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Understanding the
PathSophysiology of Prostate
cancer
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What is prostate cancer?
The prostate is a gland found only in
men. The prostate is just below the
bladder and in front of the rectum. It is
about the size of a walnut. The tube that
carries urine (the urethra) runs through
the prostate. The prostate contains cells
that make some of the fluid (semen) thatprotects and nourishes the sperm.
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The prostate begins to develop before birthand keeps on growing until a man reachesadulthood. Male hormones (calledandrogens) cause this growth. If male
hormone levels are low, the prostate glandwill not grow to full size. In older men,though, the part of the prostate around theurethra may keep on growing. This causesBPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) whichcan lead to problems passing urine. BPH isa problem that must be treated, but it is notcancer.
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Prostate cancer
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There are several types of cells in the
prostate, but nearly all prostate cancers
start in the gland cells. This kind of
cancer is known as adenocarcinoma.
The rest of the information here refers
only to prostate adenocarcinoma.
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Most of the time, prostate cancer growsslowly. Autopsy studies show that manyolder men (and even younger men) who
died of other diseases also had prostatecancer that never caused a problemduring their lives. These studies showedthat as many as 7 to 9 out of 10 men
had prostate cancer by age 80. Butneither they nor their doctors even knewthey had it.
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Pre-cancerous changes of theprostate
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Some doctors believe that prostate cancerbegins with very small changes in the size andshape of the prostate gland cells. Thesechanges are known as PIN (prostatic
intraepithelial neoplasia). Almost half of allmen have PIN by the time they reach age 50.In PIN, there are changes in how the prostategland cells look under the microscope, but thecells are basically still in place -- they don't
look like they've gone into other parts of theprostate (like cancer cells would). Thesechanges can be either low-grade (almostnormal) or high-grade (abnormal).
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Pathophysiology of prostate
cancer(A Movie Clip)
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Prostate cancer is a disease that affectsthe prostate gland in men. The prostate
is a gland in males that is involved in the
production of semen. It is located
between the bladder and the rectum.The normal prostate gland is the size of
a walnut and surrounds the urethra, the
tube that carries urine from the bladder.
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It is estimated that 1 in ever 6 males
will develop prostate cancer in theirlifetime. There are known risk factors
for prostate development and more
research is being conducted. Justbeing a man puts males at risk. A
single cause for the disease has not
yet been identified.
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Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer
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Race
The risk of prostate cancer is dramaticallyhigher among blacks, intermediate among
whites, and lowest among nativeJapanese. However, this increase in riskmay be due to other factors associatedwith race. Studies have shown a linkbetween levels of testosterone and
prostate cancer risk, with black men havingthe highest levels.
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Diet
Many studies suggest that a diet high in
saturated fat may contribute to prostatecancer. Studies are being conducted to
further prove this theory.
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Family History
Genetics can play a role in whether a
man develops prostate cancer. It isestimated that up to 10% of cases
diagnosed are due to a genetic mutation
that has been passed down
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