Protista

Lab intro

• Protist habitats are also diverse in habitat• And including freshwater and marine species

Figure 28.2a–d

100 m

100 m

4 cm

500 m

The freshwater ciliate Stentor, a unicellular protozoan (LM)

Ceratium tripos, a unicellular marine dinoflagellate (LM)

Delesseria sanguinea, a multicellular marine red alga

Spirogyra, a filamentous freshwater green alga (inset LM)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Kindom Protista

• Evolved from the Archae approx. 1.5 billion years ago

• Polyphyletic group- protists arose by way of more than one ancestral group

• Represents separate evolutionary lineages• Plant like b/c autotrophic (produce their own

food)• Animal-Like b/c they are heterotrophic (feed

upon other organisms)

Monday you will study three phyla and animal like protists.

Animal-Like Protists

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Fig. 8.2

Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa

Unicellular and Colonial Eukaryotes

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Fig. 8.3

W. D. Russell-Hunter, A Life of Invertebrates, © 1979.

Protozoan Protist

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Fig. 8.4

Asexual Reproduction in Protozoa

Study representatives of the following three Protista

phyla:1) Phylum Sarcomastigophora

Subphylum Mastigophora

Subphylum Sarcodina

2) Phylum Apicomplexa

3) Phylum Ciliophora

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

• Chars: Flagella, pseudopodia, or both; single type of nucleus; no spores formed.

• Subphylum Masigophora– Chars: One or more Falgella– Autotrophic (cl. Phytomastigophora)– Heterotrophic (cl. Zoomastigophora) or both;– Reproduction usually by fission

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Fig. 8.7

Structure of Euglena

Subphylum Mastigophora

(cl. Phytomastigophora)

• Freshwater phytomastigophoran

• Ponds and slow moving streams

• Study live protozoans using methylcellulose

• Observe Flagella using iodine potassium idide (IKI)

Other Mastigophora

• Zoomastigophora- Trypanosoma, Trichonympha, and Trichomonas

• Trichonympha- Mastigophora Symbionts- Termite gut

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Fig. 8.9

Life Cycle of Trypanosoma Brucei

Phytomstigophoran- Volvox

• shows colonial organization. Concave slide Culture Medium, cover slide no air pockets

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Fig. 8.8

Volvox, A Colonial Flagellate

Subphylum Sarcodina

• Chars: Pseudopodia, Flagella occasionally present (in developmental stages. The Amoebas

• Ameobas- common freshwater protist

• Lives on the bottom of ponds

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Fig. 8.10

Variations in Pseudopodia

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Fig. 8.11b

Subphylum Sarcodina: Superclass Rhizopoda, Class Lobosea

Other Sarcodina-“Not naked” sarcodines

• Arcella, Difflugia, and Actinospaerium and marine radiolarians and foraminifera form test.

• Test can be formed from sand grains, calcium carbonate and silica

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Fig. 8.12

Freshwater Amoeba (Difflugia Oblongata)

Phylum Apicomplexa

• Chars: All parasites

• Apical complex used for penetrating host cells

• Lack cilia and flagella, except in certain reproductive stages

• Coccidians or apicomplexans are named based upon the presence of apical complex

Most important Coccidians are members of the class

Sporozoea• Chars: intracellular parasites of animals• Form spores or oocysts following sexual

reproduction• Complex life cycle that involve both

vertebrate and invertebrate hosts

• Example- Plasmodium the sporozoan that causes malaria.

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Fig. 8.15

Life Cycle of Plasmodium

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Fig. 8.16

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Microsporean Nosema Bombicus

Theodore Jahn, et al., How to Know the Protozoa, 3rd ed., New York, The McGraw-Hill Companies.

Phylum Ciliophora

• Chars: Cilia, macronuclei, and micronuclei usually present

• Ciliates are the largest most complex and diverse group of the protozoans

• Nearly occupy all aquatic habitats• Some are symbiotic• Reproduction can be asexual through

fission or sexual through conjugation

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Fig. 8.17b

Ciliate (Paramecium)

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Fig. 8.21

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Conjugation in Paramecium

Example of a Ciliophora: Paramecium

• Common freshwater ciliate

• Observe live sample using methylcellulose solution

• Other Ciliophora: Colpidium, Vorticella and Stentor

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Fig. 8.22

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Cladogram of Protozoa Relationships

The End