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Cour Pénale Internationale

Internat ional Crinninal Court

/ {m. \

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Original: English No.: ICC-01/09-01/11 Date: 12 December 2013

TRIAL CHAMBER V(A)

Before: Judge, Chile Eboe-Osuji, Presiding Judge Olga Herrera Carbuccia Judge Robert Fremr

SITUATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA

IN THE CASE OF THE PROSECUTOR v. WILLIAM SAMOEIRUTO and JOSHUA ARAP SANG

Public with Public Annex A

Decision on Applications for Notice of Possibility of Variation of Legal

Characterisation

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Decision to be notified, in accordance with Regulation 31 of the Regulations ofthe Court, to:

The Office of the Prosecutor Counsel for William Samoei Ruto Ms Fatou Bensouda Mr Karim Khan Mr James Stewart Mr David Hooper Mr Anton Steynberg Mr Essa Faal

Ms Shyamala Alagendra

Legal Representatives of Victims Mr Wilfred Nderitu

Counsel for Joshua Arap Sang Mr Joseph Kipchumba Kigen-Katwa Ms Caroline Buisman

Legal Representatives of Applicants

Unrepresented Victims Unrepresented Applicants for Participation/Reparation

The Office of Public Counsel for Victims Ms Paolina Massidda

The Office of Public Counsel for the Defence

States Representatives Amicus Curiae

REGISTRY

Registrar Mr Herman von Hebel

Deputy Registrar

Victims and Witnesses Unit Detention Section

Victims Participation and Reparations Others Section

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Trial Chamber V(A) ( the 'Chamber') of the Intemational Criminal Court (the 'Court'), in

the case of The Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, having regard to

Articles 64(2) and 67(1) of the Rome Statute (the 'Statute') and Regulations 24(5), 35(2), 52

and 55 of the Regulations of the Court (the 'Regulations'), issues this Dedsion on

Applications for Notice of Possibility of Variation of Legal Characterisation.

I. Procedural history

1. On 3 July 2012, the Office of the Prosecutor (the 'Prosecution') filed an application

(the 'Prosecution Application') for notice to be given under Regulation 55(2) of the

Regulations with respect to Mr Ruto's individual criminal responsibility.^

2. On 4 July 2012, the then Legal Representative of Victims (the 'LRV') filed

submissions seeking that notice be given under Regulation 55 of the Regulations

for possible recharacterisations above and beyond those contained in the

Prosecution Application (the 'LRV Application').^

3. On 24 July 2012, the defence team for Mr Ruto (the 'Ruto Defence') responded to

the Prosecution Application.^

4. On 25 July 2012, the defence team for Mr Sang (the 'Sang Defence') filed a

response to the Prosecution Application.^

^ Prosecution's Submissions on the law of indirect co-perpetration under Article 25(3)(a) of the Statute and application for notice to be given under Regulation 55(2) with respect to William Samoei Ruto's individual criminal responsibility, 3 July 2012, ICC-01/09-01/11-433. ^ Submissions ofthe Victims' Representative on Regulation 55 and Article 25(3), 4 July 2012, ICC-01/09-01/11-436. On 23 November 2012, Mr Wilfred Nderitu was appointed as the new LRV. See Decision appointing a common legal representative of victims, 23 November 2012, ICC-01/09-01/11-479. ^ Defence Response to Prosecution's Submissions on the law of indirect co-perpetration under Article 25(3)(a) of the Statute and application for notice to be given under Regulation 55(2) with respect to William Samoei Ruto's individual criminal responsibility, 24 July 2012, ICC-01/09-01/11-442. " Defence Response to Prosecution's Submissions on the law of indirect co-perpetration under Article 25(3)(a) of the Statute and application for notice to be given under Regulation 55(2) with respect to William Samoei Ruto's individual criminal responsibility, 25 July 2012, ICC-01/09-01/11-443.

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5. Also on 25 July 2012, the Ruto Defence and Sang Defence (collectively, the

'Defence') jointly responded to the LRV Application.^

6. On 12 August 2013, the Prosecution reiterated its request for the Chamber to give

notice prior to or at the commencement of trial that it may change the legal

characterisation of the form of individual criminal responsibility of Mr Ruto.

7. On 19 August 2013, a status conference was held where, inter alia, the parties and

partidpants further addressed whether notice should be given for any of the

proposed recharacterisations.''

8. On 5 September 2013, the Chamber issued an order directing the Prosecution and

LRV to: (i) exhaustively set out all the 'facts and circumstances described in the

charges' for each proposed recharacterisation and (ii) indicate any such fact or

drcumstance in the original wording of those allegations.^ These additional

details were to be submitted on 17 September 2013, and the defence teams were to

present any further objections by 24 September 2013.

9. On 9 September 2013, a status conference was held wherein the Presiding Judge,

noting that the present Applications remained pending, aimounced that '[t]he

pending decision may decline to give the notice at all, or it may give notice in

whole as requested, or in part. In the meantime, it will be prudent for parties and

partidpants to anticipate any of those possibilities in their conduct of litigation

hereon going forward, including in their opening statements'.^°

^ Joint Defence Response to Submissions of Victims' Representative on Regulation 55 and Article 25(3), 25 July 2012, ICC-01/09-01/11-444. ^ Prosecution's Second Submission on the Conduct of Proceedings, 12 August 2013, ICC-Ol/09-Ol/l 1-848. ^ Transcript of Hearing, 19 August 2013, ICC-01/09-01/11-T-24-C0NF-ENG. ^ Order Regarding Applications for Notice of Possibility of Variation of Legal Characterisation, 5 September 2013, ICC-Ol/09-01/11-907. ^ ICC-01/09-01/11-907, page 6. ° Transcript of Hearing, 9 September 2013, ICC-01/09-01/1 l-T-26-Red-ENG, page 29, lines 13-17.

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10. On 17 September 2013, the Prosecution filed its submission as directed by the

Chamber in its 5 September 2013 order (the 'Prosecution Additional

Submission').^^ The LRV did not submit any additional details.

11. On 24 September 2013, the Ruto Defence filed additional submissions on the

Prosecution Application (the 'Ruto Defence Additional Submission').^^ jy^^ Sang

Defence did not file any further response.

12. On 26 September 2013, the Prosecution sought leave to reply to the Ruto Defence

Additional Submission, wishing to make a further submission regarding: (i)

whether the Ruto Defence exceeded the Chamber's 5 September 2013 order by not

confining the Ruto Defence Additional Submission only to the information

provided in the Prosecution Additional Submission and, (ii) in the alternative, to

reply to the new arguments raised in the Ruto Defence Additional Submission. ^

II. Analysis and conclusions

1. The Ruto Defence Additional Submission and the Prosecution request for leave to reply

13. As two preliminary matters, the Chamber will briefly consider whether to allow

the Ruto Defence Additional Submission and to grant the Prosecution leave to

reply.i^

14. The Chamber recalls that, in its order of 5 September 2013, it granted 'the Defence

until 24 September 2013 to raise reasoned objections, if any, following receipt of

the additional details provided by the Prosecution or LRV'. ^ The plain language

^ Prosecution Filing in Compliance with the Chamber's 'Order Regarding Applications for Notice of Possibility of Variation of Legal Characterisation', 17 September 2013, ICC-01/09-01/11-943 (with one annex). ^ Defence Response to Prosecution Filing in Compliance with the Chamber's 'Order Regarding Applications for Notice of Possibility of Variation of Legal Characterisation', 24 September 2013, ICC-01/09-01/11-985. ^ Prosecution's request for to reply to Defence filing ICC-01/09-01/11-985, 26 September 2013, ICC-01/09-01/11-990-Conf, paras 12-13. ^ Pursuant to Regulation 24(5) of the Regulations: 'Participants may only reply to a response with the leave of the Chamber, unless otherwise provided in these Regulations'. ^ ICC-01/09-01/11-907, page 6.

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of the Chamber's order did not limit the scope of the Ruto Defence Additional

Submission to the information contained in the Prosecution Additional

Submission, and the Chamber sees no reason not to consider the Ruto Defence

Additional Submission in full.

15. As to the Prosecution's request for leave to reply, the Chamber considers that the

Ruto Defence Additional Submission raises arguments which are already

addressed by the Prosecution, to one degree or another, in its previous

submissions. The Chamber does not consider that granting leave to reply would

be of assistance in the present case and therefore rejects this request by the

Prosecution.

2. The scope ofthe Chamber's inquiry and the applicable law

16. The Chamber notes that the parties' submissions regarding giving notice under

Regulation 55(2) of the Regulations also focus on the interpretation to be given to

Article 25(3) of the Statute. The Chamber's dedsion solely relates to the

Regulation 55(2) portions of these submissions. No dedsion is made at this time as

regards the interpretation of Article 25(3) of the Statute. Any dedsion in that

regard will be considered as part of the final judgment in the case.

17. Regulation 55 of the Regulations provides (emphasis added):

1. In its decision imder article 74, the Chamber may change the legal characterisation of facts to accord with the crimes imder articles 6, 7 or 8, or to accord with the form of partidpation of the accused under articles 25 and 28, without exceeding the facts and circumstances described in the charges and any amendments to the charges.

2. If, at any time during the trial, it appears to the Chamber that the legal characterization of facts may be subject to change, the Chamber shall give notice to the participants of such a possibility and having heard the evidence, shall, at an appropriate stage of the proceedings, give the partidpants the opportunity to make oral or written submissions. The Chamber may suspend the hearing to ensure that the partidpants have adequate time and facilities for effective preparation or, if necessary, it may order a hearing to consider all matters relevant to the proposed change.

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3. For the purposes of sub-regulation 2, the Chamber shall, in particular, ensure that the accused shall: (a) Have adequate time and fadlities for the effective preparation of his or her defence in accordance with article 67, paragraph 1 (b); and (b) If necessary, be given the opportunity to exanüne again, or have examined again, a previous witness, to call a new witness or to present other evidence admissible under the Statute in accordance with article 67, paragraph 1 (e).

18. It is to be emphasised at the outset that the present issue before the Chamber is

not a question of actual legal recharacterisation of any facts under Regulation 55(1)

of the Regulations. Rather, the issue is whether notice of the possibility of such a

recharacterisation is given under Regulation 55(2) of the Regulations.

19. From the language of the provision, a Regulation 55 inquiry may comprise three

stages:

i. The Chamber deddes whether it appears to it that the legal

characterisation of facts may be subject to change ('Regulation 55(2)

Assessment') and the Chamber gives notice to the participants of such a

possibility ('Regulation 55(2) Notice');i^

ii. Having heard the evidence in the case, the Chamber shall, at an

appropriate stage of the proceedings, give the partidpants the

opportunity to make oral or written submissions as to the propriety of the

actual legal recharacterisation;^^ and

iii. In its decision under Artide 74 of the Statute, the Chamber may dedde,

pursuant to Regulation 55(1) of the Regulations, whether to make the

proposed recharacterisation for which notice was given at the first stage. ^

^ Regulation 55(2) of the Regulations. ^ Regulation 55(2) of the Regulations. ^ Regulation 55( 1) of the Regulations.

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Any such recharacterisation must not exceed the facts and drcumstances

described in the charges and any amendments to the charges. ^

20. The Appeals Chamber has emphasised that making the proposed

recharacterisation must not render the trial unfair. ^ As such, when making a

Regulation 55(2) Assessment, the Chamber must remain mindful of the rights of

the accused. In particular, the Chamber must ensure that the accused: (i) receives

the spedfic facts within the 'facts and drcumstances described in the charges'

which may be relied upon^^ and (ii) the accused is given adequate time and

fadlities for the effective preparation of his or her defence.^

3. The proper time to make a Regulation 55(2) Assessment

21. The Prosecution requested that the Chamber give Regulation 55(2) Notice for its

proposed recharacterisations 'on or before the first day of trial'.^^ The Prosecution

argued that notice should be given as soon as feasible to protect the rights of the

parties and that it is 'wholly illogical to delay notice'. " The Prosecution submitted

that giving early notice will ensure the trial is fair because it will enable the parties

to present their evidence and examine witnesses with all possibilities in mind. ^

22. The LRV submitted that '[i]t is accepted that consideration as to whether the

power should be exerdsed should however be undertaken as early as possible.

19 Article 74(2) ofthe Statute; Regulation 55(1) ofthe Regulations. ° Appeals Chamber, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Judgment on the appeals of Mr Lubanga Dyilo and the

Prosecutor against the Decision of Trial Chamber I of 14 July 2009 entitled "Decision giving notice to the parties and participants that the legal characterisation of the facts may be subject to change in accordance with Regulation 55(2) of the Regulations of the Court", 8 December 2009, ICC-01/04-01/06-2205, OA15, 0A16 ('Lubanga 0A15-16 Judgment'), para. 85; Appeals Chamber, The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga, Judgment on the appeal of Mr Germain Katanga against the decision of Trial Chamber II of 21 November 2012 entitled "Decision on the implementation of regulation 55 of the Regulations of the Court and severing the charges against the accused persons", 27 March 2013, ICC-01/04-01/07-3363, 0A13 ('Katanga 0A13 Judgment'), para. 95. ^ Katanga 0A13 Judgment, ICC-01/04-01/07-3363, paras 100-01. See also Article 67(l)(a) ofthe Statute. ^ Regulation 55(3)(a) ofthe Regulations; Article 67(l)(b) ofthe Statute. ^ Prosecution Application, ICC-01/09-01/11-433, para. 24. " Prosecution Application, ICC-01/09-01/11-433, para. 36. ^ Prosecution Application, ICC-01/09-01/11-433, para. 41.

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and that in cases where it is possible to consider the matter prior to

commencement of the trial, it is desirable for the Chamber to do so. This would

serve the purpose of regulation 55 (2) and (3), which is to ensure that the parties

and partidpants can prepare adequately'.^^

23. The Defence argued that '[t]hough certainly early notice of such a modification is

necessary in order for the defence to know and challenge the case against it, notice

at this stage would be premature and too unspedfic to be useful'. ^ The Ruto

Defence argued that there is no evidential basis for why the Prosecution seeks

relief imder Regulation 55(2) of the Regulations at this time and that the

Prosecution Application 'has no legal purpose'.^^ The Ruto Defence also submitted

that '[t]he giving of notice pursuant to Regulation 55 is an important and

significant event' and that such notice should be given at a time when the

Chamber can see 'the lay of the land' and hold 'an informed view' to justify a

spedfic recharacterisation.^^

24. The Chamber emphasises at the outset that notice of any legal recharacterisation

depends on whether and when it appears to the Chamber that legal

recharacterisation may be possible in this case. The Chamber considers that the

words 'appears to the Chamber' in Regulation 55(2) of the Regulations give the

Chamber a discretionary power when making a Regulation 55(2) Assessment.

Thus, the Chamber has the authority under Regulation 55(2) of the Regulations to

decline to consider recharacterisations proposed by the parties and partidpants at

a given time during the trial if giving Regulation 55(2) Notice would result in

unfairness. The regulation gives no guidance as to the type of information that

should trigger the appearance of possible recharacterisation in the view of the

^ LRV Application, ICC-01/09-01/11-436, para. 35. ^ ICC-01/09-01/11-444, para. 4. ^ ICC-01/09-01/11-T-24-C0NF-ENG, p. 8, lines 12-14. ^ Ruto Defence Additional Submission, ICC-01/09-01/11-985, paras 16, 24.

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Chamber. Evidence led before the Chamber in the course of the trial can certainly

trigger the apparent possibility of legal recharacterisation. However, for an

application for the notice of a possibility of a legal recharacterisation, facts and

drcumstances pleaded in the charging document can also suffidently inform the

Chamber as to the apparent possibility of an eventual change in legal

characterisation.

25. The Chamber is mindful of the text in Regulation 55(2) of the Regulations, saying:

'and having heard the evidence, [the Chamber] shall, at an appropriate stage of

the proceedings, give the partidpants an opportunity to make oral or written

submissions'. In the Chamber's view, however, that text need not be taken as

informing when the notice of possibility of recharacterisation may be given. The

better view is that the text speaks to the need to hear submissions from the parties,

after evidence has been led in the case, before the actual change in legal

characterisation. The Chamber is thus not persuaded by the Defence submission

that notice of the possibility of recharacterisation may not be given unless

evidence has been heard in the case.

26. Other Defence arguments related to the timeliness of the Applications are also

unpersuasive because they confuse the difference between making a legal

recharacterisation under Regulation 55(1) of the Regulations and giving notice of a

proposed recharacterisation under Regulation 55(2) of the Regulations. The

Defence submitted that '[i]f the [P]rosecution is apprehensive as to the

appropriateness of the present characterisation then it should make a dedsion

now and apply, on clear grounds, for recharacterisation. It should not seek to have

the Chamber refer, in a general manner, to the Chamber's capadty to

recharacterise'.^^ Similarly, the Ruto Defence argued at the 19 August 2013 status

30 ICC-01/09-01/11-442, para. 32.

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Conference that it is 'not on notice imtil the Court deddes to recharacterise the

f acts'. ^ These arguments cannot be sustained because it is premature to speak of

actually making any of the proposed recharacterisations. Legal recharacterisations

can only be made in the trial judgment; the only relief which the Chamber could

grant now would be to give Regulation 55(2) Notice, which is predsely the relief

sought by the Prosecution and LRV.

27. Although a Regulation 55(2) Assessment, for purposes of notice of a possibility of

recharacterisation, may be done at any time during the trial, the Chamber

considers that it is best to make this assessment and issue the notice as early as is

possible, particularly in drcumstances in which the Prosecution has made an early

application for this notice on the basis of the facts and drcumstances pleaded in

the charging document. This is consistent with the guidance of the Appeals

Chamber, which stated that '[...] it is preferable that notice under regulation 55(2)

of the Regulations of the Court should always be given as early as possible [...]'. ^

Despite any additional preparation time which comes from giving Regulation

55(2) Notice, waiting to give such notice increases the chances of prejudice to the

Defence. The remediation of this prejudice may involve pressures either to reopen

the case in certain respects, recall witnesses that have already testified or, out of

respect for the rights of the accused, to forego legal recharacterisation that might

otherwise have been in the interests of justice in the case. Such pressures are

highly imdesirable, and if earlier notice is given then they are avoidable.

28. The Chamber acknowledges that Regulation 55(2) Notice could have been given

at an even earlier point during the trial proceedings than now. However, this is

the first extended break in the proceedings since the Prosecution Additional

^ ICC-01/09-01/11-T-24-C0NF-ENG, p. 8, lines 2-3. ^ Katanga 0A13 Judgment, ICC-01/04-01/07-3363, para. 24.

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Submission was filed and the Chamber required additional time to deliberate on

the legal and factual complexity raised by the relief sought.

29. For these reasons, the Chamber finds that: (i) it is not premature to examine the

Prosecution and LRV Applications at this time and (ii) any Regulation 55(2)

Assessment should be made as early as is possible in order to best ensure a fair

and expeditious trial.

4. The Chamber's Regulation 55(2) Assessment for the proposed notice of legal

recharacterisations

30. The Chamber recalls that, in the confirmation dedsion in this case, a Pre-Trial

Chamber II majority confirmed charges against Mr Ruto on an Article 25(3)(a)

'indirect co-perpetration' theory for the crimes against humanity of: murder

(Artide 7(l)(a) of the Statute), deportation or fordble transfer of population

(Artide 7(l)(d) of the Statute) and persecution (Article 7(l)(h) of the Statute).^The

Pre Trial Chamber confirmed the charges against Mr Sang for the same crimes

pursuant to Article 25(3)(d) of the Statute.^

31. In their respective applications, the Prosecution and LRV propose an array of

legal recharacterisations beyond those ruled upon by the Pre-Trial Chamber. The

Chamber will now turn to these proposed possible recharacterisations.

i. Prosecution Application

32. The Prosecution submitted that, on the analysis done by the Pre-Trial Chamber,

'there are several potential ways to characterize the individual criminal

responsibility of Ruto in this particular case'. ^ The Prosecution argued that the

^ Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges Pursuant to Article 6l(7)(a) and (b) of the Rome Statute, 23 January 2012, ICC-01/09-01/11-373 ('Confirmation Decision'), para. 349. " Confirmation Decision, ICC-01/09-01/11-373, para. 367. ^ Prosecution Application, ICC-01/09-01/11-433, para. 35.

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facts 'demonstrate' that, in addition to 'indirect co-perpetration'. Article 25(3)(b)^^

(c) ^ and (d) ^ may equally be applicable.^^ The Prosecution emphasised that: (i) it

is not suggesting any alteration of the document containing the charges (now filed

as the 'Updated DCC'), ° but a procedure under Regulation 55 of the Regulations

which is separate and apart from the pre-trial charging and confirmation

process, ^ (ii) even if giving Regulation 55(2) Notice could somehow be equated

with alternative charging, nothing in the Court's legal framework prevents the

consideration of alternative modes of liability^ and (iii) giving notice of a

possibility of a recharacterisation at this stage would not prejudice the Defence, in

particular because there is an overlap between the requirements of Article 25(3)(a)

and those of Article 25(3)(b)-(d). ^ The Prosecution requested that the Chamber

give Regulation 55(2) Notice that there is a possibility that the form of individual

criminal responsibility charged may be subject to legal re-characterisation under

Article 25(3)(b), (c) or (d), and to give such notice before or on the first day of

trial.^

33. In Annex A of the Prosecution Additional Submission, filed further to the

Chamber's direction, the Prosecution sets out the facts and drcumstances

described in the Updated DCC which can be relied upon in support of its

^ This provision covers liability for a person who '[o]rders, solicits or induces the commission of such a crime which in fact occurs or is attempted'. ^ This provision covers liability for a person who '[f]or the purpose of facilitating the commission of such a crime, aids, abets or otherwise assists in its commission or its attempted commission, including providing the means for its commission'. ^ This provision covers liability for a person who '[i]n any other way, contributes to the commission or attempted commission of such a crime by a group of persons acting with a common purpose. Such contribution shall be intentional and shall either: (i) [b]e made with the aim of furthering the criminal activity or criminal purpose of the group, where such activity or purpose involves the commission of a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court; or (ii) [b]e made in the knowledge of the intention of the group to commit the crime'. ^ Prosecution Application, ICC-01/09-01/11-433, para. 35. "^ Corrigendum to Annex A to the Prosecution's Submission of Updated Document Containing the Charges pursuant to the Decision on the content ofthe updated document containing the charges (ICC-01/09-01/11-522), 1 July 2013, ICC-01/09-01/1 1-533-AnxA-Con-. "^ Prosecution Application, ICC-01/09-01/11-433, paras 38-39. "^ Prosecution Application, ICC-01/09-01/11-433, para. 44. ^ Prosecution Application, ICC-01/09-01/11-433, para. 46. " Prosecution Application, ICC-01/09-01/11-433, para. 49.

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proposed recharacterisations.^^ Using only language from the Updated DCC, the

Prosecution aims to show how the facts and drcumstances described in the

charges can correspond to Article 25(3)(b) ordering/solidting,^ Article 25(3)(b)

inducing,47 Article 25{3){cY^ and Article 25(3)(d)49 of the Statute.

34. The Ruto Defence responded that the Prosecution's approach to recharacterisation

undermines the utility of Regulation 52 of the Regulations, which requires a

'predse form of partidpation under articles 25 and 28' in the document containing

the charges. ^ The Ruto Defence argued that, if the notice sought by the

Prosecution were to be granted, the accused would 'effectively be on notice for,

and have to defend himself against, all forms of partidpation under Article 25.

This results in inappropriate uncertainty as to the charges and considerably

lengthens the trial process [...]'. ^ The Ruto Defence argued that the Prosecution is

'not willing to concede they've got it wrong and that [its charged] mode of

liability is doomed', ^ submitting that the Prosecution should have either

withdrawn the charges ^ or sought to amend them^ instead of seeking relief

under Regulation 55 of the Regulations. The Ruto Defence argued that giving a

general invocation of Regulation 55 of the Regulations 'would not encourage

diligent prosecution' and that the Prosecution provided 'no proper basis that the

present mode of liability is or might be inadequate'. ^ The Ruto Defence

responded that the relief sought by the Prosecution is of such a scale and manner

"^ Annex A of Prosecution Additional Submission, ICC-01/09-01/11-943-AnxA. "^ Annex A of Prosecution Additional Submission, ICC-01/09-01/11-943-AnxA, pages 2-4. "^ Annex A of Prosecution Additional Submission, ICC-01/09-01/11-943-AnxA, pages 4-5. ^ Annex A of Prosecution Additional Submission, ICC-01/09-01/11-943-AnxA, pages 5-7. ^ Annex A of Prosecution Additional Submission, ICC-01/09-01/11-943-AnxA, pages 7-13. ° ICC-01/09-01/11-442, para. 36.

^ ICC-01/09-01/11-442, para. 36. See also Ruto Defence Additional Subnüssion, ICC-01/09-01/11-985, paras 17-19 (arguing that such general and unfocused notice cannot be fair to the accused). " ICC-01/09-01/11-T-24-CONF-ENG, p. 9, lines 20-21. ^ ICC-01/09-01/11-T-24-C0NF-ENG, p. 6, lines 11-16. "* ICC-Ol/09-Ol/l 1-T-24-C0NF-ENG, p. 9, lines 23-25.

^ Ruto Defence Additional Submission, ICC-01/09-01/11-985, para. 22.

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that '[t]he accused is provided no more benefit by such a notice than he possesses

by his knowledge of the existence of Regulation 55'. ^

35. The Ruto Defence ultimately submitted that the Prosecution's Application should

be rejected in fuU. ^

36. The Chamber's Regulation 55(2) Assessment for the Prosecution's proposed

recharacterisations is based on the following considerations.

37. First, the Chamber notes that Annex A of the Prosecution Additional Submission

clarifies that it is not the intention of the Prosecution to seek legal

recharacterisation in any way that exceeds the facts and drcumstances described

in the charges. That notwithstanding, if Regulation 55(2) Notice is given the

Defence is still entitled to later argue, inter alia, that the proposed

recharacterisations exceed the scope of the charges and that they are unduly

cumulative. The Defence would be given an opportimity to make full submissions

on these points, as is required by Regulation 55(2) of the Regulations. These

arguments would be given full consideration when the Chamber considers its

final dedsion on whether to legally recharacterise the facts.

38. The Ruto Defence does not object to the suffidency of what Annex A of the

Prosecution Additional Submission aims to show, submitting that '[t]he Defence

do not comment at this stage as to the facts and drcumstances itemised in the

[Prosecution Additional Submission] and the further details provided therein or

their adequacy'.^^ Without prejudice to the Defence being able to make further

submissions at a later time as to whether making the proposed recharacterisations

would exceed the scope of the charges, the Prosecution has substantiated to the

^ Ruto Defence Additional Submission, ICC-01/09-01/11-985, para. 18. ^ ICC-01/09-01/11-442, para. 38. ^ Ruto Defence Additional Submission, ICC-01/09-01/11-985, para. 23.

No. ICC-01/09-01/11 15/21 12 December 2013

ICC-01/09-01/11-1122 12-12-2013 15/21 RH T

Chamber's satisfaction for present purposes how the proposed recharacterisations

fall within the scope of the existing charges.

39. Second, the Chamber emphasises the difference between amending the charges

and giving Regulation 55(2) Notice. The Chamber notes that Pre-Trial Chamber 11

dismissed the Prosecution's attempt to bring alternative modes of liability in this

case ^ and that the Prosecution did not seek an amendment of the charges for any

of its proposed legal recharacterisations pursuant to Article 61(9) of the Statute.^

However, the Chamber does not consider that seeking an amendment of the

charges is necessarily a prerequisite to or a substitute for seeking Regulation 55(2)

Notice. As stated by the Appeals Chamber: 'article 61 (9) of the Statute and

Regulation 55 address different powers of different entities at different stages of

the procedure'.^^ The Chamber therefore considers that its authority to give the

Regulation 55(2) Notice requested is consistent with Pre-Trial Chamber II's

authority which it exerdsed when confirming the charges in this case.

40. Third, the Chamber is not persuaded that the Prosecution is making a 'general

invocation' of Regulation 55 of the Regulations. The Prosecution is seeking a

broader invocation of Regulation 55 of the Regulations when compared to the

^ Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on the Prosecutor's Application for Summons to Appear for William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, 8 March 2011, ICC-Ol/09-Ol/l 1-1, para. 36. As stated by the Pre-Trial Chamber (emphasis added):

Although the Prosecutor may generally charge in the altemative, he should be consistent throughout his Application about the actual mode(s) of liability that he intends to present to the Chamber. Moreover, the possibility for the Prosecutor to charge in the altemative does not necessarily mean that the Chamber has to respond in the same manner. In particular, the Chamber is not persuaded that it is best practice to make simultaneous findings on modes of liability presented in the altemative. A person cannot be deemed concurrently as a principal and an accessory to the same crime. Thus, it is the Chamber's view that an initial decision has to be made on the basis of the material provided, as to whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that Ruto, Kosgey and Sang bear criminal responsibility for the crimes against humanity that occurred in the specific locations in the Republic of Kenya, as discussed in section II above, either as co-perpetrators, indirect co-perpetrators, or any other form of liability presented or that the Chamber finds appropriate.

^ Article 61(9) of the Statute provides, in relevant part: '[ajfter the charges are confirmed and before the trial has begun, the Prosecutor may, with permission ofthe Pre-Trial Chamber and after notice to the accused, amend the charges'. ^ Lubanga 0A15-16 Judgment, ICC-01/04-01/06-2205, para. 77.

No. ICC-01/09-01/11 16/21 12 December 2013

ICC-01/09-01/11-1122 12-12-2013 16/21 RH T

way the regulation has been applied in other cases to date. However, Regulation

55 itself imposes no limitations on the number of potential recharacterisations

which may appear to the Chamber, nor does it require the Prosecution to establish

the insuffidency of existing legal characterisations before Regulation 55(2) Notice

may be given. As the Appeals Chamber has noted, in response to an argument

that the application of Regulation 55 of the Regulations be limited to 'lesser

included offences': 'Regulation 55 does not stipulate, beyond what is contained in

subregulation 1, what changes in the legal characterisation may be permissible'.^^

41. The Chamber agrees that a general invocation which does no more than note the

existence of Regulation 55 of the Regulations is insufficient to inform the accused

of a potential change in legal characterisation. ^ However, to describe the

Prosecution Application in this way is to mischaracterise it. The Prosecution

identifies spedfic proposed recharacterisations and requests the Chamber to give

notice formally through the application of Regulation 55(2) of the Regulations.

The Chamber considers that the relief sought is suffidently concrete that it can be

granted in full conformity with the rights of the accused.

42. Fourth, the Chamber does not consider that giving notice of the Prosecution's

proposed recharacterisations would imduly lengthen the trial process. Rejecting

the relief sought now and leaving open the possibility of giving Regulation 55(2)

Notice in the future may not make the trial meaningfully shorter than making a

clear Regulation 55(2) Assessment now for the proposed recharacterisations. If

Regulation 55(2) Notice were to be given at a later stage of the proceedings, the

potential need to recall witnesses or conduct further investigation could actually

significantly extend the length of the trial.

^ Lubanga 0A15-16 Judgment, ICC-01/04-01/06-2205, paras 99-100. ^ This conclusion is consistent with the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. European Court of Human Rights, LH. and Others v. Austria, Judgment, 20 April 2006, No. 42780/98, paras 32-34.

No. ICC-Ol/09-Oiyil 17/21 12 December 2013

ICC-01/09-01/11-1122 12-12-2013 17/21 RH T

43. Fifth, the Chamber notes the concerns of the Ruto Defence that giving the

requested Regulation 55(2) Notice would cause unfairness to the accused, but the

Chamber does not consider that giving such notice in the present case would

cause unfairness. The Chamber emphasises that: (i) it is an early point in the trial

proceedings, allowing for the Ruto Defence to be given an adequate opportunity

to adapt its strategy in view of a Regulation 55(2) Notice dedsion, (ii) the

Prosecution Additional Submission was ordered by the Chamber to ensure that

the Ruto Defence is informed in detail of the facts and drcumstances which are

being relied upon for the proposed recharacterisations, (iii) the Chamber made an

express indication on the day before the commencement of the trial that the Ruto

Defence was to antidpate that the requested Regulation 55(2) Notice may be given

in their conduct of litigation going forward and (iv) the Ruto Defence is free to

request that safeguards be adopted as a consequence of giving Regulation 55(2)

Notice, including, but not limited to, those contained in Regulation 55(2)-(3) of the

Regulations.

44. For these reasons, the Chamber, pursuant to Regulation 55(2) of the Regulations,

finds that, with respect to Mr Ruto, it appears to the Chamber that there is a

possibility that legal characterisation of the facts set out in in Annex A of the

present dedsion^ may be subject to change to accord with liability under Article

25(3)(b), (c) or (d) of the Statute. In this respect, the relief sought in the

Prosecution's Application is granted.

45. As a final point, on 9 July 2012, the Chamber directed the Prosecution to file a pre

trial brief 'explaining its case with reference to the evidence it intends to rely on at

trial'.^ Although the trial has now commenced, the Chamber considers it of

assistance to have an addendum to this brief prepared wherein the Prosecution

" This annex is a reproduction of Annex A of the Prosecution Additional Submission (ICC-01/09-01/11-943-AnxA). ^ Annex B of Prosecution's provision of updated Pre-Trial Brief, ICC-01/09-01/11-625-AnxB-Red

No. ICC-01/09-01/11 18/21 12 December 2013

ICC-01/09-01/11-1122 12-12-2013 18/21 RH T

explains its case, with accompanying evidence, under each of the proposed legal

characterisations for which Regulation 55(2) Notice has now been given. The

Prosecution is directed to file this addendum within 30 days of notification.

iL LRV Application

46. The LRV argued that other modes of liability may apply to the conduct of both

accused, drawing particular attention to liability under Article 25(3)(c) of the

Statute. ^ In addition, the LRV argued that: (i) burning/looting, property

destruction and infliction of physical injury may be recharacterised as an

underlying act of persecution pursuant to Article 7(l)(h) of the Statute and (ii)

burning/looting, property destruction and infliction of physical injury may be

recharacterised as other inhumane acts pursuant to Article 7(l)(k) of the Statute. ^

47. The Defence responded to the LRV Application by arguing that it is premature,

runs contrary to the purpose of Regulation 55 of the Regulations and that it is not

legally tenable to recharacterise the facts as the LRV proposes.^ The Ruto Defence

also argued that, by not filing any additional details as directed by the Chamber in

its order of 5 September 2013, the Chamber should now treat the LRV Application

as abandoned.^^

48. The Chamber recalls that, in its order of 5 September 2013 it considered that the

'Prosecution and LRV need to exhaustively indicate the facts and drcumstances

described in the charges that would support the proposed recharacterisations' and

that '[s]uch a showing allows for the Defence to be able to make full submissions

on whether the facts and drcumstances described in the charges are exceeded

and, if notice under Regulation 55(2) of the Regulations is given, to be informed in

detail of the factual allegations to which any potential change in the legal

^ LRV Application, ICC-01/09-01/11-436, paras 52-54. ^ LRV Application, ICC-01/09-01/11-436, para. 47. ^ ICC-01/09-01/11-444, para. 2. ^ Ruto Defence Additional Submission, ICC-01/09-01/11-985, para. 8.

No. ICC-01/09-01/11 19/21 12 December 2013

ICC-01/09-01/11-1122 12-12-2013 19/21 RH T

characterisation of the facts relate'.^° The LRV was then directed to exhaustively

set out the facts and drcumstances described for each proposed

recharacterisation.^^ Despite this direction, the LRV did not file the information by

the deadline provided by the Chamber.

49. As the Chamber was never given the information which it considered necessary

for evaluating the LRV's relief sought, the Chamber rejects the relief sought in the

LRV Application as being insuffidently substantiated.

FOR THE FOREGOING REASONS, THE CHAMBER HEREBY

REJECTS the Prosecution's request for leave to reply to the Ruto Defence Additional

Submission;

PROVIDES NOTICE, pursuant to Regulation 55(2) of the Regulations, that, with respect

to Mr Ruto, it appears to the Chamber that there is a possibility that the legal

characterisation of the facts set out in Annex A of the present decision may be subject to

change to accord with Article 25(3)(b), (c) or (d) of the Statute;

REJECTS the relief sought in the LRV Application;

DIRECTS the Prosecution to provide an addendum to its pre-trial brief in accordance with

paragraph 45 of the present decision; and

DECIDES, in view of the upcoming winter recess and pursuant to Regulation 35(2) of the

Regulations, that the time limit for leave to appeal the present dedsion shall run as of 7

January 2014.

° ICC-Ol/09-Ol/l 1-907, para. 10. ^ ICC-01/09-01/11-907, page 6.

No. ICC-01/09-01/11 20/21 12 December 2013

ICC-01/09-01/11-1122 12-12-2013 20/21 RH T

Done in both English and French, the English version being authoritative.

Judge Chile Ebof-Osuji, Presiding Judge

c . Judge Olga Herrera Carbuccia Judge Robert Fremr

Dated 12 December 2013

At The Hague, The Netherlands

No. ICC-01/09-01/11 21/21 12 December 2013

ICC-01/09-01/11-1122 12-12-2013 21/21 RH T

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Documents

Prosecutor v. Ruto and Sang, ICC-01/09-01/11-1122 ...€¦ · Cour Pénale Internationale International Crinninal Court {m / . } \ Original: English No.: ICC-01/09-01/11 Date: 12