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AT –030510/2–6/20/03
Thrust-to-Weight Trend
GE Engines Fn/Wt
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year of Introduction
Th
rust
-to
-Wei
gh
t R
atio
I-AJ31
J33
J35
J47-C
J47-EJ73
J53
J79
CJ805
J85
J93
CF700
TF39
TF34
CF6-6
CF6-50
F404
CF6-80
F101
F110F414
Trend
PW4098
PW4084
JT8D-217
JT8D-9
JT3D-1
JT9D-7R4G2
JT9D-3A
JT9D-7A
PW4056PW2037
V2500 A1
PW4168
CJ805
CF6-6D
CFM56-2
CFM56-5A
GE90-85B
CF6-80ACFM56-5C4
CF6-80C2-B6F
CF6-80E1-A2
RB-211-535E4
TRENT 895
RB-211-524D
TAY 620
BR 715
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Certification Date
SF
C 3
5K/0
.8M
n U
nins
talle
d
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
JT3C
Low BypassTurbofan
2nd Gen High BypassTurbofan
High BypassTurbofan
Turbojet
Performance Advancements
GE90-115B
AT –030510/4–6/20/03
Noise Reduction Advancements
120
110
100
90
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
707-100
DC-9-10
737-200
727-200
747-200
DC-10-30
A310
737-300
737-200 A321
747-400 A330
NoiseLevel,
EPNdB(1500-ft.sidelines)
Turbojet
First GenerationTurbofan
Second GenerationTurbofan
• Normalized to 100,000-lb. thrust• Noise levels are for airplane/engine
configurations at time of initial service
Year of Initial Service
Development of High Bypass Turbofan andOptimization of Rotors/Stators for Acoustics
AT –030510/5–6/20/03
Emission Reduction Advancement
0
5
10
15
20
25
Cu
mu
lati
ve M
arg
in, E
PN
dB
Stage III Limit
CF6 CFM56 GE90 CF34
Trend
Stage IV Limit
Engine Models
AT –030510/6–6/20/03
Key Advances in Propulsion
1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
NewCycle Engine
WhittleEngine(GE I-A)
VariableCompressor
Vanes(GE J79)
High BypassTurbofan(GE TF39)
Axial FlowCompressor
Ni-BaseAlloys
DirectionalBlade Alloys
Powder MetallurgyDisks
AnnularCombustors
ReducedStage Count
Thermal BarrierCoatings
CounterrotatingTurbines
AdvancedCooling
BlisksBoltless
RetainersAir-CooledTurbines
EvolutionaryTechnology
Development
AT –030510/7–6/20/03
21st Century Vehicle Systems
Regional 100-150 pax 250+ pax Global ReachTransport
SupersonicBisJet
SupersonicTransport
Long RangeStrike Aircraft
Overland Capable, Environmentally Friendly,Supersonic Commercial Transport / Military Strike
Safe, Environmentally Friendly, Longer RangeCommercial and Military Transportation
AT –030510/8–6/20/03
V-22 Osprey High Lift Vehicle
Predator Sensorcraft
Uninhabited Air Vehicles
Apache
Heavy-Lift Runway-Independent Aircraft
21st Century Vehicle Systems
AT –030510/9–6/20/03
21st Century Vehicle Systems
Safe, Low-Cost Access-to-Space Vehicles / Spaceplane
AT –030510/10–6/20/03
Improved Subsonic Capability
CO2
Performance / Environment• 20% reduction in fuel burn (CO2)
relative to current technology• Reliable, durable operation at
near stoichiometric turbine inlettemperatures
• 85% reduction in NOx relative to1996 ICAO
Prognosis/Reliability• 50% reduction in engine
in-flight failures• 50% reduction in delays
and cancellations• On-condition maintenance
Noise• 55% Reduction in noise
relative to today’s aircraft• 33 EPNdB below Stage 3
21st Century Aero-propulsion System Preeminence
Goals
AT –030510/11–6/20/03
Supersonic Propulsion Challenges
Commercial
SFC @ M 2.0 1.00
M 2.0 Cruise El (g NOx/kg fuel) 50%
Cumulative Noise Reduction* -20dB
Overland Supersonic Capability
Military
Reduction in Emissions 10%
Safety / Reliability 5X
Affordability Reduction 25%
*Relative to Stage 3 Rules
AT –030510/12–6/20/03
Access-to-Space Goals
Thrust to Weight 15 to 1
Mission Cost $100 per lb. Payload
SFC for Subsonic Return 0.9
Safety 1 incident in 10,000flights
AT –030510/13–6/20/03
Space
Hypersonic
SubsonicSupersonic
Technology Needs to Achieve Long RangePropulsion Vision
Compression•High Stage Loading•Flow Controlled Airfoils•Core Drive Fans•Passive & Active Stability•Composite High Speed Airfoils•Blisks
Turbines•Integrated Turbine Blades/Disks•Advanced Cooling•Wake/Shock Management•Clearance Management•Highly Loaded Aerodynamics
Combustion•Low Emission Research•High Mach Combustion•High Heat Sink Fuels•Coke Barrier Coatings•Active Combustion Control
Controls•Intelligent Controls•Distributed Control System•Prognostic Sensors•MEMS•Wireless Communications
Mechanical Components•High DN Bearings•Magnetic Bearings•Air-Oil Brush Seals
Inlet / Nacelle/ Nozzle•Light Weight Structures•Integrated Airframe/Engine Structures•TiAl Structures•Fluidic Mixing•Fluidic Vectoring
Materials•High Temp. Ni Alloys•CMC’s•PMC’s•Nano Structures•Smart Materials & Structures•Advanced NDE•Accelerated ImplementationMethods
Modeling•Physics-based Tools•Time Unsteady Aero•Aeromechanics•CFD Design Tools•Combustor Codes•Digital Engine Model•Noise Prediction Tools•Manufacturing Modeling
AT –030510/14–6/20/03
Investing In Technology
TechnologyCapability
Development Cost / Development Risk
New ParadigmsPulse Detonation EnginesFuel CellsHigh Costs – High Payoffs
Technology to Improve UponToday’s ParadigmsModerate Costs – Moderate Risks
Variable Cycle Engines
Fluidics
Thermal ManagementSystems
Materials
AT –030510/15–6/20/03
Investment Recommendations
Enabling Technology ProductsHistory
ATEGG / JTDE F110, F414
IHPTET F119, F135, F136
E3 CF6, CFM56, GE90Future
UEET / QAT / QSP Advanced TransportURETI’s Global Reach Transport
Supersonic BizJet
VAATE NAI Long Range Strike
RTA Access-to-SpaceAdvanced Rotorcraft
Growth JSF
DARPA Pulse DetonationFuel Cells
Adequate Funding in Enabling TechnologiesKey to Continued U.S. Aerospace Preeminence
AT –030510/16–6/20/03
Propulsion Vision for the 21st Century
Key to Success is Strong Cooperation BetweenAcademia, Industry, and Government Agencies
Academia
Government
Industry
L O C K H E E D M A R TI N
Industry / Government S&T Investment ...
Ris
kIn
vestmen
t
High
Low
Time
Tec
hn
olo
gy
Dem
on
stra
tio
n
Maturation
Fu
nd
amen
tal
Dev
elo
pm
ent
… Positioning for the Future
AT –030510/18–6/20/03
Summary
• U.S. Aerospace industry provides export leadership,military superiority, and clean, fuel efficient aircraft
• Aerospace R&D is the basis for leadership role
• Future trends: faster, environmentally friendly,safe aerospace systems
• Propulsion key contributor to aerospace superiority
• Significant propulsion growth opportunities ahead
• Alternate propulsion concepts must be researched
Consistent, Steady, S&T Funding Neededfor Research / Maintain Intellectual Capital