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Protecting Your Sensitive Data in the Oracle EBusiness Suite Mike Miller Stephen Kost Vice President, Service Delivery Chief Technology Officer Data Intensity Integrigy Corporation March 16, 2011

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Page 1: Protecting Your Sensitive Data in the Oracle E-Business · PDF fileProtecting Your Sensitive Data in the Oracle E ... Oracle Metalink Note ID 428503.1. ... Protecting Your Sensitive

Protecting Your Sensitive Datain the Oracle E‐Business Suite

Mike Miller Stephen KostVice President, Service Delivery Chief Technology OfficerData Intensity Integrigy Corporation

March 16, 2011

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Background

Speaker Company

Stephen Kost

CTO and Founder

16 years working with Oracle

12 years focused on Oracle security

DBA, Apps DBA, technical architect, IT security, …

Integrigy Corporation

Integrigy bridges the gap between databases and security

Security Design and Assessment of Oracle Databases

Security Design and Assessment of the Oracle E‐Business suite

AppSentry ‐ Security Assessment Software Tool

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Sensitive DataOverview

Auditing

Q&A

Encryption

Agenda

1 2 3 4 5

Data Access

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Auditing

Q&A

Encryption

Agenda

2 3 4 5

Data AccessSensitive DataOverview

1

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Security and Compliance Drivers

Sarbanes‐Oxley (SOX)− Database object, structure, and configuration changes− User and privilege creation, deletion, and modification− Reports for sampling of changes to change tickets

Payment Card Industry ‐ Data Security Standard (PCI‐DSS)− 12 stringent security requirements

Privacy (National/State Regulations)− Read access to sensitive data (National Identifier and Bank Account Number)

− California and Massachusetts data privacy laws

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What is Sensitive Data in Oracle EBS?

Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI‐DSS 2.0)

Credit Card NumberPrimary Account Number (PAN)

CVV/CV2/CID3 digits on the back for Visa/MC4 digits on the front for AMEX

Magnetic Stripe Data (very rare)

State PrivacyRegulations

First and last namePlus one of the following:

Social security numberCredit card numberBank account numberFinancial account numberDriver license or state ID number

HIPAAPrivacy Standard/Rule

First and last namePlus one of the following (Protected Health Information)

“the past, present, or future physical or mental health, or condition of an individual”“provision of health care to an individual”“payment for the provision of health care to an individual”

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Where is Sensitive Data in Oracle EBS?

Credit Card Data

iby_security_segmentsap_bank_accounts_alloe_order_headers_allaso_paymentsoks_k_headers_*oks_k_lines_*iby_trxn_summaries_alliby_credit_card

Social Security Number(National Identifier)(Tax ID)

per_all_people_fhr_h2pi_employeesben_reportingap_suppliersap_suppliers_intpo_vendors_obs

Bank Account Numberap_checks_allap_invoice_payments_allap_selected_invoice_checks_all

Protected Health Information (PHI)

Order ManagementAccounts ReceivablesHuman Resources

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Where else might  be Sensitive Data?

Custom tables− Customizations may be used to store or process sensitive data

Oracle EBS Flexfields− It happens – very hard to find

“Maintenance tables”− DBA copies tables to make backup prior to direct SQL update− hr.per_all_people_f_011510

Interface tables− Credit card numbers are often accepted in external applications and sent to Oracle EBS

Interface files− Flat files used for interfaces or batch processing

Log files− Log files generated by the application (e.g., iPayment)

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Sensitive DataOverview

Auditing

Q&A

Agenda

1 3 4 5

Data Access

Encryption

2

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Types of Encryption

Storage (Data at rest)− Encryption of data at rest such as when stored in files or on media

Access (Data in use)− Encryption of data with access permitted only to a subset of users in order to enforce segregation of duties 

Network (Data in motion)− Encryption of data when transferred between two systems− Not in scope of this analysis

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Oracle Encryption Solutions

Patch 2809786 – “Encryption of Credit Card Numbers in Oracle EBS”− Bug/Enhancement Request opened February 2003− Controlled Patch Release November 2005− General Patch Release October 2006− Significant modification to application – 64 packages, 60 web pages, and 18 forms

Oracle Transparent Data Encryption (TDE)− Encrypts data at the file level ‐‐ always unencrypted for a database session− Only provides protection in case database file is stolen or backup tape is lost− Part of extra‐cost Advanced Security Option (ASO)

Custom Encryption Customization− Use native Oracle database encryption packages (DBMS_CRYPTO)− Use Oracle E‐Business Suite encryption packages (FND_VAULT)

Third‐party encryption solutions− File/disk level encryption− View/trigger encryption

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Oracle Credit Card Encryption (no TDE)

Use the Oracle E‐Business Suite encryption− Application‐level encryption− Better solution than other technologies such as Oracle Transparent Data Encryption (TDE)

Metalink Note ID 338756.1, Patch 4607647− Consolidates card numbers into IBY_SECURITY_SEGMENTS table

− Encrypts card numbers in IBY_SECURITY_SEGMENTS− Uniform masking of card numbers− Significant functional pre‐requisites (11.5.10.2)

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iStore

OracleMgmt AR

Collections

iPayment

ap_bank_accounts_all

oe_order_headers_all

Not pictured:Internet Expenses (AP) – R12Lease Management (AP) – same as ARStudent System (IGS) – IGS patch

OracleCapture

ServiceContracts

aso_paymentsoks_k_headers_*oks_k_lines_*

iby_trxn_summaries_alliby_credit_card

iby_security_segments

Oracle Credit Card Encryption Design

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What is TDE?

Transparent database encryption− Requires no application code or database structure changes to implement

− Only major change to database function is the Oracle Wallet must be opened during database startup

− Add‐on feature licensed with Advanced Security Option

Limited to encrypting only certain columns− Cannot be a foreign key or used in another database constraint

− Only simple data types like number, varchar, date, …− Less than 3,932 bytes in length

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What does TDE do and not do?

TDE only encrypts “data at rest”

TDE protects data if following is stolen or lost ‐− disk drive− database file− backup tape of the database files

An authenticated database user sees no change 

Does TDE meet legal requirements for encryption?− California SB1386, Payment Card Industry Data Security− Ask your legal department

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Column vs. Tablespace Encryption

Column encryption− Fairly straight forward for simple cases such as NATIONAL_IDENTIFIER in HR.PER_ALL_PEOPLE_F

− Encryption done in place using ALTER TABLE− Do not use SALT for Oracle EBS columns

Tablespace encryption− Tablespace encryption only supported in 11g for 11i/R12− Tablespace must be exported and imported to implement encryption

− OATM uses large tablespaces (APPS_TS_TX_DATA)− Data NOT encrypted in SGA

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Performance Considerations

Impact is limited to CPU performance− Data must be encrypted and decrypted− Highly dependent on access patterns to data

No disk I/O read or write impact− Change is not significant

Column Encryption− 5% to 20% CPU performance impact for several customers

Tablespace Encryption− 10% to 15% CPU performance impact for one customer

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Performance Considerations

1. Range scan (between/like) on indexed column− where a.birth_date between start_date and end_date− Index will not be used – full table scan

2. Join on encrypted columns− where a.ssn = b.ssn− Encryption key is unique for each table− Full table scan of both tables− All values in both tables decrypted

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Implementation Process

Identify sensitive columns− Manual search design document review− Data dictionary searches (i.e., column name = CCNUM)

− Third‐party tools to sample rows

Determine if column level encryption or tablespace encryption based on version, limitations

Follow steps in Metalink Notes− 11i = 403294.1 or R12 = 732764.1

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TDE and EBS Best Practices

Ensure wallet is not backed up with the db files

Protect the wallet− Backup the wallet− File permissions

When encrypting large volumes of data, should create a new tablespace and shred the old one− Unencrypted data may remain in tablespace blocks

Mix and match column and tablespace encryption− Column for standard tables and tablespace for custom

Avoid using PKI Certificates for master key

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Oracle EBS and TDE Specifics

EBS has a SQL script to validate column and generate necessary ALTER TABLE statement

− $FND_TOP/sql/aftdeval.sql− 11i = 5693160, R12 = 7337863

Output

ALTER TABLE HR.PER_ALL_PEOPLE_F modify (NATIONAL_IDENTIFIER encrypt no salt);

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Sensitive DataOverview

Auditing

Q&A

Encryption

Agenda

1 2 4 53

Data Access

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Access to Sensitive Data

Database access is a key problem− APPS_READ 

All data duplicated in development and test databases− Data not always scrambled in non‐production database

Limited data encryption capabilities− No third‐party encryption solutions work effectively− Oracle EBS only natively encrypts credit card numbers− Need to encrypt sensitive data on backup media

Data and transaction retention policy − Oracle EBS is “data in” for life− Seldom data is purged or archived unless for performance− PCI Compliance = 1 to 2 years recommended retention

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Sensitive Data Access Risks

Sensitive data accessible in test & development− All sensitive data must be scrambled in all non production databases

− Must periodically review database for instances of non‐scrambled data as often in custom, interface, and temporary tables

Access to sensitive data by generic accounts− Granularity of database privileges, complexity of data model, and number of tables/views make it difficult to create limited privilege database accounts

− Must use individual database accounts with roles limiting access to data along with other security

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Privileges and Access in Oracle EBS

Many generic and privileged accounts in application and database− Database ‐ APPS, SYS, SYSTEM, APPLSYS, …− Application – SYSADMIN, GUEST− DBAs must use generic accounts for many maintenance 

activities− Generic application accounts used for scheduling key batch 

processes− Database access is a key problem (Again)

Limited auditing and control over the use of generic accounts− No auditing is enabled by default in database or application− Auditing on transactions often a major performance impact

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Scrambling Data in Test and Development

Identify data locations− Need to do on a periodic basis to identify new locations

Determine data dependencies and requirements− Must last name be same in all scrambled tables? Usually not in EBS− Data scrambling rules (we like to set SSN to 7xx‐xx‐xxxx)

Perform scrambling when cloning− Requires downtime based on data volume

SQL Script vs. Third Party Product− SQL Script− Oracle AMP Data Scrambling− Oracle OEM Data Masking− Third party products

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Database Vaultwith Oracle E‐Business Suite

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What is Database Vault?

Powerful protection− Data protection realms− Control by IP address, time, etc.− Control SQL commands and other database operations

Provides segregation of duties between DBA and security administrator

Add‐on option licensed separately

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Database Vault and EBS Scenarios

Protect some DBAs from application data− No protection for the SYSTEM, APPS, CTXSYS, or Oracle EBS module schema accounts

− Named, non‐application database accounts must be used for this level of protection – can be granted DBA role

Server/Database Consolidation− Multiple applications running in Oracle E‐Business Suite database (against best practice)

− DBAs for other applications cannot access EBS data

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Default Oracle EBS Realms

Realm Name What is Protected? Who is authorized to access?

EBS RealmAll tables in Oracle E‐Business Suite 11i Product Schemas

All Oracle E‐Business Suite 11i Product Schemas, and APPS, APPLSYS, SYSTEM, CTXSYS

EBS Realm ‐ ApplsysSchema

Most tables in the APPLSYS Schema APPS, APPLSYS, SYSTEM and CTXSYS

EBS Realm ‐ Apps SchemaAll objects in the APPS Schema (except the views)

APPS, APPLSYS, SYSTEM, CTXSYS and All product schemas, that uses intermedia indexes

EBS Realm ‐ ApplsyspubSchema

Objects required for EBS authorizationAPPS, APPLSYS, SYSTEM, APPLSYSPUB and CTXSYS

EBS Realm ‐MSC SchemaTables in the MSC Schema ‐ except those that require partitions to be exchanged

APPS, APPLSYS, SYSTEM, CTXSYS and MSC

CTXSYS Data Dictionary Objects in the CTXSYS SchemaAll Oracle E‐Business Suite 11i Product Schemas and APPS, APPLSYS, SYSTEM

Source: Oracle Metalink Note ID 428503.1

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DV and EBS Best Practices

Ensure all pre‐requisite DB patches are applied− 20+ Database and DV bugs need to be fixed

For custom code there are two options –1. Use custom realms and only provide access to 

required objects2. Register as an application and database schema 

in EBS and will use the EBS realms

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Database Vault Implementation

1. Install Database Vault option and database patches− May need to upgrade database− Need to check database initialization parameters

2. Create EBS realms− A number of manual steps required− Follow manual setups for enabling patching

3. Struggle to integrate custom users− Need to identify and review all custom user and 

programs accessing the database

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Sensitive DataOverview Q&A

Encryption

Agenda

1 2 3 5

Data Access

4Auditing

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Auditing Access to Sensitive Data

Encryption may not be possible− TDE is not sufficient or too costly

Sensitive Data access is required− DBAs must use the APPS

Auditing should be used to mitigate risk− Accurate and reliable audit trail of access

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Auditing Access to Sensitive Data

Native audit trail in Oracle Database and Oracle EBS can be accessed and manipulated by the DBA− SYSLOG auditing can be used to protect native database audit trail – DBA can disable it

External auditing solution required− Protect audit trail in external database/appliance− Provide reporting and archiving of audit data

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Sensitive DataOverview

AuditingEncryption

Agenda

1 2 3 4

Data Access Q&A

5

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Oracle Application User Group (OAUG)

37

Visit us at Collaborate 2011!Enter to win Apple Giveaways

MacBook Air, iPad, iTouch, Shuffle

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Copyright © 2011 Integrigy Corporation.  All rights reserved.

Integrigy Contact Information

Stephen KostChief Technology OfficerIntegrigy Corporation

For information on ‐Oracle Database SecurityOracle E‐Business Suite Security

e‐mail: [email protected]: integrigy.com/oracle‐security‐blogwebsite: www.integrigy.com

Oracle Critical Patch UpdatesSecurity and Compliance (PCI, SOX, HIPAA)

COLLABORATE 11 – OAUG and IOUGProtecting Sensitive Data in the Oracle E‐Business SuiteSecuring the Oracle E‐Business Suite Best Practices PanelSecurity Bootcamp: Real‐life Database Security MistakesCredit Cards and Oracle: How to Comply with PCI‐DSSReal‐life E‐Business Suite Security Mistakes