Proto-Indo-European Dictionary Graphemes b bh

A critical dictionary

of Proto-Indo-European

with comparative indications

b

bh

Arnaud FOURNET

The PIE status is indicated according to the following classification

- W Italic Celtic - A Albanese - C Greek Armenian Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian - G Germanic - T Tokharian - H Hittite

a See H2 Hurrian confirms Hittites indications that there were two separate phonemes H2 in PIE abh- ldquofatherrdquo not in LIV (IEW91-92)

PIE status Not attested in Hurrian Ital babbo ldquofatherrdquo Alb baba ldquofatherrdquo

MHG bābe bōbe ldquoold woman motherrdquo Lith boacuteba OCS baba ldquoold womanrdquo Welsh bun ldquoqueen wife womanrdquo

b

A rare and dubious sound in PIE Examples appear to be variants of bh- [b]

() b_b- ldquoimitative of indistinct speechrdquo not in LIV (IEW91-92 93-94 95)

PIE status WACG__ Probably a variant of bh_H2- ldquoto speakrdquo Not attested in Hurrian OInd bababā-karōti for the crackle of the fire OInd balbalā-karōti ldquoto stammerrdquo OInd barbara-ḥ ldquostammeringrdquo Gk βαβάζω ldquoto chat talk indistinctlyrdquo βαβράζω ldquoto chirprdquo Gk βαmicroβαλύζω (out of it Lat bambalō) βαmicroβακύζω ldquomy teeth are chatteringrdquo βαmicroβαίνω ldquoto stammerrdquo Gk βάρβαρος ldquonot Greek speaking an unintelligible incomprehensible languagerdquo (from which Lat barbarus) Gk βατταρίζω ldquoto stammersrdquo βαττολογέω ldquoto chat pointless stuffrdquo Gk βαὺβαὺ ldquodog barkingrdquo βαΰζω ldquobarks blasphemesrdquo Βαυβώ ldquobugbear Hecaterdquo Gr βόmicroβος m (out of it Lat bombus) ldquoa boom deep hollow noiserdquo βόmicroβῡξ -ῡκος ldquofleasrdquo βοmicroβύκια ldquohumming insectsrdquo βοmicroβυλιός or -ύλιος ldquobumblebeerdquo (and ldquonarrow necked vesselrdquo) about βαmicroβαίνω ldquoclatters with the teeth stammer lisprdquo Alb bumbulit ldquoit thundersrdquo Alb bumballeuml ldquoBlatta orientalisrdquo also dial ldquobumblebeerdquo Serb-Church Slavic bъblu bъbati ldquoto stammerrdquo Serb bograveboćem bobogravetati ldquoto clatter with the teethrdquo etc Ltv bibināt ldquoto babble murmurrdquo OPruss bebbint ldquoto mockrdquo Bulg blаbоlъ bъlboacutelъ ldquoto chatrdquo Lith balbatildesyti ldquoto babblerdquo Ser-Cr blagravebositi ldquoto stammer ldquo Russ boloboacutelitъ ldquoto chat drivel ldquo Cz beblati ldquoto stammerrdquo Cz blb ldquogannet gawkrdquo blblati bleptati rdquoto stammer stutterrdquo Serb blebegravetati Lith blebeacutenti ldquoto babblerdquo Serb brboljiti brbljati ldquoto babblerdquo Lith baũbti ldquoto bawl bellow (ox)rdquo baũbis cattle God as ldquobawlerrdquo Lith bimbalas bimbilas ldquogadfly horseflyrdquo Lith bambeacuteti ldquoto humrdquo in ablaut bimpti id bimbalas bimbilas ldquogadfly horseflyrdquo RCS buacutebenъ bubonъ ldquodrumrdquo Russ bubniacutetь ldquochat babblerdquo Pol bęben ldquodrumrdquo Lat babulus ldquochatterbox a babbler foolrdquo Lat balbus ldquostammering babblingrdquo balbūtiō ldquo to stammer stutter hence in gen ldquoto speak obscurelyrdquo Lat Osc blaesus ldquolisping babblingrdquo Lat baubor -ārī ldquoto bark gently or moderatelyrdquo Ger babbeln pappeln Eng babble Nor bable Swe babbla OIce babba ldquochatrdquo Gmc OIce bumba ldquodrumrdquo Dan old bomme bambe ldquodrumrdquo Du bommen ldquoto dronerdquo Ger bammeln bimmeln ldquoto ring soundrdquo

Cf IEW97-98 b(h)eu ldquoowl etcrdquo PIE status WAC___ Pers būm ldquoowlrdquo Arm bu buēč ldquoowlrdquo (without consonant shift in onomatopoeic word) Gk βύᾱς m βῦζα f ldquoeagle owlrdquo βύζειν ldquoto cry like an eagle owlrdquo Lat būbō ldquoeagle owlrdquo Bulg buh ldquoeagle owlrdquo Russ buacutechatь ldquoto shout vaguely and persistently longrdquo Alb (buph) buf ldquoowlrdquo Rom bufniţů buhů ldquoowlrdquo Lith baublỹs ldquogreat bitternrdquo baũbti ldquoto roar bellowrdquo bubenugrave ldquoto drone vaguelyrdquo Lat būtio ldquogreat bitternrdquo būteo ldquoa buzzardrdquo Gk βοή ldquocall cry shoutrdquo βοάω ldquoshouts criesrdquo (out of it Lat boāre ldquoto shout cryrdquo) βωστρέω ldquocall cry for helprdquo (βοFαστρέω) OInd buacutekkāra-ḥ ldquoroar of the lionrdquo bukkati ldquobarksrdquo (Av bučahin- ldquohe who is prone to howling and snarling hissingrdquo buxti- ldquohowl hissingrdquo) Gk βύκτης ldquohowlingrdquo Lith bugravekčius ldquostammerersrdquo Ltv bũkškecirct ldquoto resound vaguelyrdquo Slav buk- (from zero grade of bouk-) in RCS bučati ldquoto drone roarrdquo Serb bucircčēm buacutekati ldquoto roarrdquo buacutečīm buacutečati ldquoto roar (as of the sea)rdquo Pol bąkać ldquoto talk in a low voice murmurrdquo bąk ldquogreat bitternrdquo =gt Hung bagoly ldquoowlrdquo

() b_is- ldquogallrdquo not in LIV (IEW102) PIE status W______ Probably a lw

Not attested in Hurrian Lat bīlis (bislis older bistlis) f ldquogall bilerdquo Welsh bustl m OCorn bistel Bret bestl (bis-tlo- -tli-) ldquogallrdquo Gallo-Rom bistlos (Wartburg)

() b_k- ldquostick staffrdquo not in LIV (IEW93) PIE status W_C_G__ Probably a wanderwort Cf bh_H2- ldquoto strikerdquo Not attested in Hurrian Lat baculum ldquoa staff walking stickrdquo from bac-(c)lom older bak-tlom vestiges of -cc- in Dimin bacillum baccillum compare also imbēcillus ldquo(without support) weak frailrdquo from -baccillos Gk βάκτρον βακτηρία βακτήριον ldquoa staff walking stickrdquo βακόν πεσόν Hes Gk βάκλα τύmicroπανα (ie ldquoclubrdquo) Hes otherwise ldquoclub shillelagh stickrdquo (lt Lat ) MEng pegge Eng peg ldquopin pegrdquo Ger pegel ldquopolerdquo Ltv baksticirct ldquopokerdquo

() b_d- ldquo(water) droprdquo not in LIV (IEW95) PIE status W_C___ Cf bhl_id- ldquoto flowrdquo Not attested in Hurrian Phryg βεδυ ldquowaterrdquo nasalized Illyr Bindus ldquowater godrdquo OInd binduacute-ḥ ldquodroprdquo (probably for banduacute-ḥ under influence of iacutendu-ḥ ldquodroprdquo) Corn banne banna Bret banne ldquodroprdquo (from which is borrowed MIr banna bainne ldquodrop milkrdquo) really Irish buinne ldquoto gush forth spring up floodrdquo Illyr FIG Bindus (Bendus)

() b_l- ldquostrongrdquo not in LIV (IEW96) PIE status W_CG__ Note Germanic with b- Cf bh_l-(gh)- ldquoto swellrdquo Not attested in Hurrian OInd baacutela-m n ldquoforce strength powerrdquo baacutelīyān ldquostrongerrdquo baacuteliṣṭha-ḥ ldquothe strongestrdquo (irregular -l-) Gk βελτίων βέλτερος ldquobetterrdquo βέλτιστος βέλτατος ldquobestrdquo (but Cret δελτoς lt gwel-) Lat dēbilis ldquofeeble weakrdquo OCS boljьjь ldquogreaterrdquo bolje adv ldquomore rather to a greater extent plusrdquo and ldquovery morerdquo Swe dial baringl bol ldquothick and large strong very daringrdquo OIce poet bolmr ldquobearrdquo

() b(h)_n ldquopeak mountainrdquo not in LIV (IEW96-97) PIE status W_C___ Hurrian baban ldquomountainrdquo MIr benn ldquohorn summitrdquo (bnd-no- or bend-no-) bennach ldquopointedrdquo Welsh bann m ldquohill summit horn (bnd-no-)rdquo MBret ban ldquoeminence overhang haughtiness priderdquo Gaulande-banno- gt Fr auvent ldquo(protection roof) canopy shield shelterrdquo (eig ldquobig hornrdquo) Gaul dial lacus Bēnācus if for Bennācus ldquothe hornedrdquo (Sirmione) from benno- (IE bend-no- orbnd-no-) Gk dial (Cyrenian) βουνός ldquohillrdquo Dubious Germanic words meaning penis awl or peg can hardly justify b instead of bh- () Italy Apennini

bh

This grapheme was most probably the phoneme b One instance is attested as a prefix

plu-(s-) ldquofleardquo (IEW102) WACG__ OInd pluacuteši- Arm lu (plus-) Alb plesht Lat pūlex (pusl-ex) plouk- in OHG flocirch OE fleah

bhlu-(s-) ldquofleardquo (IEW103) __C___ Gk ψύλλα (blusjā) balto-Slav blusā in Lith blusagrave Ltv blusa RCS blъcha Ser-Cr bugraveha Russ bɫochaacute

lūs- ldquolouserdquo (IEW692) W__G__ ABrit luwā gt lowā gt Welsh llau ldquolouserdquo (sg lleuen) Corn low Bret laou Vannes leu id OE MLG OHG OIce lūs f ldquolouserdquo OIce lȳski f ldquolouse diseaserdquo

Words in Indo-European languages where bh is reflected by |p]

Gk purgos ldquotowerrdquo lt bherğh- Gk ampelos ldquograperdquo lt obh- Italy Apennini mountains lt b(h)en Lat apis ldquobeerdquo lt a-bhi

bh_- ldquobean berry small round thingrdquo not in LIV (IEW106) PIE status WACG__ Not attested in Hurrian OInd bimba-ḥ -m ldquoballrdquo bimbī f ldquomomordica monadelphardquo (Cucurbitacee) bimba-m ldquored fruit of the bimbirdquo Ltv batildemba bumba ldquoball sphererdquo bumburs ldquosphere ball Kartoffelrdquo Lat faba (fal haba) ldquothe broad beanrdquo Gk φακός m ldquolentilrdquo Alb batheuml f ldquobroad beanrdquo (bhakā) OIce baun OE bēan OHG bōna ldquobeanrdquo Lat baca (bacca) -ae f ldquoa berry fruit a pearlrdquo bacalis bacale ldquoberry-bearing (designation of the female laurel)rdquo Goth weina-basi ldquograperdquo OHG beri ldquoberryrdquo () Alb bungeuml ldquokind of edible oak fruitrdquo

bol- (IEW103) Gk βολβός ldquoonion bulbrdquo (=gt Lat bulbus ldquoonion bulb tuberrdquo) bher- (IEW128-132) Pers bar ldquofruitrdquo (= Gk φόρος OCS sъ-borъ) bhr-uHg- (IEW173) Lat frūx -gis f ldquofruitrdquo = Umbr Akk pl frif fri ldquofruitsrdquo frūmentum

ldquocorn grain ldquo Osc fruktatiuf (frūgetātiōns) ldquofrūctusrdquo () Alb frut ldquofruitrdquo Ltv brugraveklene f ldquocranberryrdquo Russ etc brusniacuteka ldquocranberryrdquo

bh_- ldquochildrdquo not in LIV (IEW91-92 128-132) PIE status WACG__ Hurrian butki ldquochildrdquo

bh- Alb bebeuml ldquothe newborn kid childrdquo Eng baby ldquokid childrdquo Swe dial babbe ldquokid child small boyrdquo OHG MN Buobo MHG buobe ldquoboyrdquo OE MN Bōfa Bōja (gt Eng boy) Nor dial boa ldquobrotherrdquo etc further OHG MN Buole MHG buole ldquokinsman relative loverrdquo MLG bōle ldquokinsman relative brotherrdquo etc Osc futiacuter ldquodaughterrdquo

bh_r- Lith beacuternas ldquoyoungling farm laborerrdquo OLith ldquokid childrdquo Ltv bērns ldquokid childrdquo Goth bauacuter OIce burr OE byre ldquosonrdquo Goth OIce OHG OS barn OE bearn ldquokid childrdquo Alb bir ldquoson boyrdquo

() OE brid bird ldquoyoung birdrdquo

bh_- ldquoinsectrdquo (IEW116)

PIE status WACG__ Cf bh_i-dH- Not attested in Hurrian

bh_i- ldquobeerdquo (IEW116) OIce bӯ-fluga Alem bī OIr beij forms with n (barely extracted only the weak Decl) OHG bini n ldquobeerdquo ablaut bīa f (bī-ōn- = OE beacuteo Eng bee) bīna (Ger dial Bein) OCS bъčela bьčela id (bhikeluuml) Welsh bydaf ldquo beehive ldquo OPruss bitte Lith bigravetė bitigraves Ltv bite ldquobeerdquo Gaul bekos ldquobeerdquo (M-L 1014) OIr bech m ldquobeerdquo Gael speach ldquoprick stingrdquo Cf Lat apis ldquobeerdquo

bh_u-k- (IEW163) Lat fūcus -ī m ldquoa drone beerdquo = OE beacuteaw m ldquogadfly brakerdquo NGer bau id Cf Gk sphecircks ldquowasprdquo

bh_mbh_l- (IEW93-94) Gk βόmicroβῡξ -ῡκος ldquofleardquo βοmicroβύκια ldquohumming insectsrdquo βοmicroβυλιός or -ύλιος ldquobumblebeerdquo (and ldquonarrow necked vesselrdquo) Alb bumballeuml ldquoBlatta orientalisrdquo dial ldquobumblebeerdquo Lith bimbalas bimbilas ldquogadfly horseflyrdquo bimbalas bimbilas ldquogadfly horseflyrdquo

bh_r- (IEW135-136) WAC___ Arm boṙ -oy ldquobumblebee hornetrdquo OInd bambhara-ḥ (unbel) ldquobeerdquo bambharāliḥ (unbel) ldquoflyrdquo bambhā-rava-ḥ ldquothe bellow of the cowsrdquo Gk πεmicroφρηδών ldquokind of wasprdquo (formation as ἀνθρηδών τενθρηδών) similarly also Ser-Cr bȕmbar ldquobumblebeerdquo Clr bombagraver ldquocockchaferrdquo Alb (bȕmbar) bumballa ldquobumblebeerdquo (burbut-) burbuqe ldquoladybugrdquo (IEW103) Gk βροῦκος βρεῦκος (βραῦκος) βρύκος ldquolocust grasshopperrdquo

bh_- ldquoout of withoutrdquo (IEW112-113) PIE status _CG__ Cf bhi ldquoinside nearrdquo Not attested in Hurrian OInd bahiḥ (-š) ldquooutdoor outward outside fromrdquo (m abl) OPruss bhe ldquowithoutrdquo (preposition m acc) Lith begrave ldquowithoutrdquo (preposition m gen and nominal prefix) Ltv bez ldquowithoutrdquo (preposition m gen and nominal prefix) OCS bez etc (dial also be) ldquowithoutrdquo (preposition m gen and nominal prefix) () Lith be ldquostill yetrdquo begravet ldquohowever butrdquo (Cf ne-t ldquobutrdquo) bẽs Ltv bēst ldquopossibly perhapsrdquo (lt bhe + est ) OIr beacutes ldquoperhapsrdquo

bh_d- ldquodisgustrdquo not in LIV (IEW 114) PIE status W_C___ Not attested in Hurrian OInd Desid bībhatsatē ldquoto be shy of something feels disgustrdquo Lat fastīdium ldquoloathing squeamishness disgust dislike hence scorn haughtiness disdainrdquo (from fasti-tīdium to taedium) Lith bodugraves ldquounsavory distastefulrdquo bodeacutetis ldquoto nauseaterdquo (lt bhād-)

bh_dh- ldquoto dig (the ground)rdquo LIV66 bhedh-H2- ldquostechen grabenrdquo (IEW113-4)

PIE status W_CGTH Final laryngeal in LIV dubious Hurrian billi ldquocanalrdquo (with phonetic change -alli gt -illi) Lat fodiō -ere fōdī ldquoto dig also to dig out to excavaterdquo fossa ldquoditch trench channelrdquo fodicāre ldquodigrdquo Gaul bedo- ldquocanal ditch trench channelrdquo (Wartburg I 313) Welsh bedd Corn bedh Bret beacutez ldquograverdquo Gaul bodīca ldquofallow fieldrdquo (M-L 1184) Goth badi n ldquobedrdquo OE bedd id OHG etc betti ldquobed a garden-plot (to be) filled with plants a place where osiers willows etc are grownrdquo ON beđr m ldquobed-spread eiderdownrdquo (IE bhodhio-) originally ldquoa bed burrowed in the groundrdquo Cf Ger Fluszligbett Beet Eng bed also ldquogarden bed garden plotrdquo Lith bẽdrė f ldquopit potholerdquo

Toch A pat- pāt- ldquoto ploughrdquo Perhaps Hitt piacuted-da-i (or paacuted-da-i) ldquomakes a hole into the earthrdquo

bh_dh- ldquoto bindrdquo LIV75 bhendh- ldquobindenrdquo (IEW127)

PIE status WACG__ Not attested in Hurrian OInd badhnāti only later bandhati ldquobinds fetters captures takes prisoner put together ldquo Av bandayaiti ldquobindsrdquo participle OInd baddhaacute- Av ap basta- OInd baacutendhana- n ldquoligationrdquo bandhaacute-ḥ m ldquoligation straprdquo Av banda- m ldquoband manaclerdquo (OIce OS bant OHG bant n Ger Band Goth bandi OE bend f id Lith bandagrave ldquocattlerdquo see under) OInd baacutendhu-ḥ m ldquokinsman relativerdquo (as πενθερός) Gk πεῖσmicroα ldquorope hawser rope cablerdquo (from πενθσmicroα Schwyzer Gk I 287 compare Brugmann IF 11 104 f also for πέσmicroα and πάσmicroα) πενθερός ldquofather-in-lawrdquo (ldquolinked by marriagerdquo) Possibly Alb beseuml ldquopact covenant faith belief armisticerdquo bashkr ldquotogetherrdquo bashkonj ldquoto unite assemblerdquo Lat offendimentum offendix ldquo the knot of a band or the band itself chin strap under priestrsquos cap apex ( a Roman priestrsquos cap) fastened with two strings or bandsrdquo Gaul benna ldquokind of vehiclerdquo gaLat Ζεὺς Βέννιος Welsh benn ldquowagon cartrdquo (out of it OE binn and through romON mediation Ger dial benne ldquocarriage boxesrdquo Dutch ben ldquobasket troughrdquo basic form bhendh-nā) MIr buinne lsquostrap bangle ldquo(bhondhiā) Goth OE bindan OIce binda OHG bintan ldquobindrdquo Goth andbundnan ldquois unfastenedrdquo Goth bandi etc see above Lith bentildedras ldquopartner comraderdquo (formant associated with Gk πενθερός) bandagrave ldquoherd of cattle ldquo (eig ldquothe tied (down) cattle the bound cattlerdquo) Goth bansts m ldquobarnrdquo (bhondh-sti compare in other meaning OFris bōst ldquomatrimonial unionrdquo from bhondh-stu- ldquobondrdquo NGer banse ldquosilo garner barnrdquo OE bōs Eng boose ldquocattle shedrdquo OE bōsig ldquocribrdquo OIce bāss m ldquoroom for keeping cattle stallrdquo (band-sa-) Jũt bende ldquodivided off room in cattle shedrdquo

bhasko lt bhedh-sko ldquobundlerdquo (IEW111) Lat fascia ldquobandage band girdle girth strap land striperdquo fascis ldquoalliance bundle parcelrdquo Alb bashkeuml ldquotogether boundrdquo bashkonj ldquoput together uniterdquo bashkeuml ldquofleece (a bundle of wool)rdquo Maybe MIr basc ldquocollar neckbandrdquo Lat fiscus ldquoa basketrdquo fiscina ldquoa small basketrdquo (from bhidh-sko-)

bh_dh- ldquovesselrdquo not in LIV (IEW 153)

PIE status W_CG__ bhidh- Gk πίθος n ldquobarrel vat cask wine caskrdquo πιθάκνη Att φιδάκνη id

Lat fidēlia (fides-liā) ldquoearthenware vessel pot panrdquo OIce bietha f ldquomilk tub ldquo Nor bide n ldquobutter tubrdquo (bidjan-) bidne n ldquovesselrdquo () OInd bhāṇḍa- n ldquopot pan vesselrdquo () pott- ldquopotrdquo

bh_g- ldquoto divide to apportionrdquo LIV65 bhag- or bheg- ldquoals Anteil bekommenrdquo (IEW 107)

PIE status __C_T A (dial) cultural loanword Not attested in Hurrian OInd bhajati ldquoallocates apportions dividesrdquo = Av bag- (bažatildet ) ldquoto be determined as an interestrdquo OInd bhaga-ḥ ldquoproperty luckrdquo Av baga- baγa- n ldquofavorable interest attractive lotrdquo OInd bhaga-ḥ ldquoallocator master mister epithet of Savitar and another ādityardquo = Av baγa- ldquomaster mister godrdquo Pers baɣ ldquogodrdquo OCS bogъ ldquogodrdquo Slav bogъ ldquolotrdquo in OCS ubоgъ nеbоgъ ldquopoorrdquo bogatъ ldquorichrdquo Toch A pāk В pāke ldquodeal portionrdquo A pāciṃ ldquotreasure tributerdquo

bh_g- ldquoto breakrdquo LIV66 bheg- ldquobrechen (tr)rdquo (IEW114-5) PIE status __CG__ Cf bhr_ğ Not attested in Hurrian OInd bhanaacutekti perf babhaacutentildeja ldquobreak rupturerdquo bhaŋga-ḥ ldquobreak billowrdquo (compare Lith bangagrave ldquobillowrdquo) bhantildeji-ḥ ldquodiffraction declension crooked way sale step waverdquo Arm bekanem ldquobreakrdquo bek ldquobrokerdquo Gmc bang- ldquohitrdquo in OIce banga ldquohitrdquo bang ldquodin fuss noiserdquo Eng bang ldquoknock hitrdquo with ablaut MHG MLG bungen ldquodrumrdquo NGer bengel ldquoclub cudgel boorrdquo = Ger Bengel Eng dial bangle ldquognarled stickrdquo ON epithet bǫngull In addition with intensive consonant increase Gmc bank- in OS banka abl bunka ldquohit knockrdquo obd bunken ldquoknock bump pokerdquo MLG bunken Dutch bonken ldquohit thrashrdquo Ltv bungatilde ldquodrumrdquo bunga ldquoblow knockrdquo derive probably from MNGer

bh_g(w)- ldquoto run away to fleerdquo LIV67 bhegw- ldquodavonlaufen fliehenrdquo (IEW116)

PIE status __C_T_ Not attested in Hurrian Hindi bhāg- ldquoto fleerdquo Gk φέβοmicroαι φοβέοmicroαι ldquoto flee be afraidrdquo φόβος ldquoto escape fearrdquo φοβέω ldquoto startlerdquo φοβερός ldquofrightening timorousrdquo lengthened grade Lith beacutegu beacutegau beacutegti ldquoto run fleerdquo bėgas bẽgis m ldquoto escape runrdquo Ltv becircgu becircgt ldquoto fleerdquo with ablaut kausat boginugrave bogigraventi ldquoto flee something to get there quicklyrdquo Slav běgǫ in Russ běgu (Inf běžaacutetь) Clr bihuacute (Inf biacutečy) ldquoto runrdquo OCS priběgnǫ priběgnǫti etc ldquoto fleerdquo as well as OCS bežǫ bežati ldquoto fleerdquo etc Toch A pkaumlnt (pkaumlt) ldquoremote distant apart separatedrdquo

bh_ug- ldquoentfliehen freikommen to flee to become freerdquo LIV84 IEW152 bh_gh- ldquoto begrdquo

PIE status W_CG__ A new root Not attested in Hurrian Grec ptokheocirc ldquoto begrdquo (with infix -t-) Lat flagitare ldquoto request repeatedlyrdquo Engl to beg

bh_H- ldquoto grow (plant)rdquo LIV98-101 bhweH2- ldquowachsen entstehen werdenrdquo (IEW146-50)

PIE status WACG__ Possibly attested in Hurrian as paini ldquoincenserdquo (lt made from pine-trees)

bh_uH- Gk φύλλον ldquoleafrdquo (bhuliom) Lat folium id () Alb (φύλλον) pyll ldquoforestrdquo [common Alb shift u gt y] Arm bois gen busoy ldquosprout herb plantrdquo bun gen bnoi ldquostemrdquo OHG bū MHG bū gen būwes m (seldom n) ldquotilling of the field dwelling edificerdquo Ger Bau OHG nāhgibūr OE nēahgebūr Ger Nachbar Eng neighbour and OHG gibūr(o) MHG gebūr(e) then būr Ger Bauer ldquofarmer peasantrdquo OIce bygg n ldquobarleyrdquo OS gen Pl bewō ldquosowing seed yieldrdquo OE bēow n ldquobarleyrdquo (bewwa-) as ldquo the tilled the sownrdquo () Alb bujis ldquogerm sprout scion shoot bloomrdquo () Alb bimeuml ldquoplantrdquo

bh_iH- MIr bileoacutec ldquoleafrdquo (from bile lt bhelio-) moreover probably OIr bile n ldquotreerdquo Gaul biliā ldquotree stumprdquo Fr bille Gk φῑτρός m ldquotree truck wooden logrdquo φῖτυ n ldquogerm sprout scion shootrdquo φίτῡmicroα φῑτύω ldquoto produce sow plantrdquo

bh_H2ğ- (IEW107-8) Gk φηγός Dor φᾱγός f ldquooakrdquo Lat fāgus f ldquobeechrdquo Gaul bāgos in PN Bāgācon Bāgono- OHG buohha ldquobeechrdquo (bōkōn-) Unclear Slav buza- bъzъ- ldquoelderrdquo in Russ buz m Slov bɛz Russ dial boz () Goth bagms OHG bōum OE bēam ldquotreerdquo (lt bhou(ǝ)mo-)

bhl_(H)u- (IEW158-159) Gk φλύω ldquoto be fruitfulrdquo Att φλέως Ion φλοῦς ldquoreed plantrdquo Φλεύς (Φληυς lengthened grade) ephes Φλέως (ΦληFος) epithet of Dionysos as a vegetation God OPruss bleusky ldquoreedrdquo

bhr_uH- (IEW169) Lat frutex -icis m ldquoshrub bush blockheadrdquo MHG briezen brōz ldquobud swellrdquo OHG MHG broz ldquobud sproutrdquo

bhr_Hm Lat frōns frondis f ldquoa leaf foliage meton a chaplet or crown of leavesrdquo ON brum n ldquoleaf budsrdquo OHG brom brum id Swiss brom ldquoflower bud young twig branchrdquo ablaut brāme id OE brōm m ldquobroomrdquo (bhrēmo-) MLG brām ldquoblackberry bush broomrdquo OHG brāmo m brāma f ldquobriar blackberry bushrdquo brāmberi Ger Brombeere OE brēmel Eng bramble (Proto-Gmc brāmil) ablaut mnl bremme OHG brimma ldquobroomrdquo and MLG brēme brumme id

bh_H- ldquohouse to build (a house)rdquo (fused with) LIV98-101 bhweH2- (IEW146-150)

PIE status Not Attested in Hurrian Goth bauan ldquoto stay dwell inhabitrdquo gabauan ldquoto erect a houserdquo OIce būa (bjō būinn) ldquoto stay dwell bring in good condition equiprdquo OE būan and buw(i)an (būde gebūen) ldquoto stay dwell farmrdquo (OE bōgian OFris bōgia ldquoto stay dwellrdquo OHG būan (būta gibūan) ldquoto stay dwell farmrdquo Ger bauen OIce byggja ldquoto live at a place farm populaterdquo later ldquoto construct buildrdquo OIce bū n ldquodomicile householdrdquo OE bū n ldquodwellingrdquo OIce bȳr m ldquodwelling residential site courtrdquo Lith būvis ldquopermanent stay residencerdquo OHG bū MHG bū gen būwes m (seldom n) ldquotilling of the field dwelling edificerdquo Ger Bau Lith bugravetas OPruss (acc) buttan ldquohouserdquo Lith būklas (būtla-) ldquonest den hideout lair of wild animalsrdquo būklagrave būklẽ ldquodwellingrdquo [pabūklas ldquotool utensil apparition ghostrdquo]

bhutā OIr both f ldquocottagerdquo Welsh bod f Corn bos Bret bout ldquodwellingrdquo Lith bugravetas ldquohouserdquo OIce būeth f ldquodwelling tent cottagerdquo OS bōTHORN MLG bōde MHG buode būde ldquocottage tentrdquo Ger Bude (bhō[u]-tā) MLG bōdel ldquofortunerdquo bōl ldquoestaterdquo OE bold botl n ldquodwelling houserdquo byldan Eng build ldquoto buildrdquo OFris bold bōdel ldquohouse household utensil household appliance propertyrdquo OIce bōl n ldquodwelling den (of animals)rdquo MIr baile ldquohome placerdquo (bhuǝ-liio-) OE būr m ldquocottage roomrdquo OHG būr m ldquohouse cagerdquo () Arm boin gen bunoi ldquonestrdquo (bheu-no-) OInd bhavana-m ldquodwelling houserdquo

bhō[u]lo- φωλεός φωλειός ldquohiding place nook bolt-hole den of wild animalsrdquo φωλεύω ldquoto sleep in a caverdquo φωλίς ldquoa sea fish hidden in the mudrdquo OIce bōl n ldquoa camp for animals and peoplerdquo Swe dial bylja boumllja ldquosmall nestrdquo Alb buj bucircj (bunjō) ldquoto stay stay overnight spend the nightrdquo baneuml ldquodwelling abode residence half dilapidated houserdquo banoj ldquoto stay dwellrdquo bun(euml) ldquochaletrdquo (bhunā)

bh_H1- ldquoto be yesrdquo LIV08-101 bhweH1- ldquoto grow to berdquo (IEW113 146-150) PIE status WACGT_ Not attested in Hurrian

ldquoto berdquo OInd bhaacutevati ldquoto be there is happens prospers becomesrdquo Av bavaiti ldquobecomes originates happens will berdquo OPers bavatiy ldquobecomesrdquo Fut OInd bhavišyaacuteti Av būšyeiti participle būšyant- ldquowill come into existencerdquo (= Lith būsiu Gk φύσω) Aor OInd aacutebhūt (= Gk ἔφῡ) and bhuacutevat perf babhūva participle perf Akt babhūvā n f babhūvuacutešī (= Gk πεφυώς πεφυυῖα Lith bugravevo OCS byvati) Inf bhaacutevitum Absol bhūtvā (= Lith būtų passive ldquoto berdquo OPruss būton Inf) OInd

bhūtaacute-ḥ Av būta- ldquobecome beingrdquo OInd bhūtaacute -m ldquoentityrdquo (= Lith buacuteta ldquobeenrdquo Russ bytъ ldquoentity way of life lifestyle ldquo with ŭ Gk φυτόν OIr -both ldquoone wasrdquo praacute-bhūta-ḥ ldquorich numerousrdquo Pers Inf būdan ldquoberdquo OInd bhūti-ḥ bhūtiacute-ḥ f ldquobeing well-being good condition prospering flourishingrdquo (= OCS za- po- prě-bytь Russ bytь Inf OCS byti Lith būti with ŭ Gk φύσις) pass OInd bhūyate kaus bhāvayati ldquobrings into existence looks after and nurtures refreshesrdquo participle bhāvita-ḥ also ldquopleasantly excited in good moodrdquo (=OCS iz-baviti ldquofree releaserdquo) bhāvaacute-ḥ ldquobeing development becoming affectionrdquo besides bhavaacute-ḥ ldquodevelopment welfare salvationrdquo OInd bhavana-m ldquodevelopment becomingrdquo OInd bhuacutevana-m ldquoentityrdquo Gk φύτλᾱ ldquonature gender sexrdquo () MIr būan ldquounwavering steadfastrdquo lt bhou-no- O Ind pra-bhuacute-ḥ ldquomighty salientrdquo bhaviṣṇu-ḥ ldquobecoming thrivingrdquo bhūṣati ldquoto make thrive strengthenrdquo bhūṣayati ldquoto protectrdquo bhūṣana-m ldquoamulet jewelleryrdquo OInd bṓbhavīti Intens bhaacutevītva-ḥ ldquofuturerdquo bṓbhavīti Intens bhaacutevītva-ḥ ldquofuturerdquo Gk φύω (Lesb φυίω) ldquoto begetrdquo (Aor ἔφυσα) φύοmicroαι ldquoto become growrdquo φυτόν ldquogrowth plant kid child ulcerrdquo φυή ldquogrowth nature characterrdquo φῦmicroα n ldquoplant growth ulcerrdquo φύσις ldquonaturerdquo φῦλον n ldquostem gender sex kind ofrdquo φῡλή ldquomunicipality and from it located departmentrdquo (OCS bylъ l-participle bylьje) Lat fuī (aLat fūī) ldquoI have beenrdquo lt fū-ai lt older Aor fūm (= Gk ἔ-φῡν OInd aacute-bhūt ldquohe wasrdquo) fu-tūrus ldquofuture about to berdquo forem ldquowould berdquo fore ldquowill berdquo aLat Konj fuam fuat ldquoberdquo (bhuuām compare Lith bugravevo ldquowasrdquo from bhu-uāt) Umbr fust ldquoheshe is going to berdquo furent ldquothey are going to berdquo (fuset fusent) fefure ldquothey will have beenrdquo futu ldquoyou will berdquo (fuuetōd or fu-tōd) bhu-iiō gt Lat fīō fīerī ldquoof persons and things to be made come into existence with predicate to become be appointed with genit to be valued at of actions to be done of events to happenrdquo fīs fīt (bhu-ī-si bhu-ī-ti) Osc fiiet (bhuiient) ldquothey become they are maderdquo Umbr fito ldquogood deeds benefitsrdquo fuia ldquoheshe will become heshe will be made ldquo fuiest ldquoheshe will makerdquo (bhu-iō besides bhuiiō as in Lesb φυίω) Lat dubius ldquodoubtful act wavering in opinion doubting uncertain as to action hesitating irresolute pass uncertain doubted doubtful dangerous criticalrdquo (du-bhu-iio-s ldquoof double form consisting of two partsrdquo Umbr di-fue ldquosplit into two partsrdquo lt dui-bhuiom) probus ldquogood excellent fine morally good upright virtuous rightrdquo (pro-bhuos OInd pra-bhuacute-ḥ ldquosalient superbrdquo) Osc amprufid ldquodishonest lacking probityrdquo pruacutefatted ldquohas shown marked indicated manifested provenrdquo Umbr prufe ldquoupright honest properrdquo Lat super-bus ldquohaughty exalted proud arrogant overbearing brilliant splendidrdquo OE bēo ldquoI amrdquo (bhuiiō = Lat fīō OIr -bīu) bēom OHG bim etc OHG bis(t) OE bis OIr buith ldquoberdquo AlbGheg ba ldquoto ripen becomerdquo bafsh sub ldquoberdquo Lith būti (Ltv bucirct OPruss boūt) ldquoto berdquo būtų Supin ldquoto berdquo (OPruss būton Inf) participle būtas ldquobeenrdquo Fut būsiu (Ltv bucircšu) preterit bugravevo ldquohe was) Opt OPruss bousai ldquohe isrdquo preterit bēi be ldquohe wasrdquo Lith būvis m ldquobeing liferdquo buvineacuteti ldquoto stay here and there a whilerdquo OPruss buwinait ldquoliverdquo Ltv bucircšana ldquobeing entity conditionrdquo OPruss bousennis ldquostate conditionrdquo ELith buacuteklė ds buklugraves ldquowise sly cunningrdquo OCS byti ldquoto become berdquo lo- participle bylъ ldquobeenrdquo bylьje ldquoherb healthy herbrdquo Aor bě ldquowasrdquo (bhuē-t) Imperf běaše Fut participle Church Slavic byšę šteje byšą šteje Kondiz 3 pl bǫ (bhuā-nt) participle za-bъvenъ ldquoforgottenrdquo byt Russ zabūtyj ldquoforgottenrdquo bytъ ldquoentity way of life lifestylerdquo OPol byto ldquonourishment foodrdquo OCS iz-bytъkъ ldquoaffluence remnantrdquo bytьje ldquothe existencerdquo OCS zabytь ldquooblivionrdquo pobytь ldquovictoryrdquo prěbytь ldquoabode residencerdquo Russ bytь ldquoentity creature facts (of the case) facts (of the matter) matter of factrdquo present OCS bǫdǫ ldquoto become γίγνοmicroαιrdquo as Fut ldquowill becomerdquo caus OCS izbaviti ldquoto free releaserdquo Cz bydlo ldquowhereabouts dwellingrdquo Pol bydɫo ldquocattlerdquo

Toch В pyautk- A pyotk- AB pyutk- ldquoto come into beingrdquo med ldquoto bring aboutrdquo

ldquoworldrdquo OInd bhaviacutetram ldquoworldrdquo OInd bhū- f ldquoearth worldrdquo bhūmī bhūmiḥ - Av ap būmī- Pers būm ldquoearthrdquo OInd bhūman- n ldquoearth world beingrdquo (= Gk φῦmicroα) bhūmaacuten- m ldquofullness wealth bulk mass wealthrdquo Alb bōteuml ldquoearth bottom world peoplerdquo (bhuā-tā or bhuē-tā) () OIr baeuml ldquobenefitrdquo (bhuǝ-iom) () Alb mbetje ldquoresidue leftoverrdquo mbetet ldquois leftrdquo mbeturineuml ldquotrashrdquo

bheH1- _ACG__ (IEW113) Av bā bāt bē bōit (the latter as Lith beĩ probably with strengthening particle id) particles of the protestation and emphasis bāδa ldquoyea in truthrdquo maybe Alb bah ldquoabsolutely notrdquo Arm ba bay emphasizing particle Goth ba conditional particle i-ba i-bai ldquoifrdquo Conj ldquothat notrdquo ni-ba nibai ldquopossibly not yetrdquo Conj ldquoif notrdquo ja-bai ldquoifrdquo OHG ibu oba MHG ob(e) ldquoif whetherrdquo Lith bagrave ldquoyes of course certainly surerdquo ben ldquoat least not only but alsordquo ELith begrave (= OPruss bhe) beĩ (see above) ldquoandrdquo begrave bagrave begraves baũ interrogative particle OPruss beggi ldquoforrdquo OCS (etc) bo ldquoforrdquo i-bo ldquoκαὶ γάρrdquo u-bo ldquoalsordquo ne-bo-nъ ldquofor indeedrdquo changing through ablaut Clr ba ldquoyes of course certainly surerdquo Cz Pol ba ldquotrusted yea in truthrdquo maybe Alb po ldquoif whether yesrdquo Pol ba ldquoyea in truthrdquo

bh_H1- ldquoto warm fryrdquo LIV67 bheH1- ldquowaumlrmenrdquo (IEW113) PIE status __CG__ LIV70 bheH3g- (or -ğ-) ldquobraten roumlstenrdquo does not exist Hurrian bandarini ldquocook (n)rdquo

bh_H1- OHG bāen bājan Ger bāhen (bhēiō) ldquoto bake breadrdquo with -to- suffix OIce bađ ldquosteam bathrdquo OS bath OE baeligTHORN OHG bad ldquospa bathrdquo

bh_h1-g- Gk φώγω ldquoto roast fryrdquo Gk-Illyr βαγαρόν χλιαρόν Λάκωνες Hes OE bacan bōc OHG bahhan OIce baka -ađa id MHG sich becheln ldquoto bask get warm lounge in the sunrdquo OHG backan Ger backen

bh_H- ldquoto fight strike injurerdquo (IEW115) PIE status W_CG__ Unclear laryngeal Hurrian bah- ldquoto destroyrdquo

bh_H1ğh- ldquoto fightrdquo LIV68 bheH1ğh- ldquoaumlrgerlich werden in Streit geratenrdquo (IEW115) PIE status W_CG__ Gaul bāgaudae ldquoinsurgent guerillardquo (suffix as in alauda bascauda) OIr bāgaid ldquofights brags threatensrdquo bāg f ldquofight strugglerdquo MWelsh bwyo (bāgi-) ldquohitrdquo kymwy (MIr combāg id) ldquofightrdquo -boawc = MIr bāgach ldquowarlikerdquo whether Welsh bai ldquofault errorrdquo beio ldquorebukerdquo OHG bāgan ldquoto squabble quarrelrdquo OIce bāga bǣgja ldquoto oppose resistrdquo OHG bāga ldquoquarrel fightrdquo OS bāg m ldquovainglory boastfulnessrdquo MHG bāc -ges m ldquoloud yelling quarrelrdquo OIce bāge bāgi ldquoadversaryrdquo bāgr ldquodifficult hard sullen obstructiverdquo Gmc not borrowed from Celt because of ablaut Gmc ē Celt ā (IE ō) Ltv buocircztiecircs ldquoto be angryrdquo (bhōgh-)

bhl_g(h)- Welsh blyngu ldquoto become angryrdquo blwng ldquoangry iraterdquo Bret blouhi ldquorebukerdquo bh_H2-tw- ldquoto strikerdquo not in LIV (IEW111-112)

PIE status W_CG__ bh_H2- Lat fāmex -icis ldquoa bruise contusion bloodshotrdquo Gaul Lw Lat battuō -ere

more recently battō ldquoto beat knockrdquo Illyr Batto ldquoappellation for rebellion leadersrdquo Gaul anda-bata ldquoblind combatant gladiator fights with a helmet without openingsrdquo with ā Russ batъ ldquooaken stick cudgel clubrdquo Ser-Cr baacutetati ldquohit knockrdquo perhaps also (with ă) Russ boacutetatь ldquotrample swingrdquo etc perhaps older Dan bad ldquofight struggle damage pityrdquo MLG bat ldquodamage pity misfortunerdquo

bhuH- Lat fūstis (bhūd-sti-s) ldquoa knobbed stick cudgel staff clubrdquo OIce bauta (-ađa) ldquohit bump pokerdquo OE bēatan (bēot) OHG boz(z)an (biez or schw Verb) id MHG boz bōz būz m ldquoblow knockrdquo Ger Amboszlig OE būtel ldquohammerrdquo MLG botel id MHG baeligzel ldquobeetle hammerrdquo OIce beysta ldquoknock hitrdquo (bhaud-sti- compare Lat fūstis) with -sk-suffix perhaps MHG būsch ldquocudgel club blow knockrdquo (bhūd-sko-) Celto-Gmc bodwo- -ā ldquofight strugglerdquo in Gaul PN Ate-boduus -uā Boduo-gnātus OIr bodb f ldquocrow battle goddess in the form of a crowrdquo OIce bođ f (badwō) gen bǫđvar OE beadu f OS Badu- OHG Batu- (in PN) ldquofight strugglerdquo

bhiH- ldquoto strike hitrdquo LIV72 bheiH- ldquoschlagenrdquo (IEW117-8) PIE status WACG__ Cf bh_i-d- Av byente ldquothey fight hitrdquo Arm bir ldquobig stick club mace jointrdquo (bhi-ro-) maybe Alb (bheir) bie ldquoto hit strikerdquo bie ldquoto fall dierdquo sub bjeri ldquoto strikerdquo bie (bjer) bring Illyr TN Boii Ven PN φohiios- Illyr VN Bοιοί ldquothe combatants fightersrdquo (Russ boj) Gk-Illyr PN Bοῖον ὄρος VN Βοιωτοί Celt-Illyr VN Boii Messap βίσβην δρέπανον ἀmicroπελοτόmicroων βισβαῖα κλαδευτήρια Hes Lat perfinēs ldquoto break through break in pieces shiver shatterrdquo OIr ben(a)id ldquohits knocksrdquo (bi-na-ti) ro-bīth ldquowas hitrdquo bīthe ldquobeatenrdquo fo bīth ldquoweelrdquo (= ldquounder the blowrdquo) MBret benaff ldquoto cut biterdquo OWelsh etbinam ldquoto manglerdquo without n-Infix OBret bitat ldquoto cut loose cut offrdquo Welsh bidio ldquoto cut a hedgerdquo bid ldquothorn hedgerdquo MIr fid(h)b(h)a ldquosicklerdquo = OWelsh uiidimm ldquoligniterdquo Welsh gwyddyf ldquoscythe pruning kniferdquo = gallo-Lat vidubium ldquohack mattock hoerdquo (vidu-bion ldquowood hoerdquo) compare MIr PN Faiacutelbe ldquo(weapon magic wand for killing wolves) wolf killerrdquo (vailu-bios) OIr binit f ldquorennet cleaverrdquo (ldquoincisiverdquo bi-n-antī) MIr bian ldquoskin fell furrdquo OIr bīail ldquohatchetrdquo OWelsh bahell Welsh bwyell bwyall id MBret bouhazl id (bhiiǝli) OIr bēimm n ldquoblow knockrdquo (bheismn) Corn bommen id OIce bīldr ldquohead of the arrow bloodletting ironrdquo (bhei-tlo-) OHG bī(h)al ldquohatchetrdquo (bheiǝ-lo-) hence probably Gmc bilja- and not biθla- in OHG OE bill n OS bil ldquoswordrdquo MHG bil billes ldquostone mattockrdquo Ger Bille f ldquohack mattock hoerdquo MHG billen ldquoto hoe chip trimrdquo OCS bijǫ (bьjǫ) biti ldquoto hitrdquo Ser-Cr bȉjecircm bȉti Russ bьju bitь id therefrom with formants -dhlo- RCS bilo n ldquoa louse rake or combrdquo Ser-Cr bȉlo ldquothe transverse piece of wood at the front of a wooden rake (to rake leaves with)rdquo Cz bidlo ldquoshaft polerdquo Russ biacuteɫo ldquobeetle hammerrdquo biacutetva ldquofight struggle blow knockrdquo ( Messap βίσβη) OCS bičь ldquowhip scourgerdquo (from Slav Ger Peitsche) in ablaut OCS u-bojь m ldquomurderrdquo Ser-Cr bocircj gen bȍja ldquobattlerdquo Russ Cz boj id ( Illyr Boii)

bh_H2- ldquoto shine to appearrdquo LIV67 bheH2- ldquoglaumlnzen leuchten scheinenrdquo (IEW104-5) PIE status WACGT_ Hurrian bahri ldquogood beautifulrdquo

bh_H2- OInd bhā (in compound) ldquoshine light lustrerdquo bāti ldquoshines appearsrdquo bāti-ḥ ldquolightrdquo bhānuacute-ḥ ldquolight ray sunrdquo ( OS banu-t) bāma-ḥ ldquolight shinerdquo Av bā- ldquoshine appear seemrdquo bāmya- ldquolight gleaming ldquo bānu- m ldquolight rayrdquo Arm banam (bhā-n-) ldquoto open revealrdquo Aor ba-trsquosi compare Gk φαίνω and Alb bacircj Gk πεφήσεται ldquowill appearrdquo bhǝ-n- in present φαίνω (φανιω instead of φά-νω) ldquomakes visible pointsrdquo φαίνοmicroαι ldquoto appear seem shine gleamrdquo (ἐφάνην Aor ἔφηνα) φᾰνερός ldquoobvious apparent clearrdquo φανή ldquotorchrdquo φάσις ldquorising of a starrdquo φάσmicroα -ατος ldquoapparition face omen signrdquo (compare πεφασmicroένος) ἀmicroφαδόν ἀmicroφάδιος ldquoapparent manifest obviousrdquo (ἀνα-φ-) φάντα λάmicroποντα Hes (to φᾱmicroι = OInd bhh ti) compare ἀργύ-φεος ἄργυφος ldquoglossy whiterdquo AlbGheg bacircj Tosc beumlnj (= φαίνω) ldquoto make seemrdquo (originally probably ldquoto bring to an apparitionrdquo) OIr bān ldquowhiterdquo oiacuteb f (opi-bhā) ldquoapparition beautyrdquo

OE bōnian ldquoto polishrdquo NGer bōnen ldquoto scour rub clean beansrdquo MHG buumlenen ldquobeans (white)rdquo Goth bandwa -wō ldquomark token signrdquo bandwjan OIce benda ldquogive a mark token signrdquo OSor baju bać so ldquoto burn indiscernibly gleamrdquo nsorb bajom bajaś se ldquoto gleam flickerrdquo Toch A paṃ ldquoclear brightrdquo (bhǝno-) pantildei ldquobeautyrdquo В pentildeijo id

bh_H2-d- Lat badius ldquobrown chestnutcolored bayrdquo OIr buide ldquogold yellowrdquo bh_H2-s- OInd bhās- n (ved also disyllabic) instr bhāsā ldquolight shine glory

magnificence powerrdquo subhās- ldquohaving beautiful shininessrdquo bhā-sati ldquoglares gleamsrdquo bāsant- ldquogleamingrdquo bhāsaḥ n ldquolightrdquo Gk φώσκει διαφάνει Hes φωστήρ ldquolustre shine shinerrdquo Unclear MIr basc ldquoredrdquo OE basu baso ldquopurplerdquo

bh_H2-w- OInd vi-bhāva-ḥ vi-bāvan- ldquoradiating shining seemingrdquo Gk Hom φάε (φαFε) ldquogleamed appearedrdquo φαέθων -οντος ldquogleamingrdquo φαεσί- microβροτος Pind φαυσί-microβροτος ldquofor the bright people shiningrdquo φάος (Eol φάυος pamph φάβος) Att kontr φως gen φωτός φάους ldquolight salvationrdquo whereof φαFεσ-νός in Lesb φάεννος Ion φαεινός Att φᾱνός ldquogleamingrdquo Hom φαείνω ldquogleamsrdquo πιφαύσκω ldquoallows to shine points shows evinces make knownrdquo Gmc baukna- in OFris bāken ldquoemblem landmark mark fire signalrdquo OS bōkan ldquomark token sign emblem landmarkrdquo OE bēacen ldquomark token sign banner ensign flagrdquo OHG bouhhan ldquomark token signrdquo

bhl_iH- (IEW156-7) OE blīcan ldquoto shinerdquo AS blīkan ldquoto shinerdquo OHG blīhhan cl V ldquoto become pallidrdquo MHG blīchen cl V ldquoto shine blushrdquo OIce blīkja bleik ldquoto appear gleam shinerdquo OIce bleikr OE blāc OHG bleih ldquopallid pale wanrdquo Nor bleikja and blika ds OIce blik n ldquobright lustre shine gold gold platingrdquo OHG bleh ldquo(shiny) thin metal panelrdquo Ger Blech MLG blick ds OE blike m (bliki-) ldquobare placerdquo OHG blic -eches ldquoquick highlight flash lightningrdquo MHG blic -ekes ldquolustre shine look lightningrdquo Ger Blick OHG blecchazzen (blekatjan) MHG bliczen Ger blitzen OS bliksmo ldquolightningrdquo OS blixa ldquoblinkrdquo ModSwe also ldquoflashrdquo Lith blizgugrave -eacuteti ldquoto flicker shinerdquo blūškiu blyškeacuteti ldquoto sparkle glitter shimmer shinerdquo blykštugrave blyškaũ blỹkšti ldquoblanch palerdquo ablaut blaikštaucircs -ūtis ldquoto clear up of the skyrdquo Ltv blaiskums ldquospot markrdquo meln-blaiskaińš ldquodark greyrdquo RCS blěskъ ldquolustre shinerdquo (bhloiĝ-sko-) OCS bliskъ ldquolustre shinerdquo and blьskъ in Cz blesk gen old blsku ldquolightningrdquo OCS blьštǫ blьštati ldquoto shinerdquo Iter bliscajǫ bliscati sę

bhl_H1u- (IEW159) Pol bɫysk lt bhlū-sk- ldquolightningrdquo () OIce blakra ldquoto blink glitter flashrdquo etc

bh_H2- ldquoto speakrdquo LIV69 bheH2- ldquosprechen sagenrdquo (IEW105-6)

PIE status W_CGT_ Not attested in Hurrian Arm ban (bhā-nis) gen -i ldquoword speech reason judgement thingrdquo bay gen bayi ldquoword verbalismrdquo (bhǝ-ti-s = Gk φάτις) bay particle ldquo(he she) saysrdquo (= φησί also bam = φηmicroί bas = Lesb φαι from bhāsi) Gk φηmicroί Dor φᾱmicroί ldquosayrdquo φήmicroη Dor φάmicroᾱ ldquoknowledge shout call revelationrdquo (= Lat fāma ldquoa report rumor saying talk traditionrdquo ἀφήmicroονες ἄρρητοι οὐκ ὀνοmicroαζόmicroενοι Hes and only with Apuleius meeting affāmen ldquoharangue speechrdquo needs to be no old equation) φάσκω ldquoto say believerdquo (also βάσκανος Lat fascinum see under baba onomatopoeic word) φάτις f ldquorumorrdquo φάσις ldquolanguage speech assertion announcementrdquo with ablaut φωνή ldquovoicerdquo Gk βάζω ldquotalks pattersldquo βάξις ldquospeechrdquo βάσκειν λέγειν κακολογεῖν Hes Lat for fārī (from fā-iō(r) = Church Slavic baju OE bōian) ldquoto speakrdquo Russ za-baacuteva f ldquoconversation entertainmentrdquo Toch A pā- pāc- ldquoto begrdquo

bhl_H2-(t) (IEW102) Gk φλήναφος ldquogossip talkativerdquo φλην-έω -άω ldquobe talkativerdquo Lat blaterō -āre ldquoto chatter babble empty gossip also shout of the camel ram

frogrdquo blatiō -īre ldquoto babble prattlerdquo MNGer plad(d)eren ldquoto chat praterdquo ModNGer pladdern ldquoto splash besprinklerdquo Swe pladder ldquoloose gossiprdquo Dan bladre ldquospread lose gossiprdquo NGer plapperen (Ger plappern) MHG plappen and blappen OHGblabizōn ldquoto babblerdquo and MNGer plūderen ldquobabblerdquo (MHG plūdern Ger plaudern)

bhl_H1- (IEW102) Gk βληχάοmicroαι ldquoto bleatrdquo βληχή ldquobleatingrdquo Russ (etc) blekati (old) blekotaacutetь ldquoto bleatrdquo MNGer bleken bloumlken ldquoto bleat bark bayrdquo (Ger bloumlken) Nor dial blaeligkta (blēkatjan ) ldquoto bleatrdquo Alb blegeumlraacutes id

bhr_H2- OIr brāth gen -o ldquocourtrdquo Welsh brawd ldquojudgementrdquo Corn bres id Bret breut ldquoaddress to the jury summation summing up pleardquo pl breujou ldquothe assizes of justice judgments of a court of lawrdquo Gaul Brātu-spantium PN βρατουδε ldquofrom judgmentrdquo (bherǝtu-) Ir barn ldquojudgerdquo Welsh Bret barn ldquojudgementrdquo

bhl_u- (IEW158-159) Gk φλύω ldquoto surge up bubble chat be fruitfulrdquo ἀποφλύειν ἀπερεύγεσθαι Hes φλύος m ldquogossiprdquo φλύᾱξ ldquogossip prank buffoonrdquo Lith blaacuteuju blioacuteviau bliaacuteuti ldquoto roar bellow bleatrdquo bliūvauti ldquoto roar bellowrdquo Ltv blaucircnu blaucirct ds

(lw) bh_H2ghu- ldquoarmrdquo not in LIV (IEW108)

PIE status __CGT_ Cf Mongolian bagul- ldquoshoulder armrdquo (a lw ) Not attested in Hurrian OInd bāhuacute-ḥ m ldquoarm esp forearm with animals forefootrdquo Av bāzāu-š ldquoarmrdquo gen bāzvō (Arm bazuk from dem Iran) Gk πηχυς Eol-Dor πᾶχυς ldquoelbow forearmrdquo OIce bōgr acc PL bōgu ldquoarm shoulderrdquo OE bōg ldquoshoulder arm twig branchrdquo OHG buog (Ger Bug) ldquoshoulder hip haunch point of shoulder of animalsrdquo Toch А В poke В pauke ldquoarmrdquo

() bh_H-g- ldquomud marshrdquo not in LIV70 (IEW161)

PIE status __CG__ Meager material Not attested in Hurrian Mnl bagger m ldquoslime mudrdquo Ger baggern ldquoto drain the mudrdquo Russ bagnoacute ldquolow marshy placerdquo Cz bahno ldquoswamp marsh morassrdquo Pol bagno id

() bh_g- ldquorunning waterrdquo not in LIV70 (IEW161)

PIE status W__G__ Meager material Not attested in Hurrian MIr buacuteal f ldquorunning waterrdquo lt bhoglā buacutear m ldquodiarrhoeardquo lt bhogro- Proto-Gmc baki- OHG bah Ger Bach bakja- OIce bekkr OE becc m id () Arm busanim ldquoto burst forth spring forthrdquo

bh_i-d- ldquoto splitrdquo LIV70 bheid- ldquospaltenrdquo (IEW116-7)

PIE status W_CG__ Cf bh_i-H- Not attested in Hurrian OInd bhinaacutedmi (participle bhindaacutent- = Lat findēns bhinnaacute-ḥ besides bhittaacute-ḥ = Lat fissus) bhēdāmi ldquosplit carve rupture etcrdquo bhidyaacutetē ldquois splitrdquo Lat findō -ere fidī (probably Aor as OInd Opt bhidēyam OE bite OHG bizzi ldquoto split cleave divide halverdquo) fissum ldquosplit clovenrdquo fissum n fissūra f ldquocleft fissurerdquo MLG beitel bētel ldquochiselrdquo MHG beizel ldquosting prickrdquo OInd bhēduraacute-ḥ bhēdiraacute-ḥ ldquothunderboltrdquo The connection with Germ b(a)itra ldquobitterrdquo is not so clear

bh_idh- ldquoto persuaderdquo LIV71 bh_idh- ldquosich anvertrauen Vertrauen fassenrdquo (IEW117)

PIE status WACG__ Cf bh_udh- Not attested in Hurrian

Gk πείθοmicroαι ldquolet me persuade followrdquo (Aor ἐπιθόmicroην Hom πεπιθεῖν πιθέσθαι perf πέποιθα ldquotrustrdquo) Akt (sek) πείθω Aor ἔπεισα ldquoto persuade convincerdquo πειθώ -οῦς ldquopersuasionrdquo πιστός (for φιστος) ldquoreliable loyal faithful relyingrdquo πίστις -ιος -εως ldquoloyalty reliancerdquo Hom ἐν πείσῃ ldquoin reassurancerdquo (πειθ-σ-) Alb bē f ldquooath vow pledgerdquo (bhoidhā = OCS běda ldquoneedrdquo) EGheg per-bej ldquocurse hexrdquo (in addition neologism bese f ldquofaith belief pact covenant loyaltyrdquo) Note Alb bē f ldquooathrdquo derived from a truncated Alb betim ldquooathrdquo maybe TN Illyr Besoi Alb besoj ldquobelieve have faithrdquo Lat fīdō -ere fīsus sum ldquoto trust believe confide inrdquo (fīsus is to- participle) fīdus ldquoreliablerdquo foedus (bhoidhos) by Ennius fīdus (bheidhos) n ldquotrusty true faithful surerdquo fidēs ldquotrust confidence reliance belief faithrdquo Dius Fidius ldquothe god of faith a surname of Jupiterrdquo Umbr combifiatu (bhidhiā-) ldquoyou shall trust confide rely upon believe be assuredrdquo about Osc Fiisiais Umbr Fise Fiso Fisovio- s WH I 494 Lat fides Goth baidjan ldquoto constrain obligerdquo OIce beiđa OE baeligdan OHG beitten ldquourge press push arrogaterdquo = OBulg causative běždǫ bediti ldquoconstrain obligerdquo poběditi ldquodefeat conquerrdquo beďa f ldquoneedrdquo

bh_i(H2)- ldquoto get scaredrdquo LIV72 ldquoin Furcht geratenrdquo (IEW161-2)

PIE status WACG Not attested in Hurrian

bh_iH- OInd bhaacuteyatē ldquoto be afraidrdquo lt bhǝietai (= Slav bojetъ) Av bayente byente ldquothey are in fearrdquo MPers bēsānd ldquothey are in fearrdquo lt bai-sǩ- OInd bibhḗti ldquoto be afraidrdquo bhī-ḥ f bhīti-ḥ f (= Ltv Inf bicirctiecircs) ldquofearrdquo bhīmaacute -ḥ ldquodreadfulrdquo bhītaacute -ḥ ldquowere afraid horrifiedrdquo bhīruacute-ḥ ldquotimorous shy cowardrdquo (= Lith baacuteilė bailugraves ) Pers bāk ldquofearrdquo (from bhaacuteyaka-) OInd bhāma-ḥ ldquofierceness furyrdquo bhāmitaacute -ḥ ldquofierce grimrdquo OHG bibēn OS bibōn OE beofian OIce bifa -aetha and bifra Bal-Slav bhǝiō- bhijā- bhītēi OPruss biātwei ldquofear dreadrdquo causat pobaiint ldquoto punish curserdquo Lith bijaũs bijoacutetis ldquoto be afraidrdquo Ltv bicircstuocircs bijuocircs bicirctiecircs and bijājuocirc s bijacirctiecircs ldquoto be afraidrdquo Lith baijugraves ldquodreadful terrible hideousrdquo baidaũ -ūti ldquoto frightenrdquo Ltv baĩdu baĩdŷt and biecircdecirct ldquoto daunt scarerdquo () AlbGheg mbajt ldquoto be afraidrdquo nuk ma mban ldquoI am afraidrdquo

bh_idh- Gk πίθηκος πίθων m ldquoaperdquo lt πιθος ldquouglyrdquo Lat foedus (bhoidhos) ldquofoul filthy horrible disgustingrdquo Lith baisagrave ldquofrightrdquo (baid-s-ā) baisugraves ldquoterrible horridrdquo baisioacuteti ldquoto smudge besmearrdquo OCS běsъ ldquodevilrdquo lt běd-sъ Lith baiacutemė ldquofearrdquo baacuteilė id bailus ldquotimorousrdquo OCS bojǫ bojati sę ldquoto be afraidrdquo

bh_i_s- bhij-es- bhīs- OInd bhyaacutesatē ldquoto be afraidrdquo udbhyaacutesa-ḥ ldquoto be afraidrdquo Av perf biwivaŋha (ie biwyaŋha) ldquo(P3) stimulated fright was dreadfulrdquo OInd bhīṣayatē ldquofrightensrdquo bhīṣaṇa-ḥ ldquocausing frightrdquo

() bh_k- ldquofirerdquo not in LIV (IEW162)

PIE status W_C___ Meager material Irregular root structure Not attested in Hurrian Lat focus ldquoa fireplace hearth house family home sometimes altar-fire or funeral pyrerdquo Arm bosor ldquoredrdquo boc ldquoflamerdquo ltbhok-s-o-

bh_l- ldquogoodrdquo not in LIV (IEW153-154) PIE status W_CG__ Not attested in Hurrian Gk φίλος ldquodear friendrdquo MIr bil (bhi-li-) ldquogoodrdquo Gaul Bili- in PN Bili-catus Bilicius etc OHG bila- ldquokind graciousrdquo Gmc blīTHORNia- (bhlei-tio- or bhlī-tio-) ldquolight cheerful fair (of sky heaven of looks appearance mood) cheerfulrdquo Goth bleiTHORNs ldquomerciful mildrdquo OIce blīethr ldquomild (of weather) friendly pleasantrdquo OE blīTHORNe ldquocheerful

friendlyrdquo OHG blīdi ldquocheerful blithe glad friendlyrdquo OS blīthōn OHG blīden ldquoto be gladrdquo OCS blagъ ldquogoodrdquo Russ boacutelogo adv ldquogoodrdquo (Cf bh_l- ldquolightrdquo and ldquodarkrdquo= ldquomad wicked evilrdquo)

bh_l- ldquoto make sounds (humans or animals)rdquo LIV74 bhelH- ldquotoumlnen droumlhnenrdquo (IEW123-4) PIE status W_CGT_ The presence of a laryngeal is not clear Not attested in Hurrian OInd bhaṣaacute-ḥ ldquobarking bayingrdquo (bhel-s-) bhāṣatē ldquotalks speaks prattlesrdquo bhaṇḍatē (Dhatup) ldquospeaks jeers rebukesrdquo (bhel-n-dō) bhaacuteṇati ldquotalks speaksrdquo (bhel-nō) OIce belja ldquoroar bellowrdquo MDu belen ldquobark bayrdquo OIce bylja bulda ldquothreaten drone roarrdquo bylr ldquogust of windrdquo OE bylgan ldquoroar bellowrdquo MHG boln ldquocry roar bellowrdquo With Gmc ll (consonant increase in the onomatopoeic words) OHG bellan ldquobark bayrdquo OE bellan ldquoroar bellow bark bay gruntrdquo OHG bullōn ldquohowl (from the wind) bark bay roar bellowrdquo Ice-Nor bulla ldquobabble chatrdquo OIce bjalla OE belle Eng bell MLG belle ldquobellrdquo Ger (lit NGer) Bellhammel ldquobellwether (with bell)rdquo With Gmc ld (probably from a present dh- and perhaps with Lith bigraveldu to compare because latter contains most probably IE dh) Dan baldre Nor dial baldra schwed dial ballra ldquorant roisterrdquo MLG Dutch balderen id Dan buldre Swe bullsa MLG Dutch bulderen bolderen MHG buldern Ger poltern OPruss billit ldquosay speakrdquo Lith bigravelstu bilaũ bigravelti ldquoto start to talk ldquo bīlu biloti ldquotalkrdquo biloacuteju -oacuteti lsquosay talkrdquo byl-aũ -oacuteti id bylagrave lsquospeech pronunciation conversation entertainmentrdquo Ltv bilstu bilžu bilst (in Zs) ldquotalk address speak tordquo bildecirct ldquoaddress speak tordquo Ltv bil lacirct (from bilna) ldquoweep cryrdquo with formants -so- Lith balsas ldquovoice sound tonerdquo Toch AB paumll- pāl- ldquoto praise laudrdquo (IEW161) Ir blosc gen bloisc ldquodin fuss noiserdquo lt bhlosko-) brosc ds Lith blazgu -eacuteti intr ldquoto clatterrdquo blazginti ldquoto clatter rattle clashrdquo

bh_mbh_l- ldquokind of soundrdquo not in LIV87 (IEW93-94)

PIE status _ACG__ Not attested in Hurrian Gr βόmicroβος m (=gt Lat bombus) ldquoa boom deep hollow noiserdquo βοmicroβύλη ldquonarrow-necked vesselrdquo (lt ldquogurglingrdquo) βοmicroβυλιός or -ύλιος ldquonarrow necked vesselrdquo βαmicroβαίνω ldquoto clatter with the teeth stammer lisprdquo Alb bumbulit ldquoit thundersrdquo Gmc OIce bumba ldquodrumrdquo Dan old bomme bambe ldquodrumrdquo Du bommen ldquoto dronerdquo Ger bammeln bimmeln ldquoto ring soundrdquo Lith bambeacuteti ldquoto humrdquo bimpti ds RCS buacutebenъ bubonъ ldquodrumrdquo Russ bubniacutetь ldquochat babblerdquo Pol bęben ldquodrumrdquo

bhl_d- ldquoto chat bragrdquo not in LIV (IEW155) Gk φλέδων ldquobabblerrdquo φλεδών ldquogossiprdquo

φληδωντα ληροῦντα Hes OIr indlāidi ldquobrags boastsrdquo indlādud ldquoboastingrdquo Ltv blādu blāzt ldquoto chatrdquo

bhl_H1- ldquoto howlrdquo LIV87 ldquoheulenrdquo (IEW121-2 154-5)

PIE status WA_G__ Not attested in Hurrian Lat fleō flēre (bhlēiō) ldquoto weep to drip trickle (tr) to weep for lament bewailrdquo () MIr blāed ldquobellowing braying roarrdquo (=gt Welsh bloedd ds) Ltv blecircju blecirct ldquoto bleatrdquo RCS blěju blějati ldquoto bleatrdquo Ser-Cr bleacutejīm bleacutejati ldquoto bleatrdquo et MHGblǣjen ldquoto bleatrdquo OHG blāzan nnd blaumlssen OE blǣtan Eng

bleat ldquoto bleatrdquo OE blagettan blǣgettan ldquoto cryrdquo NGer blage n ldquokid childrdquo MHG blēren blerren ldquoto bleat cryrdquo () Alb (blǣge-) blegeumlrij ldquobleatrdquo Ger plaumlrren plaumlren ldquoto weep cryrdquo) Dutch blaren ldquobleatrdquo Eng blare ldquoto roar bellowrdquo MHG blũrjen blũelen (blōljan) brũelen ldquoto roar bellowrdquo MHG bral ldquoto shriekrdquo schwaumlb brallǝ ldquoto cryrdquo

bh_l- ldquoto sacrifyrdquo not in LIV (IEW154) PIE status WA_G__ Not attested in Hurrian Alb (fertalis) fli ldquosacrificerdquo Messap βλαmicroινι ldquopriestrdquo Lat flāmen -inis m ldquothe priest of some particular god sacrificial priestrdquo Goth blōtan ldquoto worshiprdquo ON blōta OE blōtan OHG bluozan ldquoto sacrifyrdquo ON blōt n ldquosacrifice oblationrdquo OHG bluostar n id (=gt finn luote ldquochant incantationrdquo)

bh_l- ldquoweak soft sickrdquo (IEW124)

PIE status W_CG__ But the status as a verb is uncertain This form exists unsuffixed as bhel- IEW120-122 Not attested in Hurrian

bh_l- OInd dial bāla-ḥ ldquoyoung childish simplerdquo bh_l-w- (IEW125) OCorn bal f pl -ow ldquodisease maladyrdquo mbr baluent

Goth balwa-wēsei ldquowickedness malice cowardicerdquo balwjan ldquoto torment smiterdquo OE bealo ldquoevil mad wicked evilrdquo OIce bǫl dat bǫlve ldquomisfortunerdquo OHG balo gen balawes ldquoruinrdquo OBulg bolъ rdquosickerrdquo boleacuteti ldquoto be illrdquo

bhl_H2g- (IEW124) bhlāg- or bhlōg- in wRuss bɫaacutehyj ldquoevil bad nastyrdquo (hence borrowed Ltv blāgs Lith blotildegas ldquofeeble weakrdquo) Russ blagoacutej ldquoobstinate nastyrdquo dial blažnoacutej ldquostupidrdquo Pol bɫagi ldquobad nothing worthrdquo barely to Gk φελγύνει ἀσυνετεί ληρεῖ Hes Lat flaccus ldquoflabbyrdquo

bhl_us- (IEW160) Swe dial bloslin ldquoweakrdquo norweg blyr ldquomild lukewarmrdquo bloslashyra ldquoweakling wimprdquo Ger schwaumlb blūsche(n) ldquoslow idlerdquo Lith apsi-blausti ldquoto despond despair become sadrdquo

bh_l- ldquoto strikerdquo (IEW124)

PIE status __CG__ Not attested in Hurrian

bh_ld- ldquoto knock hitrdquo LIV73 bheld- ldquoklopfenrdquo (IEW124) Gk φλαδεῖν (intrans) ldquoto tearrdquo MLG bolte(n) ldquobolt for a door dart arrowrdquo OHG bolz Ger Bolz Bolzen OE bolt ldquobolt for a door dart arrowrdquo Swe but ldquobolt for a doorrdquo (bhld-) Swe buta ldquoknockrdquo Lith bedugrave -eacuteti and beacuteldžiu beacutelsti ldquoto hit knockrdquo ablaut bildu bildeacuteti ldquodin drone rumblerdquo baacuteldau -yti ldquoto knock stark rumblerdquo baldas ldquopestlerdquo Ltv belzt ldquoto hitrdquo (perhaps contamination from belžu = Lith beacuteldžiu with telz- ldquoto hitrdquo)

bhl_H2g- ldquoto strikerdquo LIV87 ldquoschlagenrdquo (IEW154) Lat flagrum ldquowhip scourgerdquo flagellum ds ldquoa whip scourge the thong of a javelin a young sprout vine-shoot plur the arms of a polypusrdquo fig ldquothe sting of consciencerdquo OIce and nNor dial blaka blakra ldquoto strike back and forth fan flutter flaprdquo OIce blak ldquoblow knockrdquo OIce blekkja (blakjan) ldquoto hitrdquo (Nor ldquoflickerrdquo) Swe dial blaumlkkta (blakatjan) MDu blaken ldquoto fan flutter shiverrdquo () Alb flak ldquoto hurlrdquo

bhl_iğ- ldquoto strikerdquo LIV88 ldquoschlagenrdquo (IEW160-1) Aeol Ion φλίβω ldquoto push press squeezerdquo Welsh blif m ldquocatapult pallistardquo blifaidd ldquoquick fastrdquo Lat flīgō -ere flīxi flīctum ldquoto hit beat or dash downrdquo lt bhlīĝō () Alb (bhlēīĝ-) mbledh ldquoto squeeze (the hand into a fist)rdquo

Ltv blaicirczicirct ldquoto squeeze clash hitrdquo bliecirczt ldquohitrdquo () Russ bliznaacute ldquothread break flaw in fabricrdquo Cz Pol blizna ldquoscarrdquo sorb bluznaacute

ldquoscarrdquo wRuss bluznaacute ldquoweaving flawrdquo bh_l- ldquoto boil bubblerdquo LIV86 bhled- ldquosprudelnrdquo (IEW155)

PIE status W_CGT_ Not attested in Hurrian

bh_l- Gk φλύω ldquoto surge up bubble chat be fruitfulrdquo παφλάζω ldquoto bubble seethe foamrdquo

bhl_d- OE blǣd n ldquobubblerdquo OHG blāt(t)ara ldquobubblerdquo Swiss bloder ldquobig bubble etcrdquo blodern ldquoto effervesce surge boilrdquo

bh_lg- Ir bolgaim ldquoto swellrdquo bolg f ldquobubblerdquo bhl_H- Gk παφλάζω ldquoto bubble seethe foamrdquo OHG uz-ar-pulzit ldquoto boil bubble

outrdquo bhl_g- (or -ğ) ldquoto shine to burnrdquo LIV86 bhleg- (or -ğ) ldquoglaumlnzenrdquo (IEW124-5)


bhelg- OInd bhaacutergas- n ldquoradiative lustre shinerdquo (bhelgos) Bhrgavaḥ pl ldquomythical priests of the flash fire ldquo Ltv balgans ldquowhitishrdquo Toch AB paumllk- ldquoburn gleam shine get hot ldquo A paumllk В pilko ldquolookrdquo A polkāṃts ldquostarsrdquo ( Lith batildelgans) В empalkaitte ldquocareless neglectfulrdquo (Negation + palk- ldquogleam shinerdquo besides paumllk-)

bhl_g- Gk φλέγω ldquoto burn singe igniterdquo φλεγέθω ldquosinge to set on fire intr burn be in flamesrdquo φλέγmicroα n ldquoblaze inflammation mucusrdquo φλεγmicroονή f ldquoinflammation ignition ferventness passion ruttingrdquo φλεγύας ἀετός ξανθός Hes (adj ldquofiery redrdquo) φλόξ φλογmicroός ldquoflamerdquo Lat flagrō -āre ldquoto blaze burn glow flame also to glitter to glow or burn with passion to suffer fromrdquo hence probably flamma ldquoa flame blazing fire a source of light torch star lightning luster glitter the fire or glow of passion devouring flame destructionrdquo as flagmā Osc Flagiuiacute perhaps ldquoan interpreter of lightningrdquo Maybe Alb (flagrō ) flakeumlroj ldquoI shinerdquo flakeuml ldquofirerdquo besides flăg- (red grade bhlegroacute bhlegmm or because of φλογmicroός φλόξ rather bhlogmā) stand zero grade bhlg Lat fulg- in Lat fulgō and fulgeō -ēre fulsī ldquoto flash to lighten in gen to shine glitter gleam fig to be distinguished to shinerdquo fulgor -ōris ldquolightning in gen glitter brightness fig brightness glory lustre shinerdquo fulgus -uris ldquoa flash or stroke of lightning sometimes an object struck by lightning in gen brightnessrdquo fulmen (fulgmen) id MIr imblissiu ldquopupil (of the eye) orbrdquo (mbhi-bhlg-s-) OHG blecchen (blakjan) MHG blecken ldquoto become visible allow to seerdquo OHG blecchazzen MHG blecken ldquoto flashrdquo MDu nDutch blaken ldquoto flame burn glowrdquo OE blaeligcern blacern ldquocandlestick flambeauxrdquo OIce blakra ldquoblink glitter flashrdquo nasalized Gmc blenk- blank- in MHG Ger blinken MHG blinzen (blinkatjan) Ger blinzeln (besides with Gmc g older Dan blinge ldquoblink glitter flashrdquo under likewise s Falk- Torp under blingse) OHG blanch MHG blank ldquoblinking gleaming gleaming whiterdquo Ger blank OE blanca m ldquosteedrdquo (eig from bright color compare) OIce blakkr ldquosallow paledrdquo poet ldquosteedrdquo (ldquodun horse grey white horserdquo) OS blakker ldquosallow paled dun (horse)rdquo (from Gmc borrows Fr blanc Ital bianco) From this nasal form also Pr blingis ldquopallidrdquo Lith blaacutegnytis ldquoto sober oneself up lighten uprdquo OLith blinginti ldquoto shinerdquo A variant on -ĝ- perhaps in Ltv blatildezt ldquoshimmerrdquo blatildezma (blāĝ-ma) ldquoreflection of moonlight on the waterrdquo

bhl_ig- ldquoto shinerdquo LIV89 bhleig- ldquoglaumlnzenrdquo (IEW156-7) As blī n ldquopaint colorrdquo adj ldquocoloured ldquo OFris blī(e)n ldquopaint colorrdquo bli ldquobeautifulrdquo OE blēo n ldquopaint color

apparition formrdquo lt blīja Gmc blīwa ldquoleadrdquo OHG blīo -wes OS blī OIce blȳ Lith blyv as ldquopurple mauve violet-bluerdquo Lith blūvas ldquopurple mauve violet-bluerdquo () Lith blaĩvas ldquosoberrdquo blaivaũs -ūtis ldquoto clear up become soberrdquo () Ltv blīnecirct ldquoto lurk a furtive (glance) blinkrdquo

bh_l- ldquoblackrdquo OE blaeligc ldquoblackrdquo n ldquoinkrdquo OHG blah id OS blakker ldquoblack darkrdquo Gk ψόλος φέψαλος ldquosoot smokerdquo

bh_l-(ğh)- ldquoto swell a bag made of skinrdquo LIV73 bhelğh- ldquoschwellenrdquo (IEW125-6)

PIE status WACTG_ But the status as a verb is uncertain This form exists unsuffixed as bhel- (IEW120-122) Not attested in Hurrian

bh_l- Ir bolgaim ldquoto swellrdquo bolg f ldquobubblerdquo OIce participle bolginn ldquoswollenrdquo Kaus belgja ldquoto make swell uprdquo OHG belgan ldquoto swell uprdquo Eng bloat ldquoto bloat bulge swellrdquo (blaitōn = φλοιδάω) Ltv blicircstu blicircdu blicirczt and bliecircžu -du -st ldquoto grow fat put on weightrdquo

bhl_i- ldquoa swellingrdquo (IEW156) Nor dial bleime OS blēma ldquobleb on the skinrdquo Dan blegn(e) ldquovesiclerdquo (blajjinōn) OE blegen f Eng blain MLG bleine older Dan blen(e) OS blena ldquovesiclerdquo (blajinōn)

bh_lğh- Av barǝziš- n ldquocushion pillow cushionrdquo Pers bāliš ldquopillow cushionrdquo OInd upa-baacuterhaṇa-m upa-baacuterhaṇī f ldquocover cushionrdquo OInd baacuterjaha-ḥ ldquoudderrdquo Ir bolg m ldquosack bag belly husk trouserrdquo MIr bolgach f ldquoswelling blister bubble blister poxrdquo bolgamm ldquogulprdquo Welsh bol bola boly ldquobelly sack bagrdquo bul ldquoseed capsule seminal shellrdquo (PL of boly) Bret bolch ldquolinen podrdquo Vann pehl-en (from pehl-) id Gaul bulga ldquoleather sackrdquo (=gt OHG bulga ldquowater container made of leatherrdquo) Goth balgs m ldquohoserdquo OIce belgr m ldquostripped animal skin bag bellyrdquo OHG MHG balg ldquobag hose bellows sword scabbardrdquo OE bielg byl(i)g ldquosac bagrdquo Eng belly ldquobellyrdquo bellows ldquobellowsrdquo (Gmc ƀalʒi- m compare OPruss balsinis Av barǝziš-) () Gk microολγός ldquoleather sackrdquo

Unsuffixed Gk φαλλός φάλης ldquopenisrdquo (φαλλός lt bhlnoacutes or bhelnoacutes Cf OIr ball

Ger Bulle) () Alb Gheg pallosh ldquopenisrdquo Gk φαλλός ldquopenisrdquo Alb bole ldquotesticlerdquo Lat follis ldquoa leather bag a pair of bellows a purse a puffed-out cheekrdquo (bhlnis or bholnis compare the Gmc words with -ll- from -ln-) Welsh balleg ldquosack bagrdquo Gmc bel-n- also in hess bille ldquopenisrdquo ( bulle) MLG (ars-)bille Dutch bil ldquobuttockrdquo changing through ablaut OHG ballo balla Ger Ball Ballen OHG arsbelli m pl ldquobuttocksrdquo OE bealluc m ldquotesticlesrdquo (bhol-n-) OIce bǫllr ldquoball sphere testiclerdquo

bh_l-H- ldquobright palerdquo (IEW118-120)

PIE status W_CG__ Cf bh_H2- and bhr_H1-g- Not attested in Hurrian

OInd bhālam n ldquolustre shine foreheadrdquo sam-bhālayati ldquoglancesrdquo (lengthened grade) balākā ldquoa kind of cranerdquo with b- after bakaacute-ḥ ldquoa kind of heronrdquo Arm bal ldquopallidness palenessrdquo Maybe Alb baleuml ldquobadger (animal with white spots in the snout)rdquo balo ldquoa dog with white spot on the foreheadrdquo Gk φαλός ldquowhiterdquo Hes φαλύνει λαmicroπρύνει Hes φαλι(F)ός ldquogleaming white white-frontedrdquo φαληρός Dor -ᾱρός id φαληρίς Dor -ᾱρίς ldquocoot (bald-headed)rdquo φαλακρός ldquobald-headedrdquo βαλιός ldquowhite white-mottledrdquo Lith batildelas ldquowhiterdquo and ldquosnowdroprdquo balagrave f ldquowhite anemonerdquo balugrave balaũ baacutelti ldquobecome whiterdquo Ltv lengthened grade batildels ldquopallid pale wanrdquo OCS lengthened grade beľъ ldquowhiterdquo (bhēlo-)

Lith baacuteltas (bholǝtos) Ltv balts ldquowhiterdquo Lith baacutelnas ldquowhiterdquo (with glottal stop IE bholǝnos)

bhl_Hid- (IEW160) OCS bledъ ldquopallid pale wanrdquo OE blāt ldquopallid lividrdquo OHG bleizza ldquopalenessrdquo Lith blaivaũs -ūtis ldquoto become sober clear up from the sky Alb bleroacutenj ldquo blossom be greenrdquo bleacutehureuml ldquopale wan pallidrdquo

() Lat fulica (compare OHG belihha) and fulix f ldquocootrdquo (bholik- with dial u) bhl_ik- (IEW157) OE bǣlge (blaigiōn-) ldquogudgeon (type of freshwater fish)rdquo mnl

MLG blei(g) bleger Ger Bleihe Blei ldquofish namesrdquo MHG blicke ldquocarprdquo Ger Blicke (Nor dial blekka Ger Blecke ldquodace (white fish)rdquo Russ bleumlknutь ldquoto bleach fade wither wiltrdquo bleumlklyj ldquosallow paled faint languid wilted faded flaccid witheredrdquo bleumlkotъ ldquofoolrsquos parsley Aethusa cynapiumrdquo Pol blaknąć ldquoto fade expirerdquo

bhl_u- ldquoto become palerdquo LIV91 bhleuk- ldquoblass werdenrdquo (IEW159) bhleu-s- in Gk περι-πεφλευσmicroένος πυρί ldquoblazed by the firerdquo ἐπέφλευσε περιφλύω ldquoto sear all aroundrdquo OIce blys n ldquoflamerdquo OE blȳsa m ldquoflame torchrdquo MLG blūs ldquotorchrdquo OE blyscon ldquoblushrdquo Eng blush

bhleu-k- MHG bliehen ldquoto burn luminouslyrdquo OHG bluhhen Cz blūštěti ldquoto shimmerrdquo blūskati ldquoto shinerdquo Pol ɫyskać ldquoto flash shinerdquo Lith blunkugrave blugravekti ldquoto become pale lose onersquos colorrdquo

bhlendh- ldquopale unclearrdquo LIV89 ldquotruumlbe werdenrdquo (IEW157-8) OInd bradhnaacute-ḥ ldquodun

reddishrdquo lt bhlndh-no- Gmc blundaz (bhlndh-o) MLat blundus Ital biondo Fr blond MHG blunt Ger blond

() Goth blinds ldquoblindrdquo OIce blindr ldquoblind undistinguishablerdquo OS OE blind OHG

blint ldquoblindrdquo also ldquodark cloudy dull not obviousrdquo Goth blandan sik ldquoto mingle diffuse interminglerdquo OIce blanda ldquoto mixrdquo (blendingr ldquomixturerdquo) OS OE blandan OHG blantan MHG blanden ldquoto mix tarnishrdquo Ger Blendling ldquohybrid mongrel half breedrdquo OHG blendan (blandjan) ldquoto darken blindrdquo OE blendan ldquoblindrdquo OIce blunda ldquoto close the eyesrdquo blundr ldquoto slumberrdquo MEng blundren ldquoto stir bewilderrdquo nEng blunder ldquoto be grossly mistaken wanderrdquo Lith blendžiugrave blesti ldquoto sleep stir flour into soup talk nonsense become cloudyrdquo Ltv blendu blenst ldquoto have poor eye-sight be short-sightedrdquo Lith blandaũs -ūtis ldquoto low the eyes down be ashamedrdquo Ltv bluocircdicircties ldquods to roam be ashamedrdquo () AlbGheg (flenj) flecirc Tosc fle ldquoto die sleeprdquo Lith blantildedas ldquosleepiness turbid weather cloudinessrdquo blandugraves ldquodim cloudy thick (soup) murky darkrdquo Lith blısta bliacutendo bliacutesti ldquodim dusky cloudy become dark become cloudy from waterrdquo

bhl_H3- ldquoto blossomrdquo LIV88 bhleH3- ldquobluumlhenrdquo (IEW122)

PIE status W__GT_- A derivative of bh_H- Not attested in Central IE Not attested in Hurrian

bhlē- mostly bhlō- in Lat flōs -ris m ldquoa flower blossom Transf the prime flower of anything the best the pride on the face first beard downrdquo flōreō -ēre ldquoto bloom flower Transf to be in onersquos prime to prosper flourish be in repute with abl to abound in swarm withrdquo Osc Fluusaiacute ldquothe goddess of flowers whose festival was celebrated on the 28th of April often with unbridled licenserdquo Fluusasiaiacutes ldquoof the festivals of Florardquo sabin Flusare ldquoof or belonging to the festival of Flora of the Floralia ldquo MIr blāth m ldquobloom blossom flowerrdquo Welsh blawd OCorn blodon ldquobloom blossomrdquo (bhlō-t-) MBret (with -men-suffix) bleuzven Bret bleun(v)enn id with s-derivative MHG bluost ldquobloom blossomrdquo Ger Blust OE blōstma blōsma blōstm ldquoflower blossomrdquo ON blōmstr id Dutch blōsen ldquobloomrdquo Goth blōma m OHG bluomo m ldquoflower blossomrdquo OIce blomi m id blōm collective ldquoflower blossomrdquo OHG bluojen bluowen OS blōjan OE blōwan ldquobloomrdquo OHG bluot f ldquoblossoming bloom blossomrdquo = OE blēd f ldquoscion shoot twig branch flower blossom fruitrdquo

With ē OE blǣd m ldquobreath breezerdquo n ldquobubblerdquo f ldquobloom blossomrdquo OHG blāt ldquobloom blossomrdquo (compare also OE blǣd OHG blāt ldquolife breath breezerdquo and bhel- ldquoinflate bloatrdquo)

with ǝ OHG blat OS blad OE blaeligd OIce blaeth n ldquoleafrdquo Toch A paumllt id

() Russ bljušč ldquoivyrdquo bh_l-kg- ldquoto prop up a balk beamrdquo LIV74 bhelk- ldquostuumltzenrdquo (IEW122-3)

PIE status W_CG__ A noun rather than a verb Not attested in Hurrian

Gk φλῑά ldquodoor pillar door postrdquo ldquothick balk beamrdquo () AlbGheg blicirc blini Tosc bliri ldquolinden treerdquo

with -k- Gk φάλκης m ldquobalk beam plank in shiprdquo Lat fulciō -īre fulsī -tum (bhlkiō) ldquoto prop up support to strengthen secure morally to support stay upholdrdquo (eig ldquothrough balk beamrdquo) fulcrum (fulc-lom) ldquothe post or foot of a couch (prop rack rest camp)rdquo Perhaps also sufflāmen ldquo a brake drag hindrance ldquo (flăg- = IE bhlǝĝ -smen)

with -ğ- Gk φάλαγξ -γγος f ldquostem balk beam battle row arrayrdquo φάλαγγαι ldquoplanks plankingrdquo (if only with secondary nasal rendering from other nouns in -γξ so φαλαγ- = OInd bhurij-āu Durdquo arms arms or shafts of the cartrsquos polerdquo yet perhaps with bhelǝ-ĝ- only parallel ĝ-extension from a n-stem bhelǝn- from) OIce bialki (belkan-) ldquobalk beamrdquo ablaut (balkan-) OE balca bealca OHG OS balko ldquobalk beamrdquo OIce balkr ldquopartition wall dividing off partitioning offrdquo bǫlkr ldquodividing off partitioning offrdquo zero grade OE bolca m ldquogangplankrdquo but OHG bloh(h) MHG bloch Ger (NGer) Block ldquoclot chunk balk plankrdquo contains IE u from bhlugo- Lith balžienа ldquolong beam in the harrowrdquo balžiacuteenas ldquocrossbar crossbeamrdquo Ltv bagravelžiecircns begravelziecircns m ldquoproprdquo ELtv bogravelgzds m ldquoprops connected in the wood sledge level ldquo Ltv pabagravelsts m ldquoprop handle grasp handle in the plowrdquo bagravelzicirct pabagravelsticirct ldquoprop sustainrdquo Russ dial (Gouv Olonez) boacutelozno ldquothick boardrdquo Slov blaziacutena ldquoroof beam crossbeam of the sledge stake stanchionrdquo kašub bɫozno ldquothe runners connecting the sledge skidsrdquo

() bh_l-k- ldquowool linenrdquo not in LIV (IEW161)

PIE status W__G__ Meager material Not attested in Hurrian Lat floccus ldquoa flock of woolrdquo lt flōcos OHG blaha f ldquocoarse bed linenrdquo Ger Blahe Blache Dan old blaa ldquooakumrdquo mod blaar (pl) Swe blaringnor blaringr ds OS blan bla ds (Gmc blahwō-) ON blaeligja (blahjōn-) ldquolinen sheetrdquo

() bh_l- ldquobark huskrdquo not in LIV (IEW158-159)

PIE status __C___ Meager material Not attested in Hurrian Gk φλοιός φλόος ldquobark huskrdquo

bh_l- ldquoto flowrdquo (IEW155 156)

PIE status __C___ Meager material Not attested in Hurrian Cf billi ldquocanalrdquo

bhl_i-d- ldquoto flowrdquo LIV88 bhleid- ldquoaufschwellen uumlberfliessen (IEW156) Gk φλιδάω ldquooverflow of humidity to swell uprdquo ἔφλιδεν διέρρεεν Hes διαπέφλοιδεν διακέχυται Hes πεφλοιδέναι φλυκτανοῦσθαι Hes φλοιδάω -έω -ιάω ldquoto ferment seethe boom blasterrdquo ἀφλοισmicroός ldquoscum froth foam slobberrdquo (α- lt n ldquoἐνrdquo) φλοῖσβος ldquosurging of the sea the tumult of fightingrdquo πολύφλοισβος θάλασσα Gk τὰ φλιmicroέλια ldquohaematoma effusion of bloodrdquo lt Lat flēmina ldquoa bloody swelling or congestion of blood about the anklesrdquo

() Gk φλέψ -βός f ldquoveinrdquo φλεβάζοντες βρύοντες Phot lt bhl_gw (IEW155) bhl_is- Serb blicirchām bliacutehati ldquoto flood spit to have diarrheardquo blicirchnēm bliacutehnuti ldquoto

splash sprayrdquo Bulg bličъ bliacuteknъ bliacutekvam ldquoto flow outrdquo bhl_u(s)- (IEW158-159) OCS blujǫ blьvati ldquoto spit vomitrdquo Ser-Cr bljuzgati ldquoto

stream noisily chat silly stuffrdquo bhl_u(H)- ldquoto flow gushrdquo LIV90 bhleuH- ldquouumlberstroumlmen (IEW158-159) Gk φλέ(F)ω

ldquoto be full of to abound with to be bursting with to be bristling be brimfulrdquo φλοίω (φλοFιω) ldquoto swell to be full of to abound with to be bursting with to be bristling be in bloom blossomrdquo Gk οἰνό-φλυξ ldquowine-drunken ldquo φλύζω ldquoto bubble up boil up surge up overflow also with wordsrdquo φλυκτίς φλύκταινα ldquobubblerdquo ποmicro-φόλυξ ldquoblister shield humprdquo Lat fluō -ere flūxi flūctum newer flūxum ldquoto flow of a solid object to flow drip with any liquid stream pour of abstr things to proceed issue spread of circumstances to tend of language to flow to sink drooprdquo flūctus -ūs ldquocurrent wave a streaming flowing commotion disturbancerdquo flūmen (fleugsmen) ldquoflowing water hence a river streamrdquo conflūgēs aLat ldquoconfluence of two stretches of waterrdquo fluvius ldquoriverrdquo (from present fluō from)

bhl_ud-H2- ldquoto spillrdquo LIV90 bhleud-H2- ldquozerfliessenrdquo (IEW158-159) Gk φλυδάω ldquoto flow about dissolve become softrdquo φλυδαρός ldquomuddy sludgy slushy squashy squishy slobbery sloppilyrdquo ἐκφλυνδάνειν ldquoto break open from ulcersrdquo

() bh_n- ldquoto hit woundrdquo LIV74 bhen- ldquokrank werdenrdquo (IEW126)

PIE status W_CG__ Meager material Not attested in Hurrian Av bąnayǝn ldquoit makes me sickrdquo banta- ldquosickens waste awayrdquo Goth banja ldquoblow knock wound ulcerrdquo OIce ben OE benn f OS beni-wunda ldquowoundrdquo OIce bani m ldquodeath murdererrdquo OE bana OHG OS bano ldquokiller murdererrdquo OHG bano MHG bane ban ldquodeath ruinrdquo MIr epit f ldquoscythe pruning kniferdquo from eks-bhen-tī Corn bony ldquoaxerdquo but Welsh bon-clust ldquoslap in the face box on the earrdquo contains bon ldquostickrdquo

() bh_nd- ldquoto sing rejoicerdquo LIV75 bhend- ldquogluumlcklich sein sich freuenrdquo (IEW126-7)

PIE status W_CG__ Possibly a derivative of bh_H- with suffix -nd- or the -n- is an infix in radicbh_d- Not attested in Hurrian OInd bhandatē ldquoreceives cheering shout is praised glares gleamsrdquo bhaacutendiṣṭhaḥ ldquoin loudest cheering shrilly screaming best of all praisingrdquo bhandaacutena-ḥ ldquocheeringrdquo bhandaacutenā ldquomerry tintinnabulation cheerrdquo zero grade OIr MIr bind ldquomelodicrdquo OBret bann ldquomelodious harmoniousrdquo

bhad- (IEW106) ldquo(in) good (mood)rdquo OInd bhadraacute-ḥ ldquojoyful gratifying lucky goodrdquo n ldquoluck salvationrdquo suacute-bhadra-ḥ ldquolovely superb pretty splendidrdquo = Av hu-baδra- ldquoluckyrdquo Goth batiza ldquobetterrdquo batista ldquobestrdquo OIce betre betstr OE bet(e)ra betst OHG bezzir(o) bezzist Ger besser bestrdquo

bh_nğh- ldquodense fatrdquo LIV76 bhenğh- ldquodicht fest machenrdquo (IEW127-8)

PIE status W_CTGH Not attested in Hurrian OInd bahuacute- ldquodense rich much a lot ofrdquo (= Gk παχύς) bahulaacute- ldquothick dense vast spacious big large rich much a lot ofrdquo (= Gk παχυλως adv) Av bązah- n ldquoheight depthrdquo bąšnu- m id Bal bāz ldquomuch a lot ofrdquo baz ldquodenserdquo Gk παχύς ldquothick dense fat obeserdquo (compounds πᾰσσων) πάχος n ldquothickness fatnessrdquo (occurs after παχύς for πέγχος = Av bązah-) πάχετος ldquothick thickness fatnessrdquo

OIce bingr ldquoheaprdquo OS binge id OHG bungo ldquotuber bulbrdquo Ger Bachbunge in addition with intens consonant-sharpening OIce bunki ldquostowed away shiploadrdquo Nor bunka (and bunga) ldquosmall heap swelling blisterrdquo Dutch bonk ldquoclump lumprdquo Ltv bigraveezs ldquodense thickrdquo bigraveezums ldquothickness fatnessrdquo () Lat pinguis (with p-) ldquofat oily rich fertile n as subst fatness fat Transf thick dense heavy stupid easy quietrdquo Toch В pkante pkatte ldquogreatness bulk extentrdquo Dubious Hitt ltpa-an-ku-gt (panku-) ldquoall in generalrdquo (Cf Greek pan)

bh_r- ldquoto carry to moverdquo LIV76 bh_r- ldquotragen bringen (IEW128-32)

PIE status WACGTH A root with numerous derivatives Possibly Hurrian wariš- ldquoto go tordquo [initial b- not proved]

bh_r- OInd bhaacuterati ldquocarriesrdquo Av baraiti id (and ldquoriderdquo) OPers barantiy 3 pl id (= Arm berem Phryg αβ-βερετ Gk φέρω Lat ferō OIr biru Alb bie Goth baira OCS berǫ) OInd bhaacuterti (also as Gk φέρτε Lat fert old unthem form) bibhaacuterti biacutebharti bibhrmaacuteḥ bibhrati Toch А В paumlr- ldquoto bear carry bring get fetchrdquo

() Gmc brū-tis ldquowife woman briderdquo OInd bhrūṇaacute -m ldquoembryordquo Ltv braũna Cz brnka (bhru-nka) ldquoplacenta afterbirthrdquo

bhreH2ter ldquobrotherrdquo (IEW163-164) OInd bhrātar- Av OPers brātar- ldquobrotherrdquo

Osset aumlrvaacuted ldquobrother kinsman relativerdquo () Kurdish bira ldquobrotherrdquo (=gt turk birader ldquobrotherrdquo) Arm eɫbair gen eɫbaur id (bhrātēr bhrātroacutes) Illyr bra ldquobrother (vocative)rdquo gt Alb bre ldquobrother (vocative)rdquo Gk φρήτηρ (Ion) ἀδελφός Hes Att φράτηρ φράτωρ ldquomember of a φρατρία (family fraternity brotherhood)rdquo () Alb veumllla ldquobrotherrdquo Lith broacutelis ldquobrotherrdquo broterẽlis ldquobrother (dim)rdquo Latv bratildelis ldquobrotherrdquo brātarītis ldquobrother (dim)rdquo OPruss brāti (Ench) ldquobrotherrdquo brole (EV) ldquobrotherrdquo bratrīkai (Ench) ldquobrother (dim)rdquo OPruss brāti (voc brote) ldquobrotherrdquo Lith broterẽlis short form brožis batis broacutelis Ltv b(r)atildelis ldquobaby brotherldquo brātarītis ldquodear brotherrdquo OCS bratrъ bratъ ldquobrotherrdquo short form Serb baća аčеch baacuteta id Russ baacutetja baacutečka ldquofather priestrdquo AlbGheg baceuml ldquofather leaderrdquo Serb baća ldquofather priestrdquo Lat frāter ldquobrotherrdquo Osc fratruacutem Umbr fratrum fratrom ldquobrothersrdquo etc Ven vhraterei ldquobrotherrdquo =gt AlbTosk (vhraterei) vllazeumlri ldquomember of a φρατρία (family fraternity brotherhood)rdquo OIr brāth(a)ir ldquobrother member of a big familyrdquo Welsh sg brawd brodyr OCorn broder MBret breuzr Bret breur pl breudeur id Goth brōTHORNar OIce brōethir OHG bruoder OE brōTHORNor ldquobrotherrdquo OInd bhrātraacute -m ldquobrotherhoodrdquo Gk φράτρᾱ jon φρήτρη id OInd bhrātrya-m Gk φρᾱτρία OCS bratrьja bratьja id Lat frātria ldquowife woman of brothersrdquo Toch A pracar (Dual pratri) В procer

bhr_dh- ldquoto waderdquo LIV90 ldquowatenrdquo (IEW159 164) Thrak PN Bρέδαι Lig VN Brodionti

compare Gaul FlN Bredanna Fr La Brenne PN Bροδεντία (Bayern) Alb breth Aor brodha ldquoto wanderrdquo Lith bredugrave (ELith brendugrave) bridaũ brigravesti ldquoto waderdquo Iter bradaũ -ūti ldquowaderdquo brastagrave brastvagrave ldquoford (miry)rdquo bradagrave ldquoslime mudrdquo bratildedas m ldquofishingrdquo (= Slav brodъ) with sek ablaut brỹdis m ldquowading way in the waterrdquo Iter braidaũ -ūti ldquoto wade around continuouslyrdquo Ltv brigraveenu (dial brigraveedu = ELith brendugrave) bridu brist Iter bradacirct ldquoto wade tread with feet speak foolishlyrdquo braslis m ldquofordrdquo brigravedis m ldquoa while short timerdquo OPruss Chucunbrast ldquothrough the devilrsquos wayrdquo RCS bredu bresti ldquoto wade through a fordrdquo Pol brnąć ldquoto waderdquo from brьdnǫti) Russ breduacute brestiacute ldquoto go

slowly fish with the train netrdquo breacuteditь ldquoto chat nonsense fantasizerdquo bred brediacutena ldquowillowrdquo (lsquostanding there often in the water ldquo) RCS Russ (etc) brodъ ldquofordrdquo iter RCS broditi ldquowaderdquo Russ brodiacutetь ldquoto go slowly slink wander around ferment seetherdquo Ser-Cr brogravediti ldquoto waderdquo

bh_r-H2- ldquoto move fastrdquo LIV81 berH2- ldquosich schnell bewegen (IEW132-3) Semantically this root is the same as bh_r ldquoto carryrdquo Gk φέρω ldquoto bearrdquo ~ med φέροmicroαι ldquoto move fastrdquo Hitt bar-aḫ-zi ldquohunts scuds chasesrdquo

bhr_nk- ldquoto bringrdquo (IEW168) Welsh he-brwng ldquoto bring glide slide guide leadrdquo (sem-bronk-) hebryngiad ldquoguide leaderrdquo OCorn hebrenchiat ldquoleaderrdquo MCorn hem-bronk ldquowill guide leadrdquo hem-brynkys hom-bronkys ldquoguidedrdquo MBret ham-brouc ModBret am-brouk ldquoguide leadrdquo Goth briggan brāhta OHG bringan brāhta also OS (wo also brengian) OE bringan and breng(e)an preterit brōhte (from branhta) ldquobringrdquo Toch B praṅk- AB praumlnk- ldquoto departrdquo

bh_r-s (IEW143) Lat festīnō -āre ldquoto hasten hurry transit to hasten acceleraterdquo Denom von festiō(n)- -īn- ldquohaste hurryrdquo festi- (from fersti-) in cōnfestim ldquoimmediately without delay ldquo (from com-festī ldquowith haste hurryrdquo) MIr bras ldquoquick fast stormyrdquo (bhresto-) Welsh brys id (bhrsto-) MBret bresic brezec ldquohastyrdquo Lith bruzgugraves ldquoquick fastrdquo bruzdugraves ldquomovable nimblerdquo besides burzdugravelis id burzdeacuteti ldquoto run to and frordquo Slav bъrzъ in OCS brъzo adv ldquoquick fastrdquo Ser-Cr brz ldquoquick fastrdquo Russ borzoacutej ldquoquick fast fieryrdquo besides bъrzdъ in wRuss boacuterzdo adv ldquoquick fastrdquo Ser-Cr brzdigraveca f ldquorapids speed in streamrdquo (IEW171-172) Nor dial brauska bruska and brausta brusta ldquoto make room rush out forcefullyrdquo Maybe Alb (bersul) veumlrsul ldquorush forward attackrdquo truncated (veumlrsul) sul ldquorush attackrdquo

bhr_k- (IEW143 103) OIce bregetha preterit brā ldquoquick fast move swingrdquo OE bregdan brēdan st V ldquoquick fast move swingrdquo Sloven brknem bŕkniti brkam bŕkati bŕcati ldquoto bump with the feet kickrdquo Russbrykaacutetь ldquoto kick with the back legrdquo Clr brykaacutety ldquoto frisk mischievously runrdquo

bh_r- ldquohusband wiferdquo PIE status _A_G__ Meager material Cf bh_r- ldquostrong highrdquo Not attested in Hurrian AlbGheg burr burreuml (buro-) ldquoman husbandrdquo burreuml ldquoman valiant man proud manrdquo burrni ldquopride braveryrdquo mburr ldquoto be proud boastrdquo OHG baro ldquoman husbandrdquo OE beorn ldquowarrior chieftainrdquo

bh_r- ldquoto cut strikerdquo LIV80 bherH- ldquomit scharfem Werkzeug bearbeitenrdquo (IEW133-5) PIE status WACG__ Hurrian weri ldquoswordrdquo

bh_r- OInd (gramm) bhrnāti () ldquoinjures hurts disablesrdquo = Pers burrad ldquocuts slicesrdquo Av tiži-bāra- ldquowith with sharp edgerdquo Lat feriō -īre ldquoto strike knock smite hit esp to strike dead slay killrdquo forō -āre ldquoto bore piercerdquo MIr bern berna f ldquocleft gap slitrdquo bernach ldquocleftrdquo OIce berja (preterit baretha) ldquoto hit bump pokerdquo berjask ldquofightrdquo bardage ldquobattlerdquo OHG berjan MHG berjen bern ldquoto hit knock kneadrdquo OFris ber ldquoattackrdquo OCS borjǫ brati ldquoto fightrdquo (frequent reflexive) Russ borjuacute boroacutetь rdquoto subjugate prostraterdquo refl ldquoto fightrdquo Pol dial broacuteć się ldquoto wrestle strugglerdquo OCS branь ldquoto fight strugglerdquo aRuss boronь ldquofight strugglerdquo Russ boacuteronь ldquoforbidrdquo Cz braň ldquoweapon armament armorrdquo Alb (broń) mbronj ldquodefendrdquo mburojeuml ldquoshield armourrdquo Pol brońić ldquoto defendrdquo

bhr_iH- ldquoto cutrdquo (IEW166-7) LIV92 bhreiH- ldquoschneidenrdquo

OInd bhrīṇaacutenti ldquoto be hurtrdquo (Pf bibhrāya Dhātup) Av pairibrīnǝnti ldquoto be cut all aroundrdquo brōiϑrō-taēža- ldquodashing sharplyrdquo MPers brīn ldquodetermined fixedrdquo () AlbGheg pre- ldquoto pierce cutrdquo Thrak () βριλών ldquobarberrdquo Lat friō -āre ldquoto rub grind crumb spall crumblerdquo fricō -āre ldquoto rub rub down rub offrdquo (from fri-co-s ldquorubbing scrapingrdquo) refrīva faba ldquoground beanrdquo frīvolus (from frī-vo-s ldquotrituratedrdquo) ldquobreakable trifling worthless n pl as subst sticks of furniturerdquo Welsh briw ldquobroke woundrdquo briwo ldquobreak rupture injurerdquo

bhr_iH-s- Gaul-Lat brīsāre ldquoto break shatterrdquo Fr briser etc gallorom briscāre ldquoto curdle coagulate hardenrdquo Swiss bretschi id (Wartburg) OIr brissid ldquobreaksrdquo MIr bress f ldquodin fuss noise fight strugglerdquo breissem id OIr PN Bres-(u)al (bristo-ualos) Corn MBret bresel ldquofightrdquo Bret bresa ldquoquarrelrdquo MIr brise ldquofrail breakablerdquo br bresk id Welsh brwydr ldquofight strugglerdquo OIr briathar ldquoword argumentrdquo as bhrei-trā ldquoquarrel argumentrdquo (to Welsh brwyd ldquotorn perforatesrdquo) Lith baacuterti ldquoto scold chiderdquo refl ldquoto be quarrelsomerdquo OCS brati ldquofightrdquo OCS britva ldquorazorrdquo RCS briju briti ldquoto shave shearrdquo bričь ldquorazorrdquo OCS bridъ ldquoδριmicroύςrdquo Russ-dial bridkoacutej ldquosharp coldrdquo Ser-Cr bridak ldquosharp sourrdquo OCS brъselije ldquoshardsrdquo RCS brъselije brъselъ ldquoshardrdquo () AlbGheg brit Tosc beumlrtas ldquoto scold chide quarrel yellrdquo

bhr_s- (IEW169) OHG brestan ldquoto break crack break rupturerdquo uPers ldquolack defectrdquo OE berstan id OIce bersta ldquoto break crack creakrdquo OHG brest(o) ldquodisability defectrdquo Ger Gebresten OHG brust ldquobreak defect ldquo OE byrst m ldquodamagerdquo

bhr_u- ldquoto breakrdquo (IEW169) LIV96 bhreu- ldquoaufbrechenrdquo W__G__ OHG brōdi ldquofrail breakablerdquo (bhrou-tjo-) OIce broma ldquopiece fragmentrdquo (bhrumōn) OE breoethan ldquoto break rupturerdquo OE brēotan ldquoto break rupturerdquo OIce briōta ldquoto break rupturerdquo broti m ldquoheap of felled trees barrierrdquo braut f ldquoway alleyrdquo breyskr ldquofrail breakable brittlerdquo OHG bruzī bruzzī ldquofragilenessrdquo OIce brytia = OE bryttian ldquoto divide share allot distributerdquo OIr brūu ldquoto shatter smashrdquo (bhrūsjō Gaul brus- Fr bruiser) MIr brūire brūile ldquopiece fragmentrdquo bruan id bruar ldquofragment broken piecerdquo brosna (brus-tonjo-) ldquofaggot brushwood bundlerdquo aFr broce id MIr brusc ldquotiny bitrdquo etc OIr bronnaim ldquodamagerdquo (bhrusnāmi) MWelsh breu Welsh brau ldquofrail easily brokenrdquo MCorn brew ldquobrokenrdquo (bhrōuso-) MBret brusun ldquotiny bitrdquo (brous-t-) OE briesan (brausjan) brȳsan (brūsjan) ldquobreak rupture trans shatterrdquo Eng bruise ldquoinjurerdquo probably also OHG brōsma MHG brōsem brōseme brōsme ldquobit flake crumbrdquo OE brosnian ldquoto molderrdquo Ltv brugravece f ldquoscratch scarrdquo Bulg bruacutesja (brusich) ldquoto shake off get rid of beat off chop cut rejectrdquo

bhr_n- (IEW169) OIce brandr ldquoswordrdquo (bhron-toacute-) bhrun- (IEW171-172) Goth brunjō f ldquoarmorrdquo OHG brunja brunna ldquo coat of mailrdquo () Alb brisk brisqe pl ldquosharp bitter razorrdquo () Ltv brigravedis m ldquoa while short timerdquo bh_rgw- (IEW163) Arm bark ldquoviolent angry irate herb bitter sharp from tasterdquo

(bhrgʷos) OIr borb borp ldquocrazyrdquo MIr borb (burbo lt bhorgʷo-) ldquoraw ignorantrdquo Ltv bargs ldquostern hard unfriendly pitilessrdquo Swe dial bark ldquowillful unfriendly personrdquo barkun ldquorough harshrdquo

Unclear __C___ Gk φαρόω ldquoto plowrdquo Ltv bigraverze ldquosowing furrowrdquo Lith biržigraves f ldquofield

furrowrdquo Russ boronaacute ldquoharrowrdquo and with Slav -zda- forms Slav borzda in OCS brazda Russ borozdaacute ldquofurrowrdquo (=gt Alb brazda ldquofurrowrdquo a Slavic loanword ) Arm br-ič ldquohack mattock hoerdquo bah gen -i rdquospaderdquo (bhr-ti-)

bhr_uk- ldquo(to cut with the) teethrdquo (IEW103) PIE status WAC___ Most probably a kind of lw Not attested in Hurrian Gk βρūχω ldquoto crunch with the teethrdquo Alb pres ldquoto crunch with the teeth cutrdquo Lat (Celt) broccus ldquowith protruding teethrdquo =gt OHG bracko (Ger Bracke) MLG mnl bracke ldquobeagle sleuth harrier track houndrdquo

ldquocastratedrdquo __CG__ OHG barug barh Ger Barg Barch (Borg Borch) OE bearg

bearh Eng barrow OIce -bǫrgr ldquoa castrated boarrdquo Russ boacuterov ldquohog castrated boar (dial) boar castrated bullrdquo Ser-Cr bracircv ldquosheep cattlerdquo dial ldquocastrated pigrdquo slovak brav ldquocastrated pigrdquo Pol dial browek ldquofattened boar porkerrdquo

bh_r- ldquoboard beamrdquo LIV77 bherdh- ldquoerbeuten einnehmenrdquo (IEW138)

PIE status W_CG__ Not attested in Hurrian

bh_r-dh- OInd bardhaka-ḥ ldquocutting clippingrdquo m ldquocarpenterrdquo śata-bradh-na-ḥ ldquohaving 100 metal pointsrdquo perhaps Gk πέρθω ldquoto destroy smashrdquo πορθέω ldquoto destroy smash devastaterdquo bhredhos- in OS OE bred ldquoboardrdquo OHG bret n OHG britissa Ger Pritsche bhrdho- in Goth fōtu-bauacuterd n ldquosplintrdquo OIce bord n ldquoboard table deskrdquo OE bord n id OHG bort id = Umbr forfo- id in furfant ldquothey lay on the boardrdquo probably with it identical OIce boreth ldquoedge border shiprsquos rimrdquo OHG MHG bort id (Ger Bord from NGer) OE bord ldquoboard edge shieldrdquo OE borda m ldquoedge ornament decorationrdquo OHG borto Ger Borte bhordho- in OIce bareth ldquoedge borderrdquo Nor dial bard id Lat fastigium (bharsti-) ldquothe gable end pediment of a roofrdquo

bh_r- MHG bār f ldquobalk beam bar gate barrier enclosed landrdquo ( Lat forus -um) Eng bar ldquobar gate barrierrdquo OIce berlings-āss ldquobalk beamrdquo MHG barre ldquobalk beam bar boltrdquo and rom family of Fr barre barriegravere etc Russ za-boacuter ldquofence plank fencerdquo Russ alt zaborolo ldquowooden town wall scaffold trestlerdquo Cz zaacutebradlo ldquohandrail parapetrdquo OIce brīk f ldquoboard low wooden wall low barrdquo

bhr_nk- (IEW103) Eng dial proug ldquomenu forkrdquo Ger Pranger ldquopilloryrdquo MNGer pranger ldquopolerdquo MHG pfrengen ldquowedgerdquo OHG pfragina ldquobar gate barrierrdquo Lith brantildektas m ldquopole for hanging (gallows)rdquo

bhru(H)- ldquobridgerdquo (IEW173) OIce brū f ldquobridgerdquo OIce bryggia ldquowharf pierrdquo NGer bruumlgge id OHG brucca OS -bruggia OE brycg ldquobridgerdquo bOIr Bruck ldquoBretter-bank am Ofenrdquo OE brycgian ldquoto paverdquo (originally with thrashed wood) Swiss bruumlgi (OHG brugī) ldquowood scaffoldingrdquo bruumlgel ldquowooden logrdquo MHG bruumlgel ldquocudgel clubrdquo Ger Pruumlgel ldquobridgerdquo also ldquobalk rod track made of beamsrdquo Gaul brīva ldquobridgerdquo (bhrēua) OBulg brъvъno ldquobalk beamrdquo Ser-Cr brv f ldquobalk beam bridge made of beamsrdquo

bhrugh- ldquotwigrdquo (IEW174) Welsh brwyn-en f ldquobulrushrdquo OCorn brunnen gl ldquojuncus bulrushrdquo Bret broennenn id (from PCbrugno-) OE brogn(e) f ldquotwig branch bushrdquo Nor dial brogn(e) ldquotree branch clover stalk raspberry bushrdquo Clr brost f dial brost m ldquobudrdquo Bulg brъs(t) m ldquo young sproutsrdquo Ser-Cr brst m id brstina ldquofoliage leavesrdquo () Alb bisht(n)ajeuml ldquolegume podrdquo bisht ldquotail (shoot)rdquo

() Russ bred brediacutena ldquowillowrdquo

bh_r- ldquoedgerdquo PIE status W_CG__ Not attested in Hurrian

bh_r-dh- OIce boreth ldquoedge border shiprsquos rimrdquo OHG MHG bort id (Ger Bord from NGer) OE bord ldquoboard edge shieldrdquo OE borda m ldquoedge ornament decorationrdquo OHG borto Ger Borte

bhordho- in OIce bareth ldquoedge borderrdquo Nor dial bard id Lat fastigium (bharsti-) ldquothe gable end pediment of a roofrdquo

bh_r-m- OIce barmr ldquoedge hemrdquo ey-barmr ldquothe edge of an island ldquo Nor dial barm ldquoextremity border brim edge rimrdquo (eg in the sail) NGer barm berme ldquoa ledge at the bottom of a bank or cutting to catch earth that may roll down the slope or to strengthen the bank a narrow shelf or path between the bottom of a parapet and the ditchrdquo

bhr_-m- HG breumlm n ldquoborder edging edgerdquo Ger verbraumlmen changing through ablaut MEng brimme Eng brim ldquoedgerdquo

bhr_n- (IEW167) Ir braine ldquofront part of the ship guide leader edge borderrdquo Corn brenniat id MEng nEng brink ldquoedge border bank shorerdquo MLG brink ldquoedge of a field field margin meadowrdquo MDu brinc nDutch brink ldquoedge grass strip border of grass grass fieldrdquo Ltv bruocircdinš ldquoridge of the roofrdquo

bhr_s-dh- OE breord breard m ldquoedge bank border shore surface plain areardquo (brerdaz) besides briord (brerdia) OS braeligdder id ModSwe braumldd etc OHG brart ldquoedge border stem stem bar stem postrdquo Swe dial bradd

bhr_-u- (IEW170) OIr brū ldquoedge bank border shorerdquo bruach id (brū-āko-) OIce brūn ldquoedgerdquo brȳna ldquoto whetrdquo brȳni ldquowhetstonerdquo OE MHG brūn ldquosharprdquo (as of weapons) Lith briaunagrave ldquoedge border cornicerdquo (bhrēunā)

bh_r- ldquoneedle pointrdquo not in LIV PIE status WACG__ Not attested in Hurrian

bhares (IEW109-110) Gaul barros ldquobush treetoprdquo OIce barr- ldquoneedle coniferrdquo OE baeligrs bears MHG bars Ger Barsch OHG bersich ldquobarse perchrdquo ablaut Swe aghborre (borzan IE bhrs-) id OInd bhrṣṭiacute-ḥ f ldquoprong spike cusp peak edge pointrdquo = Gmc bursti- in OIce burst f ldquobristle ridge of the roofrdquo OE byrst f ldquobristlerdquo OHG burst borst m n bursta f ldquobristlerdquo MHG burste ldquobristle brushrdquo (burst ldquobristle massrdquo) Slav bъrstio- in Russ borščь ldquoacanthusrdquo Alb breth bredhi ldquofirrdquo OIr brot ldquosting prickrdquo OCorn bros Bret broud id OIce bǫrr m ldquotreerdquo OE bearu gen bearwes m ldquowood forest shrubbery bushrdquo OHG bara-wāri ldquoforest rangera keeper of a park forest or area of countryside priestrdquo Nor brisk ldquojuniperrdquo Slav borъ in RCS borъ pl borove ldquofir spruce spruce forestrdquo Ser-Cr bȍr gen bȍra ldquopine treerdquo Cz bor m ldquopinewoodrdquo

bhares (IEW111) Lat far farris n ldquospelt grain mealrdquo from far(o)s far(e)zes (lt fars fars-es) = Osc far Umbr far Lat farīna ldquomeal flourrdquo (from farrīna) farreus = Umbr farsio fasiu ldquomade of spelt or wheat mealrdquo Alb fareuml ldquoseed barley seedrdquo Goth barizeins (= Lat farīna) ldquofrom barleyrdquo OIce barr m ldquocorn grain barleyrdquo OE bere ldquobarleyrdquo (bar(a)z- respectively bar(i)z-) but Slav barsina- in OCS brašьno ldquonourishment foodrdquo Ser-Cr brȁšno ldquomeal flourrdquo Russ boacuterošno ldquorye flourrdquo bъrъ (bhor-) in Russ dial borъ kIr bor gen bru ldquokind of millet sorghumrdquo Ser-Cr bȁr id Maybe Alb bar ldquograss pasture fodderrdquo OIce barr m ldquocorn grain barleyrdquo OIr bairgen f ldquobreadrdquo (barigenā or barigonā) Welsh etc bara m id (barag- compare Lat farrāgō ldquo mixed fodder for cattle mash a medley mixturerdquo)

bhr_g- (IEW165-166) Ice Nor brok ldquostiff grass grass bristlesrdquo Ger Brocken Nor brake m ldquojuniperrdquo MHG brake m f ldquotwig branchrdquo Eng brake ldquobrushwood thorn bushes fernrdquo ablaut Nor burkne m ldquofernrdquo compare also Nor bruk n ldquoshrubbery bushrdquo

bhrus- (IEW171-172) Ice bruskr ldquotussock besomrdquo Eng brush ldquobristle brush brush paintbrush tail (of foxes)rdquo brushwood ldquoshrubbery bushrdquo MEng bruschen Eng to brush ldquoto comb with a brushrdquo brũzgai pl ldquobrushwoodrdquo (IEW171) Gaul brosna (brus-tonio-) ldquofaggot brushwood bundlerdquo Gaul bruskjā ldquoundergrowth brushwoodrdquo

Nor bras n ldquoclatter brushwoodrdquo Gaul broccos ldquocusp peak spikyrdquo Fr broche ldquospearrdquo Lit braũktas ldquowooden knife for

cleaning flaxrdquo braũkti ldquoto erase scutch (flax)rdquo brugravekti ldquoto poke thrust press scutch (flax)rdquo

bhr_n- ldquohorn deerrdquo (IEW168-169)

PIE status WACG__ Not attested in Hurrian Messap βρένδον (from βρέντον) ἔλαφον Hes βρέντιον ldquodeer headrdquo Hes brunda id Brenda Brundisium older Βρεντέσιον Brindisi Illyr VN Βρέντιοι Ven FlN Brinta ldquoBrentardquo in Italian mountain names and plant names Alb bricirc bricircni ldquohorn antlerrdquo (bhr-no-) Plur Gheg bricircena Ltv briecircdis ldquodeer deer stagrdquo (lt bhrendis) Lith briacuteedis OPruss braydis m ldquoelkrdquo ModSwe dial brind(e) Nor (with g from d) bringe ldquomale elkrdquo (bhrentoacutes) ablaut Nor brund ldquobaby male reindeer ldquo (bhrntoacutes)

bh_r- ldquoto weaverdquo not in LIV (IEW137-8) PIE status W_C___ dialectal root

bh_r- Hom φᾶρος = Att φάρος n (φαρFος) ldquokerchief cloth canvas fabric velum coverrdquo φάραι () ὑφαίνειν πλέκειν Hes φορmicroός ldquomatrdquo Gk Lesb Thess βερρόν δασύ Dor βειρόν id βερβέριον ldquoshabby dressrdquo Lith burva ldquoa kind of garmentrdquo Ltv burves pl ldquosmall sailrdquo (-w- suffix as in Gk φαρFος) Ltv buras id Lith bugraverė ldquosailrdquo Lat burra f ldquostraggly garmentrdquo

bhr_k- (IEW165) Gaul brāca ldquobreechesrdquo βράκκαι αἴγειαι διφθέραι παρὰ Κελτοῖς Hes OIr brōc ldquotrousersrdquo Alb (brāca) brekeuml ldquounderwearrdquo Eng breech id OIce brōk pl broslashkr ldquothigh trouserrdquo geminated OE etc braccas ldquobritchesrdquo

bh_r- ldquoto make sounds to buzz (insects) sing (birds)rdquo LIV94 bhrem- ldquobrummen bruumlllenrdquo

PIE status WACG__ Probably onomatopeic Not attested in Hurrian

bh_r- Alb (baacuterti) beumlrtas ldquoto scold yell screamrdquo Ltv brigraveenu (dial brigraveedu = ELith brendugrave) bridu brist Iter bradacirct ldquoto wade tread with feet speak foolishlyrdquo Russ breacuteditь ldquoto chat nonsense fantasizerdquo

bhr_g- (IEW165) OIce braka ldquocrack creakrdquo brak n ldquorow din fuss noiserdquo MHG OE brach m id OHG MHG OS braht ldquodin fuss noise clamorrdquo Ger Pracht OE breahtm m ldquoargument quarrelrdquo OS brahtum ldquodin fuss noise clamorous massrdquo Lith braškugrave braškeacuteti ldquoto crack creakrdquo (bhreĝ-skō) Ltv brakškēt brakstēt id

bh_r-k- (IEW138-9) OE beorcan stem-V bearkian (barkōn ) Eng bark ldquobark bayrdquo OIce berkja ldquobark bay rumble rage clamorrdquo Lith (žem) burgeacuteti ldquodrone grumble quarrel squabble be unfriendlyrdquo burgegravesus ldquocrosspatch grouchrdquo presumably also Ser-Cr brgljati ldquomumble murmur chatrdquo brgalica ldquoturtledoverdquo

bhr_k- (IEW138-9) Ltv brecu bregravekt ldquocryrdquo Russ brešuacute brechaacutetь ldquoyelp cry quarrel squabble lierdquo brechnjaacute ldquoempty gossiprdquo Ser-Cr brȅšēm bregravehati ldquopant gasp loud coughrdquo (bhreq-s-) brȅkćēm bregravektati ldquopant sniff snortrdquo Gk φρυγίλος ldquoa small birdrdquo (transposition from φριγύλος Lat frig-) Lat frigō -ere ldquosqueak (of small children)rdquo friguttiō -īre ldquochirp twitter (from birds) lisprdquo later fringuliō fringultiō id frigulō -āre ldquocry (from the jackdaw)rdquo fring(u)illa ldquofinch sparrowrdquo Russ bergleacutez ldquogoldfinchrdquo Ser-Cr brglijez ldquoSitta syriacardquo Cz brhel ldquoEurasian golden oriole golden oriolerdquo maumlhr ldquowoodpeckerrdquo Pol bargiel ldquomountain titmouserdquo Similar ones but indeed new onomatopoeic words are Lat merulus frindit Lith brizgeacuteti ldquobleat grouse drone hum grumblerdquo

bhr_-m- (IEW142-3) Gk φόρmicroινξ -γγος f ldquozitherrdquo Initial sound variant brem probably in βρέmicroω ldquoboom blaster sough rustle bawl blasterrdquo βρόmicroος m ldquonoise cracklingrdquo βροντή f ldquothunderrdquo (βροmicro-τᾱ) Lat fremō -ere ldquoroar murmur growl with acc to murmur out something grumble complainrdquo frontēsia ldquothunder and lightningrdquo is Lw from Gk βροντήσιος (to βροντή) Maybe Alb frymeuml ldquobreath exhalationrdquo frynj ldquoblowrdquo Welsh brefu ldquobleat roar bellowrdquo OHG breman ldquodrone grumble roar bellowrdquo OE bremman ldquoroar bellowrdquo brymm n ldquoflood seardquo MHG brimmen id ablaut brummen ldquodrone grumblerdquo (in addition brunft ldquoheat rut rutting seasonrdquo) MLG brummen and brammen id OHG OS bremo ldquogadfly brakerdquo MHG breme OS bremmia OHG brimisse Ger Breme and (from dem NGer) Bremse Pol brzmieć ldquosound clink buzzrdquo (brъm-) Bulg brъmčъ ldquobuzz drone humrdquo brъmkam id brъmb-al -ar -ъr ldquobumblebee beetle chaferrdquo Maybe Alb Gheg diminutive (brum-el) brumull Tosc brumbull ldquobumblebee beetle bugrdquo [common Alb m gt mb phonetic mutation]

bhr_m- OInd bhrŋga-ḥ ldquogiant black beerdquo Pol brzęk ldquosound tinkling clinking gadfly brakerdquo Russ brjaacutekatь ldquoclang clink clatterrdquo Cz brouk ldquobeetle chaferrdquo Lith brınkteregraveti ldquofall chinkingrdquo etc Lith brenzgu brengsti ldquoclang clink knockrdquo ablaut branzgu brangsti ldquosound clinkrdquo Slav bręzgъ in Russ brjaacutezgi pl ldquoempty gossiprdquo RCS brjazdati ldquosound clinkrdquo

bhr_nk- (IEW103) Gk βράγχος ldquohoarsenessrdquo βραγχάω ldquoto be hoarserdquo OIr brong(a)ide ldquohoarserdquo

bhr_us- (IEW171-172) MHG brūsen ldquoto boom blaster roarrdquo Swe bruska ldquoto rustle rant roisterrdquo Lith briauzgagrave ldquobabblerrdquo bruzgugrave -eacuteti ldquoto rustlerdquo Russ brjuzgaacuteju -aacutetь ldquoto mumble murmurrdquo brjužžaacutetь ldquoto drone grumble murmur growlrdquo

bhr_s- (IEW169) MIr brosc broscar m ldquodin fuss noiserdquo OHG brastōn ldquoto cracklerdquo OIce brasta ldquoto rant roister brag boastrdquo MHG braschen ldquocrack creak cry brag boastrdquo

bh_r- ldquomagicrdquo (data scattered in IEW new root)

PIE status W_C___ Not attested in Hurrian OIr brahmaacuten- m ldquomagic priestrdquo braacutehman- n ldquospell charm devotionrdquo Lith bugravertai pl ldquolot fate charm spellrdquo Ltv burts ldquomark token sign the magician alphabetic letterrdquo Lith bugraverti ldquoto conjure perform magicrdquo Ltv burt ldquoto conjure perform magicrdquo burtains ldquoperform wood-carving notchrdquo Gk φάρmicroακον ldquoremedy magical cure magic potion philtrerdquo Lat fors nom (= IE bhrtis) forte abl ldquochance luckrdquo = paumll forte pl ldquochance hap luck fate fortunerdquo fortūna ldquochance fate lot luck fortunerdquo () Lat frūmen n ldquoa gruel or porridge made of corn and used in sacrificesrdquo (frūg-smen)

bh_r-dh- ldquobeardrdquo not in LIV (IEW110)

PIE status W_CG__ The original meaning may have been ldquomouthrdquo Not attested in Hurrian Lat barba ldquobeardrdquo OHG bart OE beard ldquobeardrdquo m therefrom OHG barta OS barda OIce barđa ldquohatchet beardsrdquo from the Gmc OCS brady ldquoaxe hatchetrdquo OCS brada ldquobeardrdquo Russ borodaacute id also ldquochinrdquo Ser-Cr braacuteda acc bracircdu ldquobeardrdquo etc OPruss bordus ldquobeardrdquo Ltv barda and (see to zd under) bārzda Lith barzdagrave acc barzdą ldquobeardrdquo Latvian bārda ldquobeardrdquo bārzda (dial) ldquobeardrdquo Lat barbātus OCS bradatъ Lith barzdoacutetas ldquohaving a beard beardedrdquo Unclear Greek βράγχια βαράγχια ldquogill of fishrdquo Alb Gheg (gʷer- gʷha) verza ldquo(throat) gill of fishrdquo Latvian bārda ldquogill of fishrdquo

bh_r- ldquomouthrdquo (IEW145) W_CG__ Arm beran ldquomouthrdquo Lith burnagrave ldquomouthrdquo = Bulg bъrna ldquoliprdquo Gk φάρυξ -υγος later (after λάρυγξ) φάρυγξ -υγγος ldquowindpipe gulletrdquo Lat frūmen n ldquolarynx gulletrdquo (frūg-smen) without u OIce barki ldquoneckrdquo

bhu- ldquolip to kissrdquo (IEW103 onomatopeic) WACG__ Pers bōsīdan ldquokissrdquo Alb buzeuml ldquoliprdquo Maybe Alb (pus) puth ldquokissrdquo Swe puss ldquokissrdquo MIr bus pus ldquoliprdquo busoacutec pusoacutec ldquokissrdquo Ger Buss ldquokissrdquo bussen ldquoto kissrdquo Busserl ldquokissrdquo Eng buss Swe puss ldquokissrdquo Lith bučiuacuteoti ldquoto kissrdquo Pol buzia ldquomouth face kissrdquo Rom buzů ldquoliprdquo Ital bacio ldquomouth face kissrdquo older Lat basiatio -onis f ldquokissing a kissrdquo

bh_r- ldquoto cookrdquo LIV78 bherğ- ldquobraten roumlstenrdquo (IEW137)

PIE status WACG__ Hurrian warini ldquobakerrdquo

bh_r- with different suffixes (IEW132-133) Gk πορφύρω (πορφυρι(ω) ldquoto boil up surge up be in restless stirrdquo Alb burmeuml ldquofully riperdquo OIce brimi ldquofirerdquo MEng brim ldquoblaze glowrdquo OHG brīo MHG brī(e) OE brīw ldquoporridge mashrdquo briwan ldquoto cookrdquo MIr brēo ldquoflamerdquo (bhri-uo-) Nor dial brīsa ldquoto blaze flare shine show off set on firerdquo brīs ldquofire flamerdquo Lat fretāle ldquofrying panrdquo OIce brāethr ldquostormy hot tempered hastyrdquo brāeth ldquotarred wood creosotedrdquo brāethna ldquoto meltrdquo intrans OHG brātan OE brǣdan ldquoto fryrdquo ablaut MLG broumlien ldquoto singerdquo

bh_r_ğ- OInd bhuraacutejanta ldquocookingrdquo (bhereg-) bhrjjaacuteti ldquoroastsrdquo bhršṭa-ḥ ldquoroastedrdquo bhrāšṭra-ḥ ldquofrying panrdquo bharj(j)ayati ldquoroasts braumltrdquo bharjana-ḥ ldquoroastingrdquo MPers barštan id Lith bigravergelas ldquobasic simple beerrdquo Ltv birga ldquohaze mist fume smoke coal smokerdquo OPruss aubirgo ldquocookshoprdquo Alb (fergō) feumlrgonj ldquobakerdquo Lat fertum ldquoa kind of sacrificial cakerdquo aLat firctum (Festus)

bh_riğ- Pers biriš-tan ldquofryrdquo barēzan ldquoovenrdquo Bal brējag brijag ldquofryrdquo Pers biryān (briĝāna-) ldquoroastedrdquo pam (shifted) wirzam ldquoroastrdquo (Iran briǰ- braij-) Lat frīgō -ere ldquoto roast dehydrate desiccaterdquo Umbr frehtu ldquocooked boiledrdquo

bh_ruğ- Gk φρūγω ldquoroast dryrdquo φρῡκτός ldquoroasted fire brandrdquo φρūγανον ldquodry woodrdquo φρūγετρον ldquovessel for roasting barleyrdquo

bh_r-(ğh)- ldquohigh strongrdquo LIV78 bherğh- ldquohoch werden sich erhebenrdquo (IEW140-1)

PIE status WACGTH Not clearly verbal Maybe more than one root Hurrian buru ldquostrongrdquo Urartian burgana ldquopalace fortressrdquo

bh_r- OHG bora- eg in bora-tall ldquovery tall very highrdquo OS bar- in barwirdig ldquovery solemn honorable noblerdquo Cf PIE abhro ldquostrongrdquo

bh_rğh- OInd Kaus barhaacuteyati ldquoincreasesrdquo brṁhaacuteti ldquomakes fat obese strengthens upliftsrdquo presumably barha-s -m ldquotail feather tail of a bird esp from a peacockrdquo brhaacutent- ldquobig large high convex elevated noble sublimerdquo also ldquohigh loud (of the voice)rdquo fern brhatī (= Ir Brigit Gmc Burgund) Av bǝrǝzant- (Pers buland) f bǝrǝzaitī ldquohighrdquo in compound bǝrǝzi- (bǝrǝzra-) bǝrǝz- ldquohighrdquo and ldquoheight mountainrdquo (= Pers burz id Ir briacute the nom Av barš Subst could contain ar -ar- but also ar -r- Bartholomae IF 9 261) zero grade Av uz-barǝzayeni ldquoI shall allow to grow up ldquo (in addition sumατι-βαρζάνης ldquoimprove luckrdquo Iran barzana-) barǝzan- m barǝzah- n ldquoheightrdquo barǝšnu- m ldquoelevation height sky heaven headrdquo barǝzyah- ldquohigherrdquo barǝzišta- ldquothe highest the most suitablerdquo Pers bāl-ā ldquoheightrdquo (barz-) burz (see above) OInd brhaacutent- stands for also ldquobig large vast grand thick massiverdquo and brṁhati ldquomakes fat obese invigorates strengthens increases furthersrdquo brhaacuteṇā adv ldquodense tight firm strong proficient very absolutelyrdquo paribrḍha-ḥ lsquostanding firm dense solidrdquo Arm berj ldquoheightrdquo in erkna- lerna-berj ldquosky- mountainousrdquo (bherĝhos) barjr ldquohighrdquo (bhrĝhuacute-) (ham-)baṙnam (barjnam Aor barji) ldquoto lift uprdquo etc buṙn ldquohand fist force mightrdquo

Berg- in PN the Mediterranean countries Thrac Βεργούλη Maced Βέργα Illyr Berginium (Bruttium Bergae) Lig Bergomum Celto-Lig Bergusia Hisp Bergantia etc Cf Πέργη Πέργαmicroος Maced Cret Πέργαmicroος Gk φάραγξ ldquocliff with gaps gorge ravine gulchrdquo rom barranca ldquogorge ravine gulchrdquo Lat for(c)tis aLat forctus dial horctus horctis ldquophysically strong powerful robust morally brave courageous steadfast bold audaciousrdquo (from forg-tos IE bhrĝh-tos = OInd brḍhaacuteḥ) fastus -ūs m ldquopride haughtiness arrogancerdquo Welsh bera ldquoheaprdquo (= Ger Berg) OCorn Bret bern id (-rĝh-n- s Pedersen KG I 105) Gaul PN Bergusia zero grade MIr briacute acc brig ldquohillrdquo (see above) Welsh bry ldquohigh aboverdquo fem Welsh Corn Bret bre ldquohillrdquo Gaul Litano-briga among others PN Gaul Brigantes Βρίγαντες peoplersquos name (either ldquothe sublime noblerdquo or ldquotroglodyte cave dweller cliff dwellerrdquo OInd brhant-) Brigantia PN ldquoBregenz (Western Austria)rdquo and name of a feminine divinity OIr Brigit (bhrĝhntī) ldquoname of a famous saint and generally womenrsquos namerdquo (also OInd brhatī is used as womanrsquos name also OHG Purgunt) Welsh braint ldquoprivilege prerogativerdquo (eig ldquohighnessrdquo) pl breiniau in addition MWelsh breenhin Welsh brenin ldquokingrdquo Corn brentyn bryntyn id (brigantīnos) MIr borr ldquostout proud swollenrdquo MWelsh bwrr id Corn bor ldquofatrdquo Bret bronn bron id (bhrusnā) ldquoround hillrdquo MWelsh brynn Welsh bryn m (bhrusnio-) ldquohillrdquo Goth baiacutergahei ldquomountain range mountainous regionrdquo OIce bjarg and berg OHG OS berg ldquomountainrdquo OE beorh beorg ldquoheight burial moundrdquo Eng barrow ldquoburial moundrdquo (compare Arm -berj Welsh bera OInd barha-) Gmc burgundī (= OInd brhatī Celt brigantī Ir Brigit) in Burgund oldest name of Bornholm (Danish island) (eig ldquothe high-risingrdquo) and name Danish and Nor islands OHG Purgunt womenrsquos name in addition Burgundiōnes family name Goth baurgs f ldquotown city towerrdquo OHG burg etc ldquocastlerdquo is genuine Gmc equivalent of Av bǝrǝz- Celt brig- with the meaning ldquofortified height as refugerdquo Cf Lat burgus ldquocastle fortrdquo borrowed from Gk πύργος ldquotowerrdquo Cf Urart burgana ldquopalace fortressrdquo Arm burgn aram burgin burgon ldquotowerrdquo etc Maybe Alb burg ldquoprisonrdquo OCS brěgъ ldquobank border shore sloperdquo Ser-Cr brȉjeg ldquohill bank border shorerdquo Russ bēreg id Maybe Alb bregu ldquobank border shore sloperdquo from latter with brěgъ as genuine Slavic words related Clr o-bořiacuteh Cz brah ldquohaystackrdquo etc With other vowel gradation bhregh- perhaps in OE brego breogo ldquomaster mister ruler prince lordrdquo OIce bragr ldquobest most exquisite most distinguished leader chief princerdquo MHG brogen ldquorise direct upwards wanton bragrdquo Toch AB paumlrk- ldquoriserdquo A paumlrkuumlnt В pirko ldquothe risingrdquo A paumlrkaumlr В parkre paumlrkre ldquotallrdquo perhaps A prākaumlr В prākre ldquotight firm solidrdquo (compare Lat fortis) Hitt paacuter-ku-uš (parkus) ldquohighrdquo ( Arm barjr) Maybe Alb (parkus) pragu ldquothreshold elevation before the doorrdquo

bh_r-ğh- ldquoto look at to look afterrdquo LIV79 bherğh- ldquobeachten bewahrenrdquo (IEW145)

PIE status _ACG__ The original meaning may be ldquoeyerdquo Hurrian bur- ldquoto seerdquo

bh_r- iterative bhoreacuteiō in Tosc mbanj mbaj older mba Gheg mba mbaj ldquoto keep tend look after observerdquo Alb bariu ldquoshepherd herdsmanrdquo

bh_r-ğh- OHG bor(a)gēn ldquoto spare look after entrust borrowrdquo OE borgian ldquoto look after watch over keep borrowrdquo Alb nasalized (bergo) brengeuml ldquoconcern sadness (for a dead person)rdquo brengos ldquoto saddenrdquo OCS brěgǫ brěšti ldquoto care worryrdquo Slav bergǫ in OCS brěgǫ brěšti ldquoto care worryrdquo in nebrěšti ldquoneglectrdquo Russ bereguacute bereacutečь ldquobeware preserve protect spare look after sparerdquo Ser-Cr older bržem brijeći ldquoto guard watch preserve protect care worry hold festivitiesrdquo

bhr_g- or -ğ- ldquoto breakrdquo LIV91 bhreg- or -ğ- ldquobrechen (intr)rdquo (IEW165) PIE status WACGT_ Cf bh_g- Not attested in Hurrian Lat frangō -ere frēgi ( Goth brēkum) frāctum ldquoto break in pieces dash to pieces shiver shatter fracturerdquo fragilis ldquofrail breakable easily broken brittle fragilerdquo etc (bhreg) fragor m ldquoa breaking a crashing a noise of breaking crack crash noise dinrdquo with ā (after frāctus etc) suffrāgium ldquoa voting tablet a vote noisy applause approval the right to vote franchise in gen judgment approval supportrdquo suffrāginēs f ldquothe hollows of the knee (suffragines are so called because they are broken underneath = subtus franguntur that is they bend downwards and not upwards like the arm)rdquo lit ldquobend kinkrdquo MIr tair-brech ldquocrash blastrdquo Goth brikan OS brekan OE brecan OHG brehhan ldquobreak rupturerdquo ablaut Goth brakja ldquowrestling matchrdquo lengthened grade MHG brache f ldquobreaking in the ground unbroken recumbent unsowed land after the harvestrdquo OE ā-brācian ldquoto press inrdquo OHG prahhen brahhen MHG braechen Ger praumlgen (brēkjan) Causative to brechen zero grade Goth gabruka f ldquopiece fragmentrdquo (bhreg-) OE bryce m ldquothe break lumprdquo OHG bruh ldquobreak cracked ldquo OE brocian ldquoto pressrdquo broc ldquowoefulnessrdquo with gemination OHG brocco ldquobrokenrdquo Nor dial brank n ldquoaffliction defectrdquo branka ldquoto injure break rupturerdquo

bhre(n)gh- OInd brhaacuteti ldquowrenches tearsrdquo OIce branga ldquodamagerdquo bhr_H1-(g) ldquoto smellrdquo (IEW163)

PIE status W_G__ Meager material Not attested in Hurrian Lat fragrō -āre ldquoto emit a smell esp a sweet smellrdquo lt bhrǝg-r- MHG brǣhen ldquoto smellrdquo lt brē-jō

bhr_H1ğ- ldquoto be brightrdquo LIV92 bhreH1ğ- ldquoerstrahlen erglaumlnzenrdquo (IEW139-40 41-42)

PIE status WACGT_ Cf bh_H2- Hurrian buruhli ldquoeast (or less probably south)rdquo

bhrēg- OInd bhrājatē ldquoglares gleams shinesrdquo OPers brāzaiti id (bhrēĝō) Pers barāzīdan ldquoshinerdquo barāz ldquojewelleryrdquo Bal-Slav brēsk- from bhrēg-skin Lith breacutekšta breacuteško breacutekšti ldquobreak (dawn) (as of the day)rdquo apūbrėškis ldquotime around daybreakrdquo Slov bresk Cz břesk Pol brzask ldquodaybreak dawnrdquo Pol obrzasknąć ldquoto become brightrdquo brzeszczy się ldquoit dawns the day breaksrdquo OCS pobrězgъ ldquodawn twilight daybreakrdquo Russ brezg Pol brzazg id

bhr_k- OIr brecc ldquomottled speckledrdquo Welsh brych id Gaul PN Briccius MHG brehen ldquosudden and strong flashrdquo OIce brjā brā (brehōn) ldquoflashrdquo braga bragetha ldquosparkle glitter flame burnrdquo Toch B perne A parno ldquoluminousrdquo B perne A paraumlṃ ldquomajesty grandeurrdquo

bh(e)rōĝ- probably Swe brokig ldquovaricoloredrdquo Nor dial brōk ldquoa young salmon with transverse bandsrdquo and OHG brahs(i)a brahsina OS bressemo ldquobream freshwater breamrdquo Nor brasma brasme id ablaut OIce brosma ldquoa kind of codfishrdquo

bhērg- Goth baiacuterhts ldquobright gleaming distinctrdquo OHG beraht MHG berht ldquogleamingrdquo (also in names OHG Bert- -bert -brecht) OE beorht ldquogleaming radiatingrdquo (Eng bright) OIce biartr ldquolight brightrdquo Welsh berth ldquogleaming beautifulrdquo PN Bret Berth-walart Ir Flaith-bertach Lith javaĩ beacuteršt ldquothe grain becomes whiterdquo probably also Nor dial bjerk ldquovery brightrdquo (compare noch berk ldquo white trout ldquo Swe bjoumlrkna ldquoAbramis bliccardquo) Hitt paacuter-ku-iš (parkuiš) ldquoclean purerdquo paacuter-ku-nu-uz-zi (parkunuzi) ldquopurified cleanrdquo

bhǝrǝĝ- Alb barth (bardh-i) ldquowhiterdquo Bulg brěz ldquowhite spottedrdquo = Nor bjoslashrk s о Slov breza ldquoname of a white spotted cow or nanny goatrdquo Maybe Alb brez ldquostriperdquo

Gk φορκόν λευκόν πολιόν ῥυσόν Hes In names of the birch (Slav partly elm Lat ash tree ) OInd bhūrjaacute -ḥ m ldquoa kind of

birchrdquo Osset baumlrz ldquobirchrdquo dak PN Bersovia Lat farnus ldquoash treerdquo(faacuter[a]g-snos originally adj ldquoashenrdquo) frāxinus id (bherǝĝ-senoacutes) Maybe AlbGheg frasheumln ldquoash-treerdquo OHG birihha (bherǝĝ-iā) OE beorc birce OIce bjǫrk (bherǝĝā) ldquobirchrdquo Lith beacuteržas m pl beacuteržai ldquobirchrdquo ablaut bigraveržtva f ldquobirch forestrdquo biržliai ldquobirch twigsrdquo Ltv bęrzs m OPruss berse ldquobirchrdquo Russ bereumlza Ser-Cr brȅza аčеch břieza ldquobirchrdquo Slav berstъ in Russ beacuterest m ldquoelm frameworkrdquo Ser-Cr brȉjest Cz brěst id but with the meaning ldquobirchrdquo Russ bereumlsta f bereumlsto n ldquobirch barkrdquo Cz břesta ldquoupper birch barkrdquo

bhr_-k- ldquoto stuff cram houserdquo LIV93 bhrekw- ldquozusammendraumlngenrdquo (IEW110-1) PIE status W_CG__ Dubious -w- in LIV Possibly two roots Hurrian burni buruli ldquohouserdquo

bh_r-gh- (IEW145) Goth baiacutergan ldquoto save store keeprdquo OIce bjarga OE beorgan OHG bergan OS gibergan ldquoto save storerdquo changing through ablaut OE byrgan ldquoto buryrdquo byrgen (burgiznō) byrgels OS burgisli ldquoburial funeralrdquo Clr oboŕiacuteh gen oboroacuteha ldquohaystackrdquo Cz brah ldquohaystack heaprdquo Pol broacuteg ldquobarn haystackrdquo (=gt Lith bratildegas id) zero grade Cz brh ldquocave cottage tentrdquo ELith birginti ldquoto sparerdquo Perhaps Gallo-Rom (rhaumlt-Illyr) bargā ldquocovered thatched hutrdquo

bh_r-k- Gk φράσσω φράττω (φρακιω from bhrkʷ-) ldquoto enclose cram into crowd togetherrdquo δρύ-φ[ρ]ακτος [with or without -r-] ldquowooden shack shedrdquo in addition φύρκος τεῖχος Hes Lat farciō -īrе ldquoto fill full stuff full cramrdquo fartus ldquostuff fill up gorge oneself cram intordquo perhaps frequ-ēns -tis (bhrek-wen-t) ldquocrowded numerous full of places full frequented populous of time repeated frequent constant of persons often doing a thing of things often done or usedrdquo MIr barc f ldquofortressrdquo probably from Gallo-Rom bar(i)ca ldquoframehouse a wooden houserdquo

bh_ru- ldquoto boil to be hotrdquo LIV81 bherw- ldquosieden wallenrdquo (IEW143-5) PIE status W_CG__ A derivative of bh_r- ldquoto cookrdquo Hurrian warini ldquobakerrdquo

bh_r- OInd bhurvaacuteṇi-ḥ ldquorestless wildrdquo bhurvaacuten- ldquouncontrollable movement of waterrdquo OHG briuwan OE brēowan ldquoto brewrdquo OS bryggja (from bryggwa) id Gmc bruđa- in OIce OE brođ OHG prođ ldquobrothrdquo MHG brodelen Ger brodeln Ltv braulicircgs ldquohorny lustfulrdquo Lat ferveō -ēre fervō -ĕre ldquoto be boiling hot to boil seethe glowrdquo MIr berbaim ldquoto cook simmer seetherdquo Welsh berwi Bret birvi ldquoto simmer seethe boilrdquo bero berv ldquocooked boiledrdquo OIr bruth ldquoblaze glow furyrdquo MIr bruith ldquocookrdquo eruithe ldquobroth meat brothrdquo (en- ldquowaterrdquo see under pen) OWelsh brut ldquocourage spirit vivacity also pride arrogancerdquo Welsh brwd ldquohotrdquo MIr combruith ldquoto simmer seethe boilrdquo) brydio ldquoto seethe frothrdquo Russ brodiacutetь ldquoto ferment seetherdquo

bhre-n-u- (present with nasal infix compare Ger brennen) with with respect on licking flames lies before in Goth OHG OS brinnan ais brinna OE beornan birnan ldquoto burnrdquo Caus Goth brannjan OIce brenna OHG brennan OE baeligrnan ldquoburnrdquo OHG bant ldquoblazerdquo brunst ldquo burn blazerdquo OIce bruni OE bryne ldquoblazerdquo OHG bronado OE brunaθa ldquoitchiness heat in the body ldquo Swe braringnad ldquoruttingrdquo

bh_ru- ldquoto ferment get spoiledrdquo (IEW143-5 172)

PIE status WA_G__

Not attested in Hurrian RCS obrězgnuti obrьzgnuti ldquoto become sourrdquo Alb brum m brumeuml f ldquosourdoughrdquo

mbruj mbruumlnj ldquokneadrdquo Gmc brauđa- in OIce brauđ OE brēad OHG brōt ldquobreadrdquo Lat dēfrūtum ldquoleaven yeast a kind of beerrdquo Thrac βρῦτος βρῦτον βροῦτος ldquoa kind of barley beerrdquo OBret brot ldquojealousyrdquo Bret broud ldquohot fermentingrdquo Unclear Lith bigravergelas ldquobasic simple beerrdquo OHG bilōthi bilidi Ger Bild OHG billa f ldquosourdoughrdquo

Cz břesk ldquosharp tasterdquo Pol brzazg ldquounpleasant sharp taste bad moodrdquo () Russ brezgaacutetь (old brězgati) ldquoto nauseate feel disgustrdquo Nor brisk ldquobitter tasterdquo brisken ldquobitter sharprdquo

bh_ru- ldquobrownrdquo (IEW136-7) PIE status W_CG__ Not attested in Hurrian

bh_r- ldquobearrdquo OInd bhalla-ḥ bhallaka-ḥ bhallūka-ḥ ldquobearrdquo (-ll- from -rl-) OHG bero OE bera ldquobearrdquo (bheron-) OIce biǫrn id OIce bersi ldquobearrdquo ablaut Lith beacuteras Ltv bers ldquobrown (from horses)rdquo

bhuro ldquobrownrdquo (bhrūro-) OHG MHG brūn ldquogleaming brownrdquo OE brūn OIce brūnn id Russ dial brynetъ ldquowhite gray shimmerrdquo brunetъ id RCS bronъ ldquowhite varicolored (from horses)rdquo Russ bronь (and dial brynь) Clr breńiacutety ldquobecome dun (of a dull or dingy brown colour dull greyish-brown) ripenrdquo

OInd babhruacute-ḥ ldquoreddish brown giant ichneumon kindrdquo Av bawra- bawri- ldquobeaverrdquo Lat fiber fibrī ldquobeaverrdquo (also feber s WH I 491 probably i has changed for e as also) Celt (only in names) bibros bibrus in Gaul PN and FlN Bibracte OBrit VN Bibroci MIr VN Bibraige (bibru-rīgion) PN Bibar (Bibrus) besides bebros in Gaul FlN Bebrā Fr Biegravevre Bebronnā Fr Beuvronne Brevenne etc OHG bibar OE beofor (oldest bebr) MLG bever OIce biōrr id (urg ƀeƀru-) Ger FlN Bever old Biverna Slav bebrъ in Pol FlN Biebrza Russ etc bobr (o-reduplication) bъbrъ in Ser-Cr dȁbar ldquobeaverrdquo and aRuss bebrjanъ ldquomade of beaver furrdquo Lat fibrīnus ldquoof the beaver beaverrdquo Volsk Fibrēnus brook name Av bawraini- ldquoof the beaverrdquo OHG bibarīn Gaul bebrinus (Schol Iuv) Lith bẽbrinis id

bhr_u- ldquoto gushrdquo LIV96 bhreuH- ldquosprudelnrdquo (IEW144-5) PIE status W_CG__ Not attested in Hurrian

bh_r- ldquomudrdquo W_CG__ OCS brьnije (brenije) ldquoexcrementrdquo Slov brn ldquoriver mudrdquo Fr bourbe ldquoslime mudrdquo Gk φαρυmicroός τολmicroηρός θρασύς Hes (bher-u-) and φορυτός ldquomixture rubbish chaff crap muckrdquo Lith birdagrave ldquowet ordurerdquo

ldquowellspringrdquo WACG__ (rn-stem perhaps bhrēuwr bhrēuwn- bhrun-) Arm aɫbiur aɫbeur (gen aɫber) ldquowellspringrdquo (from bhrēw(a)r = Gk φρέαρ -ᾱτος ldquostream brookrdquo (φρηFαρ- -ατος Hom φρήατα φρείατα) MIr tipra f ldquowellspringrdquo (maybe from OIr tiprar lt to-eks-bhrēur) gen tiprat (to-eks-bhrēun tos) OIr -tiprai ldquostreams againstrdquo (to-eks-bhrēu -īt) Gaulish borvā ldquomineral waterrdquo

bhrun- Proto-Gmcbrunō brun(e)n- Goth brunna OHG brunno OE brunna burna ldquowell water hole spring ldquo (OIce brunn) with metathesis Ger (NGer) Born Maybe Alb buronj ldquoto spring originaterdquo burim ldquoorigin source spring bubbling water (as if boiling)rdquo Russ brujaacute ldquocurrentrdquo Russ bruiacutetь ldquorapidly flowing streaming inrdquo maybe wRuss bruacutejić ldquoto urinate pass waterrdquo MHG brunnen and in Ger dial brunzen bOIr brunnlen ldquourinate pass waterrdquo

bhrus- (IEW171-172) NGer brūsen ldquoto simmer seethe boil sprinkle besprinklerdquo Dutch bruisen previous bruischen ldquoto foam froth bubblerdquo NGer brūsken id MHG brūsche ldquodouche shower spray sprinklerrdquo Russ brūzgaju -atь ldquoto spray sprinkle bubblerdquo

() OPruss Birdaw sea name

bh_ru- ldquobellyrdquo (IEW170-1) PIE status WA_G__ Not attested in Hurrian

bhr_k- (IEW165) OE brēc pl ldquobuttocksrdquo Eng breech id OIce brōk pl broslashkr ldquothigh trouserrdquo OE brōc OHG bruoh Ger Bruch id Swiss bruech ldquopubic regionrdquo geminated OE etc braccas ldquobritchesrdquo

bhr_us- Alb (brausch) bark ldquobellyrdquo Russ brjuacutecho ldquolower abdomen belly paunchrdquo Cz alt břuch břucho nowadays břich břicho ldquobellyrdquo OIr brollach ldquobosomrdquo (bhrus-lāko-) OIr brū f gen bronn ldquobelly bodyrdquo (bhrus-ō[n]) brūach ldquobig-belliedrdquo (brus-ākos) Welsh bru m ldquoventer uterusrdquo (bhreuso-) Swiss briescht id (besides briesch id from bhreus-ko-) OS briost N pl OE brēost OIce briōst ldquobrostrdquo zero grade Goth brusts f pl OHG brust Ger Brust schwaumlb Bruumlste bOIr Bruumlsel Briesel Bries id Dan brissel Swe kalfbraumlss with k- suffix Dan bryske Eng brisket ldquobreast of the animalsrdquo

bhr_un- MHG briune brūne ldquolower abdomen vulvardquo

(bh)s- ldquosandrdquo LIV82 bhes- ldquo(zer)kauenrdquo LIV98 bhseH- ldquokauenrdquo (IEW145-6) PIE status W_CG__ the verbal root bh_s- is non existent The root Ps- ldquosandrdquo is possible Cf Gk petros and Hatti pi ldquostonerdquo Not attested in Hurrian Gk ψάmicromicroος f ldquosand beach seasiderdquo (bhsǝ-bh-) Dor ψacircφος ldquopebblerdquo Lat sabulum ldquosandrdquo (bhsǝ-bhlo- ) MHG samt (samatho-) besides OHG sant ldquosandrdquo (samtho- Gmc sanda- =gt finn santa)

bh_s- ldquoto scrape rubrdquo

PIE status WACG__ Not attested in Hurrian

bh_s- (IEW170) Gk ψάω ψάιω ldquoto rubrdquo ψαίρω ds ψαύω ldquoto touchrdquo ψήχω ldquoto rub offrdquo ψώχω ldquoto grind pulverizerdquo

bhr_s- (IEW170) Alb pres ldquoto cut peelrdquo mpreh ldquoto whet sharpenrdquo Slav brušǫ brusiti (originally iterative) in Ser-Cr brucircsim bruacutesiti ldquowhetrdquo Cz brousiti id Ser-Cr brucircs (gen brucircsa) Russ brus (gen bruacutesa mostly brusoacutek) ldquogrindstone whetstonerdquo RCS brъsnuti ldquoto scrape shaverdquo Russ broacutesnutь ldquoto peel flaxrdquo bros ldquooffalrdquo etc Bulg brъšъ ldquoto rub offrdquo With ū the iterative grade OCS sъ-brysati ldquoto scraperdquo brysalo ldquoa painterrsquos brush or pencil stylerdquo Eng brush ldquopaintbrush brushrdquo MEng bruschen Eng to brush ldquoto comb with a brushrdquo

bh_s- ldquoto blow (wind)rdquo (IEW146) PIE status W_CG__ Not attested in Hurrian

bh_s- OInd baacutebhasti ldquoto blowrdquo Gk ψūχω ldquoto blow to cool offrdquo ψūχή ldquobreath breeze soulrdquo ψῦχος ldquocoldnessrdquo ψῡχρόs ldquocoldrdquo French bise ldquocold windrdquo OHG bīsa ldquonorth-east windrdquo

bhl_s- (IEW158-159) Germ bluumlstern ldquoviolent blow storm pant sniff snortrdquo Eng bluster ldquoboom blaster rant roisterrdquo

bhr_s- (IEW171-172) OS brūsa ldquostormrdquo Nor dial brŏsa ldquostorm gustrdquo () Alb bresheumln bresheumlr ldquohailrdquo

bh_s- ldquonakedrdquo (IEW163) PIE status W_CG__ Not attested in Hurrian

bh_s- Avestan LAv maɣna- [adj] ldquonakedrdquo (lt PIr magna-) Khotanese būnaa- [adj] ldquonakedrdquo (lt PIrbagnaka-) Sogdian (Buddh) βɣnk [adj] ldquonakedrdquo (Chr) βɣny [adj] ldquonakedrdquo Middle Persian brahnag [adj] ldquonakedrdquo Ossetic baeliggnaeligg [adj] ldquonakedrdquo Khwar βɣnnk [adj] ldquonakedrdquo Gk ψῑλός ldquonaked bald bleak barerdquo OHG bar ldquonaked barerdquo (baza-) Ger bar OE baeligr OIce berr ldquonaked barerdquo Lith batildesas Ltv bass Ltv bass ldquobarefootrdquo OCS bosъ ldquobarefootrdquo Arm bok ldquobarefootrdquo (bhoso-go-) () Alb Gheg (bhas-) zbath- ldquobarefootrdquo

bhl_s- (IEW158) MHG blas ldquonaked bald bleak pallidrdquo (Ger blaszlig) n ldquotorch burning candlerdquo OE blaeligse ldquotorch firerdquo Eng blaze ldquoto blaze glow white forehead spotrdquo OHG blas-ros ldquohorse with with a bright spotrdquo (with a bright spot on the forehead) MLG bles blesse (blasjō) ldquopalenessrdquo OIce bles- in blesōttr ldquomarked with a white spotrdquo

bh_udh- ldquoto be awarerdquo LIV82-3 ldquowach werden aufmerksam werdenrdquo (IEW150-2) PIE status W_CG__ Cf bh_idh- Hurrian pudank ldquoto announcerdquo OInd bṓdhati bṓdhate ldquoawakened awakens is awake notices becomes awarerdquo Av baoδaiti ldquoperceivesrdquo OInd buddhiacute- f ldquounderstanding mind opinion intentionrdquo Gk πεύθοmicroαι and πυνθάνοmicroαι ldquoto learn to find out perceive watchrdquo (πεύσοmicroαι ἐπυθόmicroην πέπυσmicroαι) πευθώ ldquoknowledge tidingsrdquo πύστις πεῦσις f ldquoquestionrdquo Welsh bodd (bhudhā ) ldquofree will approvalrdquo Corn both ldquovolitionrdquo ( OIce boeth) OIr buide ldquocontentedness gratituderdquo OIr ad-bond- ldquoto announce promulgaterdquo uss-bond- ldquoto call off cancel refuserdquo (eg Verbaln obbad) zero grade OIr robud ldquoadmonishmentrdquo Welsh rhybudd ldquowarningrdquo rhybuddio ldquowarnrdquo (Russ probudiacutetь ldquoawakenrdquo) Lith bundugrave bugravesti ldquoto wake up arouserdquo and (without nasal infix) budugrave budeacuteti ldquoto watchrdquo bugravedinu -inti ldquoto waken arouse reviverdquo budrugraves ldquowatchful wakefulrdquo OBulg buždǫ buditi ldquoto waken arouse reviverdquo Russ bužuacute budiacutetь id Goth anabiudan ldquoto order disposerdquo fauacuterbiudan ldquoto forbidrdquo OIce bjōetha ldquoto offer bid give recognitionrdquo OE bēodan OS biodan OHG biotan ldquooffer bid profferrdquo Ger bieten ldquogebieten verbieten Gebiet lit ldquo(area of) commandrdquo OIce boeth n OE gebod n MHG bot n ldquocommandmentrdquo OHG etc boto ldquosummonerrdquo OHG butil (Ger Buumlttel) OE bydel rdquosummoner court servantrdquo Goth anabūsns f ldquo commandment ldquo (-bhudh-sni-) OS ambūsan f id OE bȳsen f ldquomodel examplerdquo OIce bȳsn n ldquowonder miraclerdquo (from ldquowarningrdquo) bȳsna ldquoforetoken warnrdquo

bh_udh- ldquoground bottomrdquo not in LIV (IEW174) PIE status W_CG__ With some phonetic difficulties Not attested in Hurrian

bhudhn- WAC___ OInd budhnaacute-ḥ ldquoground bottomrdquo Av būnō id (bhundhno-) (=gt Arm bun id Proto-Iran bundhas gt Cheremis pundaš ldquobottom groundrdquo) Gk πυθmicroήν (φυθ-) m ldquobottom sole base of a vesselrdquo πύνδαξ m id Lat fundus -ī m ldquoground the bottom or base of anything a farm estaterdquo (bhundhos) profundus ldquodeeprdquo = MIr bond bonn m ldquosole foundation groundwork basis pad proprdquo maybe Alb (fundus) fund ldquobottom endrdquo fundos ldquoto sink (to the bottom)rdquo Maybe Alb (bod-) boteuml ldquobottom ground earth worldrdquo (Cf Gaul bitu ldquoworldrdquo)

bhudhm- OHG bodam Ger Boden OS bodom OE boethm gt MEng bothem m OE bodan ldquobottom groundrdquo OE byethme ldquobilge floor bottomrdquo

bhudm- ON botn ldquobottomrdquo bytme bytne id OE botm m gt Eng bottom and OIce bytna ldquoto come to the bottomrdquo (Cf Mordvin potmaks ldquobottomrdquo)

bh_ug- ldquoto use enjoyrdquo LIV84 ldquojmdm nuumltzen Nutzen bringenrdquo (IEW153) PIE status W_CG__ Not attested in Hurrian OInd bhuṅktḗ (with instr newer acc) ldquoto enjoyrdquo bhunaacutekti bhuntildejati ldquoto grant pleasure enjoy consumerdquo bubhukṣā ldquohungerrdquo bhṓga-ḥ ldquoenjoymentrdquo Lat fungor ldquoto occupy oneself with anything to perform execute undergo usually with abl to be affected sufferrdquo with acc later abl dēfungor ldquoto perform discharge have done with bring to an end surviverdquo perfungor ldquoto perform fully execute discharge to go through endurerdquo

bhru(H)g- (IEW173) LIV96 bhreuHg- or -ğ- ldquogeniessen gebrauchenrdquo W__G__ Lat frūgī (+dat ldquouseful honest discreet moderaterdquo =) ldquofruitfulrdquo fruor -i frūctus and fruitus sum ldquoto relishrdquo (lt frūgʷor) frūniscor ldquoto relish ldquo (lt frūg-nīscor) Goth brūkjan OHG brūhhan OS brūkan OE brūcan ldquoto need lackrdquo Goth brūks OHG brūhhi OE brȳce ldquousablerdquo

bh_uH- ldquo(he-)goatrdquo (IEW174)

PIE status W_CG__ Phonetic irregularities Not attested in Hurrian

bhuHg- W Tsigan buzni ldquogoatrdquo Av būza m ldquohe-goatrdquo Pers buz ldquogoat he-goat billy goatrdquo Pers dial boča ldquoyoung goatrdquo puumlm buč buumlč Arm buz ldquolambrdquo Gmc bukka- in OIce bukkr bokkr bokki OE bucca nEng buck OHG MHG boc -ekes Ger Bock

bhuHk- MIr bocc pocc Ir boc poc Welsh bwch Corn boch Bret bouch ldquohe-goat billy goatrdquo MIr boccānach ldquoghost bogeymanrdquo OInd (with -kk-) bukka-ḥ ldquohe-goatrdquo

Cf OIce brusi ldquohe-goat billy goatrdquo

Non existing roots bheH1dh- ldquobedraumlngen to pressrdquo LIV68 IEW114 bheuğh- ldquosich biegen to get bentrdquo LIV85 IEW152-3 bheud- ldquoschlagen to strikerdquo LIV82 IEW112 bhleuH- ldquoschlagen to strikerdquo LIV90 IEW125 bhreiHk- ldquosich straumluben sich aufstellen to get uprightrdquo LIV93 IEW166 bhreǩ- ldquoschaumlrfen to rdquo LIV93 IEW168 bhremH- ldquounstet sein to rdquo LIV94 IEW132-3 bhrend- ldquoquellen schwellen to spurt swellrdquo LIV95 IEW167-8 bhrenǩ- ldquoabfallen to fall (off)rdquo LIV95 IEW168 bhrenk- ldquoanschwellen to rdquo LIV95 IEW167 bhreuk- ldquostreichen streifen to rdquo LIV97 IEW170 bhreuǩ- ldquoabschaben to shaverdquo LIV97 IEW170 bhreus- ldquozerbrechen to breakrdquo LIV97 IEW171

The PIE status is indicated according to the following classification

- W Italic Celtic - A Albanese - C Greek Armenian Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian - G Germanic - T Tokharian - H Hittite




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Documents

Proto-Indo-European Dictionary Graphemes *b *bh

Proto-Indo-European Dictionary Graphemes b bh