure&1&displays& a& summary&of& our& findings& so& far.& & Relative& to& their& demographic&peers,&my& Christian& respondents& demonstrated& greater& disaffection&with& the& party&state&and&more&positive&views&of&democracy;&less&concern&with&economic&issues;&and&less&hawkish&views&on& international&and&territorial& issues.& &As&such,&on&these&values&their& national& narrative& diverges& further& from& that& of& the& party>state,& with& its&emphases& on& a& strong&CCP>led& state,& economic& growth,& and& international& strength&and&territorial&sovereignty.& &Christians&demonstrated&greater&concern&for& the&moral&state&of&Chinese&society,&which&puts&them&closer&to&the&party>state&national&narrative&on&this&issue;&however,&their&ideas&about&the&causes&of&and&solutions&to&the&problem&differ&markedly&from&those&proposed&by&the&party>state.&&This&is&most&evident&in&the&Christians’&desire&to&see&a&spiritual&and&moral&revival&of&China&through&the&spreading&of&Christianity.&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&73&IVC05&74&e.g.&SIVC01b111,&IVC04b,&SIVC01b11,&SIVC06b&75&e.g.&IVC03,&IVC04b3,&IVC0112131&
Phil&Entwistle& Revival,&Not&Revolution& 15&
&I& now& examine& the& question& of& causality:& whether& Christians& embrace& these&somewhat& more& critical& values,& or& those& who& hold& critical& values& embrace&Christianity.&&Two& respondents& converted& out& of& an& explicit& rejection& of& social& norms.& One& had&witnessed& thee& executions& by& lethal& injection& whilst& on& an& internship& at& a&prosecutors’&office:&
‘When&I&started,&I&thought&that&studying&Law&could&help&me&to&know&what&was&good&and&what&was&bad,&what&was& right& and&what&was&wrong.&&If&I&only&knew&the&law,&I&would&know&what&to&do.&&But&then&after&I&had&studied&Law&I&discovered&it&wasn’t&like&that.&I&held&a&lot&of&my& values& because& they& had& been& taught& to& me& by& teachers& at&university.& After& a& few& situations76 &these& were& shattered.& & My&worldview&totally&collapsed.&Then&I&continued&to&search&for&a&value&system& [��=],& but& I& couldn’t& find& one.& & I& started& to& doubt&everything,&and&I&didn’t&believe&[anything].’77&
&For& others,& however,& conversion& may& have& been& a& more& implicit& indication& of&disaffection.78&&A&decision&to&become&a&Christian&because&of&the&love,&peace,&meaning&and& community& Christianity& offers& may& imply& that& the& respondent& did& not& find& it&elsewhere.& & Indeed,& 9& out& of& the& 50& Christian& respondents& chose& to& become&Christians& because& they& observed& that& Christians& and& their& values& were& different&from&those&of&the&rest&of&society.&
‘At& that& time,&at&university,& I& had&a& roommate.& […]& & I& thought& she&was&different&from&other&people,&that&is,&in&the&dormitory&everyone&had&some&conflicts&or&frictions,&then&everyone&would,&for&example&say& bad&words& behind& your& back,&maybe& saying& you're& not& good.&But&she'd&never&[do&this].&[…]&It&was&very&strange&so&[…]&I&asked&her:&“Why& are& you& not& angry& all& the& time?”& She& said:& “Maybe& it's&because&I'm&a&Christian.”&At&that&time&I&had&a&feeling&of&mystery&[14!],&I&thought&Christians&were&different&from&other&people.&Then&later,&it&was&she&who&brought&me&to&participate&in&the&camp,&then&I&believed&in&the&Lord.’79&
&It& is& interesting& that& most& respondents& (58%)& began& to& believe& at& university.& & For&many& respondents,& going& to& university& involved& a& move& away& from& home& and&parental& pressure& and& influence.& & Students& at& university&have&more& free& time& than&they&did&in&upper>middle&school&when&they&were&preparing&for&the&infamous&college&entrance&exam&(I8).& & In&addition,&they&have&growing&cognitive&capacity&combined&with&more&access&to&information.80&The&latter&includes&more&contact&with&foreigners&(as& described& above),& new& ideas,& and& rapidly>developing& forms& of& media& such& as&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&76&This&word&is&unclear&on&the&recording.&77&IVC011&78&Hunter&and&Chan&1993,&278.&79&IVC0112131&80&See&Inglehart&1977,&66,&75,&83.&
Phil&Entwistle& Revival,&Not&Revolution& 16&
online&forums,&Weibo,&and&WeChat.&&In&addition,&church&groups&in&China&are,&within&tightly&controlled&limits,& legally&permitted&to&proselytise&to&over>18s,81&meaning&that&for& several& respondents,& university& was& the& first& chance& they& had& to& come& into&contact&with&Christianity.82&&In&other&words,&as&elsewhere&in&the&world,&university&is&often&a&time&of&questioning&previously>held&beliefs&and&experimenting&with&new&things.&&One&Beijing&respondent&described&her&process&of&becoming&a&Christian:&
I& hadn't& been& at& university& very& long.& At& middle& school,& life& had&been&simple.&A&lot&of&opinions&I&hadn't&had&the&time&to&understand;&I& read& books& and& studied& relatively& simply.& & But& after& I& arrived& at&university,& it& was& like& all& of& sudden& there& was& no& big& homework&stress,&so&opinions&which&I&had&previously&suppressed&[now]&sprang&up&[ �'],& that& is,& 'What& is&the&significance&of& life?',& this&kind&of&[question].& Then& I& saw& that& a& lot& of& classmates& around& me,& they&were&working&hard&towards&things&that&they&themselves&considered&important.&&For&example,&a&lot&of&classmates&participated&in&all&kinds&of& groups,& or& some& classmates& wanted& to& go& abroad,& some&classmates&wanted&to&study&etc.&etc.&Also,&some&started&dating&[? +],&but&I&thought&that&I&myself&didn't&know&what&do&to&do&[�0E��(],& I& saw& that& each& person& had& things& that& they& thought&were&significant&but&I&myself&[…],&did&I&also&want&this&sort&of&[thing],&or&what& did& I&want?&Anyway,& at& that& time,& about& a&month& after& I&had&started&university,&that&is,&I&saw&people&around&me&going&back&and& forth.& Then& one& afternoon,& around& noon,& I& was& doing& my&homework&in&my&dormitory,&then&some&older&girls&[��]&came&[in].&They&were&using&a&questionnaire&survey& to&preach& the&gospel.& […]&When& I& heard& they& were& Christians& I& was& particularly& happy,&because& I& hadn't& encountered& Christians& before.& I& always& really&wanted& to& know& what& this& belief& actually& was& [about].& Then& I&welcomed& them& in,& then& I& filled& in& the& form& they& gave&me,& then&they&started&to&talk&with&me&[…],&then&afterwards&they&brought&out&[a&Christian&tract].&[...]&Then&I&said&'I'm&willing',&it&was&like&this,&then&I&went& church& and& [did]& other& activities& then& I& started& to& read& the&Bible&for&myself,&and&pray,&it&was&like&this.’83&
&The& above& discussion& would& seem& to& suggest& that& for& many& respondents,& it& is&primarily&the&development&of&questioning,&critical&values&that&led&to&them&embracing&Christian& belief,& rather& than& their& Christian& belief& leading& them& to& develop& such&values.84&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&81&Yang& 2005,& 430.& Yang& notes& that& Christians& do& evangelise& outside& of& these& legal& constraints& (as& my& next"ation&also&demonstrates).&82&IVC011,& IVC0112,& IVC04,& IVC04b,& IVC04b3,& IVC01111,& IVC01121,& IVC011212,& IVC0112132,&SIVC01a,&SIVC01b1,&SIVC01b3,&SIVC01b12,&SVC01121,&SIVC01c21,&SIVC06a,&SIVC06b,&SIVC06c1,&SIVC07b,&SIVC07b1&83&IVC04b&84&This&support’s&Ronald&Inglehart’s&argument&that&in&post>communist&societies&(in&which&he&includes&China),&it&is&the&unhappy&and&disaffected&who&embrace&religion.&See&R.&F.&Inglehart&2010.&
Phil&Entwistle& Revival,&Not&Revolution& 17&
What&is&the&attraction&of&Christianity&for&those&disillusioned&with&the&state&of&China’s&society&and&politics?&&Firstly,&Christianity&gives&them&a&coherent&narrative&framework&with&which&to&make&sense&of&the&world,&and&of&China,&particularly&their&frustrations&with& the&status&quo85;& it&provides&a&normative& framework&to&guide&them& in&making&moral&choices&in&life,&and&to&develop&a&sense&of&moral&agency86;&it&enables&them&to&be&part& of& a& community&of& shared& trust& and&norms&at& a& time&when&generalised& social&trust&in&China&is&perceived&to&be&low87;&it&provides&them&with&opportunities&to&serve,&to&organise,&and&to& lead.88&&And&finally,& it&enables&them&to&participate&in&the&task&of&changing&China&and&making&it&a&better&place&–&by&preaching&the&gospel&they&intend&to&change& people’s& hearts,& which& will& then& lead& to& positive& social& changes& such& as&improved&morality&and&decreased&corruption.89&&One& respondent& drew& these& themes& together&when& I& asked&her&what& contribution&she&thought&Christianity&could&make&to&China:&
‘I& think& firstly& [Christianity]& can& help& China& establish& a& system& of&trust,&that&is&it&can&recover&the&feeling&of&trust&between&people&that&will&soon&disappear.& &[…]&And&also,&to&recover&honesty.&[…]&Then&it&can& also& help& people& understand& there’s& something& more& than&material.&&And&this&is&very&important&because&while&we&only&pursue&material& there&won’t&be&many&valuable,& important&things&that&can&truly& influence& us& & [//F<���"�%��.�;].& For&example,& affection& between& people,& conscience,& helping&underprivileged& groups,& only& these& can& enable& people& to& realise&their&values.&&So&I&think&Christianity&in&China&can&help&China’s&people&to&better& understand& the&meaning&of& life.& & It& can& also& resolve& the&questions& that& the& whole& of& the& society& and& the& community& are&now&asking&[DG].’90&
&The&exception&to&this&causal&direction&seems&to&be&for&those&who&became&Christians&when&they&were&children&–&7&respondents,&or&14%&of&my&Christian&sample.&&For&these&respondents&it&makes&more&sense&to&draw&the&causal&arrow&in&the&opposite&direction.&&Having& become& Christians& at& an& early& age,& a& critical& national& narrative& developed&later.& & In& any& case,& the& two& causal& directions& are& hardly& mutually& exclusive;& an&individual&with& a& questioning& attitude& to& the& values& promoted& by& the& party>state’s&national&narrative&on&a&spiritual&search&becomes&a&Christian&and&joins&a&church&full&of&other&social&and&political&disaffectees,&who&then&reinforce&her&existing&values.91&&&&Although&there&is¬&the&space&here&to&investigate&the&political&actions&of&Christians,&as&opposed&to&just&their&political&thoughts,&it&should&also&be¬ed&that&a&number&of&my& respondents& were& members& of& Shouwang& Church,& which& had& experienced& a&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&85&SIVC07c1,&IVC011,&SIVC06b.&86&IVC0112131,&SIVC01b21.&See&also&Wielander&2013.&87&SIVC01c2,&IVC05.&88&IVC011,&SIVC01b2,&IVC05.&89&IVC05,&IVC0112131,&IVC04b2.&90&IVC04&91&Although& few& respondents& explicitly&mentioned& discussing& these& issues& with& church& friends.& IVC04&was& one&exception.&
Phil&Entwistle& Revival,&Not&Revolution& 18&
conflict&with&the&Beijing&authorities&in&Spring&2011,&during&which&several&of&them&had&been&arrested&and&detained.&&It&is&highly&likely&that&this&experience&served&to&lify&any& pre>existing& negative& views& they& may& have& felt& towards& the& Party>state& and&political&system.&&6.!Conclusion!
&The& growth& of& Christianity& amongst& China’s& young& urban& professionals& is& one&symptom&of&the&emergence&of&a&generation&with&very&different&priorities&to&those&of&the&party>state.&Whilst&an&official&nationalist&narrative&that&emphasises&a&strong,&CCP>led& state,& economic& growth,& and& international& and& territorial& assertiveness& may&indeed& currently& resonate& with& a& majority& of& China’s& overall& population, 92 &a&significant&proportion&of&my&respondents&are¬&buying&it&any&more.&&&&As&Yan&Yunxiang¬es,&in&the&reform&era&Chinese&society&has&undergone&a&process&of&individualisation.93&&‘The&rise&of&the&individual’94&is¬&a&threat&to&the&party>state>led&political&status&quo&insofar&as&it&is&the&materialistic&individual&who&rises95&–&one&who&strives& for& economic& benefits& for& herself& and& her& family,& prioritises& a& stable& and&prosperous& living& environment,& and& supports,& or& at& least& does& not& oppose,& the&Chinese& Party>state& both& domestically& and& internationally,& whilst& displaying& high&personal&suzhi.96&&&However,& this& study& attests& to& the& rise& of& the& critical& individual,&who& has& different&priorities& –& the& ability& to& shape&her& life& through&participation& in& political& decisions,&the&freedom&to&debate&intellectual&ideas&in&an&unrestricted&way,&the&opportunity&to&belong&to&a&morally&cohesive&community,&the&scope&to&find&more&satisfying&answers&to&life’s&questions&than&those&provided&by&official&ideology&–&and&raises&demands&that&the& party>state& is& currently& not& meeting,& and& indeed& may& not& be& able& to& meet&without&significant&political&reform.97&&This& does& not& mean& that& political& change& is& imminent,& or& that& Christians& will&necessary&be& the&agents&of& such&a& change& if& and&when& it&occurs.& &But& if& the&values&express&by&my&respondents&are&in&any&way&representative&of&a&trend&in&wider&urban&China,&then&we&may&be&seeing&a&value&change&that¶llels&(though¬&exactly)&the&shift&described&by&Ronald&Inglehart&from&‘materialist’&to&‘post>materialist’&values&that&occurred&in&Europe&and&North&America&in&the&1960s,&and&signifies&the&unravelling&of&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&92&Brady&2008;&Vickers&2009;&Wang&2007.&&93&Yan&2011,&40,&69.&94&Yan&2011,&69.&95&Beck&and&Beck>Gernsheim&2010,&xviii>xix.&96&The¶doxical&nature&of&this&constellation&of&values&is&captured&by&Mette&Halksov&Hansen&(2013,&63):&
‘The&self>promoting,&self>reliant,&and&at&the&same&time&obedient,&disciplined& individual& is&promoted& through& various& organized& activities& at& school.& […]& The& one>party& leadership&requires& loyalty& from& its& citizens,& while& simultaneously& it& heads& a& modernized& state& in&which& the& promotion& of& liberal& economics& depends& on& innovation& and,& to& an& ever>increasing&extent,&on&the&self>reliance&of&individuals.&&In&this&political&landscape,&the&state&school&and&the&teachers&and&administrators&running&it&struggle&to&find&suitable&means&to&define&the&moral&person&and&to&convey&the&message&in&a&meaningful&way&to&students.’&
97&Yan&2011,&70.&
Phil&Entwistle& Revival,&Not&Revolution& 19&
the&party>state’s&tacit&Post>Tiananmen&deal&with&the&Chinese&population:& ‘If&you&do¬&oppose&us&we&will&let&you&get&rich.’98&&&&The&Communist&Party&will&therefore&need&to&develop&a&logic&of&legitimation&rooted&in&values&other&than&economic&growth,&nationalism,&and&political&stability.99&&There&have&been&signs&in&recent&years&that&the&Party&is&shifting&its&legitimation&strategy&towards&an& emphasis& on& responsive& and& effective& governance,& social& justice& issues,& and&Chinese&cultural&values.100&&But&the&findings&and&analysis&presented&here&question&the&extent&to&which,&in&the&short>term&at&least,&this&has&been&able&to&meet&the&felt&needs&of&young&urbanites.&&As&Yan&Yunxiang&says,&
‘the& brutal& attack& on& traditional& culture,& the& collapse& of& Maoist&morality,& and& the& party>state’s& continuing& suspicion& about& the&autonomy& of& the& individual& and& the& independence& of& society&seriously& limit& the& possible& sources& by& which& the& individual& can&reconstruct&a&new&moral&self&to&face&today’s&unprecedented&wealth&and&materialism.’101&
&Quoting& Jesus,& somewhat& fittingly& for& this& study,& Inglehart&argues& that,& ‘”Man&does¬& live& by& bread& alone,”& particularly& when& he& has& plenty& of& bread.’102&The& party>state&has&adapted&itself&to&the&rise&of&the&materialist&individual&with&a&large°ree&of&success. 103 && It& is& adapting& to& the& emergence& of& the& critical& individual& that& will&constitute&the&biggest&test&of&Communist&Party&legitimacy&in&the&next&few&decades.!!
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&98&FiveBooks&2010.&99&Wang&2007.&100&Holbig&and&Gilley&2010.&101&Yan&2011,&71.&102&R.&Inglehart&1977,&43.&103&Wright&2010.&
Phil%En
twistle%
%Re
vival,%Not%Revolution%
%%
%%
%%
20%
Table&2:&Selected&Interview&Questions&and&Answ
ers&
& Que
stion%an
d%An
swers%
Total%
Shen
zhen
%Be
ijing%
n%%
Comparison&
Christians&
Comparison&
Christians&
Comparison&
Christians&
&
Wha
t%doe
s%China
%mean%to%you
?%%
%%
%%
%10
0%Motherland&/&homeland&/&m
other&
30%%
32%%
32%%
35%%
28%%
29%%
%Birthed&and&nourished&m
e&/&grew&up&here&/&birthplace&/&
living&place&
16%%
32%%
12%%
38%%
20%%
25%%
%
Culture/&tradition&/&philosophy&/&civilisation&(positive&or&
neutral)&
22%%
6%%
24%%
8%%
20%%
4%%
%
%%
%%
%%
%%
Wha
t%doe
s%it%m
ean%to%be%Ch
inese?
&%
%%
%%
%10
0%Culture/&tradition&/&philosophy&/&food&and&drink&/&different&
language&(neutral&/&positive)&
26%%
21%%
12%%
19%%
40%%
24%%
%
Responsibility&towards&China&/&want&to&change&China&
0%%
23%%
0%%
15%%
0%%
33%%
%Spread&the&gospel&/&(Christian)&mission&/&something&to&do&
with&Christians&
0%%
21%%
0%%
15%%
0%%
29%%
%
God&put&me&here&/&calling&/&plan&for&China&
2%%
17%%
0%%
15%%
4%%
19%%
%%
%%
%%
%%
%Wha
t%is%
your%op
inion%
of%the%
curren
t%Ch
inese%
governmen
t?%
%%
%%
%%
98%
Good&things&/&praise&(condensed&category)&
60%%
56%%
56%%
65%%
64%%
45%%
%Bad&things&/&criticism&(condensed&category)%
38%%
69%%
44%%
62%%
32%%
77%%
%%
%%
%%
%%
%Wha
t%is%y
our%o
pinion
%of%C
hina
’s%political%system?%
%%
%%
%%
99%
Problem&–&Autocratic&/&control&everything&/&undemocratic&/&
not&accountable%
24%%
39%%
28%%
42%%
20%%
35%%
%
Change&–&Government&
should&be&restricted&by&law&/&
constitution&/&separation&of&powers&/m
ore&independent&
monitoring%
4%%
18%%
4%%
19%%
4%%
17%%
%
&%
%
Phil%En
twistle%
%Re
vival,%Not%Revolution%
%%
%%
%%
21%
Wha
t%is%y
our%o
pinion
%of%the
%Chine
se%Com
mun
ist%Party?%
%%
%%
%%
%99
%
Goo
d&–&go
od&opinion
&(gen
eral)&
34%%
4%%
36%%
8%%
32%%
0%%
%Prob
lem&–&autocratic
&/&one
&party&rule&/&tries&to&con
trol&too
&much&
4%%
22%%
4%%
15%%
4%%
30%%
%
Positiv
e&op
inions&/&goo
d&&(con
densed
&category)&
54%%
22%%
64%%
31%%
44%%
13%%
%%
%%
%%
%%
%Shou
ld%China
's%po
litical%sy
stem
%be%chan
ged?
&%
%%
%%
%96
%Ch
ange&
24%%
63%%
16%%
54%%
32%%
75%%
%Not&Yet&
50%%
35%%
56%%
42%%
44%%
25%%
%Do&no
t&cha
nge&
2%%
0%%
4%%
0%%
0%%
0%%
%Other&/&no&respon
se%
24%%
2%%
24%%
0%%
24%%
0%%
%%
%%
%%
%%
%Wha
t%aspects%of%C
hina
%make%you%feel%proud
?%%
%%
%%
%97
%Ch
inese&
peop
le's&po
sitiv
e&characteris
tics&
&/&
beha
viou
r&(gen
eral)&
56%%
55%%
60%%
73%%
52%%
33%%
%
Econ
omic&develop
men
t%36
%%
23%%
36%%
27%%
36%%
19%%
%%
%%
%%
%%
%Wha
t%aspects%of%C
hina
%make%you%feel%asham
ed?%
%%
%%
%%
96%
Chinese&
peop
le's&ne
gativ
e&characteris
tics&
/&be
haviou
r&(gen
eral)&
46%%
72%%
48%%
65%%
44%%
80%%
%
Politics&&O&P
olitics&in
&gen
eral&/&political&system&
12%%
46%%
12%%
54%%
12%%
35%%
%%
%%
%%
%%
%In%you
r%op
inion,%w
hat%is%
the%biggest%prob
lem%facing%
China%toda
y?%
%%
%%
%%
98%
Lack&of&religion&/&Ch
ristia
nity&
2%%
33%%
4%%
31%%
0%%
36%%
%Morality
&/&value
&system
&/&id
eology&
4%%
27%%
4%%
35%%
4%%
18%%
%&
%%
%%
%%
%Who
%do%you%trust%the
%least?&
%%
%%
%%
98%
Gov
ernm
ent&/
&officials&/&CCP
%10
%%
25%%
12%%
23%%
8%%
27%%
%% %
%%
%%
%%
%
Phil%En
twistle%
%Re
vival,%Not%Revolution%
%%
%%
%%
22%
'To%love%the
%cou
ntry%is%to%love%the
%Party.'%
%%
%%
%%
94%
No&
76%%
91%%
72%%
84%%
79%%
100%
%%
Yes&
10%%
4%%
12%%
8%%
8%%
0%%
%Other/&no
&respon
se&
14%%
4%%
16%%
8%%
12%%
0%%
%%
%%
%%
%%
%
Wha
t%do
%you
%hop
e%Ch
ina%will%be%like%in%20%years'%tim
e?%
%%
%%
%%
100%
More&
democratic
&/&
more&
public&pa
rticipation&
/&less&
autocratic%
18%%
44%%
4%%
38%%
32%%
50%%
%
More&econ
omic&growth&
38%%
0%%
40%%
0%%
36%%
0%%
%More&Ch
ristia
ns&/&Christia
n&revival&/&Peo
ple&can&kn
ow&God
&/&
More&op
en&to
&gospe
l&0%
%34
%%
0%%
27%%
0%%
42%%
%
More&free
dom&(g
eneral)%
4%%
26%%
0%%
23%%
8%%
29%%
%Be
tter&in
ternationa
l&position
/&influ
ence&/&re
spect&/
&strong
er&
22%%
0%%
28%%
0%%
16%%
0%%
%Ch
ristia
nity&can
&influ
ence&Chine
se&so
ciety&
0%%
18%%
0%%
12%%
0%%
25%%
%Po
litical&sy
stem
&(con
densed
&category)%
38%%
58%%
36%%
58%%
40%%
58%%
%Econ
omics&(cond
ensed&catego
ry)&
64%%
24%%
64%%
27%%
64%%
21%%
%Po
litical&free
doms&(cond
ensed&catego
ry)%
18%%
54%%
8%%
54%%
28%%
54%%
%Morality
&(con
densed
&category)%
20%%
46%%
20%%
46%%
20%%
46%%
%Re
ligion&/&Ch
ristia
nity&(con
densed
&category)&
6%%
50%%
8%%
50%%
4%%
50%%
%%
%%
%%
%%
%
Wha
t%is%you
r%op
inion%of%America?
%%
%%
%%
%10
0%Po
litical&sy
stem
&positive&/&dem
ocracy&/&ru
le&of&law
%30
%%
40%%
36%%
31%%
24%%
50%%
%Internationa
l&beh
aviour&negative&(con
densed
&category)&
36%%
28%%
40%%
31%%
32%%
25%%
%Hegem
ony&/&world&police&/&the&bo
ss/&wan
ts&to&control&the
&world&
24%%
6%%
28%%
12%%
20%%
0%%
%
Foun
ded&on
&faith
&&/&Christia
nity&
0%%
16%%
0%%
12%%
0%%
21%%
%%
%%
%%
%%
%
Is%the
%USA
%China
's%ene
my%or%China
's%ally?%
%%
%%
%%
96%
Ally%
62%%
65%%
60%%
58%%
64%%
75%%
%Bo
th&/&Neither%
38%%
28%%
40%%
35%%
36%%
20%%
%En
emy%
0%%
4%%
0%%
4%%
0%%
5%%
%%
%%
%%
%%
%
Phil%En
twistle%
%Re
vival,%Not%Revolution%
%%
%%
%%
23%
Wha
t%is%y
our%o
pinion
%of%Jap
an?%
%%
%%
%%
96%
History&/&W
WII&/&invasion
&of&C
hina%
56%%
33%%
56%%
35%%
56%%
30%%
%Praise&/
&adm
ire&/
&app
rove&/
&excellent&/
&outstan
ding
&/&
respect&for&Ja
pan%
24%%
35%%
20%%
31%%
28%%
40%%
%
Refuses&
to&repe
nt&/&
Yasuku
ni&shrin
e&visits&/&
doesn’t&
ackn
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e/&sh
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pent%
22%%
11%%
28%%
8%%
16%%
15%%
%
%%
%%
%%
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Shou
ld%Jap
an%p
ay%a%p
rice%
for%pa
st%atrocities%against%
China,%or%sho
uld%Ch
ina%forgive%Japa
n?%
%%
%%
%%
94%
China&shou
ld&fo
rgive%
32%%
64%%
16%%
65%%
48%%
61%%
%Bo
th/&Neither%
42%%
20%%
48%%
23%%
36%%
17%%
%Japa
n&shou
ld&pay%
22%%
14%%
32%%
8%%
12%%
22%%
%%
%%
%%
%%
%Wha
t%is%y
our%o
pinion
%on%the%Taiwan
%issue?
%%
%%
%%
%98
%Pa
rt&of&C
hina
&/&One
&cou
ntry&
58%%
25%%
48%%
35%%
68%%
14%%
%Hop
e&for&u
nification&/&pred
ict&u
nification&
32%%
25%%
28%%
19%%
36%%
32%%
%Taiwan
ese&po
litics&/
&society&/dem
ocracy&positive%
6%%
19%%
4%%
15%%
8%%
23%%
%%
%%
%%
%%
%Do
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oal%for%20%years'%tim
e?%
%%
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99%
Chris
tian&activ
ity&/&se
rvice&
0%%
49%%
0%%
54%%
0%%
43%%
%Material&p
ossessions&/&m
oney&(C
onde
nsed
&category)%
36%%
10%%
36%%
15%%
36%%
4%%
%%
%%
%%
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%Whe
n%did%you%be
come%a%Ch
ristia
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%%
%%
%%
50%
Before&university%
NA%
14%%
NA%
23%%
NA%
4%%
%At&university%
NA%
58%%
NA%
54%%
NA%
63%%
%After&u
niversity%
NA%
16%%
NA%
15%%
NA%
17%%
%Co
mbina
tion&of&th
e&ab
ove%
NA%
12%%
NA%
8%%
NA%
17%%
%%
%%
%%
%%
%Why%did%you
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e%a%Ch
ristia
n?%
%%
%%
%%
50%
Chris
tians&O&differen
t&from&re
st&of&society%
NA%
18%%
NA%
15%%
NA%
21%%
%&
Phil%Entwistle% Revival,%Not%Revolution% 24%
Interview)data)%Names%of%respondents%have%been%replaced%with%codes%for%confidentiality.%%IV%=%Beijing%interview% % % C%=%Christian%group,%%SIV%=%Shenzhen%interview% % N%=%Comparison%group.%)Beijing))IVC011%(Summer,%2011)%IVC0112%(Summer,%2011)%IVC02%(Summer,%2011)%IVC03%(Summer,%2011)%IVC031%(Autumn,%2011)%IVC04%(Summer,%2011)%IVC041%(Summer,%2011)%IVC04b%(Autumn,%2011)%IVC04b1%(Winter,%2012)%IVC04b2%(Winter,%2012)%IVC04b3%(Autumn,%2011)%IVC05%(Autumn,%2011)%IVC06%(Autumn,%2011)%IVC01111%(Summer,%2011)%IVC01121%(Summer,%2011)%IVC01122%(Summer,%2011)%IVC011211%(Autumn,%2011)%
IVC011212%(Autumn,%2011)%IVC011213%(Autumn,%2011)%IVC011221%(Autumn,%2011)%IVC0112111%(Autumn,%2011)%IVC0112131%(Autumn,%2011)%IVC0112132%(Winter,%2012)%IVC0112133%(Winter,%2012)%IVN01%(Summer,%2011)%IVN04%(Summer,%2011)%IVN04b1b%(Winter,%2012)%IVN04b1b1%(Spring,%2012)%IVN09%(Spring,%2012)%IVN091%(Spring,%2012)%IVN092%(Spring,%2012)%IVN0921%(Spring,%2012)%IVN09211%(Spring,%2012)%IVN10%(Spring,%2012)%
IVN101%(Spring,%2012)%IVN102%(Spring,%2012)%IVN103%(Spring,%2012)%IVN1021%(Spring,%2012)%IVN11%(Spring,%2012)%IVN112%(Spring,%2012)%IVN121%(Spring,%2012)%IVN1221%(Spring,%2012)%IVN13a%(Spring,%2012)%IVN13b%(Spring,%2012)%IVN14a%(Spring,%2012)%IVN14b%(Spring,%2012)%IVN14c%(Spring,%2012)%IVN14d%(Spring,%2012)%IVN14e% (Spring,% 2012)
)Shenzhen)%SIVC01a%(Spring,%2012)%SIVC01b%(Summer,%2012)%SIVC01b1%(Summer,%2012)%SIVC01b2%(Summer,%2012)%SIVC01b3%(Summer,%2012)%SIVC01b11%(Summer,%2012)%SIVC01b12%(Summer,%2012)%SIVC01b111%(Summer,%2012)%SIVC01b112%(Summer,%2012)%SIVC01b113%(Summer,%2012)%SIVC01b1111%(Summer,%2012)%SIVC01b1121%(Summer,%2012)%SIVC01b21%(Autumn,%2012)%SIVC01c%(Summer,%2012)%SIVC01c1%(Autumn,%2012)%SIVC01c2%(Autumn,%2012)%SIVC01c21%(Autumn,%2012)%SIVC06a%(Summer,%2012)%SIVC06b%(Summer,%2012)%SIVC06c%(Summer,%2012)%SIVC06b1%(Summer,%2012)%
SIVC06c1%(Autumn,%2012)%SIVC07b%(Summer,%2012)%SIVC07c1%(Summer,%2012)%SIVC07b1%(Summer,%2012)%SIVC09d1%(Autumn,%2012)%SIVN02a%(Spring,%2012)%SIVN02a1%(Summer,%2012)%SIVN02a2%(Summer,%2012)%SIVN03%(Spring,%2012)%SIVN04%%(Summer,%2012)%SIVN05%(Summer,%2012)%SIVN06aa1%(Summer,%2012)%SIVN06aa2%(Summer,%2012)%SIVN06aa11%(Summer,%2012)%SIVN06a%(Summer,%2012)%SIVN06c%(Summer,%2012)%SIVN06a1%(Summer,%2012)%SIVN06a11%(Summer,%2012)%SIVN08%(Summer,%2012)%SIVN081%(Summer,%2012)%SIVN082%(Summer,%2012)%
SIVN083%(Autumn,%2012)%SIVN09a%(Autumn,%2012)%SIVN09b%(Autumn,%2012)%SIVN09c%(Autumn,%2012)%SIVN09d%(Autumn,%2012)%SIVN09a1%(Autumn,%2012)%SIVN09d1%(Autumn,%2012)%SIVN09d2%(Autumn,%2012)%SIVN09d12% (Autumn,% 2012
Phil%Entwistle% Revival,%Not%Revolution% 25%
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