Proposed UGC- Minor Research Project - Shibli National …shiblicollege.ac.in/pdf/FinalReport.pdf · · 2017-02-13The earliest study in the level of development was made by

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Introduction

Regional disparity is a ubiquitous phenomenon in both

developed and developing economies. But in the lat ter i t is more acute

and glaring. When economic development occurs unequally across a

country, regional differences in the levels of l iving become an important

poli t ical issue. State economies are often composed of sets of smaller

and localized economies. If the national economy is to prosper then i ts

consti tuent regional economies must be brought into some sort of

harmony. Any attempt to implement regional balanced -growth strategy,

i t is necessary to identify nature and pattern of regional development ,

the availabil i ty of basic amenities and the quali ty of infrastructure

available . In Uttar Pradesh too, area disparit ies in the level of poverty,

unemployment, income, infrastructure , agriculture, industry and above

all the level of l iving of people exist substantially across the regions.

Numerous measures have been undertaken in the last sixty years of

planning to achieve balanced regional development of the State, yet wide

disparit ies in area development continues in this state.

In the regional analysis of development one comes

across regions which are well developed and the peopl e in such region

enjoy reasonable standard of living while in others, resource utilization

and development is low owing to historical circumstances or other wise,

resulting in the underdeveloped of the region whereby people have a poor

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standard of living. The problem of imbalance in regional development

thus assumes a great significance. Regional development, therefore, is

interpreted as intra-regional development design to solve the problems of

regions lagging behind. The first connotation of regional is e conomic in

which the differences in growth, in volume and structure of production,

income, and employment are taken as the measure of economic progress.

However, recently it has been argued that merely economic cri teria cannot

explain the level of development, which is multidimensional concept.

Therefore, such variables or criteria should also be employed which

indicate progress on technological , social and cultural fronts. Thus

development means progress throughout the society. However, at the base

of development process lies the progress in different sectors of the

economy.

Developing agriculture and reducing gaps between regions with

regard to the efficiency of the agricultural system can only achieve

regional development in an overwhelming agricultural si tuation. Progress

in agriculture releases resources, labour as well as capital for use in

industry and services. Progress in agriculture also leads to the

modernization and social development and better level of living through

education and generating propensity other than agricultural goods.

OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE

The earliest study in the level of development was made by

Schwartzberg (1962). The use of a composite index of development brought

out areal differences in the levels of development, althoug h these differences

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could not be further put rigorous regional analysis as the data were on the

basis of states (prior to 1956) which are not ideally suited to reveal regional

differences.

Pal (1965) put a more systematic attempt in the construction of a

composite index of selected variables, which permits several stages of

analysis in relation to the group of variables contributing to overall

development; with a study of All India level it may be regarded essentially as

a contribution to methodology in areal differentiation by factor analysis.

Mitra

(1965) has grouped 324 districts of India into four levels of

development. For this study he has selected 63 variables and these variables

were grouped into six convenient blocks. The variables pertain to natural

factors, agricultural infrastructure, traditional economy, human resources,

organized industry etc. This study is unique for its simplicity and systematic

approach.

Nath (1970) on the basis of state and district level data worked

out the regional patterns of economic development and economic growth

within India. Analysis of the level of economic development has been made

only for the states. The level of economic development of states has been

measured in two ways: (i) on the basis of per cap ita income, and (ii) through

the use of a composite index of economic development based on four

indicators. Analysis of economic growth has been made with the help of data

on growth rates of population, agricultural output, and per capita value added

in the industry, and per capita income. He mapped the states of India into

two categories of relatively developed and less developed.

Prakash (1977) assessed the regional inequalities and economic

development in relation to infrastructural facili ties in Indi a. He selected

several infrastructural factors: the various population characterist ics that

reflect the development of infrastructure determinants of industrialization, the

development of power, irrigation and agricultural implements and road

transportation, communication and banking services. He obtained two

important conclusions from the analysis of development of individual regions

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in various fields: (i) there is no region, which is equally developed or

underdeveloped in all fields. (ii) the other impo rtant result is that the some

region/regions come under the category of underdeveloped region if some

other indicator relating to the same field is used for classification. It implies

that an appropriate indicator should be chosen to determine the stage o f

development of the regions.

Hemlata Rao (1984) while studying the regional disparit ies, dimensions

and typology of backwardness in Karnataka applied the technique of factor

analysis in delineating the regions. The study covers 175 talukas (villages) of

Karnataka and examines inter taluka diversities in the land uti lization pattern,

cropping pattern, agricultural development, pattern of industrial spread, and

industrial developments, level of development of education, health, transport,

communication, power, banking and cooperative sectors and overall

development level during period between 1975 -76 and 1979-80. The study

concludes that in Karnataka there is not only wide diversity in natural

endowments but also wide disparities in the levels of secto ral and aggregate

development. All backward regions are not the same rather they have

different dimensions and typology of backwardness. The causes of

backwardness also vary from region to region.

Levels of socioeconomic development and regional development

may show many dimensions of progress and backwardness. Therefore, the

present study may found similarities and differences among different areas of

Uttar Pradesh in respect of socioeconomic development.

The most accepted and yet the most complex task of regional planning

is to prepare a comprehensive regional development plan. The present study

will help to prepare an integrated plan between the economic and social

components in a given region and interregional, that is between different

levels of regions. Regional planning is strongly advocated where there are

conflicts arising out of administrative jurisdiction, resource patterns and

sharp contrasts in the levels of development between regions of an Uttar

Pradesh, which is in the process of development.

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Hence, the researchers of the present investigation have made a

humble attempt to find out the causes and consequences of regional

disparity in socio-economic development of Uttar Pradesh.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The present study attempts to assess the existing level of socio-

economic development in Uttar Pradesh, leading to the identification of

regions having unequal share of socio -economic development.

The specific objectives are as follows:

1. To analyze the existing levels of socio-economic development in the

region.

2. To examine spatial distribution of socio-economic development in relation

to their correlates.

3. Determination of levels of development at district levels on the basis of

socio-economic development of the region.

4. To suggest a suitable strategy for accelerating the overall development of

the region.

HYPOTHESIS

Corresponding to the objectives of the present research, the

following null hypotheses have been framed for empirical verification and it

has been verified:

H.01: There would be no significant regional disparity in socio -economic

development of Uttar Pradesh (District wise and Region wise)

H.02: There would be no significant relationship between socio-economic development and

regional disparity in Uttar Pradesh.

METHODOLOGY:

Data Collection:

The study pertains to 70 distri cts of Uttar Pradesh. The secondary

data is collected from the published and unpublished records, viz. census

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reports, and revenue records, district statistical year books, the data kept at

the state, district, tehsil and block headquarters. The data, which are not

available through secondary sources, is collected through field surveys.

The data is collected from National Information Centre (NIC) and

Statist ical Division, Department of Planni ng, Niyojan Bhavan, Lucknow,

Uttar Pradesh. As the district is a unit of analysis in this study, the data will

also procure at the district level from district Statistical Division.

Data Analysis:

Since the focus of the study is on the economic and socia l dimensions

of the development, the levels of development in this study are to be

examined in the following specific indicators .

A. Social Development

B. Agricultural Development

C. Industrial Development

The first two encompass the economy and the later two take stock of

their social progress. An integrated picture of socio -economic

development is obtained by knitting together the regional patterns of

development in all the four spheres.

Variable Definition

Social Sector

X1 No. of school per lakh of population

X2 Literacy

X3 Percentage of urban population to total population

X4 Length of PWD pucca road per lakh of population

X5 Per capita electricity consumption (K.W.H.)

X6 Percentage of main workers to total population

X7 No. of beds in Allopathic hospitals/dispensaries per lakh of population

(including P.H.C)

X8 No. of Primary Health Centres (P.H.C) per lakh of population

Agricultural Sector

X9 Percentage of main agricultural workers to total main workers

X10 Percentage of gross irrigated area to gross area sown

X11 Cropping intensity

X12 Distribution of total fertilizer per hectare of gross area sown

Industrial Sector

X13 No. of scheduled commercial banks per lakh of population

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X14 No. of small scale industries per lakh of population

X15 No. of employees in registered factories per lakh of population

X16 No. of working factories per lakh of population

The data for the study is analyzed and tabulated with the help of

statistical Z-score technique of each items of the district. The technique

reads as fallows:

Z-score = X-X/

Where X - individual value

X - Mean value of the given indicator

- Standard deviation

Z-score value of each variable will be aggregated to find out the

composite score for the assessment of the level of socio economic

development at district level.

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Chapter 1

Geographical Profile of the Study Area

Physical Background

Uttar Pradesh; the most populous state of the country, has a geographical area of 240928 km2

which constitute7.3 % of the total area of the country. Uttar Pradesh is situated between 23˚52΄N -

30˚24΄N latitude and 77˚05΄E -84˚38΄E longitude. It is bounded by Uttaranchal and Nepal on the

north, by Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh on the south, Rajasthan, Haryana and Delhi on the west,

and Bihar and Jharkhand on the east. Despite its bifurcation in November 2000 into Uttaranchal and

Uttar Pradesh, it is still one of the largest and most densely populated states in India. It has been

divided into 70 administrative districts.

Uttar Pradesh comprises three physiographic regions namely, the submontane region lying

between the Himalayas and the plains, the vast alluvial Gangetic plains and the southern hills and

plateau. All the rivers except the Gomati and the Chambal emerge from the Himalayas. The State is

fed by five major rivers, the Ganga, the Yamuna, the Ramganga, the Gomati and the Ghaghra which

drain into the Bay of Bengal. More than one-fourth of Uttar Pradesh lies within the Gangetic plains

consisting of alluvial deposits brought down from the Himalayas by the Ganga, Yamuna and their

tributaries. The southern hills form part of the Vindhya range whose elevation rarely exceeds 300 m.

Uttar Pradesh is one of the poorest states in India. It has low income and low productivity levels, low

degree of urbanization, widespread illiteracy, high birth and death rates, and low levels of investment.

It is one of the most populous State, supporting 16.2% of India’s population. The total population is

166.05 million (2001 census) of which 79.2% is rural and 20.8% urban. The population density is

689 persons per sq. km.

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Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of foodgrains and oilseeds in the country. The State leads

in the production of wheat, maize, barley, grain, sugercane and potatoes. It has world famous cities

and sites such as Agra (Taj Mahal, Sikandara, Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri), Varanasi and Mathura

(Hindu pilgrimage centers), and Allahabad (where the Ganga and Yamuna rivers meet). The Dudwa

National Park is a famous IBA site in the State.

The State has a diverse range of habitats for birds and other biodiversity which include forest

areas in the sub-Himalayan terai and also the Dry Deciduous Forests of the Bundelkhand regions

bordering Madhya Pradesh and Chhatisgarh. According to the Forest Survey of India report of 2001,

the recorded forest area in the State is 16,826,000 ha, about 2.2% of Indias forest and 7% of the

States geographical area. The State has a tropical climate with a wide temperature fluctuation from

2°C to 48°C. There are three main seasons: summer from March to mid-June; the rainy season from

mid-June to September; and, winter from October to February. There is a great variation in rainfall.

The bhabhar area has an average rainfall from 1300 to 1900 mm, whereas in the terai it varies from

1200 to 2500 mm. In the Gangetic plains the rainfall varies from 600 to 1200 mm.

Drainage

The state is well drained by a number of rivers originating in either the Himalayas to the north or

the Vindhya Range to the south. The Ganges and its main tributaries-the Yamuna, the

Ramganga, the Gomati, the Ghaghara, and the Gandak- are fed by the perpetual snows of the

Himalayas. The Chambal, the Betwa, and the Ken, originating from the Vindhya Range, drain

the southwestern part of the state before joining the Yamuna. The Son, also originating in the

Vindhya Range, drains the southeastern part of the state and joins the Ganges beyond the state

borders (in Bihar).

In India agriculture without irrigation is a gamble. In many areas cultivation is not

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possible without irrigation and in other areas supplemented irrigation makes it possible to

maintain production at reasonable level and helps to avoid crop failure. So the drainage

system of any region has played an important role in the process of agricultural development.

Rivers are beneficial in two ways. Firstly, they provide water for irrigation purpose and

secondly, rivers bring yearly enormous loads of alluvial deposits from the mountains and

deposit it on their beds and sides. These deposits help in the formation of rich and fertile soils.

Rivers help in the process of renewing the fertility of the land with their yearly fresh deposits.

The drainage in Uttar Pradesh with the exception of low lying parts is well developed.

The courses of rivers and streams follow the general gradient of the plain, i.e. from north to

south and south-east. The Ganga and the Yamuna are the two principal rivers of this region,,

the remaining streams are minor and seasonal in nature. The discharge of the seasonal streams

varies from nothing in the hot season to hundred of cubic metre per second during the rainy

season.

The Ganga, having its source in the snowy caps of the Himalayas, enters the Upper

Ganga-Yamuna doab at Haridwar. The bed of the Ganga in the south of the Haridwar town is

composed of boulders and calcareous rocks. The loss of percolation is very marked in this

portion of its course. The boulders disappear and are gradually replaced by sand and flowing

southwards, the river starts meandering. In the plain, the banks of the river are slightly defined

on one side and abrupt on the other, according to the position of the mainstream. The volume

of water in the river increases by the middle of March due to the melting of snow and in the

months of July and August due to monsoons. The width of the current normally varies from

half kilometer in the dry season to five kilometers in the rainy season. In parts where the bank

of the river consists of sandy undulation, the width of the stream increases up to seven

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kilometers. The Ganga in the southern part makes meanders, loops and ox-bow lakes owing to

the uniform gradient of the plain. From time to time the Ganga has changed its course.

The Yamuna is one of the most important tributaries of the Ganga. Its source lies very

close to that of the Ganga. It enters the plain at ‘khara’ in the extreme north-west corner of the

Saharanpur district. The deep channel of river separates the plain of Upper Ganga-Yamuna

doab from Delhi and Haryana. In the plain Yamuna flows into several channels and its course

becomes broad. In the middle part of the district of Muzaffarnagar, it makes loops and sharp

bends. Passing along the western border of Meerut, Ghaziabad and Bulandshahar districts it

enters in the district of Aligarh.

The Yamuna receives a number of torrents and minor stream. The important

tributaries are Badshahi bagh rao, Raipur rao, Punjna rao, Markera rao, Saindhi nadi, Bhuria

nadi, Katha nala and Hindon. The Hindon rises in the form of torrent from Siwaliks. It is

joined by many torrents like Nagadeo Dhamola and Dhanda, etc. and its course becomes well

defined. Later it is joined by Kali nadi and Kirsani. The east Kali nadi is the main stream of

the eastern part of the study region. It emerges from the low-lying depressions in the south-

eastern part of the Muzaffarnagar district and flows in an ill defined channel until it enters

Meerut district. Further south in Bulandshahr districtit is joined by Abu nala. Another stream,

the Nim nadi flows in between the Ganga and the east Kali nadi in Bulandshahar district.

Lakes are not important features in the study region. However, some lakes originate

due to the meandering action of rivers. These lakes are small in size and remain connected

with these rivers by small channels. Lakes of bhangar consist of those depressions which are

not connected with the rivers and in which water collects during the rains and often floods the

surrounding areas.

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Climate

The general climate of the study region is hot with ample of sunshine. The maximum

summer temperature varies between 40˚C to 42˚C during the summer months of May and

June, while the minimum temperature during the winter ranges between 3˚C to 4˚C. The

region receives rainfall between 70 to 140 centimeters and 90 per cent of the total rainfalls

during the rainy season.

Climatologically, the year of this region could be divided into three seasons: the cold

weather season from October to the end of February the hot weather season from the

beginning of March to mid June and the rainy season from mid June to the end of September.

The cold weather season is characterized by cold and dry air clear skies; fall in

temperature, high pressure, mist and fog. December and January are the coldest months, when

the maximum and minimum temperatures are 21˚C and 6˚C respectively. The cold waves

coming from the Himalayas also bring a fall in the temperature for short period. In February

the temperature rises slightly. In these months heavy mist and fog locally known as kohra

which often occurs at right and lasts until the sun rises. Occasionally the fog becomes so

intensive and prolonged- that it damages the rabi crop (winter crop). During the months of

December, January and February a few depressions accompanied by moderate rainfall pass

through this area. The rainfall decreases from north to south and the total amount of rainfall

during the cold weather season nowhere exceeds ten centimeters. This rainfall, though small

in quantity is highly helpful to the winter crops as it comes at a time when plants are

flowering, the effectiveness of the rainfall is further increased by the prevailing low

temperatures. Occasionally at the flowering and temperatures, rabi crops, the occurrence of

hailstorms causes damage to them.

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The hot weather season is characterized by rising temperature and falling pressure. At

the advent of March, temperature rises abruptly and continues rising till the month of May

and June. The maximum and minimum temperatures for April are 38˚C and 21˚C

respectively. The month of May and June record exceptionally high temperature, as high as

44˚C and even more 46˚C for a few days. The days are characterized by intensive heat, dry air

and low relative humidity. Regular phenomena of this season is the flowering of hot and dry

winds locally called as loo and the occurrence of dust and thunderstorm which are locally

known as andhi. They usually occur in the afternoon and are accompanied by squally winds,

thunder, blinding dust and sometimes rains. The amount of rainfall during this period is very

low and is not very important for agriculture.

The monsoon normally commences in the third week of June. The advent of the

monsoon brings a complete change in the weather. There is fall in the day temperature. The

maximum and the minimum temperature gradually fall from 44˚C and 27˚C respectively in

June to about 30˚C and 25˚C in July. The relative humidity remains over aa70 Percent

throughout the rainy season. There are burst of rain alternating with rainless intervals which

lasts for three to five days. The months of July and August are the rainiest months and receive

more than 50 per cent of the total rainfall. The relative humidity increases and is about 85 per

cent in August. In September the rains normally slacken and rainless intervals become longer.

The relative humidity remains high. The rainfall decreases from north to south in the region.

Soils

The soils of the study region are so much uniform and similar in their character that it

is difficult to make distinctions. Nevertheless several varieties of soils are generally

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recognized by the people, though not any hard and fast line of demarcation can be drawn

between one soil to another.

The soils are alluvial and on geological basis classified into two categories: the new

alluvium and the old alluvium also known as khaddar and bhangar respectively. The khadar

lands are found in the valleys of the Ganga Yamuna, Hindon and their tributaries. The

bhangar soil which covers the major part of the region varies from gray brown to dark in

colour and sandy-loam to stiff clay depending upon the topography and drainage. The

occurrence of nodules locally known as kankar which are found at various depths is

significant characteristic feature of these soils.

1. Khadar Soils or Sandy Soils: The study region nearly thirty per cent of soil consists of the

new alluvial deposits of the rivers, locally known as raitily. Away from the banks in the

valleys of the rivers it is sandy silt and becomes silty clay in the depressions. The relatively

elevated sandy parts are devoted to maize, millets and sugarcane, while silty clay is devoted to

coarse varieties of rice, wheat, barley, lentil and peas mixed with gram. Agriculture in this

area is precarious due to water loggings.

2. Bhangar Soils: On the basis of texture the bhangar soils are further subdivided into:

(i) Dark loam: The land between the torrents of the submontane tract consists of the

dark loamy soil. The thin layer of the soil resting on a substratum of stones and

boulders are mostly covered by grass and shrubs. There are, however numerous

torrents in this area which quickly drain off the rain water and lead to soil erosion. In

many parts the under-neath structure has been exposed by the erosion are, however,

very productive, Maize, millets, rice, cotton and sugarcane and barley in the rabi

season are generally grown.

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(ii) In the Ganga-Kali interfluves, the dominant soil is sandy-loam. The surface soil is

yellow to brown in colour with a sub-soil which is brownish yellow. The sub-soil is

locally known as sankrail. Owing to the coarse ans light texture of the soil, its water

retention capacity is low, but the irrigation facilities by the Upper Ganga Canal and

tube wells have made it capable of producing good crops of sugarcane in the kharif

and wheat in the rabi season.

(iii) Clayey-loam: The well drained Hindon-Yamuna interfluves are covered by

clayey-loam soil. Its water retention capacity is quite high. The surface soil is brown

in colour, while dark grey in the lower horizon. Salt contents in this soil are low. This

soil is agriculturally very fertile. In fact highest crop yields in the region are found in

this type of soil. The clayey loam tract is extensively irrigated by the eastern Yamuna

canal, Upper Ganga Canal and by tube wells. Sugarcane, rice, maize and fodder in

kharif season and wheat, gram, peas and barley are mainly cultivated in the rabi-

season.

(iv) Clayey soil: The Yamuna-Hindon interfluves are covered by soils varying from

sandy-clay to clay. The surface soil is grey to dark grey in colour, with a sub-soil

which is dark brown. These soils are hard and very difficult to plough, especially

when dry. At that stage they acquire a bad cloddy structure. When wet, it gets puddle

up and becomes sticky. It is often characterized by salt efflorescence, which redress

then useless for agricultural purposes. In the years of exceptionally heavy rainfall, soil

show stunted growth. The relatively elevated parts are devoted to maize, millets while

in the low lying parts rice is the main crop in kharif while wheat, gram and peas in

rabi season.

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Cultural Background

Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India. In the early 21st century it had an

overall population density of more than twice the national average. The Gangetic Plain supports

the overwhelming majority of the state’s population.

Population composition

Roughly one-fifth of the state’s people belong to groups known as Scheduled

Castes (formerly called “untouchables”; groups that officially occupy a low position within

the caste system). A tiny percentage of the people belong to Scheduled Tribes (a term generally

applied to indigenous peoples who fall outside the predominant Indian social hierarchy). The

vast majority of the people, including members of all levels of the caste hierarchy, are Hindus.

Muslims are the largest religious minority. There also are relatively small groups of Sikhs,

Christians, Jains, and Buddhists. Hindi is an official language of the state and the mother tongue

of most of the people. Urdu, additionally an official language, is primarily spoken by Muslims.

The vernacular Hindustani is widely understood.

Most urban inhabitants live in cities with populations of more than 100,000. Among the

largest cities of Uttar Pradesh are Kanpur, Lucknow, Agra, Varanasi, Meerut,

and Allahabad. Kanpur, located in the central portion of the state, is the premier industrial city of

Uttar Pradesh. Lucknow, the state capital, is about 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Kanpur. Agra,

in the western part of the state, is the site of the Taj Mahal, a mausoleum built by the Mughal

emperor Shah Jahān (ruled 1628–58) in memory of his wife; it is the most famous tourist

attraction in India. Varanasi, the city most sacred to Hindus, is one of the world’s oldest

continuously inhabited cities. Meerut, northeast of Delhi, is an important centre of

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transportation, trade and industry. Allahabad (on the site of the ancient holy city of Prayag),

located at the confluence of the Ganges and the Yamuna River, is another city sacred to Hindus.

Demographic Trends

The population of Uttar Pradesh continues to grow at a high rate. Because of this high

growth rate and a substantial reduction in infant mortality in the 20th century, there has been a

significant increase in the proportion of young adults and children. The sex ratio also has

improved; in 2001 there were 898 females per 1,000 males, up from 876 per 1,000 in 1991.

Toward the end of the 19th century, dire poverty and the promise of better opportunities forced

many people of the region to migrate to distant lands, such as South Africa, Mauritius, Fiji, and

the West Indies. In more recent years, migration from Uttar Pradesh has been mainly to other

parts of India, particularly to large cities such as Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay),

and Delhi.

Economy

Agriculture:

Agriculture is the mainstay of the state’s economy. The chief crops are rice, wheat, and

sugarcane. Since the late 1960s, with the introduction of high-yielding varieties of seed for wheat

and rice, greater availability of fertilizers, and increased use of irrigation, the state has become a

major producer of food grains in the country. Many of its farmers, however, still suffer from two

major constraints: small landholdings and insufficient resources to invest in the technology

required for improved production. Livestock and dairy farming often provide a supplementary

source of income.

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Resources and power:

Silica, limestone, and coal are found in considerable quantities in Uttar Pradesh. There

also are small reserves of gypsum, magnesite, phosphorite, and bauxite. The national government

has supported the development of coal fields in the southeastern area around Mirzapur.

The state often suffers from shortages of power. Installed capacity has greatly increased

since Indian independence, but the gap between supply and demand remains wide. Power is

generated at the Obra-Rihand complex (in southeastern Uttar Pradesh), one of India’s biggest

thermal stations; at a number of hydroelectric power plants in various parts of the state; and at a

nuclear power station in the western district of Bulandshahr (near Delhi).

Manufacturing

Textiles and sugar refining, both long-standing industries in Uttar Pradesh, employ an

important percentage of the state’s total factory labour. Other resource-based industries in Uttar

Pradesh produce vegetable oil, jute, and cement. The Indian government established a number of

large factories that manufacture heavy equipment, machinery, steel, aircraft, telephone and

electronics equipment, and fertilizers. The national government has funded an oil refinery

at Mathura. The state government has promoted medium- and small-scale industries.

The state’s exports include such products as footwear, leather goods, and sporting gear.

Handicrafts constitute a significant portion of exports as well. Carpets from Bhadohi

and Mirzapur, for example, are prized worldwide. Among other local specialities are the silks

and brocades of Varanasi, ornamental brass ware from Moradabad, chikan embroidery

from Lucknow, ebony work from Nagina, glassware from Firozabad, and carved woodwork

from Saharanpur.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/385147/Mirzapur-Vindhyachal

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/83996/Bulandshahr

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/369320/Mathura

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/385147/Mirzapur-Vindhyachal


http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/391690/Moradabad

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/110986/chikan-work

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/350656/Lucknow

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516427/Saharanpur

19

Tourism:

Tourism in the state is of growing economic importance. Many visitors flock to Hindu

centres such as Varanasi, Allahabad, Ayodhya, and the Mathura-Vrindavan area; Buddhist

centres such as Sarnath, Kasia (site of Kushinagara, where the Buddha died), and Shravasti; and

other historic places such as Agra, Lucknow, and Kannauj.

Transportation:

The state’s cities and towns are connected by a vast network of roads, including a number

of national highways, and railways. Major cities in Uttar Pradesh are connected by air

to Delhi and other large cities of India. The three inland waterways of the Ganges, Yamuna, and

Ghaghara rivers also are an integral part of the state’s transportation system

**************

20

Chapter 2

Social Development

Social development has been defined as a macro strategy of planned intervention to

improve the capacity of existing social systems to cope with the demand of change and growth.

Social development is at best a short form of social aspects of dimensions of development entity.

Social development has also been used as synonymous to institutional development which refers

to the process of institutional change to bring about a better condition between human needs,

social policies and programmes.

Social development of an area is best reflected in the quality of life of its people. The

quality is dependent, among other things, on the infrastructural facilities. These facilities include

educational institutions, health centers, transport and communications, banking services,

electrification and housing. The dual nature of infrastructure may also be noted. It is not merely

a component of development but also a factor of development. The infrastructural facilities, on

the one hand, indicate the level of social development in an area and, on the other hand, these

points to the likely trends in its future progress.

In the present study, eight indicators have been examined pertaining to education,

health and urban population to find out the levels of social development of the study area. The

selection of indicators is based on the availability of data, importance, accuracy and suitability of

the indicators in the study region.

Variable Definition


X2 Literacy



21




(including P.H.C)


No. of school per lakh of population (JBS+SBS+HSS)

There are 71 schools (Junior Basic School + Senior Basic School+ Higher Secondary

School) per lakh of population in Uttar Pradesh. Etawah (148) has the highest number of

school per and Ambedkarnagar (39) schools per lakh of population. At district level there is

wide variation in the distribution of schools per lakh of population in the study region. The

distribution of primary schools per lakh of population has been shown in table 2.1 and

Fig.2.1

Very High Concentration: (1.35-2.56)

There are five districts in this category which account for 7.1 percent of the total districts.

Out of these five districts four districts Auraiya, Etawah, Mainpuri and Hathras namely lies in

Western Uttar Pradesh and one district namely Kanpur Dehat lie in Central Uttar Pradesh.

High Concentration:- (0.43-1.35)

There are twenty districts in this category which account for 28.57 percent of the total

districts. Out of these twenty districts eleven districts namely Moradabad, Rampur, J.P.Nagar,

Aligarh, Mathura, Agra, Etah, Pilibhit, Shahjahanpur, Farrukhabad and Kannauj are in western Uttar

Pradesh; four districts namely Hardoi, Fatehpur, Unnao and Barabanki are in Central Uttar Pradesh;

four districts namely Jalaun, Chitrakoot, Mahoba and Lalitpur are in Bundelkhand region and only

one district namely Kaushambi lie in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

22

Medium Concentration:- (48.27-65.37)

There are seventeen districts in this category which account for 24.29 percent of the total

districts. Out of these seventeen, six districts namely Bulandshahr, Muzaffarnagar, Firozabad,

Bareilly, Bijnor and Budaun lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; three districts namely Sitapur, Kheri

and Raebareli lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; three districts namely Banda, Jhansi and Hamirpur

lies in Bundelkhand region and five districts namely Sonbhadra, Pratapgarh, Faizabad Sharawasti

and Balrampur lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Table 2.1

No. of school per lakh of population 2001 (JBS+SBS+HSS)

Category Index Name of the District No. of

Districts

Very High 1.35-2.56 Hathras, Mainpuri, Etawah, Auraiya, Kanpur Dehat 05

High 0.43-1.35 Moradabad, Rampur, J.P.Nagar, Aligarh, Mathura,

Agra, Fatehpur, Etah, Pilibhit, Shahjahanpur,

Farrukhabad, Kannauj, Hardoi, Unnao, Barabanki,

Jalaun, Chitrakoot, Kaushambi, Mahoba, Lalitpur

20

Medium -0.32-0.44 Bulandshahr, Sonbhadra, Banda, Pratapgarh,

Faizabad, Muzaffarnagar, Firozabad, Sharawasti,

Balrampur, Jhansi, Hamirpur, Raebareli, Sitapur,

Kheri, Barielly, Budaun, Bijnor

17

Low -1.07- -0.32 G.B.Nagar, Varanasi, Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Chandauli,

Sant Kabirnagar, Saharanpur, Meerut, Baghpat,

Ballia, Mau, Deoria, Gorakhpur, Sidharthnagar, Basti,

Sultanpur, Kanpur Nagar, Lucknow,

18

23

Low Concentration: - (-1.07- -0.32)

There are eighteen districts in this category which account for 25.71 percent of the total

districts. Out of these eighteen districts four districts namely G.B.Nagar, Saharanpur, Meerut and

Baghpat lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; Kanpur Nagar and Lucknow in Central Uttar Pradesh;

and twelve districts namely Varanasi, Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Chandauli, Sant Kabirnagar, Ballia, Mau,

Deoria, Gorakhpur, Sidharthnagar, Basti and Sultanpur are lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Very Low Concentration:- (-1.98- -1.07)

There are ten districts in this category which account for 14.29 percent of the total

districts. Out of these ten districts Ghaziabad is the only district lie in Western Uttar Pradesh and

rest nine districts namely Mirzapur, Sant Ravidasnagar, Azamgarh, Kushinagar, Maharajganj,

Gonda, Bahraich, Ambedkarnagar and Allahabad lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Literacy

Literacy rate of Uttar Praesh is 56.27 % whereas at the district level Kanpur Nagar

(74.37%) has the highest literacy and Sharawasti has the lowest (33.82%) literacy rate. But

at district level there is wide variation in the literacy rate in the study region. The

distribution of literacy rate in the study area has been shown in table 2.2 and Fig.2.2

Very High Concentration: - (0.74-2.08)

There are fifteen districts in this category which account for 21.43 percent of the total

districts. Out of these fifteen districts seven districts namely Meerut, Baghpat, Ghaziabad,

G.B.Nagar, Firozabad, Mainpuri, Etawah and Auraiya lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; three

Very Low -1.98- -1.07 Ghaziabad, Mirzapur, Sant Ravidasnagar, Azamgarh,

Kushinagar, Maharajganj, Gonda, Bahraich,

Ambedkarnagar, Allahabad

10

24

districts namely Lucknow, Kanpur Dehat, Kanpur Nagar lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; three

districts namely Jhansi, Chitrakoot, and Jalaun lies in Bundelkhand region and Varanasi district

lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

High Concentration: - (0.29-0.74)

There are thirteen districts in this category which account for 30.61 percent of the total

districts. Out of these thirteen district eight districts Hathras, Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar,

Bulandshahr, Mathura, Agra, Farrukhabad, Kannauj namely lies in Western Uttar Pradesh and five

districts namely Allahabadm Mau, Jaunpur, Ghazipur, and Chandauli lies in Eastern Uttar

Pradesh.

Table 2.2

Literacy


Districts

Very High 0.74-2.08 Meerut, Baghpat, Ghaziabad, G.B.Nagar, Jhansi, Firozabad,

Mainpuri, Etawah, Auraiya, Chitrakoot, Varanasi, Lucknow,

Kanpur Dehat, Kanpur Nagar, Jalaun

15

High 0.29-0.74 Hathras, Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Bulandshahr, Mathura,

Agra, Farrukhabad, Kannauj, Allahabad, Mau, Jaunpur,

Ghazipur, Chandauli,

13

Medium -0.40-0.29 Bijnor, Aligarh, Etah, Unnao, Raebareli, Fatehpur, Mirzapur,

Ambedkarnagr, Sultanpur, Hamirpur, Mahoba, Banda,

Pratapgarh, Faizabad, Gorakhpur, Azamgarh, Ballia, Deoria,

Sant Ravidasnagar,

19

Low -1.53- -

0.40

Maharajganj, Basti, Moradabad, J.P.Nagar, Sitapur,

Kushinagar, Barabanki, Lalitpur, Sonbhadra, Chitrakoot,

Barielly, Pilibhit, Shahjahanpur, Kheri, Hardoi, Sant

Kabirnagar,

16

Very Low -2.53- -

1.53

Rampur, Budaun, Bahraich, Sharawasti, Balrampur, Gonda,

Sidharthnagar

07

25

Medium Concentration: - (-0.40-0.29)

There are nineteen districts in this category which account for 27.14 percent of the

total districts. Out of these nineteen districts, three districts namely Bijnor, Aligarh and Etah lies

in Western Uttar Pradesh; three districts namely Unnao, Raebareli and Fatehpur lies in Centrral

Uttar Pradesh; three districts namely Hamirpur, Mahoba and Banda lies in Bundelkhand region

whrereas whereas ten districts namely Mirzapur, Ambedkarnagr, Sultanpur, Pratapgarh, Faizabad,

Gorakhpur, Azamgarh, Ballia, Deoria and Sant Ravidasnagar lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.


There are sixteen districts in this category which account for 18.37 percent of the total

districts. Out of sixteen districts five districts namely Moradabad, J.P. Nagar, Bareilly, Pilibit

and Shahjahanpur lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; four districts namely Kheri, Sitapur, Barabanki

and Hardoi lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; two districts namely Lalitpur and Chitrakoot lies in

26

Bundelkhand region and five districts namely Maharajganj, Basti, Kushinagar, Sant

Ravidasnagar and Sonbhadra lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Very Low Concentration: - (-2.53- -1.53)

There are seven districts in this category which accounts for 10 percent of the total

districts. Out of these seven districts Rampur and Budaun lies in Western Uttar Pradesh and five

districts namely Bahraich, Sharawasti, Balrampur, Gonda and Sidharthnagar lies in Eastern Uttar

Pradesh.

Percentage of urban population to total population

Urban population of Uttar Pradesh is 20.8 percent. Kanpur Nagaar (67.1%) has the

highest urban population whereas the district of Sharawasti (2.8 %) has the lowest urban

population in the State.But at district level there is wide variation in the distribution of urban

population in the study region. The distribution of urban population in the study region has been

shown in table 2.3 and Fig.2.3


There are four districts in this category which accounts for 5.71 percent of the total

districts. Out of these four districts two districts namely Meerut and Ghaziabad lies in Western

Uttar Pradesh and two districts namely Kanpur Nagar and Lucknow lies in Central Uttar

Pradesh.


There are also nine districts in this category which account for 12.86 percent of the total

districts. Out of these nine districts six districts namely Moradabad, G.B.Nagar, Aligarh,

Mathura, Agra, Firozabad and Bareilly lies in Western Uttar Pradesh and one districts of Jhansi

and one district of Varanasi lies in Bundelkhand and Eastern Uttar Pradesh respectively.

27


There are twenty three districts in this category which account for 32.86 percent of the total

districts. Out of these twenty three districts sixteen districts namely Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar,

Bijnor, Rampur, J.P.Nagar, Kannauj, Etah, Budaun, Pilibhit, Etawah, Baghpat, Bulandshahr, Hathras,

Firozabad, Shahjahanpur and Farrukhabad lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; four districts namely

Mahoba, Banda, Jalaun and Hamirpur lies in Central Uttar Pradesh and three districts namely

Allahabad, Gorakhpur and Mau lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Table 2.3

Percentage of urban population to total population


Districts

Very High 1.79-3.58 Meerut, Ghaziabad, Lucknow, Kanpur Nagar 04

High 0.48-1.79 Moradabad, G.B.Nagar, Aligarh, Mathura, Agra,

Bareilly, Jhansi, Varanasi, Firozabad

09

Medium -0.26-0.48 Saharanpur, Mahoba, Banda, Allahabad, Gorakhpur,

Mau, Jalaun, Muzaffarnagar, Bijnor, Rampur, J.P.Nagar,

Kannauj, Hamirpur, Etah, Budaun, Pilibhit, Etawah,

Baghpat, Bulandshahr, Hathras, Firozabad,

Shahjahanpur, Farrukhabad

23

Low -0.78- -0.26 Mirzapur, Ballia, Sant Ravidasnagar, Mainpuri, Auraiya,

Kheri, Raebareli, Barabanki, Chandauli, Sonbhadra,

Faizabad, Chitrakoot, Deoria, Sitapur, Hardoi, Unnao,

Fatehpur, Lalitpur, Bahraich

18

Very Low -1.24 - -0.78 Kanpur Dehat, Pratapgarh, Kaushambi, Sidharthnagar,

Ambedkarnagar, Sultanpur, Sharawasti, Balrampur,

Gonda, Sant Kabirnagar, Maharajganj, Kushinagar,

Azamgarh, Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Basti

16

Low Concentration:- (-0.78- -0.26)

There are eighteen districts in this category which account for 25.71 percent of the total

districts. Out of these eighteen districts two districts namely Mainpuri and Auraiya lies in

Western Uttar Pradesh; six districts namely Barabanki, Sitapur, Hardoi, Unnao, Fatehpur and

Kheri lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; two districts namely Chitrakoot and Lalitpur lies in

28

Bundelkhand region and eight districts namely Mirzapur, Ballia, Sant Ravidasnagar, Chandauli,

Sonbhadra, Faizabad, Deoria and Bahraich lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Very low Concentration:- (-1.24 - -0.78)

There sixteen districts in this category which account for 22.86 percent of the total districts. Out

of these sixteen one district namely Kanpur Dehat lies in Central Uttar Pradesh and fifteen districts

namely Pratapgarh, Kaushambi, Sidharthnagar, Ambedkarnagar, Sultanpur, Sharawasti, Balrampur,

Gonda, Sant Kabirnagar, Maharajganj, Kushinagar, Azamgarh, Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Basti lies in

Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Length of PWD Pucca road per lakh of population

There is 60.3 km of PWD Pucca road per lakh of population in Uttar Pradesh. Lalitpur

(123.95 Km.) has the highest length of Pucca road and Meerut (34.88 Km.) has the lowest length

of pucca road in the State.But at district level there is wide variation in the distribution of pucca

road in the State. The distribution of Pucca road per lakh of population in the study area has been

shown in table 2.4 and Fig.2.4.

29

Very High Concentration:- (1.68-3.12)


Out of these five districts Etawah is the only districts which lie in the Western Uttar Pradesh;

and four districts namely Jalaun, Lalitpur, Hamirpur and Mahoba lies in the Bundelkhand region.


There are twelve districts in this category which account for 17.14 percent of the total

districts. Out of these twelve districts, four districts namely Hathras, Mathura, Mainpuri, Auraiya

lies in Western Uttar; Barabanki districts lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; three districts namely

Banda, Chitrakoot and Banda lies in Bundelkhand region and four districts namely Pratapgarh,

Kaushambi, Sonbhadra and Chandauli lies in Eastern Uttar


There are fourteen districts in this category which account for 20 percent of the total

districts. Out of these fourteen districts five districts namely Bijnor, Aligarh, Firozabad, Etah,

and Pilibhit lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; five districts namely Kannpur Dehat, Hardoi, Unnao,

Raebareli and Fatehpur lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; four districts namely Sultanpur, Ghazipur,

Snat Ravidasnagar and Mirzapur lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.


There are twenty seven districts in this category which account for 38.57 percent of the

total districts. Out of these twenty seven districts sixteen districts Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar,

Moradabad, Rampur, Sharawasti, Balrampur, Shahjahanpur, Farrukhabad, Kannauj, J.P.Nagar,

Baghpat, G.B.Nagar, Bulandshahr, Agra, Budaun and Barielly lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; two

districts namely Sitapur and Kheri lies in Central Uttar Pradesh and nine districts namely

Sidharthnagar, Maharajganj, Gorakhpur, Deoria, Azamgarh, Mau ,Ballia, Jaunpur and Faizabad

30

Table 2.4

Length of PWD pucca road per lakh of population


Districts

Very High 1.68-3.12 Jalaun, Lalitpur, Hamirpur, Etawah, Mahoba 05

High 0.49-1.68 Hathras, Mathura, Mainpuri, Auraiya,

Pratapgarh, Kaushambi, Barabanki, Jhansi,

Banda, Chitrakoot, Sonbhadra, Chandauli

12

Medium -0.20-0.49 Bijnor, Firozabad,Etah,Pilibhit,Kanpur

Dehat,Hardoi, Unnao, Aligarh, Fatehpur,

Sultanpur, Ghazipur,

Sant Ravidasnagar, Mirzapur, Raebareli,

14

Low -0.93- -0.20 Sidharthnagar, Maharajganj, Gorakhpur, Deoria,

Azamgarh, Mau , Ballia, Jaunpur, Faizabad,

Sitapur, Kheri, Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar,

Moradabad, Rampur, Sharawasti, Balrampur,

Shahjahanpur, Farrukhabad, Kannauj, J.P.Nagar,

Baghpat, G.B.Nagar, Bulandshahr, Agra,

Budaun, Barielly

27

Very Low -1.55- -0.93 Meerut, Ghaziabad, Lucknow, Kanpur Nagar,

Allahabad, Ambedkarnagar, Bahraich, Gonda,

Basti, Sant Kabirnagar, Kushinagar, Varanasi,

12

31



districts. Out of twelve districts two districts namely Meerut and Ghaziabad lies in Western Uttar

Pradesh; Lucknow, and Kanpur Nagar lies in Central Uttar Pradesh and eight districts namely

Allahabad, Ambedkarnagar, Bahraich, Gonda, Basti, Sant Kabirnagar, Kushinagar and Varanasi lies

in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Per capita electricity consumption (K.W.H.)

Per capita electricity consumption in Uttar Pradesh is (174.8 KWH). Sonbhadra district

has the highest per capita electricity consumption of (2888.6 KWH) and Sharawasti (30.8 KWH)

has the lowest consumption of per capita electricity. At the district level there is wide variation

in the consumption of electricity in the State.The distribution of electricity consumption in study

area has been shown in table 2.5 and Fig.2.5


There are two districts in this category which account for 2.86 percent of the total districts.

Out of these two districts G.B.Nagar lies in Western Uttar Pradesh and Sonbhadra district is lie



There seven districts in this category which account for 10 percent of the total districts. Out of

these ten districts three districts namely Meerut, Ghaziabad and Agra lies in Western Uttar Pradesh;

two districts namely Kanpur Nagar and Lucknow lies in Central Uttar Pradesh and two districts

namely Allahabad and Varanasi lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

32

Table 2.5

Per capita electricity consumption(K.W.H.)


Districts

Very

High 4.47-19.31 G.B.Nagar, Sonbhadra 02

High 0.49-4.47 Meerut, Ghaziabad, Agra, Lucknow, Kanpur Nagar,

Allahabad, Varanasi,

07

Medium -1.28-0.49 Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Bijnor, Sant

Ravidasnagar, Mirzapur, Moradabad, Rampur,

J.P.Nagar, Baghpat, Bulandshahr, Aligarh, Hathras,

Mathura, Firozabad, Etah, Mainpuri, Barielly,

Chandauli, Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Pilibhit,

Shahjahanpur, Etawah, Sitapur, Raebareli, Kanpur

Dehat, Fatehpur, Barabanki, Jalaun, Jhansi, Lalitpur,

Hamirpur, Sultanpur, Deoria, Mahoba, Banda,

Kaushambi, Faizabad, Ambedkarnagar, Mau,

40

Low -3.37- -

1.28

Basti, Budaun, Farrukhabad, Kannauj, Balrampur,

Bahraich, Sharawasti, Auraiya, Kheri, Hardoi,

Unnao, Chitrakoot, Pratapgarh, Maharajganj,

Gorakhpur, Azamgarh, Ballia

17

Very

Low -4.32- -

3.37

Gonda, Sidharthnagar, Sant Kabirnagar, Kushinagar 04

33

Medium Concentration:- (-1.28-0.49)

There are forty districts in this category which account for 57.14 percent of the total

districts. Out of these forty districts, eighteen districts namely Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Bijnor,

Moradabad, Rampur, J.P.Nagar, Baghpat, Bulandshahr, Aligarh, Hathras, Mathura, Firozabad, Etah,

Mainpuri, Barielly, Pilibhit, Shahjahanpur and Etawah lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; five districts

namely Sitapur, Raebareli, Kanpur Dehat, Fatehpur and Barabanki lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; six

districts namely Jalaun, Jhansi, Lalitpur, Hamirpur, Mahoba and Banda lies in Bundelkhand region

and eleven districts namely Sant Ravidasnagar, Mirzapur, , Chandauli, Jaunpur, Ghazipur, ,

Sultanpur, Deoria, Kaushambi, Faizabad, Ambedkarnagar and Mau lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.



districts. Out of these seventeen districts, four districts namely Budaun, Farrukhabad, Kannauj and

Auraiya lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; three districts namely Kheri, Hardoi and Unnao lies in Central

Uttar Pradesh; Chitrakoot lies in Bundelkhand region and eight districts namely Basti, Balrampur,

Bahraich, Sharawasti, Pratapgarh, Maharajganj, Gorakhpur, Azamgarh and Ballia lies in Eastern

Uttar Pradesh.


There are four districts in this category which account for 5.71 percent of the total

districts. All the four districts in this category namely Gonda, Sidharthnagar, Sant Kabirnagar and

Kushinagar lie in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Percentage of main workers to total population

In Uttar Pradesh there is 23.67 percent of main worker to total population. Balrampur

(29.82 %) has the highest percentage of main worker and Deoria (17.16 %) has the lowest

34

percentage of main workers. At the district level there is wide variation in the distribution of

main workers to total population of the State. The distribution of main workers to total

population has been shown in table 2.6 and Fig.2.6



Out of these five districts three districts namely Lalitpur, Mahoba and Chitrakoot lies in

Bundelkhand region and two districts namely Balrampur and Sharawasti lies in Eastern Uttar

Pradesh.


There are twenty one districts in this category which account for the 30 percent of the

total districts. Out of twenty one districts, eight districts namely Muzaffarnagar, Moradabad,

J.P.Nagar, G.B Nagar, Bulandshahr, Mathura, Budaun and Farrukhabad lies in Western Uttar

Pradesh; six districts namely Sitapur, Hardoi, Unnao, Barabanki and Fatehpur lies in Central

Uttar Pradesh; three districts namely Jhansi, Hamirpur and Banda lies in Bundelkhand region

and four district namely Faizabad, Bahraich, Gonda and Kaushambi lies in Eastern Uttar

Pradesh.


There are twenty one districts in this category which account for 30 percent of the total districts.

Out of twenty districts eleven districts namely Saharanpur, Shahjahanpur, Rampur, Meerut, Baghpat,

Kannauj, Auraiya, Ghaziabad, Aligarh, Etah and Bareilly lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; four districts

namely Raebareli, Kanpur Dehat, Kanpur Nagar and Lucknow lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; district of

Jalaun lies in Bundelkhand region and five districts namely Basti, Sidharthnagar, Varanasi, Mirzapur

and Sonbhadra lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

35

Table 2.6

Percentage of main workers to total population


Districts

Very High 1.18-2.22 Lalitpur, Mahoba, Chitrakoot, Balrampur, Sharawasti 05

High 0.39-1.18 Faizabad, Jhansi, Hamirpur, Muzaffarnagar, Moradabad,

J.P.Nagar, Gonda, Bahraich, Sitapur, Hardoi, Unnao,

G.B.Nagar, Bulandshahr, Mathura, Budaun, Kheri,

Barabanki, Farrukhabad, Fatehpur,

Banda, Kaushambi

21

Medium -0.39-

0.39

Saharanpur, Raebareli, Basti, Shahjahanpur, Rampur,

Meerut, Baghpat, Kanpur Dehat, Kannauj, Auraiya,

Lucknow, Ghazibad, Aligarh, Etah, Barielly, Kanpur

Nagar, Jalaun, Sidharthnagar, Varanasi, Mirzapur,

Sonbhadra

21

Low -1.47- -

0.39

Maharajganj, Mau, Bijnor, Hathras, Agra, Firozabad,

Sant Kabirnagar, Sultanpur, Allahabad, Ambedkarnagar,

Mainpuri, Pilibhit, Etawah, Pratapgarh, Ghazipur,

Chandauli

16

Very Low -2.62- -

1.47

Gorakhpur, Kushinagar, Deoria, Azamgarh, Ballia,

Jaunpur, Sant Ravidasnagar,

07



districts. Out of sixteen districts seven districts namely Bijnor, Hathras, Agra, Firozabad,

36

Mainpuri, Pilibhit and Etawah lies in Western Uttar Pradesh and nine districts namely

Maharajganj, Mau, Sant Kabirnagar, Sultanpur, Allahabad, Ambedkarnagar, Pratapgarh,

Ghazipur and Chandauli lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.


There are seven districts in this category which account for 10 percent of the total districts. All

the seven districts in this category namely Gorakhpur, Kushinagar, Deoria, Azamgarh, Ballia, Jaunpur

and Sant Ravidasnagar lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

No. of beds in Allopathic hospitals/dispensaries per lakh of population

(including P.H.C) There are 40.17 beds in Allopathic hospital/ dispensaries per lakh of population in Uttar

Pradesh. Lucknow (126.16) has the highest number of bed and Ambednagar (10.37) has the

lowest number of bed per lakh of population. At the district level there is wide variation in the

distribution of number of beds per lakh of population in the study region. The distribution of

beds per lakh of population has been shown in table 2.7 and Fig.2.7


There are seven districts in this category which account for 10 percent of the total districts.

Out of these seven districts, two districts namely Agra and Aligarh lies in Western Uttar Pradesh;

two districts namely Kanpur Nagar and Lucknow lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; district of Jhansi lie

in Bundelkhand region and Gorakhpur and Varanasi district lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.


There are seven districts in this category which account for 10 percent of the total districts. Out of

these seven districts, four districts namely Meerut, Mathura, Farrukhabad and Etawah lies in Western

Uttar Pradesh; Sitapur, Lalitpur and Allahabad lies in Central Uttar Pradesh, Bundelkhand region and

Eastern Uttar Pradesh respectively.

37

Table 2.7

No. of beds in Allopathic hospitals/dispensaries per lakh of population (including

P.H.C)


Districts

Very High 0.08-0.12 Lucknow, Aligarh, Agra, Kanpur Nagar, Jhansi,

Gorakhpur, Varanasi

07

High 0.05-0.08 Meerut, Mathura, Farrukhabad, Etawah, Sitapur,

Lalitpur, Allahabad,

07

Medium 0.03-0.05 Gonda, Bahraich, Saharanpur, Rampur, Bulandshahr,

Barielly, Faizabad, Mirzapur, Basti, Banda, Pratapgarh,

Sultanpur, Shahjahanpur, Pilibhit, Raebareli, Jaluan,

Sharawasti, Hamirpur, Deoria

19

Low 0.02-0.03 Jaunpur, Bijnor, Moradabad,Ghaziabad, Firozabad,

Etah, Buduan, Kannauj, Hardoi, Ghazipur, Unnao,

Fatehpur, Mahoba, Chitrakoot, Kaushambi, Balrampur,

Sidharthnagar, Azamgarh, Ballia, Sonbhadra

20

Very Low 0.01-0.02 Muzaffarnagar, J.P.Nagar, Baghpat, G.B.Nagar,

Hathras, Mainpuri, Auraiya, Kheri, Kanpur Dehat,

Barabanki, Ambedkarnagar, Sant Kabirnagar,

Kushinagar, Chandauli, Sant Ravidasnagar, Mau,

Maharajganj

18

38


There are nineteen districts in this category which account for 27.14 percent of the total

districts. Out of nineteen districts six districts namely Saharanpur, Shahjahanpur, Rampur,

Bulandshahr, Pilibhit and Bareilly lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; one district namely Raebareli

lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; three districts namely Banda, Jalaun and Hamirpur lies in

Bundelkhand region and nine districts namely Gonda, Bahraich, Faizabad, Mirzapur, Basti

Pratapgarh, Sultanpur, Sharawasti,and Deoria lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh

Low Concentration:- (0.02-0.03)


districts. Out of twenty districts seven districts namely Bijnor, Hathras, Agra, Firozabad,

Mainpuri, Pilibhit and Etawah lies in Western Uttar Pradesh and nine districts namely

Maharajganj, Mau, Sant Kabirnagar, Sultanpur, Allahabad, Ambedkarnagar, Pratapgarh,

Ghazipur and Chandauli lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.


There are seven districts in this category which account for 10 percent of the total districts. All

the seven districts in this category namely Gorakhpur, Kushinagar, Deoria, Azamgarh, Ballia, Jaunpur

and Sant Ravidasnagar lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

No. of Primary Health Centres (P.H.C) per lakh of population

There are 2.05 primary health centres per lakh of population in Uttar Pradesh. The district

of Azamgarh (4.43) has the highest and Ambedkarnagar (0.44) has the lowest number of

primary health centres per lakh of population. But at district level there is wide variation in the

distribution of primary health centres per lakh of population in the study region. The distribution

of primary health centres per lakh of population has been shown in table 2.8 and Fig.2.8

39


There are four districts in this category which account for 5.71 percent of the total districts.

Out of these four districts, three districts namely Hamirpur, Banda and Chitrakoot lies in

Bundelkhand region and one district of Azamgarh lies Eastern Uttar Pradesh.


There are fifteen districts in this category which accounts for 21.43 percent of the total districts.

Out of these fifteen districts, two districts namely Agra and Kannauj lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; two

districts namely Raebareli and Fatehpur lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; three districts namely Jalaun,

Jhansi and Lalitpur lies Bundelkhand region and eight districts namely Ballia, Deoria, Sidharthnagar,

Basti, Pratapgarh, Kaushambi, Sultanpur and Gonda lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.


There are thirty one districts in this category which account for 44.29 percent of the total

districts. Out of thirty one district thirteen districts namely Muzaffarnagar, Moradabad, Rampur,

J.P.Nagar, Meerut, Bulandshahr, Aligarh, Hathras, Mathura, Etah, Mainpuri, Shahjahanpur, and

Bareilly lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; six districts namely Kheri, Sitapur, Hardoi, Unnao,

Kanpur Dehat and Barabanki lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; one district namely Mahoba lies i n

Bundelkhand region and eleven districts namely Bahraich, Sharawasti, Balrampur, Gorakhpur,

Kusinagar, Mirzapur, Mau, Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Chandauli and Sonbhadra lies in Eastern Uttar

Pradesh

Table 2.8

No. of P.H.Cs. per lakh of population


Districts

Very High 1.32-3.27 Hamirpur, Banda, Chitrakoot, Azamgarh 04

High 0.36-1.32 Agra, Kannauj, Raebareli, Fatehpur, Jalaun, Ballia,

Deoria, Sidharthnagar, Basti, Jhansi, Lalitpur, Pratapgarh,

15

40

Kaushambi, Sultanpur, Gonda,

Medium -0.46-0.36 Muzaffarnagar, Moradabad, Rampur, J.P.Nagar, Meerut,

Bulandshahr, Aligarh, Hathras, Mathura, Etah, Mainpuri,

Bariely, Shahjahanpur, Kheri, Sitapur, Hardoi, Unnao,

Kanpur Dehat, Barabanki, Mahoba, Bahraich, Sharawasti,

Balrampur, Gorakhpur, Kusinagar, Mirzapur, Mau,

Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Chandauli, Sonbhadra,

31

Low -1.62- -

0.46

Varanasi, Firozabad, Saharanpur, Bjnor, Baghpat,

Ghaziabad, G.B.Nagar, Sant Kabirnagar, Sant

Ravidasnagar, Budaun, Pilibhit, Farrukhabad, Kanpur

Nagar, Allahabad, Faizabad, Maharajganj

16

Very Low -2.44- -

1.62

Etawah, Auraiya, Lucknow, Ambedkarnagar 04



districts. Out of these sixteen districts nine districts namely Firozabad, Saharanpur, Bjnor,

Baghpat, Pilibhit, Budaun, Farrukhabad, Ghaziabad and G.B.Nagar lies in Western Uttar Pradesh;

district of Kanpur Nagar lies in Central Uttar Pradesh and six districts namely Maharajgan, Sant

Kabirnagar, Allahabad, Faizabad, Varanasi and Sant Ravidas Nagar lies in Eastern Uttar

Pradesh.

41


There are four districts in this category which account for 5.71 percent of the total districts. Out

of these four districts two districts namely Etawah and Auraiya lies in Western Uttar Pradeesh and the

districts of Lucknow and Ambedkarnagar lies in Central Uttar Pradesh and Eastern Uttar Pradesh

respectively.

Composite Index

To find out the over all levels of social development, the composite indices have been

worked out for each districts by adding the z-score values of all the variables. The index value is

then divided into five grades of very high, high, medium, low and very low. The Composite

Index has been given in table appendix A.

Levels of Social Development

The levels of social development in the study region has been shown in table 4.11 and

Fig.4.10

Very High Social Development:- (4.61-18.88)

There are nine districts in this category which account for 12.86 percent of the total

districts.G.B.Nagar and Agra are the district which lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; Kanpur Nagar

lies in Central Uttar Praesh; five districts namely Jalaun, Lalitpur, Hamirpur, Jhansi and

Chitrakoot lies in Bundelkhand region and the district of Sonbhadra lie in Eatern Uttar Pradesh.

High Social Development:- (0.45-4.61)

There are nineteen districts in this category which account for 27.14 percent of the total

districts.Out of these nineteen districts thirteen district namely Mathura, Mainpuri, Firozabad,

Etawah, Hathras, Meerut, Ghaziabad, Bulandshahr, Aligarh, Auraiya, Muzaffarnagar, J.P.Nagar

and Etah lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; three districts namely Lucknow, Barabanki and Kanpur

42

Dehat lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; two districts namely Mahoba and Banda lies in Bundelkhand

region and one district namely Kaushambi lie in Eatern Uttar Pradesh.

Medium Social Development:- (-2.39-0.45)

There are twenty districts in this category which accounts for 28.57 percent of the total

districts. Out of twenty districts ten districts namely Moradabad, Fatehpur, Kannauj, Baghpat Bijnor,

Saharanpur, Farrukhabad, Shahjahanpur, Rampur and Bareilly lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; four

districts namely Hardoi, Unnao, Raebareli and Sitapur lies in Central Uttar Pradesh and six districts

namely Allhabad, Varanasi, Faizabad, Pratapgarh, Mirzapur and Chandauli lies in Eastern Uttar

Pradesh.

Low Social Development :- (-6.62- -2.39)


districts. Out of sixteen districts, Pilibhit and Budaun are the only district which lie in Western Uttar

Pradesh; Kheri is the only district lie in Central Uttar Pradesh and all the thireen remaining districts

namely Mau, Sultanpur,Sant Ravidas Nagar, Balrampur, Ghazipur, Azamgarh, Ballia, Deoria,

Jaunpur, Basti, Gorakhpur, Sharawasti and Bahraich lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Very Low Social Development:- (-9.59- -6.62)

There are six districts in this category which account for 8.57 percent of the total districts.

All the districts in this category lie in Eatern Uttar Pradesh.

Table 2.9

Social Development


Districts

Very

High 4.61-18.88 G.B.Nagar, Sonbhadra, Jalaun, Lalitpur, Hamirpur,

Jhansi, Kanpurnagar, Agra, Chitrakoot

09

High 0.45-4.61 Lucknow, Mathura, Mahoba, Banda, Mainpuri,

Barabanki, Firozabad, Kanpur Dehat, Etawah, Hathras,

Meerut, Ghaziabad, Bulandshahr, Aligarh, Auraiya,

Muzaffarnagar, J.P.Nagar, Etah, Kaushambi

19

Medium -2.39-0.45 Moradabad, Fatehpur, Kannauj, Baghpat, Allhabad,

Shahjahanpur, Varanasi, Bijnor, Saharanpur,

Farrukhabad, Hardoi, Faizabad, Pratapgarh, Bareilly,

Unnao, Raebareli, Mirzapur, Sitapur, Chandauli,

20

43

Rampur

Low -6.62- -

2.39

Mau, Sultanpur, Pilibhit, Kheri, Sant Ravidasnagar,

Balrampur, Ghazipur, Azamgarh, Ballia, Deoria,

Jaunpur, Basti, Gorakhpur, Sharawasti, Bahraich,

Budaun

16

Very

Low -9.59- -

6.62

Ambedkarnagar, Gonda, Sidharthnagar, Sant

Kabirnagar, Maharajganj, Kushinagar

06

References :

1 Attane, Isabelle (2002).“China's Family Planning Policy: An Overview of

Its Past and Future.” Studies in Family Planning, Vol. 33(1), pp. 103-113.

2 Acharya, Shankar (2004). “India’s Growth Prospects Revisited”.

Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 39, No. 41 (Oct. 9-15), 4537-4542.

3 Aghion, Philippe, Peter Howitt, and Fabrice Murtin (2010). “The

Relationship Between Health and Growth: When Lucas Meets Nelson-

Phelps.” NBER Working Paper, 15813.

4 Barro, Robert, and X. Sala-i-Martin (1995). Economic Growth, New York:McGraw-Hill.

5 Bhargava, Alok, Dean T. Jamison, Lawrence J. Lau, and Christopher J. L. Murray

(2001). “Modeling the Effects of Health on Economic Growth.” Journal of Health

Economics, Vol. 20, 423–440.

44

6 Bloom, David E., David Canning, and Pia Malaney (2000).“Demographic Change and

Economic Growth in Asia.” Population and Development

Review, Vol. 26, pp. 257–290.

7 Bloom, David E., David Canning, and Jaypee Sevilla (2004). “The Effect

of Health on Economic Growth: A Production Function Approach.” World

Development, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 1–13.

8 Bosworth, Barry and Susan M. Collins (2008). "Accounting for Growth:

Comparing China and India," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American

Economic Association, vol. 22(1), pages 45-66.

9 Crenshaw, Edward M., Ansari Z. Ameen, and Matthew Christenson

(1997). “Population dynamics and economic development: Age-specific

population growth rates and economic growth in developing countries,

1965to1990”. American Sociological Review, Vol.62. December.974-984.

10 Duraisamy, P., and A. Mahal (2005). “Health, poverty and economic

growth in India”. In Health Systems in India: Delivery and Financing of

Services, National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, Ministry

of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, pp. 1-14,

2005.

11 Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. National

Family Health Survey, 2005-2006. Fact sheet available at

http://hetv.org/india/nfhs/nfhs3/NFHS-3-IN.pdf

12 Kurian, N.J. (2007). “Widening economic & social disparities:

Implications for India”. Indian Journal of Medical Research, October.

374-380.

13 Ahluwalia, Montek S. (2000), “Economic Performance of States in Post- Reforms

Period”, Economic and Political Weekly, May 6, pp. 1637-1648.

14 Bhattacharya, B.B. and Arup Mitra (1990), “Excess Growth of Tertiary Sector in Indian

Economy: Issues and Implications”, Economic and Political Weekly, Nov. 3.

15 Deaton, Angus and Dreze, Jean (2002), “Poverty and Inequality in India – A Re-

Examination”, Economic and Political Weekly, September 7, pp. 3729-3748.

45

16 Dreze, Jean and Sen, Amartya (2002), India: Development and Participation, Oxford

University Press, New Delhi.

17 Nagaraj, R, Aristomene Varoudakis and Marie-Ange Veganzones (1998), “Long-Run

Growth Trends and Convergence Across Indian States”, OECD Technical Papers, No.

131, January, pp. 1-58.

18 Rao, C.H. Hanumantha and S. Mahendra Dev (2003), “Economic Reforms and

Challenges Ahead – An Overview”, Economic and Political Weekly, Special Issue on

Andhra Pradesh, March 22-29, pp. 1130-41.

19 Rao, M. Govinda, R.T. Shand and K.P. Kalirajan (1999), “Convergence of Incomes

Across Indian States – A Divergent View”, Economic and Political Weekly, March 27.

20 Gang, Ira, Kunal Sen and Myeong-Su Yun (2002): ‘Caste, Ethnicity and Poverty in Rural

India’, IZA Discussion Paper No. 629, Bonn.

21 Government of India (2001): National Human Development Report,

Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

*********************************

46

Chapter 3

Agricultural Development

Agricultural development means, by and large an improvement of land productivity with

the application of higher degree of Inputs. The main aim of the agricultural development is to achieve

the increased amount of agricultural production and a high rate of economic growth in order to bring

about an improvement in the standard of living of the people. The development of this sector of

economy therefore is a prime concern of planners, economists and geographers and offers, a

challenge for them to find ways and means to bring about its overall reforms.

Agriculture is the mainstay of the people of Uttar Pradesh. The agricultural landscape in the

study region is very complex because of the difference in soil fertility and other resource endowment

such as irrigation facilities, relief and climatic conditions. There is no clear demarcation of various

agricultural regions in the study area as factors that contribute to the regional differences in

agriculture are varied. The great regional variation in agricultural resource base is primarily due to

varying physio-ecological conditions, level of socio-economic development, demographic and

cultural pattern.

The most difficult task in the construction of general index is the selection of variables,

by which the levels of development are measured for the purpose of identification, classification

and regionalization. In the selection process, aspect of accuracy, variability, measurability and

stability are given due consideration. For the present study, four indicators have been selected to

find out the levels of agricultural development.

Variable Definition





47

Percentage of main agricultural workers to total main workers

The expression 'agricultural workers' denotes those rural workers who are employed

on wages in agricultural occupations. In Uttar Pradesh there are 62.12 percent agricultural

workers to total workers as compared to Bundelkhand region where it is 70.08 percent. In

Western Uttar Pradesh the agricultural workers are 56.08 percent of total main workers. At

district level there is wide variation in the distribution of agricultural workers to total

workers in the study region. The distribution of agricultural workers to total workers has

been shown in table 3.1and Fig.3.1


There are twelve districts which have very high concentration of agricultural workers to total

population, which accounts for 17.14 percent of the total districts. Out of twelve districts, two

districts namely Mainpuri and Budaun lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; three districts namely Kheri,

Sitapur and Hardoi lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; Chitrakoot district lies in Bundelkhand region and

Six districts namely lies Bahraich, Sharawasti, Balrampur, Gonda, Sidhartnagar and Maharajganj

lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

High Concentration: (0.43-0.90)

There are twenty one districts in this category which account for 30 percent of the total

districts of the study area Out of these five districts namely Pilibhit, Auraiya, Shahjahanpur, Etah and

Kannauj lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; five districts namely Raebareli, Unnao, Fatehpur, Barabanki

and Kanpur Dehat lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; four districts namely Hamirpur, Mahoba, Banda and

Lalitpur lies Bundelkhand region and seven districts namely Faizabad, Sultanpur, Paratapgarh,

Kushinagar, Basti, Sant Kabirnagar and Kaushambi lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

48

Medium Concentration: (-0.38-0.43)

There are thirteen districts in this category which account for 18.57 percent of the total districts.

Out of these thirteen districts five districts namely Bareilly, J.P.Nagar, Etawah, Rampur and

Farrukhabad lies in Western Uttar Pradesh;district of Jalaun lies in Bundelkhand region and rest

seven districts namely Ballia, Deoria, Sonbhadhra, Jaunpur, Azamgarh, Ghazipur and

Ambedkarnagar lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Low concentration :- (-1.61- -0.38)


districts. Out of these seventeen districts , ten districts namely Agra, Firozabad, Aligarh,

Saharanpur, Bulandshahr, Mathura, Moradabad, Baghpat, Muzaffarnagar and Bijnor lies in

Western Uttar Pradesh; district of Jhansi lies in Bundelkhnad region and six districts namely

Allahabad, Mau, Gorakhpur, Mirzapur and Chandauli lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Table 3.1

Percentage of main agricultural workers to total main workers


Districts

Very High 0.90-1.55 Mainpuri. Budaun, Kheri, Sitapur, Hardoi,

Chitrakoot, Bahraich, Sharawasti, Balrampur,

Gonda, Sidhartnagar, Maharajganj

12

High 0.43-0.90 Faizabad, Sultanpur, Pilibhit, Auraiya, Paratapgarh,

Hamirpur, Mahoba, Raebareli, Shahjahanpur,Unnao,

Banda, Kushinagar, Basti, Lalitpur, Barabanki, Sant

Kabirnagar, Etah, Fatehpur, Kannauj, Kaushambi,

Kanpur Dehat,

21

Medium -0.38-0.43 Bareilly, J.P.Nagar, Ballia, Etawah, Deoria,

Sonbhadhra, Rampur, Jaunpur, Azamgarh,

Ghazipur, Farrukhabad, Jalaun, Ambedkarnagar,

13

Low -1.61- -0.38 Agra, Firozabad, Allahabad, Aligarh, Saharanpur,

Mau, Bulandshahr, Mathura, Gorakhpur,

Moradabad, Jhansi, Baghpat, Mirzapur,

Muzaffarnagar, Bijnor, Hathras, Chanduali

17

Very Low -2.71- -1.61 Ghaziabad,Varanasi, Kanpur Nagar, Lucknow,

G.B.Nagar, Sant Ravidasnagar, Meerut

07

49

Very low concentration: - (-2.71– -1.61)

There are seven districts in this category which account for 10 percent of total districts. Out of

these seven districts three districts namely Ghaziabad, G.B.Nagar and Meerut lies in Western

Uttar Pradesh; two districts namely Kanpur Nagar and Lucknow lies in Central Uttar Pradesh

and two districts namely Varanasi and Sant Ravidasnagar lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Percentage of gross irrigated area to gross area sown

Irrigation is the life line of agriculture and it has assumed greater importance after the

introduction of modern technology in agriculture i.e. after the introduction of high–yielding

verities of seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides etc. Irrigation plays a very significant role in

agriculture as on the one hand, it work as a medium for bringing the minerals of the soils to the

plant roots and on the other, supplies enough amount of moisture to the plants to meet the

requirements of the evapo-transpiration. Irrigation plays a very vital role in increasing the

agricultural production. In Uttar Pradesh there is 69.9 percent gross irrigated area to gross area

50

sown. The least gross irrigated area is in Bundelkhand (36.3%) region and Western Uttar

Pradesh (84.9%) has the largest gross irrigated area in State. At district level there is wide

variation in gross irrigated area to gross area sown in the study region. The distribution of gross

irrigated area has been shown in table 3.2 and Fig.3.2


There are thirteen districts in this category which accounts for 18.57 percent of the total

districts. Out of these thirteen districts, twelve districts namely Meerut, Bulandshahr, Baghpat,

G.B.Nagar, Ghaziabad, Muzaffarnagar, Pilibhit, Rampur, Bareilly, Shahjahanpur, Mainpuri and

Moradabad lies in Western Uttar Pradesh and district of Ambedkarnagar lies in Eastern Uttar

Pradesh.

High Concentration: (0.27-0.89)

There are twenty districts in this category, which account for 28.57 percent of the total

districts of the study region. In this category nine districts namely Saharanpur, J.P.Nagar, Aligarh,

Hathras, Mathura, Etah, Bijnor, Budaun and Auraiya lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; four districts

namely Unnao, Lucknow, Barabanki and Raebareli lies in Central Uttar Pradesh and seven districts

namely Pratapgarh, Faizabad, Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Chandauli, Varanasi and Sant Ravidasnagar lies in


Medium Concentration: (-0.52-0.27)

There are seventeen districts in this category which accounts for 24.29 percent of the total

districts of the study region. Out of these seventeen districts, four districts namely Firozabad,

Farrukhabad, Kannauj and Etawah lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; six districts namely Kheri,

Sitapur, Hardoi, Kanpur Dehat, Kanpur Nagar and Fatehpur lies in Central Uttar Pradesh and

51

seven districts namely Allahabad, Sultanpur, Kushinagar, Azamgarh, Mau, Ballia and Mirzapur lies


Low Concentration: (-1.54- -0.52)

There are thirteen districts in this category, which accounts for 18.57 percent of the total

districts of the study region. Out of thirteen districts only Agra districts lies in Western Uttar

Pradesh; four districts namely Jalaun, Jhansi, Lalitpur and Mahoba lies in Bundelkhand region

and rest twelve districts namely Kaushambi, Gonda, Sidharthnagar, Basti, Sant Kabir Nagar,

Maharajganj, Gorakhpur and Deoria lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Table 3.2

Very Low Concentration: (-2.22- -1.54)

Percentage of gross irrigated area to gross area sown


Districts

Very High 0.89-1.49 Meerut, Bulandshahr, Baghpat, G.B.Nagar,

Ghaziabad, Muzaffarnagar, Pilibhit,

Ambedkarnagar, Rampur, Bareilly, Shahjahanpur,

Mainpuri, Moradabad

13

High 0.27-0.89 Saharanpur, J.P.Nagar, Aligarh, Hathras, Mathura,

Etah, Budaun, Auraiya, Unnao, Lucknow,

Raebareli, Bijnor, Barabanki, Pratapgarh, Faizabad,

Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Chandauli, Varanasi, Sant

Ravidasnagar

20

Medium -0.52-0.27 Firozabad, Farrukhabad, Kannauj, Etawah, Kheri,

Sitapur, Hardoi, Kanpur Dehat, Kanpur Nagar,

Fatehpur, Allahabad, Sultanpur, Kushinagar,

Azamgarh, Mau, Ballia, Mirzapur,

17

Low -1.54- -0.52 Agra, Jalaun, Jhansi, Lalitpur, Mahoba,

Kaushambi, Gonda, Sidharthnagar, Basti, Sant

Kabir Nagar, Maharajganj, Gorakhpur, Deoria,

13

Very Low -2.22- -1.54 Hamirpur, Banda, Chitrakoot, Bahraich,

Sharawasti, Balrampur, Sonbhadra

07

52

There are seven districts in this category which account for 10 percent of total districts.

Out of these seven districts three districts namely Hamirpur, Banda, and Chitrakoot lies in

Bundelkhand region and four districts namely Bahraich, Sharawasti, Balrampur and Sonbhadra lies in


Cropping Intensity Cropping intensity is the ratio of total cultivated area and the net cultivated area

expressed as percentage and involves the consideration of raising more than one crop from the

same unit of the land in a year. Hence, greater the degree of multiple cropping, greater will be

the intensity of cropping and vice-versa. Cropping intensity in Uttar Pradesh is 150.39 percent.

Highest cropping intensity is found in Western Uttar Pradesh and lowest cropping intensity is

found in Bundelkhand region. At district level there is wide variation in the distribution of

cropping intensity in the study region. The distribution of cropping intensity has been shown in

table 3.3 and Fig.3.3


53


districts. All the twelve districts namely Muzaffarnagar, Moradabad, Rampur, Meerut, Barielly,

Shahjahanpur, Baghpat, Ghaziabad, G.B.Nagar, Bulandshar, Mainpuri and Pilibhit in this category

lies in Western Uttar Pradesh.


There are twenty one districts in this category which accounts for 30 percent of the total

district. Out of twenty one districts, nine districts namely Saharanpur, Bijnor, J.P.Nagar, Aligarh,

Hathras, Mathura, Etah, Budaun and Auraiya lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; three districts namely

Lucknow, Unnao and Raebareli lies in Central Uttar Pradesh and nine districts namely

Ambedkarnagar, Faizabad, Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Varanasi, Chandauli, Barabanki, Pratapgarh and Sant

Ravidasnagar lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.



districts. Out of these districts four districts namely Firozabad, Farrukhabad, Kannauj and

Etawah lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; six districts namely Kheri, Sitapur, Fatehpur, Hardoi,

Kanpur Nagar and Kanpur Dehat lies in Central Uttar Pradesh and seven districts namely Ballia,

Mau, Kushinagar, Sultanpur, Mirzapur, Allahabad and Azamgarh lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Table 3.3

Cropping intensity


Districts

Very High 0.86-2.14 Muzaffarnagar, Moradabad, Rampur, Meerut,

Barielly, Shahjahanpur, Baghpat, Ghaziabad,

G.B.Nagar, Bulandshar, Mainpuri, Pilibhit

12

High 0.26-0.86 Saharanpur, Bijnor, J.P.Nagar, Aligarh, Hathras,

Mathura, Etah, Budaun, Auraiya, Lucknow, Unnao,

21

54

Ambedkarnagar, Faizabad, Raebareli, Jaunpur,

Ghazipur, Varanasi, Chandauli, Barabanki,

Pratapgarh, Sant Ravidasnagar,

Medium -0.39-0.26 Ballia, Mau, Kushinagar, Firozabad, Farrukhabad,

Kannauj, Etawah, Sultanpur, Mirzapur, Allahabad,

Fatehpur, Azamgarh, Kheri, Sitapur, Hardoi, Kanpur

Dehat, Kanpur Nagar

17

Low -1.56- -0.39 Gorakhpur, Agra, Jalaun, Jhansi, Lalitpur, Deoria,

Maharajganj, Sant Kabirnagar, Mahoba, Kaushambi,

Gonda, Sidharthnagar, Basti

13

Very Low -2.61- -1.56 Hamirpur, Banda, Chitrakoot, Bahraich, Sharawasti,

Balrampur, Sonbhadra

07



districts. Agra is the only district in this category which lie in Western Uttar Pradesh Jalaun,

Jhansi, Lalitpur and Mahoba lies in Bundelkhand region and Gorakhpur, Deoria, Maharajganj,

Sant Kabirnagar, Kaushambi, Gonda, Sidharthnagar and Basti lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.


55

There are seven districts in this category which account for 10 percent of the total

districts. Out of these seven districts Hamirpur, Banda and Chitrakoot lies in Bundelkhand

region and four districts namely Bahraich, Sharawasti, Balrampur, and Sonbhadra lies in Eastern

Uttar Pradesh.

Fertilizer

Next to water, fertilizers constitute the second vital bio-chemical input contributing

to the agricultural productivity. The increase in the consumption of fertilizers stimulates the

productivity, leading to agricultural development. The distribution of fertilizer per hectare

of gross area in Uttar Pradesh is 117.05 Kg. The distribution of fertilizer has been shown in

table 3.4 and Fig.3.4


There are ten districts in this category which accounts for 14.29 percent of the total

districts. Out of ten districts six districts namely Muzaffarnagar, J.P.Nagar, Meerut, Ghaziabad,

Pilibhit and Farrukhabad lies in Western Uttar Pradesh and four districts namely Faizabad, Basti,

Deoria and Varanasi Eastern Uttar Pradesh.


There are twenty districts in this category which account for 28.57 percent of the

total districts. Out of these districts, ten districts namely Saharanpur, Baghpat, Bijnor, Moradabad,

Shahjahanpur, Bulandshahr, Firozabad, Mainpuri, Barielly and Kannauj lies in Western Uttar

Pradesh; three districts namely Lucknow, Barabanki and Kannpur Nagar lies in Central Uttar Pradesh

and seven districts namely Allhahabad, Kaushambi, Ambedkarnagar, Gorakhpur, Kushinagar,

Chandauli and Sant Ravidasnagar lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Medium Concentration;(-0.31-0.18)

56


districts. Out of these twelve districts four districts namely Rampur, Hathras, Agra and Budaun

lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; four districts namely Kheri, Sitapur, Fatehpur and Kanpur Dehat lies in

Central Uttar Pradesh and four districts namely Mau, Jaunpur, Ghazipur and Maharajganj lies in




districts. Out of these districts six districts namely G.B.Nagar, Aligarh, Mathura, Auraiya, Etah

and Etawah lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; three districts namely Hardoi, Raebareli and Unnao lies in

Central Uttar Pradesh and eight districts namely Ballia, Azamgarh, Sant Kabirnagar, Pratapgarh,

Sultanpur, Bahraich, Sidharthnagar and Gonda lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Table 3.4

Distribution of total fertilizer per hectare of gross area sown


Districts

Very High 1.03-2.88 Muzaffarnagar, J.P.Nagar, Meerut, Ghaziabad,

Pilibhit, Farrukhabad, Faizabad, Basti, Deoria,

Varanasi

10

High 0.18-1.03 Saharanpur, Baghpat, Bijnor, Moradabad,

Shahjahanpur, Bulandshahr, Firozabad, Mainpuri,

Barielly, Kannauj, Lucknow, Allhahabad,

Kaushambi, Barabanki, Kanpur Nagar,

Ambedkarnagar, Gorakhpur, Kushinagar,

Chandauli, Sant Ravidasnagar,

20

Medium -0.31-0.18 Rampur, Hathras, Agra, Budaun, Kheri, Sitapur,

Fatehpur, Kanpur Dehat, Mau, Jaunpur,

Ghazipur, Maharajganj

12

Low -1.29- -0.31 Hardoi, Ballia, G.B.Nagar, Aligarh, Mathura,

Etah, Etawah, Azamgarh, Raebareli, Unnao, Sant

Kabir Nagar, Auraiya, Pratapgarh, Sultanpur,

Bahraich, Sidharthnagar,Gonda

17

Very Low -1.95- -1.29 Jalaun, Jhansi, Lalitpur, Hamirpur, Mirzapur,

Sonbhadra, Mahoba, Banda, Chitrakoot,

Sharawasti, Balrampur

11

57


There are eleven districts in this category which account for 15.71 percent of the total

districts. Out of eleven districts, seven districts namely Jalaun, Jhansi, Lalitpur, Hamirpur,

Mahoba, Banda and Chitrakoot lies in Bundelkhand region and four districts namely Mirzapur,

Sonbhadra, , Sharawasti and Balrampur lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Composite Index

To find out the over all levels of agricultural development, the composite indices have

been worked out for each district by adding the index values of all the variables. The index value

is then divided into five grades of very high, high, medium, low and very low The Composite

Index has been given appendix B.

Levels of Agricultural Development

The levels of agricultural development has been depicted in Fig.3.5 and shown in table 3.6

Very High Development:- (2.10-3.71)

There are eleven districts which come under very high level of agricultural development.

These districts account for only 15.71 percent of total districts. Out of these eleven districts eight

districts namely Pilibhit, Rampur, Mainpuri, Muzaffarnagar, J.P. Nagar, Bulandshahr, Baghpat,

58

Shahjahanpur lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; the district of Barabanki lies in Central Uttar Pradesh

and two districts namely Ambedkarnagar and Faizabad lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

High Development:- (0.90-2.10 )

There are fifteen districts in this category of high agricultural development which

account for 21.43 percent of the total districts. Out of these fifteen districts nine districts namely

Moradabad, Kannauj, Bareilly, Saharanpur, Meerut, Farrukhabad, Etah, Auraiya and Budaun lies in

Western Uttar Pradesh and six districts namely Chandauli, Basti, Maharajganj, Kushinagar, Ghazipur

and Deoria lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Medium Development:- (-0.66-0.90)

There are twenty two districts in this category which account for 31.43 percent of the

total districts. Out of twenty two districts, six districts namely Hathras, Ghaziabad, Etawah,

Aligarh, Firozabad and Bijnor lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; six districts namely Kheri,

Raebareli, Hardoi, Unnao, Sitapur and Fatehpur lies in Central Uttar Pradesh and twelve districts

namely Pratapgarh, Azamgarh, Varanasi, Mau, Jaunpur, Raebareli, Allahabad, Sitapur, Sultanpur,

Ballia, Gonda and Sant Kabirnagar, lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Table 3.6

Agricultural Development


Districts

Very High 2.10-3.71 Pilibhit, Rampur, Mainpuri, Barabanki, Ambedkarnagar,

Muzaffarnagar, Faizabad, J.P. Nagar, Bulandshahr,

Baghpat, Shahjahanpur

11

High 0.90-2.10 Moradabad, Kannauj, Bareilly, Chandauli, Basti,

Maharajganj, Saharanpur, Deoria, Meerut,

Farrukhabad, Etah, Kushinagar, Ghazipur, Auraiya,

Budaun

15

Medium -0.66-0.90 Pratapgarh, Hathras, Azamgarh, Varanasi, Ghaziabad,

Etawah, Mau, Kheri, Aligarh, Jaunpur, Raebareli,

Unnao, Hardoi, Allahabad,Sitapur, Sultanpur, Ballia,

Gonda, Firozabad, Bijnor, Fatehpur, Sant Kabirnagar,

22

59

Low -4.30- -0.66 Mathura,Kanpur Dehat, Kaushambi, Lucknow,

Sidharthnagar, Gorakhpur, Sant Ravidasnagar,

Balrampur, Bahraich, Sharawasti, Kanpurnagar,

Mirzapur, Agra, Lalitpur, G.B.Nagar

15

Very Low -5.96- -4.30 Sonbhadra, Jhansi, Banda, Jalaun, Chitrakoot, Mahoba,

Hamirpur

07

Low Development:- (-4.30- -0.66)

There are fifteen districts in this category which accounts for 21.43 percent of the total

districts. Out of fifteen districts Mathura, G.B.Nagar and Agra lies in Western Uttar Pradesh;

Kanpur Dehat, Lucknow and Kanpur Nagar lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; Lalitpur lies in

Bundelkhand region and eight districts namely Kaushambi, Sidharthnagar, Gorakhpur, Sant

Ravidasnagar, Balrampur, Bahraich, Sharawasti and Mirzapur lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Very Low Development:- (-5.96- -4.30)

There are seven districts in this category which accounts for 10 percent of total districts.

Out of these ten districts six districts lies in Bundelkhand region and district of Sonbhadra lies in


60

Reference s:

1- Acharya, S.S. and Agarwal, N.L. (1987), Agricultural Marketing in

India, Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.

2- Agarwal, R.R. and Mehrotra, C.L., (1952), Soil Survey and Soil Work in Uttar Pradesh,

Vol. I & II, Allahabad.

3- Ayyar, N.P. (1969), Crop Regions of Madhya Pradesh; A Study of Methodology,

Geographical Review of India, March, 1969.

4- Bapan, S.L. (1980), Aggregsate Suply Response of Crops, in a Developing Region,

S.chand and Sons, New Delhi.

5- Batra, M.M. (1978), Agricultural Production: Prices and

Technology, Allied Publishers, Delhi.

6- Banerji, H. (1974), Supply and Demand for Agricultural Production in India,

Progressive Publishers.

7- Chandresh, K. (1970), Farmers Response to Price Changes of

Sugarcane in U.P. 1951-52 to 1966-67, Economic and Political

Weekly, Vol. 5, No. 18.

8- Cumming, R.E., (1969), Pricing Efficiency in the Indian Wheat

Market, Impex India, New Delhi.

9- Director of Census Operastion, (1961, 1971, 1981, 1991) District Census Handbook of

Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, U.P.

10- Directorate of Economics and Statistics, (1965-66 to1989-90), Farm Harvest Prices of

Principal Crops in India, Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi.

11- Economics and Statistics Department (1965-66 to 1990-91),

Statistical Abstracts of Districts of Upper Ganga-Yamuna Doab,

Lucknow, U.P.

12- Found, W.C. (1971), A Theoretical Approach of Rural Land – Use

Patterns, Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd., London.

13- Gupta, A.P. (1975), Marketing of Agricultural Produce in India,

Vora & Co. Publishers, Bombay.

61

14- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (1972), Proceedings of the Symposium on

Cropping Patterns in India, New Delhi.

15- Iqbal, B.A. (1989), Indian Agriculture in the last 35 years, Yojna,

Vol. 53, No. 12.

16- Jain, S.C. (1971), Principles and Practices of Agricultural Marketing and Prices,

Vora & Co. Publishers, Bombay.

17- Jha, Dayanand and Maji, C.C., (1971), Cobweb Phenomenon and

Fluctuations in Sugarcane Acreage in North Bihar, Indian Journal of Agricultural

Economics, Vol. XXVI, No. 4.

18- Kohl, R.L. and Uhl, J.L., (1980), Marketing of Agricultural Products, MacMillan

Publishing Company Inc., New York.

19- Krishnan, M.S. (1982), Geology of Burma and India, Madras.

20- Pandit, S.N. (1983), Critical Study of Agricultural Productivity in

Uttar Pradesh, Concept Publication, New Delhi.

21- Rao, M.S. and Jai Krishna, (1965), Price Expectation and Acreage Response for Wheat in

Uttar Pradesh, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. XX, No. 1.

22- Shafi, M. (1984), Agricultural Productivity and Regional

Imbalances, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.

23- Singh, A.L. and Fazal, S. (1990), Impact of Price fluctuations on

Sugarcane Area in Saharanpur District, U.P., National Geographer, Vol. 25, No. 1.

24- Singh, A.L. and Fazal, S. (1992), Changes in Cropping Pattern Due to Variation in Prices

in Upper Ganga-Yamuna Doab, The Geographer Vol. XXXIX NO. 1

25- Singh J. and Dhillon, S.S. (1984), Agricultural Geography, Tata McGraw Hill Publishers,

New Delhi.

26- Stanislaus, S.J.M. (1985), Farmers Response to Price Changes in a Developing Economy,

Ashish Publishers, New Delhi.

27- Wadia, D.N. (1981), Geology of India, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi.

***************************

62

Chapter 4

Industrial Development

The degree of industrialization attained by any economy is often considered as an

important indicator of development. Most of the infrastructural facilities such as power, banking

etc. expand along with the industrial development while their availability in any region causes

the concentration of industries.

Industrialization is vital to the development process in several ways. It is primarily,

through industrialization that traditional societies are transformed into modern ones. Rise in

standard of living is also associated with industrialization which allows more intensive use of

available resources. Industrialization is crucial to agricultural development by way of

mechanization of agriculture, creating a demand for agricultural raw materials and reducing

pressure on agricultural land resources through a gradual shift of population from agriculture to

industry. It has indeed a great employment generation capacity. Industrialization also brings in a

revolution in the social life of the people. It breeds new production processes, new socio-

economic structures and new mental attitudes. Industrialization is indispensable for the uplift of

developing societies.

Rondinelli (1979) holds that it is ironical that the industrial activities till recently have

remained, for obvious reasons, confined to urban areas and that too in large and selected cities. It

is not conducive to balanced economic growth and must be counteracted by establishing cottage

and small scale industries based on local resources at small and medium sized centres in rural

areas.

63

Roy (1977) holds that Indian villages are predominantly agricultural. In most of them,

however, agricultural is supporting and supported by industry. There are artisans and craftsmen,

household and cottage industries and sometimes small and medium size industries. They take the

inputs from other sectors such as agriculture, forestry, mining and fisheries, etc. and in turn, sell

the processed and semi-processed outputs to the local and other communities.

Keeping in view the limitations of resources and organization in the area, small scale

industries, based on available raw materials, are encouraged in the region. At present, there are

6470 small scale units which are widely distributed in different parts of the area. Small scale

industries play a vital role for the development of the people of Central Uttar Pradesh

particularly. Thus researcher has selected four variables to measure the levels of industrial

development in study area.

Variable Definition





No. of scheduled Commercial Banks per lakh of population

There are 4.9 scheduled commercial banks per lakh of population in Uttar Pradesh, the

study area. But at the district level, there is a high degree of variation in the number of scheduled

commercial banks per lakh of population. District of Lucknow has the highest (8.1) and

Kushinagaar (3.3) schedule commercial banks per lakh of population. The distribution schedule

commercial bank in the region is given in table 4.1 and Fig.4.1

64


There are eleven districts in this category which account for 15.71 percent of the total

districts. Out of eleven five districts namely Meerut, Ghaziabad, G.B.Nagar, Mathura and Agra

lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; three districts namely Kanpur Nagar, Kanpur Dehat and Lucknow

lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; two districts namely Jalaun and Jhansi lies in Bundelkhand region

and one district of Varanasi lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.



districts. Out of these thirteen districts, seven districts namely Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar,

Moradabad, Rampur, Aligarh, Hathras and Bareilly lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; districts of

Barabanki lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; there districts namely Hamirpur, Banda and Chitrakoot

lies in Bundelkhand region and districts of Ballia and Allahabad lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Table 4.1

No. of scheduled commercial banks per lakh of population


Districts

Very High 0.80-3.35 Meerut, Ghaziabad, G.B.Nagar, Jalaun, Jhansi,

Mathura, Agra, Lucknow, Kanpur Dehat, Kanpur

Nagar, Varanasi,

11

High 0.09-0.80 Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Moradabad, Rampur,

Allahabad, Aligarh, Hathras, Barielly, Barabanki,

Hamirpur, Banda, Chitrakoot, Ballia,

13

Medium -0.52-0.09 Bulandshahr, Mainpuri, Pilibhit, Shahjahanpur,

Mahoba, Pratapgarh, Farrukhabad, Etawah, Sitapur,,

Raebareli, Fatehpur, Lalitpur, Sultanpur, Sharawasti,

Gorakhpur, Azamgarh, Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Mirzapur,

Sonbhadra

20

Low -1.03- -0.52 Bijnor, J.P.Nagar, Baghpat, Firozabad, Etah, Budaun,

Kannauj, Auraiya, Kheri, Unnao, Faizabad, Bahraich,

Balrampur, Gonda, Sidharthnagar, Basti, Deoria, Mau,

Sant Ravidasnagar

19

Very Low -1.50- -1.03 Hardoi, Kushambi, Ambedkarnagar, Sant Kabirnagar.

Maharajganj, Kushinagar, Chandauli

07

65



districts. Out of these twenty districts six districts namely Bulandshahr, Mainpuri, Pilibhit,

Shahjahanpur, Farrukhabad and Etawah lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; three districts namely

Sitapur, Raebareli and Fatehpur lies Central Uttar Pradesh; two districts namely Mahoba and

Lalitpur lies in Bundelkhand region and Pratapgarh, Sultanpur, Sharawasti, Gorakhpur,

Azamgarh, Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Mirzapur and Sonbhadra lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Low Concentration: ( -1.03- -0.52 )

There are nineteen districts in this category which account for 27.14 percent of

the total districts. Out of nineteen districts eight districts namely Bijnor, J.P.Nagar,

Baghpat, Firozabad, Etah, Budaun, Kannauj and Auraiya lies in Western Uttar Pradesh;

two districts namely Kheri and Unnao lies in Central Uttar Pradesh and nine districts

66

namely Faizabad, Bahraich, Balrampur, Gonda, Sidharthnagar, Basti, Deoria, Mau and

Sant Ravidasnagar lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.


There are seven districts in this category which account for 10 percent of total

districts. Out of ten districts Hardoi is the only district which lie in Central Uttar Pradesh and

rest six districts namely Kushambi, Ambedkarnagar, Sant Kabirnagar. Maharajganj, Kushinagar and

Chandauli lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

No. of Small Scale Industries per lakh of population

In Uttar Pradesh there are 1.47 small scale industries per lakh of population. But at the

district level, there is a high degree of variation in the number of small scale industries per lakh

of population. District of Meerut (46.4) has highest and district of Balrampur (3.29) has the

lowest number of small scale industries per lakh of population. The distribution of small scale

industrial workers per lakh of population has been given in table 4.2 and Fig.4.2


There are nine districts in this category which account for 12.86 percent of the total

districts. Out of nine districts six districts namely Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Baghpat, Ghaziabad,

G.B.Nagar Pilihit and Bulandshahr lies in Western Uttar Pradesh and two districts namely Jhansi

and Lalitpur lies in Bundelkhand region.


There are eighteen districts in this category which accounts for 25.71 percent of the

total districts. Out of these eighteen districts, nine districts namely Saharanpur, Moradabad,

Rampur, Mathura, Agra, Firozabad, Farrukhabad, Shahjahanpur, and Bareilly lies in Western

Uttar Pradesh; three districts namely Unnao, Lucknow and Fatehpur lies in Central Uttar

67

Pradesh; four districts namely Hamirpur, Banda, Mahoba and Jalaun lies in Bundelkhand

region and districts of Faizabad and Sonbhadra lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.


There are fifteen districts in this category which account for 21.43 percent of the total

districts. Out of these five districts namely Bijnor, Aligarh, Mainpuri, Kannauj, Auraiya lies in

Western Uttar Pradesh; four districts namely Kanpur Dehat, Kanpur Nagar, Raebareli and

Barabanki lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; Chitrakoot is the only district which lie in Bundelkhand

region and six districts namely Chandauli, Ghazipur, Varanasi, Bahraich, Ballia and Mau lies in


Table 4.2

No. of small scale industries per lakh of population


Districts

Very High 1.26-3.33 Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Baghpat, Ghaziabad,

G.B.Nagar, Pilihit, Jhansi, Bulandshahr, Lalitpur

09

High 0.29-1.26 Mahoba, Faizabad, Saharanpur, Moradabad,

Rampur, Mathura, Agra, Unnao, Lucknow, Banda,

Hamirpur, Sonbhadra, Firozabad, Bareilly,

Farrukhabad, Fatehpur, Jalaun, Shahjahanpur,

18

Medium -0.41-0.29 Chandauli, J.P.Nagar,Hathras, Budaun, Etawah,

Ghazipur, Varanasi, Raebareli, Kanpur Dehat,

Kanpur Nagar, Barabanki, Chitrakoot, Bahraich,

Ballia, Mau

15

Low -1.15- -0.41 Gorakhpur, Deoria, Bijnor, Aligarh, Mainpuri,

Kannauj, Auraiya, Basti, Jaunpur, Ambedkarnagar,

Maharajganj, Kheri, Sitapur, Hardoi, Kaushambi,

Allahabad, Gonda, Sant Ravidas nagar, Mirzapur

19

Very Low -1.65- -1.15 Etah, Sultanpur, Sharawasti, Balrampur,

Kushinagar, Sidharthnagar, Sant Kabirnagar,

Azamgarh, Pratapgarh

09

68

Low Concentration: (-1.15- -0.41)

There are nineteen districts in this category which account for 27.14 percent of

the total districts. Out of nineteen districts five districts namely Bijnor, Aligarh,

Mainpuri, Kannauj, and Auraiya lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; three districts namely

Sitapur, Hardoi and Kheri lies in Central Uttar Pradesh and eleven districts namely

Kaushambi, Allahabad, Gonda, Sant Ravidasnagar, Mirzapur ,Basti, Jaunpur,

Ambedkarnagar, Maharajganj, Gorakhpur and Deoria lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.


There are nine districts in this category which account for 12.86 percent of total

districts. Out of nine districts Etah is the only district which lie in Central Uttar Pradesh and rest

eight districts namely Sultanpur, Sharawasti, Balrampur, Kushinagar, Sidharthnagar, Sant

Kabirnagar, Azamgarh and Pratapgarh lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

No. of Employees in registered factories per lakh of population

69

There are 228 employees in registered factories per lakh of population in Uttar Pradesh, the

study area. But at the district level, there is a high degree of variation in the number of registered

employees in registered factories per lakh of population. The distribution of employees in

registered factories per lakh of population in the study region is given in table 4.3 and Fig.4.3


There are only two districts in this category which account for 2.86 percent of the total

districts. Both the districts namely Ghaziabad and G.B.Nagar lie in Western Uttar Pradesh.


There are two districts in this category which accounts for 2.86 percent of the total

districts. Out of these two districts, the district of Bijnor lies in Western Uttar Pradesh and the

district of Sonbhadra lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.


There are eight districts in this category which account for 11.43 percent of the total

districts. Out of these five districts namely Moradabad, J.P. Nagar, Mathura, Meerut and

Saharanpur lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; four districts namely Kanpur Nagar and Kanpur Dehat

lies in Central Uttar Pradesh and district of Jaunpur lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Table 4.3

No. of employees in registered factories per lakh of population


Districts

Very High 1.63-7.84 G.B.Nagar, Ghaziabad, 02

High 0.76-1.63 Bijnor, Sonbhadra, 02

Medium 0.15-0.76 Jaunpur, Meerut, Saharanpur,Kanpur Dehat, Moradabad,

J.P.Nagar, Mathura, Kanpur Nagar,

08

Low -0.17-0.15 Aligarh, Muzaffarnagar, Rampur, Baghpat, Bulandshahr, Agra,

Firozabad, Hathras, Barielly, Pilibhit, Shahjahanpur, Kheri,

Lucknow, Jhansi, Allahabad, Sant Ravidasnagar,

16

Very Low -0.45- -

0.17

Etah, Mainpuri, Budaun, Farrukhabad, Kannauj, Etawah,

Auraiya, Sitapur, Hardoi, Unnao, Raebareli, Fatehpur,

42

70

Barabanki, Jalaun, Lalitpur, Hamirpur, Mahoba, Banda,

Chitrakoot, Pratapgarh, Kaushambi, Faizabad, Ambedkarnagar,

Sultanpur, Bahraich, Sharawasti, Balrampur, Gonda,

Sidharthnagar, Basti, Sant Kabirnagar, Maharajganj,

Gorakhpur, Kushinagar, Deoria, Azamgarh, Mau, Ballia,

Ghazipur, Chandauli, Varanasi, Mirzapur

Low Concentration:- (-0.17-0.15)


districts. Out of these sixteen districts eleven districts namely Aligarh, Muzaffarnagar, Rampur,

Baghpat, Bulandshahr, Agra, Firozabad, Hathras, Barielly, Pilibhit and Shahjahanpur lies in Western

Uttar Pradesh; Kheri and Lucknow lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; the district of Jhansi lies in

Bundelkhand region and two districts namely Allahabad and Sant Ravidasnagar lies in Eastern

Uttar Pradesh.


71

There are forty two districts in this category which account for 60 percent of the total

districts. Out of these forty two districts seven districts namely Etah, Mainpuri, Budaun,

Farrukhabad, Kannauj, Etawah and Auraiya lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; six districts namely

Sitapur, Hardoi, Unnao, Raebareli, Fatehpur and Barabanki lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; six districts

namely Jalaun, Lalitpur, Hamirpur, Mahoba, Banda and Chitrakoot lies in Bundelkhand region and

the rest twenty three districts namely Pratapgarh, Kaushambi, Faizabad, Ambedkarnagar, Sultanpur,

Bahraich, Sharawasti, Balrampur, Gonda, Sidharthnagar, Basti, Sant Kabirnagar, Maharajganj,

Gorakhpur, Kushinagar, Deoria, Azamgarh, Mau, Ballia, Ghazipur, Chandauli, Varanasi and

Mirzapur lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

No. of working factories per lakh of population

There are 6.7 working factories per lakh of population in Uttar Pradesh, the study area. But

at the district level, there is a high degree of variation in the number of working factories per

lakh of population. The distribution of working factories per lakh of population in the study

region is given in table 4.4 and Fig.4.4


There is only one district in this category which account for 1.43 percent of the total

districts. The district of G.B.Nagar is lying in Western Uttar Pradesh.


There are two districts in this category which accounts for 2.86 percent of the total

districts. Out of these two districts, the district of Ghaziabad lies in Western Uttar Pradesh

and Kanpur Nagar lies in Central Uttar Pradesh.


72

There are six districts in this category which account for 8.58 percent of the total districts.

Out of these six districts five districts namely Muzaffarnagar, Moradabad, Meerut, Agra and

Firozabad lies in Western Uttar Pradesh and district of Lucknow lies in Central Uttar Pradesh.



districts. Out of these sixteen districts thirteen districts namely Saharanpur, Bijnor, Rampur,

J.P.Nagar, Barielly, Pilibhit, Bulandshahr, Aligarh, Hathras, Mathura, Shahjahanpur, Kannauj and

Etawah lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; Kheri, Unnao and Kanpur Dehat lies in Central Uttar

Pradesh; the district of Jhansi lies in Bundelkhand region and three districts namely Chandauli,

Varanasi and Mirzapur, lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Table 4.4

No. of working factories per lakh of population


Districts

Very High 1.66-8.15 G.B.Nagar, 01

High 0.48-1.66 Ghaziabad, Kanpur Nagar, 02

Medium 0.09-0.48 Muzaffarnagar, Moradabad, Meerut, Agra, Firozabad,

Lucknow

06

Low -0.16-0.09 Saharanpur, Bijnor, Rampur, J.P.Nagar, Barielly, Pilibhit,

Bulandshahr, Aligarh, Hathras, Mathura, Shahjahanpur,

Kannauj, Etawah, Kheri, Unnao, Kanpur Dehat, Jhansi,

Chandauli, Varanasi, Mirzapur,

20

Very Low -0.35- -

0.16

Baghpat, Etah, Mainpuri, Barabanki, Jalaun, Sitapur,

Hardoi, Buduan, Farrukhabad, Auraiya, Raebareli,

Fatehpur,Lalitpur, Hamirpur, Mahoba, Banda, Chitrakoot,

Pratapgarh, Kuashambi, Allahabad, Faizabad,

Ambedkarnagar, Sultanpur, Bahraich, Sharawasiti,

Balrampur, Gonda, Sidharthnagar, Maharajganj,

Gorakhpur, Kushinagar, Deoria, Azamgarh, Mau, Ballia,

Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Sant Ravidasnagar, Sonbhadra, Basti,

Sant Kabirnagar,

41

73


There are forty districts in this category which account for 57.14 percent of the total

districts. Out of these forty two districts six districts namely Baghpat, Etah, Mainpuri, Buduan,

Farrukhabad and Auraiya lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; five districts namely Sitapur,

Hardoi,Barabanki, Raebareli and Fatehpur lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; six districts namely Jalaun,

Lalitpur, Hamirpur, Mahoba, Banda and Chitrakoot lies in Bundelkhand region and the rest twenty

three districts namely Pratapgarh, Kuashambi, Allahabad, Faizabad, Ambedkarnagar, Sultanpur,

Bahraich, Sharawasiti, Balrampur, Gonda, Sidharthnagar, Maharajganj, Gorakhpur, Kushinagar,

Deoria, Azamgarh, Mau, Ballia, Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Sant Ravidasnagar, Sonbhadra, Basti, and Sant

Kabirnagar, lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Composite Index:

To find out the over all levels of industrial development, the composite indices have

been worked out for each district by adding the index values of all the variables. The index value

is then divided into five grades of very high, high, medium, low and very low The Composite

Index of industrial development has been given in appendix C

74

Levels of Industrial Development

The levels of industrial development of Uttar Pradesh has been shown in table 4.5 and

Fig.4.5

Very High Concentration :-( 7.70-19.84)

Out of seventy districts there are two districts in this category which accounts for

2.86 percent of the total districts. Ghaziabad and G.B.Nagar are two districts in this

category which lies in Western Uttar Pradesh.


There are four districts in this category which account for 5.71 percent of the total districts.

Out of these four districts, one districts namely Meerut lies in Western Uttar Pradesh and three

districts namely Kanpur Nagar, Lucknow and Kanpur Dehat lies in Central Uttar Pradesh



districts. Out of these sixteen districts ten districts namely Muzaffarnaagr, Agra, Mathura,

Bulandshahr, Saharanpur, Pilibhit, Rampur, Moradabad, Bareilly and Shahjahanpur lies in

Western Uttar Pradesh; four districts namely Jhansi, Jalaun, Lalitpur and Hamirpur lies in

Central Uttar Pradesh and district of Varanasi and Sonbhadra lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.


There are twenty five districts in this category which account for 35.71 percent of the

total districts. Out of these, nine districts namely Etawah, Baghpat, Firozabad, Hathras,

Farrukhabad, Bijnor, J.P.Nagar. Aligarh and Budaun lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; four districts

namely Raebareli, Fatehpur, Unnao and Barabanki lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; three districts

75

namely Banda, Mahoba and Chitrakoot lies in Bundelkhand region and nine districts namely

Allahabad, Ghazipur, Ballia, Gorakhpur, Faizabad, Mau, Mirzapur, Jaunpur and Bahraich lies in



There are twenty three districts in this category which account for 32.86 percent of the

total districts. Out of these twenty three districts four districts namely Kannauj, Mainpuri, Etah

and Auraiya lies in Western Uttar Pradesh; three districts namely Kheri, Hardoi and Sitapur lies

in Central Uttar Pradesh and rest sixteen districts namely Basti Sant Ravidasnagar, Pratapgarh,

Chandauli, Sultanpur, Deoria, Gonda, Azamgarh, Sharawasti, Maharajganj, Kaushambi,

Ambedkarnagar, Sidhartnagar, Balrampur, Sant Kabirnagar and Kushinagar lies in Eastern Uttar

Pradesh.

Table 4.5

Industrial Develoment


Districts

Very High 7.70-19.84 G.B.Nagar, Ghaziabad 02

High 3.29-7.70 Meerut, Kanpurnagar, Lucknow, Kanpur Dehat 04

Medium 0.31-3.29 Muzaffarnagar, Agra, Jhansi, Mathura, Bulandshahr,

Saharanpur, Pilibhit, Varanasi, Rampur, Lalitpur,

Sonbhadra, Moradabad, Bareilly, Jalaun, Shahjahanpur,

Hamirpur

16

Low -1.45-0.31

Raebareli, Etawah, Banda, Baghpat, Firozabad, Hathras,

Farrukhabad, Ghazipur, Unnao, Barabanki, Fatehpur,

Bijnor, J.P.Nagar, Mahoba, Allahabad, Aligarh, Ballia,

Gorakhpur, Chitrakoot, Faizabad, Mau, Budaun,

Mirzapur, Jaunpur, Bahraich

25

Very Low -3.64- -1.45 Kannauj, Kheri, Basti, Sitapur, Mainpuri, Sant

Ravidasnagar, Pratapgarh, Chandauli, Sultanpur,

Auraiya, Hardoi, Deoria, Gonda, Azamgarh, Sharawasti,

Etah, Maharajganj, Kaushambi, Ambedkarnagar,

Sidhartnagar, Balrampur, Sant Kabirnagar, Kushinagar

23

76

77

References :

1- NIRD (1999): Regional disparities in development and poverty,

India Rural Development Report, National Institute of Rural

Development, Hyderabad.

2- Radhakrishna, R. and Shovan Ray (2004): ‘Poverty in India:

Dimensions and Character’, India Development Report, Oxford

University Press, New Delhi.

3- Agrawal, R . P . and Mehrotra, C. L.-`Soil Survey and Soil Work in U.P., Allahabad, 1950.

4- Alexander, J. W. and Gibson, L. J. – Economic Geography, Prentice Hall of India P. Ltd.

New Delhi, 1979.

5- Alexander,R.S.,Cross J.S.and Hiel, R.M.-`Industrial Marketing’, D . B. Taraporevala Sons & Co.

P. Ltd., Bombay, 1968.

6- Alonso, W. - `Industrial Location and Regional Policy in Economic

Development`, Working Paper 14, Department of City and Regional

Planning and Centre for Planning and Development Research,

Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of

California, Berkley, 1968

7- Berry, B.J.L. – ‘Essays on Commodity, Flows and Spatial Structure of the Indian

Economy’, Research Paper 111, Department ofGeography, University of Chicago, 1966.

8- Berry, B.J.L. – ‘Recent Studies Concerning the Role of

Transportation in the Space Economy’, Annuals of A.A.G., Vol. 49, No. 3, 1959, p.

328.

9- Bose S.K. – Evaluation of literature on Small Scale Industries in

India, UNESCO Research Centre on Social and Economic

Development in Southern Asia.

10- Brown, C.M. – ‘Successful Features in the Planning of New Town Industrial Estates’,

Journal of the Town Planning Institute, 1962.

11- Chandra Shekhar, C.S.– ‘Regional Planning and Regionalization,

Urban and Rural Planning Thought’, Vol. V, NO. 4, 1962, pp. 23-25.

78

12- Chandra Shekhar, C.S. – ‘The Role of Growth Foci in Regional

Development Strategy’, Urban and Rural Planning Thought’,

Vol. XV, No. 1, pp. 10-11.

13- Darwent, D.F. – ‘Growth Poles and Growth Centres in Regional Planning : A Review’,

Environment and Planning, 1965, pp. 5-31.

14- Development of Industries in Uttar Pradesh (1964-65), Directorate of Industries, U.P.

(Planning and Research Section), Kanpur, 1965.

15- Giri, H.H. – ‘Land Utilisation Survey: District Gonda”, Shivalaya Prakashan, Gorakhpur,

1976.

***************

Chapter 5

79

Socio-Economic Development and Regional

Disparity

In the preceding chapters analysis of regional development in the levels of

social, agricultural and industrial development in Uttar Pradesh has been undertaken. These

various dimensions of development are examined in terms of a variety of indicators in each

case. For example, social development is measured through eight indicators; agricultural

development is assessed with the help of four indicators and industrial development is

adjudged from the variety of indicators such as bank, employment in registered factory and

number of registered factory etc.

Method of Analysis

The level of socio-economic development of different districts of Uttar Pradesh is

obtained with the help of composite index based on optimum combination of sixteen socio-

economic indicators. The district wise data in respect of sixteen indicators were used for seventy

districts of the State. The data on most of the indicators were for the year 2001. The level of

development is obtained separately for social, agricultural and industrial development. The

district of G.B.Nagar is ranked first and the district of Sant Kabirnagar is ranked last in the level

of socio-economic development in the State as shown in table 6.1. Wide disparities are obtained

in the level of development among different economic regions. Western Uttar Pradesh and

Central Uttar Pradesh region are found to be better developed and region of Bundelkhand and

Eastern Uttar Pradesh are less developed. The intra district disparities also found in the socio-

economic development of the study area. The socio-economic development was positively

80

associated with the growth and progress of agricultural development and infrastructural

facilities. The level of education, provision of health services, banking facilities and transport

systems did not significantly influence the agricultural development in the State.

Development is a multi-dimensional continuous process. The impact of

development in different dimensions cannot be fully measured by any single indicator.

Moreover, a number of indicators when analyzed individually do not provide an integrated and

comprehensible picture of reality. Hence, there is a need for building up of a composite index of

development based on various indicators combined in an optimum manner. For this study, the

districts have been taken as the unit of analysis. Seventy districts of the state of Uttar Pradesh are

included in the study. The study utilizes data on most of the economic indicators for the year

2001-02. A total of sixteen development indicators have been included in the study.

Development Indicators

Each district faces situational factors of development unique to it as well as common

administrative and financial problems. Administrative, financial and other situational factors

common to all the districts have been taken as the indicators of development. The composite

indices of development for different districts have been obtained by using the data on the

following indicators.

Variable Definition

Social Sector


X2 Literacy






(including P.H.C)


81

Agricultural Sector





Industrial Sector





A total of sixteen development indicators have been included in the analysis for evaluating the

level of socio-economic development of different districts. These indicators may not form an all

inclusive list but these are the major interacting components of socio-economic development.

Level of Development

The composite indices of development (Cl) have been worked out for different districts

separately for social, agriculture and industrial development and overall socio-economic

development. The districts have been ranked on the basis of development indices. Table 5.1

presents the composite indices (CI) of development along with the ranks of different districts. It

may be seen from the above table that out of 70 districts of the State, the district of G.B.Nagar is

ranked first and the district of Sant Kabir Nagar ranked last in the overall socio-economic

development. The value of composite indices varied· from 22.552 to -13.320. In social

development the district of Sonbhadra is ranked first and district of Kushinagar ranked last. The

composite indices of social development varied from 18.882 to -9.591. In agricultural

development the district of Pilibhit is ranked first in the State whereas the district of Hamirpur

ranked last. The composite indices of agricultural development varied from 3.709 to -5.964.

82

Regarding industrial development, the district of G.B. Nagar again ranked first and the district of

Kushinagar again ranked last in the State. The composite indices varied from 19.844 to -3.642.

For examining the relationships among social development, agricultural development,

industrial development and overall socio-economic development pair wise correlations have

been worked out and presented in table 5.2

Table 5.2

S.No. Pair of Sectors Correlation Coefficient

1 Agriculture and Social -.297*

2 Agricultural and Industrial -.057

3 Agriculture and Socio-economic .099

4 Social and Industrial .685*

5 Social and Socio-economic .845*

6 Industry and Socio-economic .865*

*correlation is significant at the .01 level.

The correlation coefficient between the developments in agricultural and socio-economic

sectors is not found to be significant at 0.01 probability level. However, the correlation coefficient

between the developments in agriculture and social and agriculture and industrial is negatively

significant. The agricultural development is not found to be significantly affected by the level of social

development and industrial development. On the other hand the social and socio-economic development

and social and industrial development is found to be significant at 0.01 probabilities. Overall socio-

economic development is positively associated with social, agricultural and industrial development.

83

Levels of Socio-Economic Development

To find out the levels socio-economic development, the composite indices have been

worked out for each district by adding the index values of all the variables. The index value is

then divided into five grades of very high, high, medium, low and very low The Composite

Index has been given in appendix D. There are high degrees of regional disparities at regional as

well as intra-region level pertaining to agricultural, social and industrial development has been

obtained in the study region as shown in Table 5.3 and Fig.5.1

Very High Socio-Economic Development (10.35-22.55)

There are three districts in this category which accounts for the 4.29 percent of the total

districts of the study area. Out of three districts, two districts namely G.B.Nagar and Ghaziabad

lies in Western Uttar Pradesh and the districts of Sonbhadra lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

High Level of Socio-Economic Development (3.70-10.35)

There are twelve districts in this category which accounts for 17.14 percent of the

total districts. Out of these twelve districts, seven districts namely Muzaffarnagar,

Moradabad, Meerut, Bulandshahr, Mathura, Agra and Mainpuri lies in Western Uttar Pradesh;

four districts namely Kanpur Nagar, Kanpur Dehat, Lucknow and Barabanki lies in Central

Uttar Pradesh and district of Lalitpur lies in Bundelkhand region. Not a single district from

Eastern Uttar Pradesh find place in this category.

Medium Socio-Economic Development (-1.38- 3.70)

There are twenty one districts in this category which accounts for 30 percent of the

total districts of the study area. Out of these twenty one districts, sixteen districts namely

Saharanpur, J.P. Nagar, Rampur, Pilibhit, Shahjahanpur, Bijnor, Aligarh, Hathras, Firozabad,

Etah, Bareilly, Farrukhabad, Kannauj, Etawah, Aurraiya and Baghpat lies in Western Uttar

84

Pradesh; three districs namely Jalaun, Jhansi and Hamirpur lies in Bundelkhand region and two

districts namely Faizabad and Varanasi lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Table 5.3

COMPOSITE INDEX 2001


Districts

Very High 10.35-22.55

Ghaziabad, G.B.Nagar, Sonbhadra 03

High 3.70-10.35

Muzaffarnagar, Moradabad, Meerut, Bulandshahr,

Mathura, Agra, Mainpuri, Kanpur Nagar, Kanpur

Dehat, Lucknow, Barabanki, Lalitpur

12

Medium -1.38- 3.70

Saharanpur, J.P. Nagar, Rampur, Pilibhit,

Shahjahanpur, Bijnor, Aligarh, Hathras, Firozabad,

Etah, Bareilly, Farrukhabad, Kannauj, Aurraiya,

Baghpat, Jalaun, Jhansi, Hamirpur, Etawah,

Faizabad, Varanasi

21

Low -7.19- -1.38

Unnao, Fatehpur, Mahoba, Banda, Chitrakoot,

Pratapgarh, Kaushambi, Allahabad,

Ambedkarnagar, Sultanpur, Basti, Gorakhpur,

Deoria, Azamgarh, Mau, Ballia, Jaunpur, Ghazipur,

Chandauli, Mirzapur, Budaun, Kheri, Sitapur,

Hardoi, Raebareli,

25

Very Low -13.32- -

7.19

Kushinagar, Sant Ravidasnagar, Sant Kabir Nagar,

Maharajganj, Bahraich, Sharawasti, Balrampur,

Gonda, Sidharthnagar,

09

Low Socio-Economic Development (-7.19- -1.38)

There are twenty five districts in this category which accounts for 35.71 percent of

the total districts of the study area. Out of these twenty five districts, Budaun district lies in

Western Uttar Pradesh; six districts namely Unnao, Fatehpur, Kheri, Sitapur, Hardoi and

Raebareli lies in Central Uttar Pradesh; three districts namely Mahoba, Banda and

Chitrakoot lies in Central Uttar Pradesh and fifteen districts namely Pratapgarh, Kaushambi,

85

Allahabad, Ambedkarnagar, Sultanpur, Basti, Gorakhpur, Deoria, Azamgarh, Mau, Ballia,

Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Chandauli and Mirzapur lies in Western Uttar Pradesh.

Very Socio-Economic Development (-13.32- -7.19)

There are nine districts in this category which accounts for 12.86 percent of the

total districts of study area. All the nine districts lie in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

*******************

Chapter 7

86

Conclusion and Suggestions

The broad conclusions emerging from the study are as follows:

1. With respect to overall socio-economic development, the districts of G.B.Nagar, Ghaziabad,

Sonbhadhra, J.P.Nagar, Kanpur Nagar, Lucknow Muzaffarnagar, Bulandshahr, Mathura, Kanpur

Dehat, Lalitpur, Agra, Mainpuri, Barabanki and Moradabad are found to be better developed as

compared to the remaining districts of the state. Most of the districts belong to Western Uttar

Pradesh and Central Uttar Pradesh. Similarly the districts of Sant Kabir Nagar, Kushinagar,

Sidharthnagar, Gonda, Maharajganj, Sharawasti, Bahraich, Balrampur, Sant Ravidasnagar,

Gorakhpur, Ambedkarnagar, Mirzapur, Azamgarh, Jaunpur and Deoria are very low developed.

All of these districts belong to Eastern Uttar Pradesh. The levels of development in the rest of the

districts are of middle or low order but most of the districts having tendency to make

improvement in the pattern of development.

2. Nine districts namely Sonbhadra, Jalaun, Lalitpur, Hamirpur, G.B.Nagaar, Jhansi, Kanpur Nagar,

Agra and Chitrakoot; eleven districts namely Pilibhit, Rampur, Barabanki, Ambedkarnagar, J.P.

Nagar, Shahjahanpur, Bulandshahr, and Baghpat and two districts namely G.B.Nagar and

Ghaziabad are found to be better developed in social , agriculture and industrial sector

respectively. Similarly six districts namely Kushinagar, Sant Kabirnagar, Maharajganj, Gonda,

Ambedkarnagar, and Sidharthnagar have very low social development; seven districts namely

Hamirpur, Chitrakoot, Mahoba, Jalaun, Banda, Jhansi, and Sonbhadra have very low agricultural

development and twenty three districts namely Kushinagar, Sant Kabirnagar, Balrampur,

Sidharthnagar, Kaushambi, Maharajganj, Etah, Sharawasti, Azamgarh, Gonda, Deoria,

Ambedkarnagar, Hardoi, Auraiya, Sultanpur, Chandauli, Sant Ravidasnagar, Pratapgarh,

Mainpuri, Sitapur, Basti, Kheri, Kannauj and Bahraich have very low industrial development.

87

Nine districts namely Kushinagar, Sant Ravidasnagar, Maharajganj, Bahraich, Sharawasti,

Balrampur, Gonda and Sidharthnagar are found to be very low developed in overall socio-

economic development.

3. The overall socio-economic development is positively associated with social, agriculture and

industrial development. The impact of industrial development on overall socio-economic

development is higher than the agriculture and social development. Agricultural development

along with the better avenues for education, electricity and medical facilities will enhance the

level of level of overall socio-economic development. Agricultural development and social

development and agricultural development and industrial development are negatively associated.

4. Wide disparities in the levels of development have been observed in different districts. Western

Uttar Pradesh and Central Uttar Pradesh regions are found to be better developed whereas most

of the districts in Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bundelkhand regions are low developed.

5. In order to reduce the disparities in the level of development, low developed districts require

improvements of various dimensions in different indicators for enhancing the level of overall

socio-economic development. The location specific technology of agricultural development

should be adopted and proper utilization of infrastructural facilities and resources should be

made. Special care and efforts should be made to enhance the industrial development particularly

household industry.

88

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