Slide 2 Protection, Support, Movement Slide 3 Integument
Protection Physical Dehydration Body temperature regulation
Cutaneous sensation Metabolic functions Blood reservoir Excretion
of wastes Respiration (amphibians) Slide 4 Integument Cuticle
Hardened outer covering Exoskeleton Roundworms, most arthropods
Protein or chitin Slide 5 Integument Skin Softer,
ketatin-containing outer covering Associated tissues (scales, hair,
feathers, beaks, horns, nails, etc.) Vertebrates Slide 6 Integument
Epidermis Stratified squamous epithelium Keratinocytes
Keratinwater-proofing protein Melanocytes Melaninpigment &
sunscreen Slide 7 Integument Dermis Mostly dense irregular
connective tissue Cushion body against stretch & stress Blood,
lymph, nervous tissue Hypodermis Mostly adipose tissue Slide 8
Integument Sweat glands True sweat Eccrine Apocrine Ceruminous
(ears) Mammary Sebaceous glands Slide 9 Integument Chromatophores
Skin & eye color in ectotherms Melanocytes in birds &
mammals Color change Pigment translocation Cephalopodsmuscles
surround elastic cell, change its shape Slide 10 Skeleton
Hydrostatic skeleton Cnidarians, platyhelminthes, annelids,
nematodes Fluid cavity surrounded by muscles Change shape for
support & movment Exoskeleton Mollusks, arthropods Calcium
carbonate or chitin Limits growth, but more strength, site for
muscles Endoskeleton Echinoderms, vertebrates Supports greater
weight Doesnt limit growth Slide 11 Skeleton Ecdysis Moulting of
exoskeleton Continuous growth of arthropods not possible Must
periodically shed exoskeleton & allow rapid growth Steps:
Cuticle separates from epidermis New cuticle secreted by epidermis
Old cuticle shed Animal inflates body w/ air or water to expand new
cuticle New cuticle dehydrates & hardens Animal vulnerable
during this time Soft shelled crabs Slide 12 Skeleton Bone
functions Support Protection Movement Storage Hematopoiesis Blood
cell production Slide 13 Skeleton Shape Long Short Flat Irregular
Location Axial Appendicular Slide 14 Skeleton Compact bone Spongy
bone Hyaline cartilage Periosteum Yellow marrowfat storage Red
marrowblood cell production Ligamentsbone to bone Tendonsmuscle to
bone Slide 15 Skeleton Osteocytes Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Haversian
(central) canal Slide 16 Bones to know. Mandible Maxilla Zygomatic
Sternum Rib Scapula Clavicle Slide 17 Bones to know Humerus Ulna
Radius Carpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Slide 18 Bone
Disorders Osteomalacia (adults), Rickets (children) Vitamin D
deficiency Reduction in calcium in bones Soft bone, easily bent or
broken Osteoporosis Osteoclast activity outpaces osteoblasts
Hormonal influences Nutritional influences Brittle, weak bones
Slide 19 Joints Fibrous Immovible Skull sutures, teeth
Cartilaginous Slightly moveable Vertebrae, pelvis Synovial Freely
moveable Fluid-filled cavity Knee, elbow, fingers Slide 20 Joint
Disorders Sprain/strain Stretch or tear of ligaments & tendons
Anterior cruciate ligament Osteoarthritis Wear & tear on joints
Usually w/ old age Rheumatoid arthritis Degeneration of joints
Autoimmune disease Slide 21 Muscle Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Slide 22
MuscleSkeletal Muscle Fascicle Muscle fiber (cell) Slide 23
MuscleSkeletal Sarcolemma Myofibrils Slide 24 MuscleSkeletal
Sarcomere Active unit Thin (actin) filament Thick (myosin) filament
Slide 25 Neuromuscular Junction Nerve impulse reaches axon termial
Channels open in axon, calcium moves into axon terminal Vesicles
move to surface of axon Vesicles open, releasing acetylecholine
(ACh) ACh travels across synaptic cleft ACh binds to receptors on
muscle Contraction stimulated Slide 26 Slide 27 Muscle Sliding
Filament Model Animation Slide 28 MuscleCardiac Cardiac muscle
stimulated by pacemakers in heart Most muscle not directly
innervated Intercalated discs connect cells, continuing muscle
impulse Slide 29 MuscleSmooth Slide 30 Muscle Disorders Myasthenia
gravis Shortage of ACh receptors Muscular Dystrophy Fragile,
abnormal sarcolemma Too much calcium, damages fibers Loss of
regeneration, muscles waste Tetanus Clostridium tetani, no release
of ACh
