Protein Synthesis

By Chandler Emhoff

CYTOPLASMNUCLEUS

DNA

CYTOPLASMNUCLEUS

DNA

CYTOPLASMNUCLEUS

DNA

CYTOPLASMNUCLEUS

DNA

NUCLEUS

DNA

NUCLEUS

DNA

NUCLEUS

DNA

NUCLEUS

DNA

NUCLEUS

DNA

NUCLEUS

DNA

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A U

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A U G

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A U G A

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A U G A G

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A U G CA G

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A U G CA G U

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A U G CA G U A

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A U G CA G U A C

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A U G CA G U A C U

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A U G CA G U A C U G

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A U G CA G U A C U G A

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A U G CA G U A C U G A U

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A U G CA G U A C U G A U G

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A U G CA G U A C U G A U G

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A U G CA G U A C U G A U G

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A U G CA G U A C U G A U GmRNA Strand

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T A C T C G A T G A C T A C T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A T G A G C T A C T G A T G A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A U G CA G U A C U G A U GmRNA Strand

RNA Polymerase breaks the bonds to read for the complementary base.

CYTOPLASMNUCLEUS

DNA

mRNA

Ribosome

The mRNA strand leaves the nucleus threw a nuclear pore and goes to a ribosome.

Nuclear Pore

CYTOPLASMNUCLEUS

DNA

mRNA

Ribosome

The mRNA strand leaves the nucleus threw a nuclear pore and goes to a ribosome.

Nuclear Pore

CYTOPLASMNUCLEUS

DNA

mRNA

Ribosome

The mRNA strand leaves the nucleus threw a nuclear pore and goes to a ribosome.

Nuclear Pore

CYTOPLASMNUCLEUS

DNA

mRNA

Nuclear Pore

Ribosome

The mRNA strand leaves the nucleus threw a nuclear pore and goes to a ribosome.

CYTOPLASMNUCLEUS

DNA

mRNA

Ribosome

The mRNA strand leaves the nucleus threw a nuclear pore and goes to a ribosome.

Nuclear Pore

CYTOPLASMNUCLEUS

DNA

mRNA

Ribosome

The mRNA strand leaves the nucleus threw a nuclear pore and goes to a ribosome.

Nuclear Pore

mRNAThe mRNA strand leaves the nucleus threw a nucleic pore and goes to a ribosome.

Larger Ribosomal Subunit

Smaller Ribosomal Subunit

mRNAThe mRNA strand leaves the nucleus threw a nucleic pore and goes to a ribosome.

Larger Ribosomal Subunit

Smaller Ribosomal Subunit

mRNA Strand

The mRNA strand leaves the nucleus threw a nucleic pore and goes to a ribosome.

A U G CA G U A C U G A U G

Start Codon Stop Codon

CodonCodonCodon

mRNA Strand

The mRNA strand leaves the nucleus threw a nucleic pore and goes to a ribosome.

A U G CA G U A C U G A U G

Start Codon Stop Codon

CodonCodonCodon

mRNA

A U G CA G U A C U G A U G

The tRNA reads and forms complementary bases and then leave behind it’s amino acid to form a poly peptide chain.

Amino Acid

mRNA

A U G CA G U A C U G A U G

The tRNA reads and forms complementary bases and then leave behind it’s amino acid to form a poly peptide chain.

Amino Acid

mRNA

A U G CA G U A C U G A U G

The tRNA reads and forms complementary bases and then leave behind it’s amino acid to form a poly peptide chain.

mRNA

A U G CA G U A C U G A U GU A C

The tRNA reads and forms complementary bases and then leave behind it’s amino acid to form a poly peptide chain.

mRNA

A U G CA G U A C U G A U GU A C

The tRNA reads and forms complementary bases and then leave behind it’s amino acid to form a poly peptide chain.

A U G CA G U A C U G A U G

U A C

U C GThe tRNA reads and forms complementary bases and then leave behind it’s amino acid to form a poly peptide chain.

A U G CA G U A C U G A U G

U A C

U C G The tRNA reads and forms complementary bases and then leave behind it’s amino acid to form a poly peptide chain.

A U G CA G U A C U G A U G

U C GA U G

The tRNA reads and forms complementary bases and then leave behind it’s amino acid to form a poly peptide chain.

A U G CA G U A C U G A U G

A U G The tRNA reads and forms complementary bases and then leave behind it’s amino acid to form a poly peptide chain.

A U G CA G U A C U G A U G

A U G

A C

The tRNA reads and forms complementary bases and then leave behind it’s amino acid to form a poly peptide chain.

A U G CA G U A C U G A U G

A C The tRNA reads and forms complementary bases and then leave behind it’s amino acid to form a poly peptide chain.

A U G CA G U A C U G A U G

The tRNA comes to the stop codon and stops reading and forming the polypeptide chain.

A U G CA G U A C U G A U GU A C

The tRNA comes to the stop codon and stops reading and forming the polypeptide chain.

A U G CA G U A C U G A U G

U A C The tRNA comes to the stop codon and stops reading and forming the polypeptide chain.

A U G CA G U A C U G A U G

The tRNA reads and forms complementary bases and then leave behind it’s amino acid to form a poly peptide chain from the peptide bonds between proteins (blue line).

A U G CA G U A C U G A U G

The tRNA reads and forms complementary bases and then leave behind it’s amino acid to form a poly peptide chain from the peptide bonds between proteins (blue line).

Verbal SummaryFirst the RNA Primase breaks the DNA’s hydrogen bonds and reads it to form a complementary mRNA strand. The mRNA strand leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore and enters into a ribosomes. Once inside the ribosome the mRNA is read by a tRNA, a molecule with an amino acid attached, and then the matching base pairs are copied and processed. The amino acid is left behind. Once a group of amino acids are left behind a polypeptide bond is formed between the amino acids and a polypeptide chain is formed.