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I. Water Is A SolventA. Solvent – substance doing the
dissolving
B. Solute – substance being dissolved
C. Major difference in freshwater and sea water is presence of salt (NaCl)
II. Structure of Water
A. Pure H2O – two hydrogen
and one oxygen.
B. Salt Water – Six elements
and compounds comprise about 99% of sea
salts.
III. pH of Water
A. H2O can separate into H+ and OH- ions.
B. The presence of these ions cause water to become acidic or basic.
C. pH of pure water – 7
“neutral”
IV. Dissolved Oxygen in Water
A. Oxygen is found in water even though it does not dissolved easily.
B. Dissolved oxygen is measured in parts per million (ppm).
C. Ocean water can hold from 1 to 12 ppm depending on the temperature of the water.
(oxygen in air is 200 ppm)
V. Sea Water
A. Ocean water is made up of about 96.5 percent water molecules and 3.5 percent NaCl (table salt).
B. Calcium Carbonate is also a common compound found is the seas.
A. Oceanic waters typically have 35g of salt dissolved in 1000g of water (3.5%).
B. Salts accumulate in the oceans as rain leach sediments from the land.
VI. Salinity
VII. Temperature
A. Ocean water temperatures vary between -2 to 30°C.
B. Temperatures below 0ºC arepossible because salt
water freezes at colder temperatures than pure water.
VIII. Pressure
A. Organisms on land experience atmospheric pressure.
B. Marine organisms experience water pressure and
atmospheric pressure.
C. Units of Pressure
1. Atmospheric pressure: atm
2. With each 10m (33ft) of increased depth, another atmosphere of pressure is added.
0m 10m
20m 30m
40m 50m
60m 70m
80m 90m
1atm 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10atm
X. Density
A. Mass of a substance per unit of volume.
B. Formula: D= m/v
C. Unit: g/ml or g/cm3 (ml = cm3)
D. Density of Pure H2O = 1 g/ml
(impurities in water cause the density to increase)