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ProposalforaGurmukhiScriptRootZoneLabelGenerationRuleset(LGR)

LGRVersion:3.0

Date:2019-03-06

Documentversion:2.6

Authors:Neo-BrahmiGenerationPanel[NBGP]

1. GeneralInformation/Overview/AbstractThisdocumentlaysdowntheLabelGenerationRulesetforGurmukhiscript.Threemain

componentsoftheGurmukhiScriptLGRi.e.Codepointrepertoire,VariantsandWhole

LabelEvaluationRuleshavebeendescribed indetailhere.All thesecomponentshave

been incorporated inamachine-readable format in theaccompanyingXMLfilenamed

"proposal-gurmukhi-lgr-06mar19-en.xml".

In addition, a document named “gurmukhi-test-labels-06mar19-en.txt” has been

provided.ItprovidesalistoflabelswhichcanproducevariantsaslaiddowninSection6

of thisdocumentand it alsoprovidesvalidand invalid labels asper theWholeLabel

EvaluationlaiddowninSection7.

2. ScriptforwhichtheLGRisproposed

ISO15924Code:Guru

ISO15924KeyN°:310

ISO15924EnglishName:Gurmukhi

Latintransliterationofnativescriptname:gurmukhī

Nativenameofthescript:ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ

MaximalStartingRepertoire[MSR]version:4

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3. BackgroundonScriptandPrincipalLanguagesUsingIt

3.1. TheEvolutionoftheScript

LikemostoftheNorthIndianwritingsystems,theGurmukhiscriptisadescendantofthe

Brahmiscript.TheProto-GurmukhilettersevolvedthroughtheGuptascriptfrom4thto

8thcentury,followedbytheShardascriptfrom8thcenturyonwardsandfinallyadapted

theirarchaicformintheDevaseshastageofthelaterShardascript,datedbetweenthe

10thand14thcenturies.

Regionallyandcontemporarilycompared,Gurmukhicharactershavedirectsimilarities

with Gujarati, Landa, Nagari, Sharda, and Takri: they are either exactly the same or

essentially alike. Internally, A (ਅ),HA (ਹ), CA (ਚ), DA (ਦ),NNA (ਣ), LA (ਲ) letters of

Gurmukhihadundergonesomeminororthographicalchangesbefore1610A.D.Amajor

changeoccurredinNGA(ਙ)andNYA(ਞ)letters.BA(ਬ)letterwasinventedlater.Further

changes came in the forms of A (ਅ),HA (ਹ) and LA (ਲ) letters in the first half of the

nineteenthcentury.

Figure1:PictorialdepictionofProto-Gurmukhi(13thcentury)withcurrentglyphsdisplayedaboveeachcharacter

Another reform carried out is the separation of lexical units of the sentence which

previously formedone jumbledunit; latelypunctuationmarksborrowedfromEnglish

havebeenincorporatedbesidesthefullstop.Inplaceofthefullstop,dandihasbeenused

whichexistedtraditionally.

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TheSikhGurusadoptedtheproto-GurmukhiscripttowritetheGuruGranthSahib,the

primaryreligiousscriptureoftheSikhs.Thelettersnodoubtexistedbeforetheperiodof

the Guru. But Sikh Gurus not only modified and re-arranged certain letters but also

shapedthemintoascript.Theygavenewshapeandnewordertothealphabetandmade

itpreciseandaccurate.TheyfixedoneletterforeachofPunjabiphonemes;useofvowel-

symbolswasmadeobligatory;thelettersusedtoconstructconjunctswerenotadopted;

andonlythoseletterswereretainedwhichdepictedsoundsofthethenspokenlanguage.

Therewassomere-arrangementofthelettersalsoinalphabeticalorder:e.g.,SA(ਸ)and

HA(ਹ)wereshiftedtothefirstlineandURA(ੳ)wasgiventhefirstplaceinthenew

alphabet.

Now Gurmukhi is the name of the script used in writing primarily for the Punjabi

language.ItwasonceusedsecondarilyfortheSindhilanguage,butisnolonger.

3.2. Languagesconsidered

Punjabi(EGIDS2)istheonlylanguagecurrentlyusingtheGurmukhiscript.

3.3. ThestructureofwrittenGurmukhi

PunjabiiswrittenusingtheGurmukhiscript.Itisanalphasyllabarywiththeaksharasits

core. All scripts derived fromBrahmi areAbugidas, i.e. syllabary driven systems. The

mainfeaturesofAbugidasare:

● Theconsonanthasanimplicit/ə/vowelwhichisalsoknownastheschwa.

● Theinherentvowelcanbemodifiedbytheadditionofothervowelsormutedby

adiacritictermedasaVirama.

● Vowelscanbehandledasfullvowelswithavocalicvalue.

● When two ormore consonants join together they form ligatures. InGurmukhi

script,ligaturesareformedonlywithfollowing/h,randv/consonants.Itisworth

mentioningthatthepostbaseformofya,whichwasearlierinuse,hasfallenout

ofuseincommontext.

ThewritingsystemofGurmukhicouldbesummedupascomposedofthefollowing:

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3.3.1. TheConsonantsInGurmukhi,allconsonantscontainanimplicitvowelschwa/ə/[109].InPunjabi,the

/ə/voweliscalledmukta.Thewordmuktaisderivedfromthewordmuktthatmeans

free.Somuktameansfreefromanyvowelsign[110]. Asanexample,thewordਕਰismade

upofthreephonemes/k/,/ə/and/r/,but/ə/doesnotappearinthewordਕਰasitis

inherited in the letterਕ. Hencemukta is, in a sense, “free” from any vowel sign. But

Gurumukhiconsonantsarealsousedwithoutanymodificationtorepresentconsonant

soundswithout following /ə/ vowel. As a result, Gurmukhi script is of semi-syllabic

nature,inthataPunjabiconsonantletterbyitselfmaystandforaconsonantsoundas

wellasfortheconsonantplusfollowing/ə/vowel.

Punjabiisatonelanguage;buteachtoneisnotrepresentedbyitsowndistinctletteror

symbolsintheGurmukhiscript.Nevertheless,inPunjabithesamesequenceofvoweland

consonantsegmentscanrepresentdifferentwordsdependingonthepitchofvoiceor

toneusedinpronouncingit.

Inthetraditionalclassification,consonantsarecategorizedaccordingtotheirphonetic

properties;thereare7groups(vargas)representingpointsofarticulation,andonenon-

varga group, which comes last in display. Varga in general means a category of

consonantsthatareallpronouncedatthesamepointofarticulation.However,thefirst

so-calledvargagroupintheGurmukhialphabetactuallyconsistsofthreevowelcarriers,

aswellastwoconsonants.Inthisfirstgroup,boththeconsonantsrepresentfricatives,

onedentalandanotherglottal.Thenextfivegroupseachlayoutthestopsandnasalof

thevargasystematically,eachdisplayingfiveconsonantsclassifiedaspertheirmanner

of articulation. In each varga, the first four consonants are classified on the basis of

VoicingandAspiration,andthelastconsonantisthecorrespondingNasal.

Asafinalcomplication,thefourthconsonantineachofthesefivevargasistraditionally

classified(followingitshistoricuse)asavoicedaspiratedconsonant;butitisinfactused

todenotetone.

Punjabi does not now contain voiced aspirated consonants [111]. Instead, the

pronunciationof these five, once voiced aspirated, consonants corresponds to tonally

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markedsyllables.Whenanyoftheseletterscomesininitialpositionitistobepronounced

as a unvoiced unaspirated consonant of that vargawith a low tone [112]; inmiddle

positionitistobepronouncedasavoicedunaspiratedconsonantofthatvargawitha

highorlowtone,dependingonthelengthoftheprecedingorthefollowingvowel;atthe

endofaword,itistobepronouncedasavoicedunaspiratedconsonantofthatvargawith

hightone.Sotheseletterscanbepronouncedonlyintwotones,eitherahightoneora

lowtone.

Afterthevargagroups,thenextfiveconsonantsdonothaveasinglepointandmannerof

articulation.Sotheydonotcorrespondtoasinglevarga.Theyarecategorizedasanon-

vargagroup.Thelastgrouphassixletters.AllthelettersinthisgrouphaveaBindi(dot)

placedintheirfoot.Sotheyarecategorizedaspairinbindiletters,meaning“havingdotin

thefoot”.

Varga Vowelcarriers Fricatives

Forbackvowels:u,ū,o

Forlowvowels:a,ā

Forfrontvowels:i,ī,e

Dental:[s] Glottal:[h]

MulVarga ੳU+0A73

ਅU+0A05

ੲU+0A72

ਸU+0A38

ਹU+0A39

Table1:Mulvarga

Varga Unvoiced Voiced Nasal

-Asp +Asp -Asp +Asp*

Velarਕ

U+0A15

k

ਖU+0A16

kh

ਗU+0A17

g

ਘU+0A18

(gh)

ਙU+0A19

ŋ

Palatal ਚU+0A1A

c

ਛU+0A1B

ch

ਜU+0A1C

j

ਝU+0A1D

(jh)

ਞU+0A1E

ñ

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Varga Unvoiced Voiced Nasal

-Asp +Asp -Asp +Asp*

Retroflex ਟU+0A1F

ṭ

ਠU+0A20

ṭh

ਡU+0A21

ḍ

ਢU+0A22

(ḍh)

ਣU+0A23

ṇ

Dental ਤU+0A24

t

ਥU+0A25

d

ਦU+0A26

th

ਧU+0A27

(dh)

ਨU+0A28

n

Bi-labial ਪU+0A2A

p

ਫU+0A2B

ph

ਬU+0A2C

b

ਭU+0A2D

(bh)

ਮU+0A2E

m

Table2:Vargaclassificationofconsonants*TraditionallytheselettersindicatevoicedaspiratesbutinPunjabitheyareusedtorepresent

low+hightonesonadjacentsyllables.

NonVarga ਯU+0A2F

y

ਰU+0A30

r

ਲU+0A32

l

ਵU+0A35

v

ੜU+0A5C

rr

Table3:Non-Vargaconsonants

PairinBindiVarga

ਸ਼U+0A36

Š

ਖ਼U+0A59

x

ਗ਼U+0A5A

γ

ਜ਼U+0A5B

z

ਫ਼U+0A5E

f

ਲ਼U+0A33

ḷ

Table4:Pairinbindiconsonants

3.3.2. TheImplicitVowelKiller:ViramaInGurmukhiandDevanagari,consonantshaveanimplicitschwa/ə/includedinthem.In

Hindi,aspecialsigncalledHalant"◌੍"(U+094D)isneededtoindicatethatthisimplicit

vowel is stripped off, so to create conjuncts, Halant is used with the consonants in

Devanagari. Unlike Devanagari, Gurmukhi consonants are also used to represent

consonantsoundswhere/ə/isnotincludedinthem.

InGurmukhi, thegraphemeofVirama “◌”੍ (U+0A4D) isnotused ingeneral tostripa

consonantletter’simplicitvowel.TheViramaisonlyusedtocreateaconjunctwherethe

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letter HAਹ (U+0A39), RAਰ (U+0A30) or VAਵ (U+0A35) is the second element in a

conjunct. When /h, r and v/ phonemes occur as the secondmember of a consonant

cluster,theViramajoinstheseconsonantsinthefootoftheirprecedingconsonantsand

createsaconjunct.Intheseconsonantclusters,HA(ਹ),RA(ਰ)andVA(ਵ)letterschange

theirshapetopairinhaha( ),pairinrara( )andpairinvava( ). Inpractice, thethree

letters assume a smaller shape which is subjoined to the preceding consonant. For

example,inthewordਸNੀ (srī),ਸ (SA)andਰ(RA)occurasconsonantconjuncts,whereinਸ

(SA)isfollowedby◌੍ (VIRAMA),ਰ(RA)and◌ੀ(VOWELII)i.e.ਸ+◌੍+ਰ+◌ੀ=>ਸNੀ(srī).A

similarpatternisfollowedwhen,HA(ਹ),RA(ਰ)andVA(ਵ)occurasconsonantclusters.

Bycontrast,inthewordਸਰੀ(sarī),ਸandਰdonotoccurasconsonantconjunctsasਸis

followedbyə;theyprohibittheformationofconsonantconjunct,henceਰdoesnothere

appearinthefootofਸ. Therefore,thewordਸਰੀconsistsphoneticallyofਸ+ə+ਰ+◌ੀ.

Thewordsthatshowexamplesofpairinhaha( )andpairinvava( )areasfollows:

InthewordਮਨXਾ(manhā),ਮ(MA)isfollowedbyਨ (NA), ◌੍ (VIRAMA), ਹ (HA) and◌ਾ (VOWEL

AA)i.e.ਮ+ਨ+◌੍+ਹ+◌ਾ.Hereਨandਹoccurasconsonantconjunct.AndinthewordਸZਰ

(svar),ਸ(SA)isfollowedby◌੍ (VIRAMA),ਵ (VA)andਰ (RA)i.e.ਸ+◌੍+ਵ+ਰ.Sointhis

wordਸandਵoccurasconsonantconjuncts.

3.3.3. VowelsPunjabihastenvowels/ਅ(ə),ਆ(a),ਇ(I),ਈ(i),ਉ(U),ਊ(u),ਏ(e),ਐ(ɛ),ਓ(o)andਔ(ͻ)/.The

vowels are represented by nine matras (vowel signs) + three matra vahaks (vowel

carriers).Of thesevowels, three/ਅ(ə),ਇ(I),ਉ(U)/areshortvowelsandseven(ਆ(a),

ਈ(i),ਊ(u),ਏ(e),ਐ(ɛ),ਓ(o) andਔ(ͻ)/ are long vowels. Separate symbols exist for all

vowels,whentheyoccurattheinitialpositionofsyllables.Toindicateavowelsoundafter

aconsonantotherthantheimplicit/ə/,avowelsign(matra)isattachedtotheconsonant.

Sincetheconsonanthasabuilt-inschwa,thereareequivalentmatrasforallvowelsexcept

theਅ[113].Punjabihastenvowelsbutithassignsforonlynineofthem.

Thecorrelationisshownasbelow:

ਅ ਆ ਇ ਈ ਉ ਊ ਏ ਐ ਓ ਔ

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Mukta

[i.e.zero]

(withoutany

vowelsign)

ə

◌ਾ

a

ਿ◌

I

◌ੀ

I

◌ੁ

U

◌ੂ

u

◌ੇ

e

◌ੈ

ɛ

◌ੋ

o

◌ੌ

ͻ

Table5:Vowelswithcorrespondingmatras

3.3.4. Suprasegmentalsigns;Bindi,TippiandAddakGurmukhi script has three suprasegmental signs: Bindi, Tippi and Addak. The main

function of these symbols is to denote nasalization of vowel (Tippi), which is a

suprasegmental phoneme but it is also used to denote the gemination of nasal

consonants,whichissegmental.Thesymboladdakisalsousedtodenotethestress(asin

ਇੱਕ andgerminationasin ਇੱਕੀ),whichissuprasegmental.Bindiisalsosuprasegmental.

ThesesignsarecalledlagakharsinPunjabi[114].EveryvowelinPunjabihasanasalized

version.BindiandTippiareallographicvariantsofthenasalmeaningthatinGurmukhi,

both bindi and tippi signs are used to nasalize vowels. Addak is used to represent

geminationandstress.Thefollowingsubsectionsdescribetheusageofthesesigns.

3.3.4.1. TheBindi(◌-ਂU+0A02)

TheBindi(◌ਂ)representsahomorganicnasal.Bindiisusedwithalllongvowels/ਆ,ਈ,ਊ,

ਏ,ਐ,ਓ,ਔ/andtheshortvowelਉasinwords–ਆਂਚਲ(āñchal),ਜਾl(jāīṃ),mਜਲ(ēñjal),nਗਲ

(aiṅgal),oਕਾਰ (ōṅkār) ,pਕੜ(auṅkaṛ),qਗਲ (uṅgal),rਘ (ūṅgh)andwiththematrasof long

vowels/◌ਾ,◌ੀ,◌ੇ,◌ੈ,◌ੋ,◌ੌ/except thematra(◌ੂ)as inthewords– ਹਾਂ(hāṃ),ਟs(ṭīṃ),ਪtਟ

(paint),ਦuਤ(daint),ਤv(tōṃ),ਜw(jauṃ).

3.3.4.2. TheTippi(◌ੰ-U+0A70)

Tippi(◌ੰ)isusedtonasalizeshortvowels/ə/and/I/atallplacesand/Uandu/aftera

consonant.SoTippicomeswiththematrasof/ə/and/I/i.e.mukta(withoutanyvowel

sign)andਿ◌withvowelcarriersasਅੰandਇੰasinwordsਅੰਗ(aṅg)andਇੰਡੀਆ(india)and

withconsonantsasਸੰandਿਸੰasinwordsਸੰਦ(sand)andਿਸੰਘ(siṅgh).Matrasof/Uandu/

i.e.(◌ੁ,◌ੂ)afteraconsonantcanbefollowedbyTippiasinwords-ਖੰੁਬ(khumb),ਗੰੂਦ(gūnd).

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Inadditiontothis,Tippiisalsousedingeminationfornasalconsonantsਙ,ਞ,ਨandਮ.The

rulesforplacementofBindiandTippiare:

1. ਉ andਊ can be followed byBindi only and not by Tippi as inwordsਆqਦਾ

(āundā)andਜਾr(jāūṃ).

2. MatrasofU,u(◌ੁ,◌ੂ)afteraconsonantcanbefollowedbyTippi– ਖੰੁਬ(khumb),

ਗੰੂਦ(gūnd).

3. Allothershortvowels/matras(mukta,ਿ◌)canbefollowedbyTippiasinwords

–ਅੰਗ(aṅg),ਇੰਡੀਆ(india),ਸੰਦ(sand),ਿਚੰਤਾ(chintā).

4. Allotherlongvowels/mātrās(ਆ,ਈ,ਏ,ਐ,ਓ,ਔ/◌ਾ,◌ੀ,◌ੇ,◌ੈ,◌ੋ,◌ੌ)canbefollowed

byBindias inwords–ਆਂਦਰ (āndar),ਸਾl (sāīṃ),ਜਾm (jāēṃ),nਠ (aiṇṭh), ਿਸoਕ

(siōṅk),pਤਰਾ (auntrā)/ਹਾਂ (hāṃ), ਟs (ṭīṃ), ਪtਟ (paint), ਦuਤ (daint), ਤv (tōṃ), ਜw

(jauṃ).

3.3.4.3. TheAddak(◌ੱ-U+0A71)Addak is used tomark the gemination of the following consonant. In Punjabi, Addak

usuallycomeswithmukta,aunkar(◌ੁ)andsihari(ਿ◌),thevowelsignsof/ə,uandi/short

vowelsandgeminatestheconsonantwhichfollowsit.Actuallygeminationofconsonants

occursonlywhentheirprecedingvowelsareshortvowels.Forexampleinਟੱਪਾ (ṭappā),

ਿਗੱਲਾ (gillā)andਮੱੁਕਾ (mukkā),thegeminated/ਪ/,/ਲ/and/ਕ/consonantshave/ə,I

andU/shortvowelsastheirprecedingvowelswhicharerepresentedbymukta(zero

vowelsign),sihari(ਿ◌)andaunkar(◌ੁ)vowelsigns.Inadditiontothis,Addakisalso

usedtowriteEnglishsourcewordshavingEnglishvowel/ε/.Forexample,theEnglish

wordsset,jetandwebarewritteninGurmukhiasਸੈyਟ(set),ਜੈyਟ(jet)andਵੈyਬ(web).

Wenowlookatsomeexceptions.

AddakdoesnotprecedeHA(ਹ),NGA(ਙ),NYA(ਞ),NNA(ਣ),RRA(ੜ),KHHA(ਖ਼),GHHA

(ਗ਼)andLLA(ਲ਼)letters.Intheseletters,NGA(ਙ)andNYA(ਞ)arestressedordoubledby

the nasal sign tippi. The rest of these letters cannot be pronounced with stress or

elongation.So,Addakisnotusedbeforeanyoftheabovementionedletters.Addakisalso

notusedwiththelastletteroftheword,asitisnotfollowedbyanyletterforgermination.

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Addakisusedwithgeminatedconsonantsandthesignisplacedontheprecedingsyllable.

Addakcannotbeusedatthebeginningofaword.

3.3.4.4. Nukta(◌਼-U+0A3C)TermedaspairinbindiinPunjabi,Nuktaisusedwiththefollowingconsonants:ਸ/s/,ਖ

/kh/,ਗ/g/,ਜ/j/,ਫ/ph/andਲ/l/torepresentthephonemesofwordsofSanskritand

Perso-Arabicsources.ਸ਼/š/isusedtorepresentthephonemeofSanskritsourcewords.

ਲ਼/ḷ/isusedtorepresentPunjabi’sretroflex/ḷ/phonemeandਖ਼/x/,ਗ਼/γ/,ਜ਼/z/,ਫ਼/f/

areusedtorepresentPerso-Arabicsourcewords.

WhenpairinbindiisadjoinedtoSA(ਸ),KHA(ਖ),GA(ਗ),JA(ਜ),PHA(ਫ)andLA(ਲ)letters,

thesearewrittenas:

ਸ਼ (U+0A38+U+0A3C), ਖ਼ (U+0A16+U+0A3C), ਗ਼ (U+0A17+U+0A3C), ਜ਼

(U+0A1C+U+0A3C),ਫ਼(U+0A2B+U+0A3C),ਲ਼(U+0A32+U+0A3C)

These letters are called pairin bindi letters. All the letters are combinations of

Consonant+Nukta.ButinGurmukhi,theseletterscanalsobewrittenasasingleunitasਸ਼

(U+0A36),ਖ਼(U+0A59),ਗ਼(U+0A5A),ਜ਼(U+0A5B),ਫ਼(U+0A5E)andਲ਼(U+0A33).Thus

ਸ਼(U+0A36)=ਸ਼(U+0A38+U+0A3C)

ਖ਼(U+0A59)=ਖ਼(U+0A16+U+0A3C)

ਗ਼(U+0A5A)=ਗ਼(U+0A17+U+0A3C)

ਜ਼(U+0A5B)=ਜ਼(U+0A1C+U+0A3C)

ਫ਼(U+0A5E)=ਫ਼(U+0A2B+U+0A3C)

ਲ਼(U+0A33)=ਲ਼(U+0A32+U+0A3C)

Unlikethecombinations,thesingle-unitcannotbepartofanIDN.SeeSection4.1.1.(Itemii).

3.3.4.5. Visarga(!U+0A03)TheVisarga isused inSanskrit. It is rarely found inoldPunjabiwritingsas “SriGuru

GranthSahib”or“MahanKosh”whereitactslikeaSanskritVisargawhereavoiceless'h'

soundispronouncedafterthevowel.Butitsuseisnotcommonnow,andseemstobe

usedinPunjabionlytomarkabbreviations.

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3.3.5. ZeroWidthNon-joiner(U+200C)andZeroWidthJoiner(U+200D)TheZeroWidthNon-joiner(ZWNJ)isaninvisiblecharacterusedincertaincases(after

Virama)wheredefaultconjunctformationistobeexplicitlyrestrictedandtheVirama

joiningthetwoconsonantsparticipatingintheconjunctformationneedstobeexplicitly

shown.However,ZWJandZWNJarenotusedinmodernGurmukhiasViramaisonlyused

tocreateaconjunctwiththelettersHAਹ(U+0A39),RAਰ(U+0A30)orVAਵ(U+0A35).

So there are not many conjunct combinations in Gurmukhi and also Virama is not

explicitlyshowninmodernGurmukhi.

OneoftheusageoftheZWNJandZWJhasbeenforencodinginUnicodetheGurmukhi

textfromholyscriptures.Someofthecharactercombinations,suchasusingtwovowel

signswithasingleconsonantorsomevowelandvowelsigncombinationswhicharenot

usedinmodernGurmukhibutpresentinoldertextareencodedusingZWJandZWNJ.But

theynotusedinmodernGurmukhi.

Excluding ZWJ and ZWNJ does not affect the usage of Gurmukhi Script in modern

Gurmukhi,thereforeithasnoaffecttheusageofGurmukhiScriptinthedomainname

system.

4. OverallDevelopmentProcessandMethodologyUndertheNeo-BrahmiGenerationPanel,therearemanydifferentscriptsbelongingto

separateUnicodeblocks.EachofthesescriptswillbeassignedaseparateLGR;however

Neo-BrahmiGPwillensurethatthefundamentalphilosophybehindbuildingthoseLGRs

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areall insyncwithallotherBrahmi-derivedscripts.This istheGurmukhiLGR,which

caterstothePunjabilanguagewrittenusingtheGurmukhiscript.

4.1. GuidingPrinciples

4.1.1. ExternalLimitsonScope:

Thecodepointrepertoirefortherootzonebeingaveryspecialcase,atthetopofprotocol

hierarchies,thesetofcharactersavailableforselectionasapartoftheRootZonecode

point repertoire is already constrained by various protocol layers beneath it. The

followingthreemainprotocols/standardsactassuccessivefilters:

i.TheUnicodeChart:

Outofallthecharactersthatareneededbythegivenscript,ifthecharacterinquestion

isnotencodedinUnicode,itcannotbeincorporatedinthecodepointrepertoire.Such

casesare quite rare, given theelaborateand exhaustiveeffortsat character inclusion

madebyUnicodeconsortium.

ii.IDNAProtocol:

Unicode being the character encoding standard for providing the maximum possible

representationofagivenscript/language,ithasencodedasfaraspossibleallthepossible

charactersneededbythescript.Howeverthedomainnamebeingaspecializedcase,itis

governedbyanadditionalprotocolknownasIDNA(InternationalizedDomainNamesin

Applications). The IDNAprotocol excludes some characters in theUnicode repertoire

frombeingpartofdomainnames.

Forexample:theGurmukhilettersਸ਼(U+0A36),ਖ਼(U+0A59),ਗ਼(U+0A5A),ਜ਼(U+0A5B),ਫ਼

(U+0A5E), ਲ਼ (U+0A33) are not allowed to be a part of domain name. But their

decomposed forms, i.e. Gurmukhi letters ਸ (U+0A38), ਖ (U+0A16), ਗ (U+0A17), ਜ

(U+0A1C),ਫ(U+0A2B),ਲ(U+0A32)followedbyGurmukhiSignNukta(pairinbindi)“◌਼”

(U+0A3C)canbeusedinstead.

13

IDNAProtocolalsoexcludesinvisiblecharactersZeroWidthNon-Joiner(U+200C)and

ZeroWidth Joiner (U+200D), as they require aCONTEXTJ rule.Theseare required in

certaincaseswhereatypicalvisualshapeofanaksharisdesired,suchastwovowelsigns

attachedwithaconsonant.ButsuchcasesdonotoccurinmodernGurmukhitext.

Also,asViramaisnotdisplayedinGurmukhi,wedonothaveissuessuchaswefacein

Devanagari,whereinabilitytouseZWNJinalabelcanbeproblematic,e.g.,incaseswhere

twowordsneedtobe joinedtogether ina labelandthe previouswordendswithan

explicitHalant.

iii.MaximalStartingRepertoire:

SincetheRoot-zoneLGRisarepertoireofthecharacterstobeusedforcreationofroot-

zoneTLDs,whichinturnareanevenmorespecializedcaseofdomainnames,theROOT

LGRprocedureintroducesadditionalexclusionsonIDNAallowedsetofcharacters.

Tosumup,therestrictionsstartoffwithadmittingonlysuchcharactersasarepartofthe

code-block of the given script/language. This is further narrowed down by the IDNA

Protocol and finally an additional filter in the form of Maximal Starting Repertoire

restrictsthecharactersetassociatedwiththegivenlanguageevenmore.

4.1.2. NoPunctuationMarks:

TheTLDsbeingidentifiers,punctuationmarkspresentinBrahmi-basedlanguagessuch

asDandi“।”anddoubleDandi"॥"willnotbeincluded.

4.1.3. NoSymbolsandAbbreviations:

Gurmukhisignaddakbindi"(U+0A01)willnotbeincludedasitisnotusedinmodern

Punjabi.

4.1.4. NoRareandObsoleteCharacters:

TherearecharacterswhichhavebeenaddedtoUnicodetoaccommodatetheforms

usedinMedievalwritingssuchasthoseofSriGuruGranthSahib,e.g.Gurmukhisigns

Yakash“ੵ”(U+0A75),andVisarga!(U+0A03).Suchcharacterswillnotbeincluded.

ThisisincompliancewiththeletterprincipleaslaiddownintheRootZoneLGR

procedure.

14

4.1.5. NoStressMarkersofMedievalPunjabi:

MedievalPunjabistressmarkers,andthetonemarkersignUddat“ੑ”(U+0A51),will

notbeincluded.ThisisalsoincompliancewiththeLetterprincipleaslaiddowninthe

RootZoneLGRprocedure.

4.1.6. NoVowelCarriers

Gurmukhiscripthasthreevowelcarriers(URA,ੳ(U+0A73), AIRAਅ

(U+0A05)andIRI,ੲ(U+0A72)).Theyareusedasvowelcarriersandthusalwaysneed

tobefollowedbysomematrawhenusedintext.Thoughitisimportanttomentionthat

unlikeੳ(U+0A73)andIRI,ੲ(U+0A72),AIRAਅ (U+0A05)canbewrittenwithoutany

vowelsignasitcontainstheinherentschwavowel/ə/However,wherethesevowel

carriersoccurwithamatratheywillbeidenticalwithoneoftheindependentvowels(ਉ

(U+0A09),ਊ (U+0A0A),ਇ (U+0A07), ਈ (U+0A08),ਏ (U+0A0F),ਓ (U+0A13);thisisalso

notallowedinUnicode.Thusੳ(U+0A73)+◌ੁ(U+0A41),whichlooksthesameasਉ(U+

0A09),willcreateconfusionandhencewillnotbeallowedintheLGR.Asthevowel

carriersੳ(U+0A73)andIRI,ੲ(U+0A72)cannotoccurindependently,sotheseletters

arenotincludedintherepertoire.

4.2. MethodologytoincorporatethefeedbackreceivedthroughPublic

Commentprocess:

TheGurmukhiscriptLGRproposalwaspublishedforpubliccommenttoallowthosewho

hadnotparticipated in theNBGP tomake theirviewsknown.TheNBGPanalyzedall

comments received to finalize the proposal. The analysis of public comments can be

accessedonlinegivenat[115].

15

5. Repertoire

5.1. CodePoints

Sr.No.

UnicodeCodePoint

Glyph CharacterName Category Reference

1. 0A02 ◌ ਂ GURMUKHISIGNBINDI Bindi [0],[105],[112]

2. 0A05 ਅ GURMUKHILETTERA=aira Vowel/VowelCarrier

[0],[105],[112]

3. 0A06 ਆ GURMUKHILETTERAA Vowel [0],[105],[112]

4. 0A07 ਇ GURMUKHILETTERI Vowel [0],[105],[112]

5. 0A08 ਈ GURMUKHILETTERII Vowel [0],[105],[112]

6. 0A09 ਉ GURMUKHILETTERU Vowel [0],[105],[112]

7. 0A0A ਊ GURMUKHILETTERUU Vowel [0],[105],[112]

8. 0A0F ਏ GURMUKHILETTEREE Vowel [0],[105],[112]

9. 0A10 ਐ GURMUKHILETTERAI Vowel [0],[105],[112]

10. 0A13 ਓ GURMUKHILETTEROO Vowel [0],[105],[112]

11. 0A14 ਔ GURMUKHILETTERAU Vowel [0],[105],[112]

12. 0A15 ਕ GURMUKHILETTERKA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

13. 0A16 ਖ GURMUKHILETTERKHA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

14. 0A17 ਗ GURMUKHILETTERGA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

16

Sr.No.

UnicodeCodePoint

Glyph CharacterName Category Reference

15. 0A18 ਘ GURMUKHILETTERGHA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

16. 0A19 ਙ GURMUKHILETTERNGA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

17. 0A1A ਚ GURMUKHILETTERCA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

18. 0A1B ਛ GURMUKHILETTERCHA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

19. 0A1C ਜ GURMUKHILETTERJA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

20. 0A1D ਝ GURMUKHILETTERJHA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

21. 0A1E ਞ GURMUKHILETTERNYA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

22. 0A1F ਟ GURMUKHILETTERTTA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

23. 0A20 ਠ GURMUKHILETTERTTHA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

24. 0A21 ਡ GURMUKHILETTERDDA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

25. 0A22 ਢ GURMUKHILETTERDDHA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

26. 0A23 ਣ GURMUKHILETTERNNA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

27. 0A24 ਤ GURMUKHILETTERTA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

28. 0A25 ਥ GURMUKHILETTERTHA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

29. 0A26 ਦ GURMUKHILETTERDA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

30. 0A27 ਧ GURMUKHILETTERDHA Consonant [0],[112],[105]

17

Sr.No.

UnicodeCodePoint

Glyph CharacterName Category Reference

31. 0A28 ਨ GURMUKHILETTERNA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

32. 0A2A ਪ GURMUKHILETTERPA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

33. 0A2B ਫ GURMUKHILETTERPHA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

34. 0A2C ਬ GURMUKHILETTERBA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

35. 0A2D ਭ GURMUKHILETTERBHA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

36. 0A2E ਮ GURMUKHILETTERMA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

37. 0A2F ਯ GURMUKHILETTERYA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

38. 0A30 ਰ GURMUKHILETTERRA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

39. 0A32 ਲ GURMUKHILETTERLA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

40. 0A35 ਵ GURMUKHILETTERVA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

41. 0A38 ਸ GURMUKHILETTERSA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

42. 0A39 ਹ GURMUKHILETTERHA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

43. 0A3C ◌ ਼ GURMUKHISIGNNUKTA=pairinbindi

Nukta [0],[105],[112]

44. 0A3E

◌ਾ

GURMUKHIVOWELSIGNAA=kanna

Matra [0],[105],[110],[112]

45. 0A3F

ਿ◌

GURMUKHIVOWELSIGNI=sihari

Matra [0],[105],[112]

18

Sr.No.

UnicodeCodePoint

Glyph CharacterName Category Reference

46. 0A40

◌ੀ

GURMUKHIVOWELSIGNII=bihari

Matra [0],[105],[112]

47. 0A41

◌ੁ

GURMUKHIVOWELSIGNU=aunkar

Matra [0],[105],[112]

48. 0A42 ◌ੂ

GURMUKHIVOWELSIGNUU=dulainkar

Matra [0],[105],[112]

49. 0A47

◌ੇ GURMUKHIVOWELSIGNEE

=lavanMatra [0],[105],

[112]

50. 0A48

◌ੈ

GURMUKHIVOWELSIGNAI=dulanvan

Matra [0],[105],[112]

51. 0A4B

◌ੋ

GURMUKHIVOWELSIGNOO=hora

Matra [0],[105],[112]

52. 0A4C

◌ੌ

GURMUKHIVOWELSIGNAU=kanaura

Matra [0],[105],[112]

53. 0A4D ◌ ੍ GURMUKHISIGNVIRAMA Virama [0],[105],[112]

54. 0A5C ੜ GURMUKHILETTERRRA Consonant [0],[105],[112]

55. 0A70 ◌ੰ GURMUKHITIPPI Tippi [0],[105],[112]

56. 0A71 ◌ੱ GURMUKHIADDAK Addak [0],[105],[112]

Table6:Codepointrepertoire

5.2. Codepointsexcludedfromrepertoire

CodepointsthatoccurinMSR-3butareexcludedbecausetheyareeithernotincommon

useorusedforsomespecialpurposeonly(e.g.asvowelcarrier).

19

Sr.No.

UnicodeCodePoint

Glyph CharacterName Note

1. 0A03 ! GURMUKHISIGNVISARGA Limitedordeclininguse

2. 0A51 $ੑ GURMUKHISIGNUDAAT Limitedordeclininguse

3. 0A72 ੲ GURMUKHIIRI Doesnotoccuralone

4. 0A73 ੳ GURMUKHIURA Doesnotoccuralone

5. 0A75 $ੵ GURMUKHISIGNYAKASH Limitedordeclininguse

Table7:Listofexcludedcharacters

5.3. SyllableformationrulesforGurmukhi:

Thesyllableisabasicunitofspeechstudiedonboththephoneticandphonologicallevels

ofanalysis.InGurmukhi,syllableswhere/(ə)/vowelfollowsaconsonant,arenotmarked

attheorthographiclevel.Butnativespeakersknowwhetherthereisasyllableornotat

the phonological level when they pronounce the word. However, the orthographic

syllablerecognizedfortextprocessingneednotcorrespondexactlywithaphonological

syllable.Thissectiondetailsthesyllable-formationrulesasapplicabletoGurmukhi.The

definitionrepresentsavowel,consonant,oraconjunct.

Variablesinvolved:

C →Consonant,whichmayormaynotincludeasingleNukta

M →Matra

V →Vowel

B →Bindi

D →Tippi

H →Halant/Virama

A →Addak

Operatorsused:

Symbol Function

| Alternative

20

Symbol Function

[] Optional

{} ZeroorOneoccurrence

() SequenceGroupRule1:V[A|B|D]

Rule2:{CH}C[M][A|B|D]

Rule3:C[M][A|B|D][C]

Rule1:V[A|B|D]

Sl.No.ExamplesDefinition

1 V ਅ,ਆ,ਇ V(Vowel)isasyllable2 V[A|B|D] ਇ(,q,ਇ) V+(A/B/D)isasyllable

Rule2:{CH}C[M][A|B|D]

Sl.No.ExamplesDefinition

1 {CH}C ਸZ ZerooroneConsonant+Viramasequencefollowedbyconsonantisasyllable

2 {CH}C[M] ਸZੈ ZerooroneConsonant+Viramasequencefollowedbyaconsonantfollowedbyamatraorvowelsignisasyllable

3 {CH}C[A|D] ਸZੱ,ਗNੰ ZerooroneConsonant+ViramasequencefollowedbyaconsonantfollowedbyAddak/Tippiisasyllable

4 {CH}C[M][A] ਿਗNੱ ZerooroneConsonant+Viramasequencefollowedbyconsonant followedby matrafollowedbyAddakisasyllable

5 {CH}C[M][B] ਗNਾਂ ZerooroneConsonant+Viramasequencefollowedbyconsonant followedby matrafollowedbyBindiisasyllable

6 {CH}C[M][D] ਿਪNੰ ZerooroneConsonant+Viramasequencefollowedbyconsonant followedby matrafollowedbyTippiisasyllable

Rule3:C[M][A|B|D][C]

21

1 C ਕ, ਙ, ਧ Consonantisasyllablewhereithasinherent‘ə’vowel

2 C[M] ਦਾ, ਰੇ Consonant followedby matraisasyllable3 C[A|D] ਦੱ, ਰੰ ConsonantfollowedbyAddak/Tippiisasyllable4 C[M][A] ਿਸੱ, ਦੁੱ Consonant followedby matrafollowedbyAddakisa

syllable5 C[M][B] ਤv, ਗਾਂ Consonant followedby matrafollowedbyBindiisa

syllable6 C[M][D] ਿਮੰ, ਿਚੰ Consonant followedby matrafollowedbyTippiisa

syllable7 C[M][C]

ਚਾਰ Consonant followedbymatrafollowedbyconsonant

(whichhasnotinherent‘ə’vowel)isasyllable8 C[C] ਦਰ Consonant followedbyconsonant(whichhasnot

inherent‘ə’vowel)isasyllable1.ਕਰ(ਸੀ (karansī)-C+CD+CMhasthefollowingsyllables:

ਕ Cਰ( CDਸੀ CM

2.ਪਰਿ◌◌ੰਦਾ (parindā)-C+CMD+CMhasthefollowingsyllables:ਪ CVਰਿ◌◌ੰ CMDਦਾ CM

3.ਅ(ਦਰ (andar)-VD+CChasthefollowingsyllables:

ਅ( VDਦਰ CC

22

6. CandidateVariants

Therearenocharacters/charactersequencesinGurmukhithatcanbecreatedbyusing

thecharacterspermittedinthe[MSR]andthatlookexactlyalike.However,Gurmukhihas

amplecasesofconfusablecharactersinbothGurmukhiandDevanagariscripts.Wehave

categorizedtheseconfusablecharacterpairsintothreegroups.

Group1: VisuallysimilarGurmukhicharacters(Table8)

Group2: VisuallysimilarGurmukhicharactercombinations,duetothepresence

ofdotsandothercharacters(Table9)

Group3: Cross-scriptvariants

NocasesbelongingtoGroup1andGroup2areproposedasvariants,asthereisanother

panel(Stringsimilarityassessmentpanel)entrustedtodealwithsuchcases.

ਚ (0A1A) ਰ (0A30)

ਟ (0A1F) ਦ (0A26)

ਢ (0A22) ਦ (0A26)

ਢ (0A22) ਫ (0A2B)

ਤ (0A24) ਭ (0A2D)

ਬ (0A2C) ਥ (0A25)

◌ ੇ(0A47) ◌ ੋ(0A4B)Table8:ListofGroup1characters

CodePointSequence CodePoint

ਖ਼(0A16+0A3C) ਖ(0A16)

ਗ਼(0A17+0A3C) ਗ(0A17)

ਫ਼(0A2B+0A3C) ਫ(0A2B)

o(0A13+0A02) ਓ(0A13)

l(0A08+0A02) ਈ(0A08)

n(0A10+0A02) ਐ(0A10)

p(0A14+0A02) ਔ(0A14)

ਗੰ(0A17+0A70) ਰੀ(0A30+0A40)

ਨੁ(0A28+0A41) ਠ(0A20)Table9:ListofGroup2characters

23

6.1Cross-scriptVariants

A"WholeLabelconfusable"isthecasewhereonelabelinonescriptcanbecomposedin

such away that it can resemble another entire label in a different script.Where the

similarityissocloseastoreachidenticalappearance,cross-scriptvariantscanbedefined.

EveryindividualLGRunderNBGPissupposedtoprovideasetofcrossscriptvariantsit

identifieswithallotherscriptsunderNBGP.

The Gurmukhi script has a major set of possible cross-script variants only with the

Devanagariscript.Cases listed inTable10areof thevariants thatareproposedtobe

cross-script variants between Devanagari and Gurmukhi. Similarly, Table 11 has the

casesproposedtobecross-scriptvariantsbetweenGurmukhiandBengali.

ItistobenotedthatnoneofthecombinationslistedinTable10andTable11aretermed

tobeequivalentsofeachothersemanticallyorotherwise.Theyareonlygroupedbased

onpossiblevisualconfusability.

NBGPhasensuredthatDevanagari,BengaliandGurmukhiLGRteamsproposeasameset

ofcross-scriptvariantsbymeetingface-to-faceonmanyoccasionsaswellasthroughmail

communications.Thesamesetofcross-scriptvariants(withGurmukhi)issupposedto

befoundintheBengaliandDevanagariLGRdocuments.

24

Devanagari Gurmukhi

◌ंU+0902

◌ਂU+0A02

इU+0907

ਙU+0A19

उU+0909

ਤU+0A24

गU+0917

ਗU+0A17

घU+0918

ਬU+0A2C

टU+091F

ਟU+0A1F

ठU+0920

ਠU+0A20

ढU+0922

ਫU+0A2B

पU+092A

ਧU+0A27

भU+092D

ਮU+0A2E

मU+092E

ਸU+0A38

वU+0935

ਕU+0A15

हU+0939

ਵU+0A35

◌ऺU+093A

◌ਂU+0A02

◌़U+093C

◌਼U+0A3C

ि◌U+093F

ਿ◌U+0A3F

◌ीU+0940

◌ੀU+0A40

◌ॅU+0945

◌ੱU+0A71

◌ॆU+0946

◌ੇU+0A47

25

◌ॆU+0946

◌ੋU+0A4B

◌ेU+0947

◌ੇ U+0A47

◌ेU+0947

◌ੋ U+0A4B

◌ैU+0948

◌ੈU+0A48

◌ॖU+0956

◌ੁOA41

◌ॗU+0957

◌ੂOA42

ि9टU+092AU+094DU+091FU+093F

ਇU+0A07

9ट:U+092AU+094DU+091FU+0940

ਈU+0A08

9टेU+092AU+094DU+091FU+0947

ਏU+0A0F

;U+0924U+094DU+0924

ਜU+0A1C

Table10:ProposedCross-scriptDevanagari-GurmukhiVariants

Gurmukhi Bangla

ਸU+0A38

মU+09AE

ਿ◌U+0A3F

িU+09BF

Table11:ProposedCross-scriptGurmukhi-BanglaVariants

26

7. WholeLabelEvaluationRules(WLE)

ThissectionprovidestheWholeLabelEvaluationrulesfortextwrittenintheGurmukhi

script.Theruleshavebeendraftedinsuchawaythattheycanbeeasilytranslatedinto

theLGRspecification.

BelowarethesymbolsusedintheWLErules,foreachofthe"IndicSyllabicCategory"as

mentionedintheTable6:Codepointrepertoire.Inaddition,wehavecreatedafewmore

symbolsrelatedtomatrasandvowelsfortheexplanationoftherules.

A →Addak

B →Bindi

C →Consonant

C1 → {ਖ(U+0A16),ਗ(U+0A17),ਜ(U+0A1C),ਫ(U+0A2B),ਲ(U+0A32),ਸ(U+0A38)}

C2 → {ਰ(U+0A30),ਵ(U+0A35),ਹ(U+0A39)}

C3 → C–{ਙ(U+0A19),ਞ(U+0A1E),ਣ(U+0A23),ਹ(U+0A39),ੜ(U+0A5C)}D →Tippi

H →Virama

M →Matra

M1 → {ਿ◌(U+0A3F),◌ੁ(U+0A41)}(Shortmatras)

M2 → M-M1(Longmatras)

N →Nukta

V →Vowel

V1 → {ਅ(U+0A05),ਇ(U+0A07),ਉ(U+0A09)}(ShortVowels)

V2 → V-V1(LongVowel)

27

7.1. N:mustbeprecededonlybyC1

7.2. H:mustbeprecededbyCorNandfollowedbyC2only

7.3. M:mustbeprecededbyCorN

7.4. B:mustbeprecededbyspecificVorM

ThespecificVsare:

a. V2

b. ਉ(U+0A09)

ThespecificMsare:

a. M2–{◌ੂ(U+0A42)}

7.5. D:mustbeprecededby,C,NoraspecifiedsetofVorM

ThespecificVsare:

a. V1–{ਉ(U+0A09)}

ThespecificMsare:

a. M1

b. {◌ੂ(U+0A42)}

7.6. A:mustbeprecededbyC,NorspecificVorMandfollowedbyC3

ThespecificVsare:

a. V1

b. ਐ(U+0A10)

ThespecificMsare:

a. M1

b. ◌ੈ(U+0A48)

28

8. Contributors

Name Address

Dr.GurpreetSinghLehal Professor,DepartmentofComputerScience,PunjabiUniversity,Patiala

Dr.HarvinderPalKaur AssistantProfessor,ResearchCentreforPunjabiLanguageTechnology,PunjabiUniversity,Patiala

Dr.BootaSinghBrar Professor,PunjabiUniversityRegionalCentre,Bathinda

Dr.ParamjitSinghSidhu Retd.Professor,SchoolofPunjabiStudies,GuruNanakDevUniversity,Amritsar

9. References[NBGP] Neo-BrahmiGenerationPanel

[MSR] IntegrationPanel,"MaximalStartingRepertoire—MSR-4OverviewandRationale",7February2019https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/msr-4-overview-25jan19-en.pdf(Accessedon18thFeb.2019)

[0] GurmukhiUnicodechart(Accessedon21May2018)https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0A00.pdf

[100] Newton,E.P.,1961,PanjabiGrammar,Patiala:LanguageDepartmentPunjab.[101] Ojha,GauriShankarHiraChand,1962,BhartiPrachinLipiMala(Ed.Jagdish

Chand&Others),Patiala:BhashaVibhagPunjab.[102] Singh, G.B., 1950, Gurmukhi Lipi Da Janam te Vikas, Chandigarh: Punjab

University.

[103] Singh,Pritam,1958,GurmukhiLipiDiUtpatiteVikas,Ludhiana:LahoreBookShop.

[104] Diringer,David,1948,TheAlphabet:AKeytotheHistoryofMankind,London:HutchinsonScientificandTechnicalPublication.

[105] Omniglot, https://www.omniglot.com/writing/punjabi.htm (Accessed on10thNov.2017)

[106] Unicode10.0.0,“SouthandCentralAsia-I-OfficialScriptsofIndia”,Page475-479, http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode10.0.0/ch12.pdf (Accessedon13thNov.2017)

29

[107] Al-Biruni, 2000, Al-Hind, (Ed. Kyamu Din Ahmad and Trn. Gurcharn SinghArshi),NewDelhi:NationalBookTrust,India.

[108] Bedi,TarlochanSingh,1999,GurmukhiLipidaJanamteVikas,Patiala:PunjabiUniversity.

[109] AstartinPunjabi,Lesson-09,“GurmukhiOrthography-I”http://pt.learnpunjabi.org/av.aspx?l=9(Accessedon10thNov.2017)

[110] GurmukhiAlphabet::Lesson11,“GurmukhiVowelSignsGroup-1MuktaandKanna”,http://elearnpunjabi.com(Accessedon10thNov.2017)

[111] AstartinPunjabi,Lesson-10,“GurmukhiOrthography-II”http://pt.learnpunjabi.org/av.aspx?l=10(Accessedon10thNov.2017)

[112] AreferenceGrammarofPunjabi,http://pt.learnpunjabi.org/assets/A%20Reference%20Grammar_Final.pdf(Accessedon10thNov.2017)

[113] Bhardwaj,MangatRai,1995,ColloquialPanjabi:ACompleteLanguageCourse,Routledge,London.

[114] Brar,BootaSingh,2016,PanjabiViakarn:SidhantateVihar,Ludhiana:ChetnaParkashan.

[115] Public comment feedback for Devanagari, Gujarati, Gurmukhi Script LGRProposals,https://docs.google.com/document/d/1CLKdJBTNDcC_sFFs5s0a_Bk0zQUER2BIruYuyCNgkAw/edit#heading=h.imo2ghnvsv14 (Accessed on 31th Jan.2019)