Proposal on Baseline Study on the Disaster Risk Management and

Expert Meeting on Technology Road MapsExpert Meeting on Technology Road Maps

25 March 2013

Golam Rabbani

Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS)

Adaptation Technologies in Agriculture: Experiences from Bangladesh

Bonn, Germany

Background

Climate Induced Major Hazards

How climate change currently affects agriculture practices

(including the coast of Bangladesh)

Adaptation Technologies for Agriculture (Crop-Rice) in

Bangladesh

Adaptation Policy and Strategy of the Government of

Bangladesh

Some examples of Adaptation technology in Agriculture in

Bangladesh

Outline of the PresentationOutline of the Presentation

Bangladesh is one of the climate related disaster prone countries of the world

Climate Change reduces rice production in Bangladesh by an average 3.9 % each

year (World Bank, 2010)

4°C increase in temperature would have a sever impact on food production in

Bangladesh, resulting in a 28 percent reduction for rice and a 68 per cent reduction for

wheat (BCAS, BIDS and BUP, 1996)

Bangladesh losses about 0.5 million tones of rice annually as a result of floods (Paul

and Rashid, 1993)

Salinity affected 1.1 million ha of land (soil) in the coast

Farmers are adapting with local and innovative technologies (advantage and

disadvantages)

BackgroundBackground

Water logging

Drought

Flood

Cyclone Storm surge, salinity

Bank erosion

Climate Induced Major Hazards That Affect Climate Induced Major Hazards That Affect Agriculture Sector in Bangladesh Agriculture Sector in Bangladesh

Bank Erosion Mazumder, 2011

55

• River floodRiver flood• Flash floodFlash flood• Tidal surgeTidal surge

Affected/Exposed Areas: • Nearly 80 % areas of the

country is low-lying

• Recent floods affected 30-69

% areas

• Standing crops damage

Climate Induced Major Hazards Climate Induced Major Hazards That Affect Bangladesh That Affect Bangladesh


Source: BWDB


Sea

Leve

l Ris

eSe

a Le

vel R

ise

Climate Induced Climate Induced Major Hazards Major Hazards

That Affect That Affect Bangladesh Bangladesh

Salinity Intrusion in agriculture Salinity Intrusion in agriculture fields (SOIL)fields (SOIL)


Salinity intrusion increased by 27 % Salinity intrusion increased by 27 %

from 1973 to 2009 (SRDI, 2010)from 1973 to 2009 (SRDI, 2010)

Farmers are extremely challenged Farmers are extremely challenged

with salinitywith salinity

After Cyclone Aila (2009), many After Cyclone Aila (2009), many

farmers couldn’t cultivate rice for farmers couldn’t cultivate rice for

three consecutive yearsthree consecutive years

Cyclone and Storm surge Late and lack of rainfall Tidal surge and Salinity intrusion

excessive rainfall(sky flood!)

• Overflows surface water resources • Lack of freshwater for irrigation

• Low level of water in ponds and mini ponds• Water quality and quantity

• Salinity in surface water•

• huge surface runoff• Quality of water deteriorates

Vulnerability to LIVELIHOODS

• Damages of crops, fisheries and livestock• No freshwater for crops

• Reduced yields • loss of crops

• Reduce cropproductiondue to salinity in soil

• Heavy rainfall in short time cause damage to crop• Excessive rainfall submerge the vegetables and crops for several days

Vulnerability to LIVELIHOODImpacts onAgriculturesector

Impacts on water sector

Climate Change

How climate change induced hazards currently affects agriculture practices in the coast of Bangladesh

Climate Change key Elements

Current Adaptation Technologies for Crop Agriculture (e.g. Rice and wheat )

Hard Technology Soft Technology

Temperature variations Heat tolerant variety

Early morning flowering variety Improve irrigation system/ supplementary

irrigation Irrigation efficiency (magic pipe

technology) Changing crop varieties

Training/capacity building

Crop rotation patterns

Awareness raising

Erratic rainfall Submergence tolerant varieties Early warning system Short term variety

Awareness raising Capacity building Change of cropping

pattern

Adaptation Technologies for Agriculture (Crop-Rice and Wheat) in Bangladesh

Climate Change key Elements

Current Adaptation Technologies for Crop Agriculture (e.g. Rice and wheat )

Hard Technology Soft Technology

Drought Drought tolerant variety Rainwater harvesting for lean period Excavation and re-excavation of water

channels, mini ponds for irrigation Change tilling practices Drip irrigation system

Awareness raising Capacity building Irrigation efficiency

Flood Flood tolerant variety Infrastructure e.g. flood control Seed preservation Early warning system

Awareness raising Capacity building Crop forecasting

Salinity Saline tolerant variety Infrastructure (protection of agriculture

land from intrusion of sea water)

Awareness raising Capacity building

Adaptation Technologies in Agriculture (Crop-Rice and Wheat) in Bangladesh

Climate Related Stress Climate Tolerant Popular Rice Variety

Growth Duration(days)

Average Yield(Ton/Ha)

Flood (submergence) BRRI dhan 51 142-154 4BRRI dhan 52 145-155 4.5

Salinity in soil, surface and ground water

BRRI dhan 40 145 4.5BRRI dhan 41 148 4.5BRRI 28 140 6.0BR 23 150 5.5BRRI dhan 27 115 4BRRI dhan 47 152 6.0BINA-8 130-135 5.0

Drought BRRI dhan 55 (also saline tolerant)

145 7.0

BRRI dhan 33 118 4.5BRRI dhan 39 122 4.5

Adaptation Technologies in Agriculture (Crop-Rice) in BangladeshClimate Tolerant Rice Varieties

Popular saline tolerant Rice varieties

Crop Season Months Salinity tolerant level (ds/m)

BRRI 28 Boro Dec-May 1-4

BRRI dhan 40 Aman June-Dec 8-10

BRRI dhan 41 Aman June-Dec 8-10

BRRI 23 Aman June-Dec 8-10

BRRI dhan 47 Boro Dec-May 8-10

BINA-8 Boro and Aman Dec-May/June-Dec

12-14

“Saline Tolerant Varieties” as the effective adaptation option for Rice Farming in the most vulnerable Coastal Zone in Bangladesh

1515

Stress (flood, drought and salinity) tolerant varietiesStress (flood, drought and salinity) tolerant varieties

Short duration cropsShort duration crops

Innovative farming practices (floating gardens, irrigation efficiency)Innovative farming practices (floating gardens, irrigation efficiency)

Crop diversificationCrop diversification

Changing/shifting cropping patternChanging/shifting cropping pattern

Adjustments in irrigation system (excavation of mini-ponds, Adjustments in irrigation system (excavation of mini-ponds,

supplementary irrigation)supplementary irrigation)

Cropping intensity (1, 2, 3, 4……crops in a year)Cropping intensity (1, 2, 3, 4……crops in a year)

key Adaptation Technologies in Crop Agriculture in Bangladesh

Adaptation Policy and Strategy Adaptation Policy and Strategy of the Government of Bangladesh of the Government of Bangladesh

Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan 2005Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan 2005

National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPA) 2004/2005National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPA) 2004/2005

Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP, Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP, 2009)2009)

Food security, social protection and healthFood security, social protection and health

Comprehensive Disaster Management Comprehensive Disaster Management

InfrastructureInfrastructure

Mitigation and low carbon developmentMitigation and low carbon development

Research and knowledge management Research and knowledge management

Capacity and institutionsCapacity and institutions

1616

Current Adaptation Governance: Conceptual FrameworkCurrent Adaptation Governance: Conceptual Framework

CCT

Line Ministries

Policy and Strategy•BCCSAP• NAPA

Trusty Board• Managing fund and selection of adaptation projects• 15 members

Technical Committee• review and recommendation of adaptation projects

MoEF

CTF

Adaptation Actions/Projects

Communities

DoEHigh Level Committee

BCRRF

NGO/CSOs

Evaluation Team

Implementing Organizations

Clim

ate

Fina

nce

Departments/Institutes

Some examples of Adaptation technologySome examples of Adaptation technology in Agriculture in Bangladesh in Agriculture in Bangladesh

• Adaptation technology in Adaptation technology in practice: practice: Flood Prone AreasFlood Prone Areas

• Floating Bed PreparationFloating Bed Preparation– Collection of materials (water-Collection of materials (water-

hyacinth and other aquatic hyacinth and other aquatic vegetation)vegetation)

– Making a floating bed (May to Making a floating bed (May to July)July)

• Farming crops and seasonFarming crops and season– Mostly vegetables, both Mostly vegetables, both

summer and wintersummer and winter

– Ball or cushion like structureBall or cushion like structure

– Seedling raisingSeedling raising

Technology Case-1. Floating Gardens (Vegetable Farming)

• Growing vegetablesGrowing vegetables– Vegetables growingVegetables growingPeople also grow People also grow

vegetables for own vegetables for own consumption and sell consumption and sell surplus to the market surplus to the market

• IncomeIncome– Women earns 5 Women earns 5

USD/Day (May-June) for USD/Day (May-June) for preparing preparing “Dolla” (small “Dolla” (small ball shaped structure) ball shaped structure)

– Farmer earns 200 to Farmer earns 200 to 2000 USD/season 2000 USD/season depending on the size of depending on the size of the floating bedthe floating bed


Technology Case-1. Floating Gardens (Vegetable Farming)

• Adaptation Technology in Adaptation Technology in practice: practice: Coastal ZoneCoastal Zone

• Saline Tolerant Rice Saline Tolerant Rice VarietyVariety

– BRRI 28 (mid 1990s to BRRI 28 (mid 1990s to 2008)2008)

– BRRI dhan 47 is saline BRRI dhan 47 is saline resistant varietyresistant variety

– BRRI 47 can resist 8-10 BRRI 47 can resist 8-10 dS/m (moderate level of dS/m (moderate level of salinity)salinity)

– About 5 tons/haAbout 5 tons/ha– Duration about 150 daysDuration about 150 days

Source:


Technology Case-2. Saline Tolerant Rice Variety

• Homestead Vegetable Homestead Vegetable Garden on raised plinthGarden on raised plinth

• Most of the farmers now Most of the farmers now practice vegetable practice vegetable farmingfarming


Technology Case 3. Traditional Adaptation Technology

• Vegetable farming at Vegetable farming at different level different level (adapting different (adapting different degree of salinity) of degree of salinity) of raised plinthraised plinth

• Traditional practices in Traditional practices in coastal areascoastal areas

• Mainly own Mainly own consumptionconsumption

• Alternate livelihoods Alternate livelihoods option under saline option under saline conditioncondition





Mini ponds supplementary irrigation Mini ponds supplementary irrigation

• Adaptation technology in Adaptation technology in practice: practice: Drought Prone Drought Prone AreasAreas

• Adjustments in irrigation for Adjustments in irrigation for both rice and vegetable both rice and vegetable cultivationcultivation

• improve irrigation efficiency improve irrigation efficiency in water scarcity areasin water scarcity areas

• small water reservoir in the small water reservoir in the agriculture fields for irrigationagriculture fields for irrigation

Adaptation Projects in Agriculture Budget (USD)1 Innovation & Extension of rice based technology to

reduce the adverse impact of climate change.0.75 Million

2 Stress tolerant rice, wheat, pulses & oil seed production, processing & distribution project

3.1 Million

3 Innovation of Sustainable Crop System for Drought Prone and Coastal/saline Area to Face Climate Change Impact.

0.75 Million

4 Innovation of various Crop System for Drought Prone and Coastal/saline Area to Face Climate Change Impact

0.6 Million

5 Agriculture Adaptation in Climate Risk Prone Areas 22.5 Million

Adaptation Projects in Agriculture SectorAdaptation Projects in Agriculture Sector• Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund• Bangladesh Climate Resilience Fund

Thank youThank you

Documents

Proposal on Baseline Study on the Disaster Risk Management and