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8/16/2019 Proximate Analysis of Jatropha curcas
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1. INTRODUCTION
The production and consumption of petroleum oil increases
constantly; nowadays consumption is about 75 million barrels of
crude oil daily and in the coming years it will increase by 7%
annually. About 36% of world energy comes from petroleum oil and
22% from gas. This dependence on fossil fuels has many
disadantages! for e"ample increasing pollution and increasing
costs. To reduce the use of petroleum oil as fuel! alternatie
energies need to be deeloped; biofuels! biogas and bioethanol are
now the most promising alternaties in energy generation. #iodiesel
is produced in some countries and used e$ciently either alone or in
blends with mineral diesel in cars and transport ehicles.
n line with the enironmental! public health and economic
worries! the demand for cheap and alternatie renewable natural
energy resources has risen. &ne such alternatie being loo'ed at
today is biodiesel. #iodiesel is produced by chemically reacting a
egetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol such as methanol or
mono(al'yl esters of long chain fatty acids deried from a renewable
lipid stoc' )*a and2 +anna! ,---; an /erpen! 2005; 1ang et al.!
2006. t is also biodegradable and nonto"ic and typically produces
about 60% less net carbon dio"ide )&2 emissions than petroleum(
based diesel )#iodiesel! 2007.
&ne source of oil is 4atropha curcas .#eing an agricultural
country! the hilippines must ma"imie the resources that it has
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been richly endowed. 4atropha can be grown in arious areas in the
country since it can be planted on any 'ind of soil and grows well
under tropical and subtropical climate. 4. curcas has been found as a
highly promising biodiesel source because of its ubiuity! hardiness
and the uality and uantity of the oil that can be e"tracted from its
seeds )/inwal et al! 2005.
t is a plant with many attributes! multiple uses and
considerable potential. The plant can be used to preent and8or
control erosion! to reclaim land! grown as a lie fence! especially to
contain or e"clude farm animals and be planted as a commercial
crop. t is a natie of tropical America! but now thries in many parts
of the tropics and sub(tropics in Africa8Asia )/ubit et a.! ,---;
9umar and :harma! 200; &penshaw! 2000; *art
8/16/2019 Proximate Analysis of Jatropha curcas
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=epartment of *indanao :tate @niersity /eneral :antos ity. To
date! three of these hae yet to be characteried. This paper aims to
proide the pro"imate composition and free fatty acid content of
three )3 4. curcas proenances from Asian and *e"ican origin. This
will be done to ealuate the properties of 4. curcasB industrial
application and as a good source of biofuel.
1.1 Objectives
This study sought toC
a =etermine the pro"imate composition of Jatropha curcas
seeds ;
b =etermine the free fatty acid content of Jatropha curcas
oil from 3 diDerent proenances;
c ompare the properties of 3 Jatropha curcas oils from
other oils accepted for potential uses as biodiesel and
for other industrial applications
1.2 Signifcance o the Study
The unstable supply of oil and triggered seeral countries to
deelop alternatie sources of energy such as wind! nuclear and
geothermal power(generating facilities )+orton! ,-73. +oweer! for
oil(dependent countries that do not hae established power(
generating facilities cutting bac' on oil consumption is di$cult. The
potential solution for these countries is the use of biodiesel.
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The use of biodiesel is being highly promoted because of its
social! economic and enironmental impact. #iodiesel has attracted
signiEcant attention because of its renewability! biodegradability
and for being a cleaner substitute to petrodiesel )Antolin et al!
2002. The production of feedstoc' will generate employment and
additional income among those that will be inoled. dle lands not
planted with other crops or forest trees can be used )illancio 2006.
=omestic production of curcas oil will also result to a decreased
dependence on oil imports and thereby saing the hard(earned
reenue of the people.
Fntrepreneurs who desire to understand the J. curcas industry
and the current and future business opportunities in this mar'et!
and companies in the biofuel industry will beneEt most from this
study. And also! inestment ban's and Enancial inestment
companies 'een on funding entures in the biofuel industry will be
proided with aluable information from this study.
This study ealuated three diDerent proenances of Jatropha
curcas from Asian and *e"ican origin to determine pro"imate
analysis and fatty acid proEle. These properties were ealuated for
potential use as a biodiesel and for other industrial purposes.
1. Sco!e and "i#itation
The study focused on the characteriation of 3 4atropha curcas
proenances coming from Asian and *e"ican origins. Gree fatty acid
content and pro"imate composition were determined such as the
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crude fat! crude protein! carbohydrate! crude Eber! ash! and
moisture. The moisture! ash! crude Eber and crude fat analysis of
4atropha curcasB seed 'ernels were conducted in F Hesearch and
analytical ?aboratory! Alabel! :arangani roince. Gor the crude
protein analysis and free fatty acid content! samples were analyed
in =&:T Hegion I.
II. R$%I$& O' R$"(T$D "IT$R(TUR$
2.1 Jatropha curcas
2.1.1 Ta)ono#y and botanica* desc+i!tion
4atropha is a drought(resistant tropical bush or small tree from
the family of Fuphorbioceae. t has a productie life span of 35 to 50
years. #otanist arl on ?inne Erst classiEed and named the plant in
,753. +e named it 4atropha curcas; 4atropha coming from the /ree'
words JKatrosL meaning doctor and JtropheL meaning nutrition. The
name was brought about by the many uses of 4atropha as a
medicinal plant. ommonly 'nown as physic nut or purging nut!
4atropha is a non(edible oil(yielding perennial shrub that has green
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leaes with a length and width of 6 cm to ,5 cm! and can reach a
height of up to 5 meters.
The genus 4atropha contains appro"imately ,70 'nown
species. t was spread as a aluable plant in Africa and Asia by
ortuguese traders )@nited Mation! ,--6. t is multipurpose and
deciduous! reported to be cultiated in drier sites of central and
western ndia. 4atropha usually grows below ,>00 meters of
eleation from sea leel and reuires a minimum rainfall of 250mm!
with an optimum rainfall between -00(,200mm )#oswell 2003. The
plant shows articulated growth! with amorphological discontinuity at
each increment. The branches contain late". Mormally! Ee roots are
formed from seedlings! one central and four peripheral. A tap root is
not usually formed by egetatiely propagated plants. ?eaes Ee to
seen lobed! hypostomatic and stomata are of paracytic
)Hubiaceous type )9umar et al 200.
The trees are deciduous! shedding the leaes in dry season.
Glowering occurs during the wet season and two Nowering pea's are
often seen. n permanently humid regions! Nowering occurs
throughout the year. The plant is monoecious and Nowers are
unise"ual; occasionally hermaphrodite Nowers occur )=ehgan and
1ebster! ,-7-. A Nower is formed terminally! indiidually! with
female Nowers )tricarpellary! syncarpous with trilocular oary
usually slightly larger and occurs in the hot seasons. n conditions
where continuous growth occurs! an unbalance of pistillate or
staminate Nower production results in a higher number of female
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Nowers. Ten stamens are arranged in two distinct whorls of Ee each
in a single column in the androecium! and in close pro"imity to each
other. n the gynoecium! the three slender styles are connate to
about two(thirds of their length! dilating to massie bifurcate stigma
)=ehgan and 1ebster! ,-7-. Fach inNorescence yields a bunch of
appro"imately ,0 or more ooid fruits. 1ith good rainfall conditions
nursery plants may bear fruits after the Erst rainy season! and
directly sown plants after the second rainy season. Three! bialed
cocci is formed after the seeds mature and the Neshy e"ocarp dries.
The seeds mature about 3> months after Nowering. @nder optimal
conditions! Katropha usually Nowers about 3 to 6 months after the
seeds hae been sown. The time from Nower induction to fruit
maturation is -0 days. The female Nowers produce fruits that are
Erst green! and turn yellow when ripening. ?ater the yellow fruit hull
turns brown nd blac' when they dry )The 4atropha +andboo'C Grom
ultiation to Application. 20,0.
#ecause of the ast semi(wild distribution of 4. curcas in
diDerent parts of the world there should be a considerable amount
of genetic ariation among the species. +oweer! su$cient
information on such aspect is lac'ing and so far! only few records
e"ist of proenance trials made to e"amine the genetic information.
/enetic factors are strong determinants of seed uality and
potential. f the nature of these arious proenances would be
'nown! it could proide elaborate criteria for selection of prominent
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traits in both laboratory and nursery for better performances in the
Eeld )+eller! ,--6; /inwal et al.! 200>
2.1.2 ,ossib*e Uses
All parts of 4.curcas plant hae their own uses. ?i'e many
other 4atropha species! 4. curcas is a succulent tree that sheds its
leaes during the dry season. t is well adapted to arid and semi(arid
conditions and often used for erosion control. The leaes are used in
traditional medicine against coughs or as antiseptics after birth! and
the branches are chewing stic's )/Obit et al! ,---. The late"
produced from the branches is useful for wound healing and others
medical uses.
Fach fruit contains 2(3 oblong blac' seeds which can produce
oil. The seed 'ernel oil contained 30(50% )w8w oil )*a''ar et al.
,--7. These seeds contain iscous oil! which can be used for
manufacture of candles and soap! in cosmetics industry! as a
diesel8para$n substitute or e"tender. This latter use has important
implications for meeting the demand for rural energy serices and
also e"ploring practical substitutes for fossil fuels to counter
greenhouse gas accumulation in the atmosphere. These
characteristics along with its ersatility ma'e it of ital importance
to deeloping countries )9umar and :harma! 200.
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2.2 ,+o)i#ate (na*ysis
The etymology of Ppro"imateP is the ?atin word pro"imatus!
meaning Pto come nearP or PcloseP. +ence! many of the pro"imate
analyses are prefaced by the word PcrudeP! i.e.! crude protein! Eber!
fat! carbohydrate! ash! and moisture reported as the percentage
composition of the product
)httpC88www.aescl.missouri.edu8ro".html .
/ubit et al reported that analysis of 4atropha curcas
seeds shows that it contains; moisture 6.62; protein ,.2; fat 3.0;
carbohydrates ,7.30; Ebre ,5.50; and ash >.5% )/ubit et al! ,---.
The oil content is 35 to >0% in the seeds and 50 to 60% in the
'ernel )/ubit et al! ,---. The oil contains 2,% saturated fatty
acids and 7-% unsaturated fatty acids )/ubit et al! ,---. t has
also been found that there are some chemicals element in the seeds
which possess poisonous and purgatie properties and render the oil
non edible for human consumption. t is also been stated that
technologies are now aailable! whereby it could be possible to
conert 4atropha oil into an
edible oil which could proe to be a boon for deeloping countries
)/ubit et al! ,---. The oil is obtained from decorticates seeds by
e"pression or solent e"traction and is 'nown in trade as 4atropha.
n general! the oil is reported to be mi"ed with groundnut oil for
adulteration. This indicates the possibilities of obtaining edible oil
from 4atropha oil base )/ubit et al! ,---.
9
http://www.aescl.missouri.edu/Prox.htmlhttp://www.aescl.missouri.edu/Prox.html
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2.2.1 -oistu+e and (sh Content
*oisture content is a factor in the uality control of biodiesels.
A recent contribution to the literature )+e et al.! 2007 notes the
paucity of information on the moisture content of biodiesels. t is
well 'nown that biodiesels hae higher moisture contents than
mineral diesels and as biodieselsB usage increases moisture content
will become an increasingly important factor in their uality control.
Ash is a measure of the amount of metals contained in the
fuel. +igh concentrations of these materials can cause inKector tip
plugging! combustion deposits and inKection system wear. The ash
content is important for the heating alue!
as heating alue decreases with increasing ash content. Ash content
for bio(fuels is typically lower than for most coals! and sulphur
content is much lower than for many fossil fuels.
The ash content is determined by ignition of a 'nown weight
of the food at 600Q until all carbon has been remoed. The residue
is the ash and is ta'en to represent the inorganic constituents of the
oil )A&A! ,--5.
2.2.2 C+ude ,+otein
The total protein content is estimated as total nitrogen )e.g.
the 9Keldahl method after digestion! salt neutraliation and titration
of the ammonia released against standard acid. A conersion factor
is applied to calculate the total protein. rotein contains about ,6%
Mitrogen. t is not the only thing in food containing Mitrogen! but
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normally it is the main one. rude rotein is simply the percentage
of Mitrogen multiplied by 6.25.
The protein content 4atropha oil ca'e may be used as raw
material for plastics and synthetics Ebres. t would also be
adantageous to ma'e use of 4atropha oil as hydraulic oil )/ubit et
al! ,---. 4atropha oil ca'e is rich in nitrogen! phosphorous and
potassium and can be used as organic manure. This indicated the
potential of this plant in initiating the process of reduction of surplus
liestoc' maintain by the rural fol' in ndia! mainly for the purpose
of obtaining cow (dung as manure.
4atropha oil ca'es can! hopefully! replace synthetic fertiliers by
underta'ing plantations of 4atropha curcas on wastelands! 4atropha
curcas leaes proide plentiful organic matter and increase the
microbial actiity including earthworms which is an indication of
ecological improement of site )/ubit et al! ,---. The oil ca'e is
rich in protein but contains some to"ic principle and as such it is
considered unEt for use as cattle feed. #ut it is reported that the
poisonous principle appears to e"ist in the alcohol soluble fraction of
the oil. 1ith suitable research it could be possible to conert the
nonedible oil(ca'e into protein rich cattle and poultry feed on a
massie scale )/ubit et al! ,---.
2.2. C+ude 'ibe+
Giber )indigestible carbohydrates stimulates the actiity of
bowels! combines heay metals! cholesterol! bilious acids! and
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remoes them from the organism! and obesity and een cancer.
According to data! up to ,3(,> %of crude Eber is found in seeds
)Tare' et al.! 200,. rude Eber contains cellulose! lignin and
hemicelluloses! but not necessarily all of these are present in a
sample )A&A ,->. There are seeral methods of Eber analysis!
among other methods of crude Eber! detergent method and the
enymatic methods each hae adantages and disadantages.
2.2. C+ude 'at
Gats! usually of animal origin contain saturated fatty acids!
which accounts for its being solid at room temperature. +oweer!
oils! or unsaturated fats! mostly from plant sources! contain
unsaturated fatty acids that are not able to close pac'ing due to
bends or J'in'sL in their molecules.)+olme and ec'! ,-3Gats are
used to describe those lipids that are solid at a speciEc
temperature. rude fat content is estimated by e"tracting a ground
feed sample with diethyl ether )Association of &$cial Analytical
hemists! ,->. The ether soluble components )ether e"tract may
include true fats and oils! fatty acid esters! compound lipids and fat(
soluble itamins or proitamins such as the carotenoids! all of which
may hae nutritional alue. +oweer! ether e"tract may also contain
signiEcant concentrations of indigestible wa"es! resins and essential
oils. There are seeral methods used for the crude fat analysisC
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ontinuous :olent e"traction or the /oldEsch e"traction and the
:o"hlet *ethod )#.9.9.9 4inadasa! 20,0.
&il content of Katropha 'ernel was found higher than linseed!
soybean! and palm 'ernel which is 33.33%! ,.35% and >>.6%!
respectiely )/unstone! ,-->. +igh oil content of 4atropha urcas
indicated that 4atropha urcas are suitable as non(edible egetable
oil feedstoc' in oleochemical industries )biodiesel! fatty acids! soap!
fatty nitrogenous deriaties! surfactants and detergents! etc.
urrently! 4atropha urcas can produce 2000 liter8ha oil per annual
)Aam et al.! 2005.
2.2./ Ca+bohyd+ates
Total carbohydrate consists of sugars )mono and
oligosaccharides and polysaccharides )starch and the non(starch
polysaccharides; pectin! soluble and insoluble dietary Ebre! e.g.
cellulose and hemicellulose.
n a ,--0 report! total carbohydrate was calculated as the
residue by diDerence from the total of fat! protein! moisture8solids!
ash! and Eber alues. A reiew of collaboratie studies of these
parameters was made to determine the li'ely precision of the
process. The procedure was Kudged as haing poor precision among
laboratories and high ariability. Fen so! the Jby diDerenceL
method was used in 2002 for the pro"imate analysis of Migerian oil
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seed!and *enees et al.! 200> aerred that most composition
databases contain total carbohydrate data calculated by the
diDerence method.
2. 'ats and Oi*s
Gats and oils are members of the lipid family. ?ipids may either
be a solid or liuid at room temperature! depending on their
structure and composition. Mormally! JoilL refers to a lipid that is
liuid at room temperature! while JfatL refers to a lipid that is solid
or semi(solid at room temperature. Gats and oils primarily consist of
esters of glycerol )mono(! di(! and triglycerides and low to
moderate contents of free fatty acids )carbo"ylic acids. &ther
compounds such as phospholipids! polypeptides! sterols! water
odorants and other impurities can be found in crude oils and fats.
The structures of mono(! di(! and triglycerides )*/s! =/s! and T/s
consists of glycerol )a bac'bone of carbon! hydrogen! and o"ygen
esteriEced with fatty acids )chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms
with a carbo"ylic acid group at one end! Gree fatty acids )GGAs can
can contain >(2> carbon atoms with some degree of unsaturation
)typically ,(3 ( double bonds. Gats hae more saturated fatty
acids! the compositional building bloc's! than oils! which gie rise to
a higher melting point and higher iscosity of the former.
onseuently! biodiesel produced from saturated fats hae a higher
cloud and gel points than those made from unsaturated oils! ma'ing
the former unsuitable to use in cold climates. Good(grade egetable
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oils! containing a low GGA leel! are currently used for commercial
biodiesel production. Although waste greases such as yellow grease
and brown grease! containing a GGA leel of ,5% and 33%
respectiely! are considered as the attractie feedstoc's for
biodiesel synthesis because of its wide aailability and low cost
compared to food(grade egetable oils.
2. '+ee 'atty (cid 0''(
&ne measure of fat uality is the free fatty acid )GGA content.
Gats are normally composed of three fatty acids lin'ed to glycerol
ia ester bonds. GGA are produced when those fatty acids are freed
by hydrolysis. Therefore the presence of high leels of GGA indicates
the fat was e"posed to water! acids! and8or enymes. Gats should be
processed to contain as low a moisture leel as is feasible so that
hydrolysis does not occur during subseuent storage.
An important consideration in the feedstoc' selection for
biodiesel production is the content of free fatty acid )GGA in the oil.
To be used as a feedstoc'! the 4& should contain a low percentage
of GGA so that the oil can directly be utilied in a transesteriEcation
reaction with methanol in the presence of an al'aline catalyst
) Ahari et al 2003 .
n the biodiesel production! to obtain 4atropha curcas methyl
esters )4*F! the Katropha curcas oil )4& was subKected to a
chemical reaction termed transesteriEcation. n that reaction! the
4& was reacted in the presence of an al'aline catalyst with
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methanol to gie the corresponding methyl esters. #erchmans and
+irata reported that the al'aline base catalyed transesteriEcation
depended on seeral basic ariables. &ne of them was the leel of
GGA in the feedstoc' should be less than ,%. Therefore! to be used
as a feedstoc' in biodiesel production! the 4& should contain a low
percentage of free fatty acids )GGA so that the oil can directly be
utilied in a transesteriEcation reaction with alcohol as an e"cess
reactant in the presence of an al'aline catalyst. &therwise! the
saponiEcation shall occur and the separation of products shall be
e"ceedingly di$cult! and as a result! the yield of biodiesel product
would be low. :ome researchers also )*archetti and Frrau
reported that if the feedstoc' has a high amount of free fatty acids!
much higher than the ma"imum amount suitable to be used with
basic homogeneous catalyst! high amount of soap would be
produced simultaneously with the transesteriEcation reaction.
Therefore! to aoid this reaction! alternatie technology should be
used for e"ample with a homogeneous acid catalyst! solid resins!
and enymes or in supercritical process. hung et al. stated that
due to the corrosion problem! these homogeneous catalyst(based
processes inoled elaborate process steps for remoal of GGA and
water from the feedstoc' and catalyst from the products.
n many cases! Katropha curcas oil )4& uality deteriorates
gradually due to improper handling and inappropriate storage
condition. t was 'nown that improper handling of the oil would
cause the moisture content of the 4& to increase. n addition!
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e"posing the oil to open atmospheric air and sunlight for long time
would cause the concentration of GGA to increase signiEcantly. The
GGA content of the oil would ary and depend on the uality of
feedstoc'. Gurthermore! other researchers hae wor'ed with raw
materials haing higher GGA leels using alternatie processes!
which included pretreatment step to reduce the GGA of these raw
materials.
ncreased leels of GGA in fats hae been shown to reduce the
digestibility and thus energy content of fats. &n the aerage! each
increase of ,0 percentage units in GGA results in a corresponding
reduction in digestible energy of ,.3 and ,.5 percentage units in
weanling and growing pigs! respectiely! )owles! et al. ,--5.
4ournal of Animal :cience 6,C,>-. A common source of egetable
fat used in blended feed fats is acidulated soapstoc'. This by(
product of edible oil reEning has ery high GGA since it was
intimately e"posed to water and acid during its production. +igh
leels of GGA should be considered when estimating energy content
of fats for feeding. The acidity of fats is also often e"pressed
directly in terms of percent Gree Gatty Acids )GGA. The assumption
usually made in the calculation is that the acids hae a molecular
weight eual to that of an oleic acid. t was 'nown that improper
handling of crude Jatropha curcas oil )4& would cause the water
content increase. n addition! e"posing the oil to open air and
sunlight for long time would aDect the concentration of GGA increase
signiEcantly to high leel of GGA aboe ,%. The GGA amount of 4&
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will
ary and depend on the uality of feedstoc'. The GGA and moisture
contents hae signiEcant eDects on the transesteriEcation of
glycerides with alcohol using catalyst )/oodrum! 2002. The high
GGA content )R,% w8w will happen soap formation and the
separation of products will be e"ceedingly di$cult! and as a result!
it has low yield of biodiesel product. The acid(catalyedesteriEcation
of the oil is an alternatie )rabbe et al.! 200,! but it is much
slower than the base(catalyed trans(esteriEcation reaction.
Therefore! an alternatie process such as a two(step process was
inestigated for feedstoc' haing the high GGA content )/hadge and
Haheman! 2005; elK'oic S et al.! 2006
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. -$TODO"O34
.1 Seed Sa#!*es
+ereunder is the list of the three )3 4atropha curcas
proenances that were entrusted to the researcher by the :cience
=epartment of *indanao :tate @niersity /eneral :antos ity.
ndicated are the names and the country of origin.
Na#e Count+y
,. Tubao(hil#io hilippines
2. ndia(=, ndia
3! *e"ican(hil#io *e"ico
.2 Seed Co**ection and Sa#!*e ,+e!a+ation
The seed samples of 3 Jatropha curcas proenances were
collected within the :cience department area of *:@(/:! Gatima.
ollected samples were air(dried for 7 days and stored in sealed
glass containers. The hard seed coat was remoed by pounding in a
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mortar and pestle. The collected 'ernels were then puleried using
a 1aring blender.
. ,+o)i#ate (na*ysis
..1 -oistu+e and (sh Content
The moisture content of 4atropha curcas )after drying were
measured using the ?4,6 *oisture Analyer! *etler Toledo. The
moisture free samples were ignited at 550o in a mue furnace
until a uniformly grayish to white or reddish to blue residue is
acuired. 1ith this process! water and other olatile components
were aporied while the organic constituents are eoled as other
form of o"ides and until weight is constant
..2 C+ude 'at
=etermination of crude fat percentage was done through
so"hlet method. The so"hlet apparatus was set up with anhydrous
diethyl ether! appro"imately ,75 m? )the empty Nas' was dried to
constant weight in an oen before using for the e"traction. The
samples )2g were remoed after e"traction and air dried to remoe
the e"cess ether. The Elter paper with the sample was dried in an
oen at ,050 until the weight is constant. The weight of the Elter
paper and the samples were then recorded. Total percentage of fat
was calculated using the formulaC
% rude Gat U orrected weight of the fat " ,00
1eight of the dry sample
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.. C+ude fbe+
Analysis of crude Eber was done using manual Eltration
method. The defatted sample was boiled in 0.6> M +2:&> and then in
,.56 M Ma&+ to eliminate soluble components. #etween successions
the sample was washed with boiling water seeral times then Enally
with ethanol! for the ignition process! the sample was placed in a
gooch crucible with asbestos matting. gnition was done at 550o for
20 minutes to o"idie all carbonaceous materials leaing only the
Ebers. The sample was cooled! placed in a dessicator and weighed.
%rude Giber U 1eight of crucible V 550o " ,00 1eight of dry sample
.. C+ude !+otein and '+ee 'atty (cid Co#!osition
:amples were sent to =&:T Hegion I to determine its free
fatty acid contents and crude protein analysis.
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. R$SU"TS (ND DISCUSSION
The pro"imate composition )crude protein! crude Eber! crude
fat! carbohydrate! ash! and moisture of three 4. curcas proenances
seed 'ernels of diDerent origins are shown in Table ,. t shows the
mean aerage composition of three proenances of Jatropha curcas.
Hesults on the moisture content is comparable to the moisture
content reported by Akintayo, 2004 which is 5.5>% for J. curcas. The
percent ash of 4. curcas seeds! ndia =,! Tubao( hilbio! *e"ican
hilbio are >.-2%! >.57% and >.5,% respectiely. This indicates that
low ash content of these proenances can be a good source of
biodiesel stated by A&A! ,-> . The seeds are ery rich in fat
content with Tubao(hil#io haing the highest alue of 37.03% and
22
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*e"ican(hilbio haing the least alue of 35.6%. These seeds can
be good sources of egetable oil for human consumption and for
industrial applications such as in cosmetics and the food industry as
mentioned by slam et al.
The alues of the rude protein for the three samples are
,6.7,%! ,6.6>%!,5.7% respectiely! with ndia =, haing the
highest and Tubao(hil#io haing the least. +oweer these three
arieties 4atropha curcas can be said to be considerably low in
protein and cannot compete faorably with some other good
sources of protein that were reported to contain 2.>% and 3,.5%
protein respectiely by ) Amoo et al., 2004. The crude Ebre contents
of these seeds are considerably high within the range of ,2.-3% (
,3.%. This alue is comparably much higher with the crude Eber
reported for Jatropha catharica ),.60%.
arbohydrate constitutes a maKor class of naturally occurring
organic compounds. They are essential for the maintenance of plant
and animal life and also proide raw materials for many industries.
arbohydrate contents of *e"ican(hilbio )2,.52%! Tubao(hil#io
)2,.,% and ndia =, ),-.35% obsered is lower to the
carbohydrate content reported for 4. curcas of Fgyptian origin with
30.,,% but higher than the carbohydrate content of 4. carthica
)6.>5%.
The data reealed that the alues between the chemical
compositions of J. curcas are relatiely close to each other )Gigure ,
23
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which mean that there are slight diDerences between the chemical
compositions of seeds from diDerent proenances used in the study.
Tab*e 15 ,+o)i#ate Co#!osition 06 o Th+ee Jatropha curcas
,+ovenances
Co#!osition Tubao7
,hibio
India D1 -e)ican7
,hibio
-oistu+e 6.6 6.3 5.6-
24
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(sh >.57 >.-2 >.>,
C+ude at 37.03 36.76 35.6
C+ude fbe+ ,2.-3 ,3. ,3.3
C+ude !+otein ,5.7 ,6.7, ,6.6>
Ca+bohyd+ates 2,., ,-.35 2,.52
'igu+e 1 Resu*ts o !+o)i#ate co#!osition o th+ee Jatropha
curcas ,+ovenances
.1 '+ee 'atty (cid Content in 8at+o!ha cu+cas oi*
As reported by #erchmans and +irata! an important
consideration in the feedstoc' selection for biodiesel production is
the content of free fatty acid )GGA in the oil. Therefore! to be used
as a feedstoc' in biodiesel production! the Jatropha curcas &il
should contain a low percentage of free fatty acids )GGA not higher
25
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than ,% so that the oil can directly be utilied in a
transesteriEcation reaction with alcohol as an e"cess reactant in the
presence of an al'aline catalyst. &therwise! the saponiEcation shall
occur and the separation of products shall be e"ceedingly di$cult!
and as a result! the yield of biodiesel product would be low.
Gigure 2 shows that Tubao( hilbio has 0.,6% of free fatty acid!
*e"ican(hilbio has ,.03% and ndia(=, has 0.,-% alue of GGA.
#ased on these results! the Tubao(hilbio proenance would yield
the highest amount of biodiesel and would reuire the less energy if
utilied in a transesteriEcation reaction. The *e"ican(hilbio
proenance howeer e"ceeded the ,% GGA standard! this indicates
that the oil from this proenance would reuire processing such as
esteriEcation to neutralie and remoe the GGA )Agbogun ,-3.
26
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'igu+e 2. '+ee 'atty (cid o 8at+o!ha cu+cas ,+ovenances o
(sian and -e)ican o+igin
. Statistica* (na*ysis
The researchers wished to assess if the magnitude of the
diDerences among sample mean measurements )in terms of
moisture! ash! fat! Eber! protein and carbohydrates and free fatty
acid are large enough to entail reKection of euality of population
means. +ence! a hypothesis testing procedure called Analysis of
ariance was conducted at 5% leel of signiEcance.
#ased on sample results! there is not enough eidence to
conclude that there is a signiEcant diDerence in the population
means of the proenances tested for ash! crude fat! crude Eber and
crude protein. There
'igu+e 2 One7&ay (na*ysis o %a+iance 9ith :;7 -.220 5.,>32 :igniEcantly diDerent
Ash 0.06-0 >.3,2> 5.,>32Mot signiEcantly
diDerent
rude Gat 0.3- ,.,066 5.,>32Mot signiEcantly
diDerent
rude Giber 0.,3-3 2.763 5.,>32Mot signiEcantly
diDerent
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rude rotein 0.2,3- 2.0,62 5.,>32Mot signiEcantly
diDerent
arbohydrates 0.3336 ,.3253 5.,>32Mot signiEcantly
diDerent'+ee 'atty (cid 0.005- -.053 >.066, :igniEcantly diDerent
/. SU--(R4> CONC"USION (ND
R$CO--$ND(TIONS
Grom the results of the study the following are the summary!
conclusion and recommendation which answer our main obKectie.
a. The three arieties of J. curcas are closely related in terms of
moisture! ash! crude Eber! crude protein! carbohydrates and
crude fat contents. :tatistically! there is no signiEcant
diDerence among the three proenances in terms of ash!
28
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crude Eber crude protein! carbohydrates and crude fat
howeer the moisture content slightly diDers.
b. The free fatty acid alues of the three 4atropha curcas
proenances did not e"ceed the ,% standard which means it
can be a good source of biodiesel.
c. #ased on the result of the study the following ealuation were
madeC
J. curcas is a multipurpose species with many attributes and
considerable potential. The present results demonstrated the
chemical composition of J. curcas to 'now its prospectie industrial
applications especially in the oil industry. The three arieties of
Jatropha curcas seeds are closely related in pro"imate compositions.
Grom the results of this study the seeds of the diDerent proenances
are a good source of carbohydrate! crude protein! and crude fat. The
plant can be used for medicinal purposes! in cosmetics based on its
pro"imate composition which determines its potential for industrial
applications )slam et al. #ecause of its high crude fat content! it
can be concluded that it can possibly be a good source of oil which
can be conerted into biodiesel. The oil from its seeds is the most
aluable product since it can be conerted into biodiesel. #iodiesel
has become more attractie as an alternatie to fossil diesel
because of its enironmental beneEts and the fact that it is made
from renewable resources. J. curcas ?. is a promising source of
biodiesel since its seeds contain high amount of oil and the species
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has good agronomic traits. :ince the seeds of the diDerent
proenances of J.curcas which are currently underutilied8
une"plored in most regions of the world further studies should be
conducted about its chemical composition )e.g. to"icity leels
because! in this study the phase Wcrude rotein! crude fat! crude
EberW does not say anything about the uality of the said
composition. *oreoer! there is still lac' of scientiEc eidence to
support claims related to Jatropha high oil yield production
particularly at large scale. #ut still 4atropha deseres as much
attention as it can receie worldwide so that as many people as
possible can beneEt from the obious adantages.
"IT$R(TUR$ CIT$D
30
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• Adebowale! 9.&. and .&. Adedire. 2006. hemical
composition and insecticidal properties of the underutilied
4atropha curcas seed oil. Afr. 4. #iotechnol.! 5C -0,(-06.
• #erchmans! +.4. and +irata :. 2007.#iodiesel production from
crude Jatropha curcas ?. seed oil with a high content of free
fatty acids. #ioresource Technology -- )200 ,7,6,72,
• ha'rabarti! *.+. and H. Ahmad. 200. TransesteriEcation
studies on castor oil as a Erst step towards its use in biodiesel
production. a'. 4. #ot.! >0C ,,53(,,57.
• hitra! .! . en'atachalam and A. :ampathraKan. 2005.
&ptimisation of e"perimental conditions for biodiesel
production from al'ali(catalysed transesteriEcation of 4atropha
curcus oil.
• A:AF! egetable oil fuelsC roceedings of the international
conference on plant and egetable; ,-2
• Goidl M! Goidl /! :anche *! *ittelbach *! +ac'el :. 4atropha
curcas ?. as a source for the production of biofuel in
Micaragua. #ioresour Technol ,--6; 5C772
• /oering F! :chwab A1! =augherty *4! ryde F+! +ea'in A4.
Guel properties of eleen oils. Trans A:AF ,-2;25C,>723.
9lass! =. ?. #iomass for Henewable Fnergy! Guels! and
hemicals. Academic ress! ?ondon. ,--! p. 335
31
8/16/2019 Proximate Analysis of Jatropha curcas
32/51
• /ubit! /.*.! *ittelbach! *.! Trabi! *.! ,---. F"ploitation of
tropical oil seed plant 4atropha curcas ?. #ioresource
Technology 67! 732
• +oufang! ?u.! ?. Xingying! Y. +ui! X. Xang! *. hen and #.
?iang. 200-. roduction of biodiesel from 4atropha curcas ?.
oil. omp. hem. Fng.! 33C ,0-,(,0-6
• *a''ar! +..:.! Aderibigbe! A.&.! #ec'er! 9.! ,--.
omparatie ealuation of non(to"ic and to"ic arieties of
4atropha curcas for chemical composition! digestibility! protein
degradability and to"ic factors. Good hemistry 62! 2072,5
• arawira 1. 20,0. #iodiesel production from 4atropha curcasC A
reiew Technol.! ol. 5),>! pp. ,7-6(,0
• Hashid! @.! G. Anwar! T.*. Ansari! *. Arif and *. Ahmad. 200-a.
&ptimiation of al'aline transesteriEcation of rice bran oil for
biodiesel production using response surface methodology. 4
hem. Technol. #iotechnol.! >C ,36>(,370
• :onntag M&. :tructure and composition of fats and oils. nC
:wern =! editor. >th ed.! #aileyBs industrial oil and fat
products! ol. ,! >th ed. Mew Xor'C 4ohn 1iley and :ons; ,-7-.
p. ,
• 1ang! .:. *.F. Tat and 4.. /erpen. 2005. The production of
fatty acid isopropyl esters and their uses as a diesel fuel. 4.
Am. &il hem. :oc.! 2C >5(>-. )Heceied for publication 7
*arch 200-
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(!!endi) (
,+ocedu+es
Sa#!*e !+e!a+ation
(sh and -oistu+e Dete+#ination
Fuipment8 Apparatus
• ?4,6 *oisture Analyer Z)*etler Toledo
• :et drying time to A@T&. ress FMTFH
• :et drying to ,,0o. ress FMTFH.
• &pen drying coer. *ount aluminum pan on the pan
support.
• Tare. =istribute the sample eenly on the pan. lose the dryer.
• ress :TAHT.
• ress :T& after analysis.
• Hecord the moisture loss.
• #ring the down the temperature of the furnace to ,05o and
maintain for 20 minutes.
• ool crucible in a dessicator and weigh after 30 minures.
• Heheat the crucibles in an oen at ,,0o! let cool and weigh.
34
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• Hepeat this operation at constant interals until constant
weight is obtained.
• Hecord the Enal weight of the crucibles.
%Ash U weight of the residue
1eight of the dry sample
6 C+ude 'at 0So)h*et #ethod
HeagentsC
Anhydrous diethyl ether
Fuipment8 Apparatus
Gilter paper
:o"hlet apparatus
=rying oen
Analytical balance
• 1eigh in triplicate 2.00 g sample in a pre( weighed Elter
paper ),5",5! fold! and wrap with another piece of the
same sie. lace the sample in the e"traction chamber
of the so"hlet apparatus.
• :et up the so"hlet Nas' with enough anhydrous diethyl
ether! appro"imately ,75 m? )the empty Nas' should be
dried to constant weight in an oen before using for the
e"traction. F"tract the fat in the sample.
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• Hemoe the sample and air dry to remoe the e"cess
ether. =ry the Elter paper with the sample in an oen at
,05o until the weight is constant.
• Hecord the weight of the Elter paper and the sample.
• Hun the blan' using the same sie of the Elter paper.
:ubtract the weight obtained from the weight of the fat
in the sample.
% rude Gat U corrected weight of the fat " ,00
1eight of the dry sample
6 C+ude 'ibe+ 0-anua* 'i*t+ation -ethod
HeagentsC
0.6>bM +2:&> )7,.,2 m? conBt +2:&> per ? solBn
,.56 M Ma&+ ),2>. g Ma&+ per 2 ? solBn
0.2 % methyl red )ttitrate 0.2 g methyl red with 7.> m? 0., M Ma&+
and ma'e up to ,00 m? with of distilled water
,% phenolphthalein ), g +2h in -0m? ethanol and ma'e up to
,00m? with ethanol antifoam.
Fuipments8Apparatus
600 m? bea'er /ooch crucibles
+ot plate &en
=ress linen mue furnace
Gilter papers dessicator
36
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• Transfer the defatted sample into a 600 m?bea'er )tall
form.
• Add boiling 0.6> M +2:&> upto the 200 m? mar'. Add ,
drop antifoam compound.
• +eat the resulting mi"ture and allow to boill for ,0
minutes with constant sha'ing.
• Gilter immediately through dress linen.
• 1ash the residue on the Elter paper with boiling water
until the washings are no longer acidic )washings turn
red to yellow with *H indicator
• Heturn the residue into the bea'er using appro"imately
,00 m? hot distilled water. *a'e up to the ,00 m? mar'
with the distilled water.
• Add boiling ,.56 M Ma&+ up to the 200 m? mar'. Add ,
drop antifoam compound.
• +eat the mi"ture and allow to boil for ,0 minutes with
constant sha'ing
• Gilter immediately through dress linen
• 1ash the residue with boiling water until the washings
are no longer al'aline )washing turn pin' to colorless
with phenolphththalein indicator
37
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• Transfer the residue into the prepared /ooch crucible
with asbestos matting by washing the residue with ,0
m? ethanol.
• +eat the sample at ,05o until the weight becomes
constant.
• gnite the residue in the mue furnace for about 20
minutes at 550o until all carbonaceous matter are
o"idied.
• ool! place in a dessicator and weigh.
%rude Giber U 1eight of crucible V 550o " ,00 1eight of dry sample
(!!endi) ?
Docu#entation
:ample reparation
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*oisture and Ash ontent Analysis
onstant 1eighing
39
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:amples in the Gurnace
:o"hlet *ethod for rude fat and &il F"traction
40
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Appendix C
Raw Data
41
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Proximate Composition (%) of 3 Jatropha curcas Provenances
Table 1 Tubao-Philbio
Replicate
No.
Moisture Ash Fat Fier !rotei" #aroh$%ra
tes
1 6.6 4.56 37.2 12.8 14.54 23.3
2 6.59 4.64 35.48 13.42 16.22 21.65
3 6.62 4.5 38.4 12.56 16.34 18.58
A&e 6.603333 4.566667 37.02667 12.92667 15.7 21.1766666
7
Table 2 ndia-!1
Replicate
No.
Moisture Ash Fat Fier !rotei" #aroh$%rates
1 6.2 5.3 37.7 13.43 17.1 19.27
2 6.43 4.56 36.32 13.62 16.53 20.54
3 6.5 4.9 36.25 14.6 16.5 18.25
A&e 6.376667 4.92 36.75667 13.88333 16.71 19.35333333
Table 3 "exican-Phil#io
Replicate
No.
Moisture Ash Fat Fier !rotei" #aroh$%rates
1 6.2 4.4 36.35 13.43 16.6 22.02
2 5.43 4.43 35.74 13.62 16.12 22.66
3 5.43 4.4 35.5 14.6 17.2 19.87
A&e 5.686667 4.41 35.86333 13.88333 16.64 21.51666667
(!!endi) D
Statistica* (na*ysis
42
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-OISTUR$
?et the following beC
,. +ypothesisC
2. ?eel of signiEcanceC
3. Test :tatisticC
>. ritical HegionC
5. omputationsC
AnoaC :ingleGactor
:@**AHX
Groups Count Sum Averag
earian
ce
Tubao(hilbio 3 ,-., 6.603 0.000
ndia =, 3 ,-.,3 6.377 0.025*e"ican (hil#io 3 ,7.06 5.67 0.,-
AM&ASource of ariation SS df !S " #$value " cri
#etween/roups
,.367755556 2 0.6> -.22, 0.0,5 5.,>
43
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1ithin /roups 0.>>5 6 0.07>
Total,.,27555
56
6.
7. onclusionC At 5% leel of signiEcance! based on sampleresults! there is su$cient eidence to claim that not allpopulation mean moisture content of the three J. curcas proenances are eual.
(S
?et the following beC
,. +ypothesisC
2. ?eel of signiEcanceC
3. Test :tatisticC
>. ritical HegionC
5. omputationsC
AnoaC :ingleGactor
44
8/16/2019 Proximate Analysis of Jatropha curcas
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:@**AHX
Groups Count Sum Averagearian
ce
Tubao(hilbio 3 ,3.70 >.57 0.00ndia =, 3 ,>.76 >.-2 0.,>
*e"ican (hil#io 3 ,3.23 >.>, 0.00
AM&ASource of ariation SS df !S "
#$value " crit
#etween/roups 0.>0- 2 0.205 >.3,2 0.06- 5.,>3
1ithin /roups 0.25 6 0.0>7
Total 0.6->
6.
7. onclusionC At 5% leel of signiEcance! based on sampleresults! we do not hae su$cient eidence to conclude that
the population mean ash content of the three J. curcas proenances diDer from one another.
'(T
?et the following beC
,. +ypothesisC
2. ?eel of signiEcanceC
3. Test :tatisticC
45
8/16/2019 Proximate Analysis of Jatropha curcas
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>. ritical HegionC
5. omputationsC
AnoaC :ingleGactor
:@**AHX
Groups Count Sum Averagearian
ce
Tubao(hilbio 3 ,,,.0 37.03 2.,5ndia =, 3 ,,0.27 36.76 0.67
*e"ican (
hil#io 3 ,07.5- 35.6 0.,-
AM&ASource of ariation SS df !S "
#$value " crit
#etween/roups 2.22 2 ,.,, ,.,, 0.3- 5.,>
1ithin /roups 6.03 6 ,.00
Total .25
6.
7. onclusionC At 5% leel of signiEcance! based on sampleresults! we do not hae su$cient eidence to conclude thatthe population mean fat content of the three J. curcas
proenances diDer from one another.
'I?$R
?et the following beC
46
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,. +ypothesisC
?eel of signiEcanceC
2. Test :tatisticC
3. ritical HegionC
>. omputationsC
AnoaC :ingleGactor
:@**AHX
Groups Count Sum Averagearian
ce
Tubao(hilbio 3 3.7 ,2.-3 0.20ndia =, 3 >,.65 ,3. 0.3-*e"ican (
hil#io 3 >,.65 ,3. 0.3-
AM&A
Source of ariation SS df !S "
#$value " crit
#etween
/roups ,.3 2 0.-2 2.7- 0.,> 5.,>1ithin /roups ,.-7 6 0.33
Total 3.0
5.
6. onclusionC At 5% leel of signiEcance! based on sampleresults! we do not hae su$cient eidence to conclude thatthe population mean Eber content of the three J. curcas proenances diDer from one another.
47
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,ROT$IN
?et the following beC
,. +ypothesisC
2. ?eel of signiEcanceC
3. Test :tatisticC
>. ritical HegionC
5. omputationsC
AnoaC :ingleGactor
:@**AHX
Groups Count Sum Averagearian
ce
Tubao(hilbio 3 >7.,0 ,5.70 ,.0,ndia =, 3 50.,3 ,6.7, 0.,,
*e"ican (hil#io 3 >-.-2 ,6.6> 0.2-
AM&ASource of ariation SS df !S "
#$value " crit
#etween/roups ,.-, 2 0.-5 2.02 0.2, 5.,>
1ithin /roups 2.> 6 0.>7
Total >.75
48
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6.
7. onclusionC At 5% leel of signiEcance! based on sample
results! we do not hae su$cient eidence to conclude thatthe population mean protein content of the three J. curcas proenances diDer from one another.
C(R?O4DR(T$S
?et the following beC
,. +ypothesisC
2. ?eel of signiEcanceC
3. Test :tatisticC
>. ritical HegionC
5. omputationsC
AnoaC :ingleGactor
:@**AHX
Groups Count Sum Averagearian
ce
Tubao(hilbio 3 63.53 2,., 5.7>ndia =, 3 5.06 ,-.35 ,.32
*e"ican (hil#io 3 6>.55 2,.52 2.,>
49
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AM&A
Source of ariation SS df !S "
#$value " crit
#etween/roups .,2 2 >.06 ,.33 0.33 5.,>
1ithin /roups ,.3 6 3.06
Total 26.50
6.
7. onclusionC At 5% leel of signiEcance! based on sample
results! we do not hae su$cient eidence to conclude thatthe population mean carbohydrates content of the three J.curcas proenances diDer from one another.
'R$$ '(TT4 (CID
?et the following beC
,. +ypothesisC
2. ?eel of signiEcanceC
3. Test :tatisticC
>. ritical HegionC
5. omputationsC
:@**AHX
50
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Groups Count Sum Average ariance Tubao(hilbio 3 0.>7
0.,56666667
3.33333F(05
ndia =, 3 3.0,.0266666
670.0006333
33
*e"ican (hil#io 3 0.5
0.,-3333333
0.000233333
AM&A
Source of ariation SS df !S "
#$valu
e " crit #etween/roups
,.>526- 2
0.7263>>>>>
2>2,.,>,>
,.-F(0-
5.,>3253
1ithin/roups 0.00, 6 0.0003
Total,.>5>>
-
6.7. onclusionC At 5% leel of signiEcance! based on sample
results! there is su$cient eidence to claim that not all
population mean moisture content of the three J. curcas proenances are eual.